1336:
1509:
879:
1500:
1518:
1296:, and work towards a common agenda. When the National Assembly is controlled by their opponents, however, the president can find themselves marginalized with the opposition party prime minister exercising most of the power. Though the prime minister remains an appointee of the president, the president must obey the rules of parliament, and select a leader from the house's majority holding party. Thus, sometimes the president and prime minister can be allies, sometimes rivals; the latter situation is known in France as
384:
1652:
453:
6192:
1265:
1198:
6146:
5630:
5619:
1108:
2609:
the president. However, power can be transferred in special circumstances to the deputy or vice president. Normally vice presidents hold some power and special responsibilities below that of the president. The difference between vice/deputy presidents and assistant/associate vice presidents is the former are legally allowed to run an organisation, exercising the same powers (as well as being second in command) whereas the latter are not.
6158:
2608:
Below a president, there can be a number of or "vice presidents" (or occasionally "deputy presidents") and sometimes several "assistant presidents" or "assistant vice presidents", depending on the organisation and its size. These posts do not hold the same power but more of a subordinate position to
854:
A common style of address for presidents, "Mr/Mrs. President", is borrowed from
British Parliamentary tradition, in which the presiding Speaker of the House of Commons is referred to as "Mr/Mrs. Speaker". Coincidentally, this usage resembles the older French custom of referring to the president of a
1173:
made up of electors chosen by voters in the presidential election. In most states of the United States, each elector is committed to voting for a specified candidate determined by the popular vote in each state, so that the people, in voting for each elector, are in effect voting for the candidate.
990:
president only, and was not to be used for former presidents, holding that it was not proper to use the title as a courtesy title when addressing a former president. According to the official website of the United States of
America, the correct way to address a letter is to use "The Honorable John
1989:
As the country's head of state, in most countries the president is entitled to certain perquisites, and may have a prestigious residence, often a lavish mansion or palace, sometimes more than one (e.g. summer and winter residences, or a country retreat) Customary symbols of office may include an
1394:
who automatically assumes the post as head of a majority party or coalition, but takes oath of office administered by the president. However, the president is head of the civil service, commander in chief of the armed forces and in some cases can dissolve parliament. Countries using this system
1068:
are usually elected for a specified period of time and in some cases may be re-elected by the same process by which they are appointed, i.e. in many nations, periodic popular elections. The powers vested in such presidents vary considerably. Some presidencies, such as that of
1283:
model. In this system, as in the parliamentary system, there are both a president and a prime minister; but unlike the parliamentary system, the president may have significant day-to-day power. For example, in France, when their party controls the majority of seats in the
912:'s motion of April 23, 1789. Lee's motion asked Congress to consider "what titles it will be proper to annex to the offices of President and Vice President of the United States – if any other than those given in the Constitution". Vice President
1236:
between the two candidates with most votes. Again, a candidate needs a majority of the vote to be elected. In Brazil, a president cannot be elected to more than two consecutive terms, but there is no limit on the number of terms a president can serve.
2174:
and transferred its functions to the president of the
Federal Executive Council. Despite this, foreign media sources continued to refer to individuals holding the office of President of the Federal Executive Council as being the "Prime Minister of
531:, a word of likely Persian origin, meaning "officials", "commissioners", "overseers" or "chiefs". As such, it originally designated the officer who presides over or "sits before" a gathering and ensures that debate is conducted according to the
982:
that the title be altered to "Mr. President". Nonetheless, later "The
Honorable" became the standard title of the President in formal address, and "His/Her Excellency" became the title of the President when addressed formally internationally.
908:." No title other than the name of the office of the executive was officially used at the inauguration. The question of a presidential title was being debated in Congress at the time, however, having become official legislative business with
468:" may apply to a person holding the title of president or presiding over certain other governmental bodies. "Mr. President" has subsequently been used by governments to refer to their heads of state. It is the conventional translation of non-
803:), but these were presiding officers in the older sense, with no executive authority. It has been suggested that the executive use of the term was borrowed from early American colleges and universities, which were usually headed by a
2811:, with the cover titled "Madam President". It was unusual that it was both published and distributed before the results were known, leading to accusations of bias; the cover was pulled from newsstands after it became clear that
955:. Adams and Richard Henry Lee both feared that cabals of powerful senators would unduly influence a weak executive, and saw an exalted title as a way of strengthening the presidency. On further consideration, Adams deemed even
2062:
Some countries with parliamentary systems use a term meaning/translating as "president" (in some languages indistinguishable from chairman) for the head of parliamentary government, often as
President of the Government,
1741:
943:, the latter of which was vociferously opposed by Adams, who contended that it was far beneath the presidential dignity, as the executives of the states, some of which were also titled "President" (e.g. the
681:
of the gown"), with considerable judicial as well as administrative authority. The name referred to his primary role of presiding over trials and other hearings. In the 17th and 18th centuries, seats in the
3443:
When addressing a former
President of the United States in a formal setting, the correct form is "Mr. LastName". ("President LastName" or "Mr. President" are terms reserved for the current head of state.)
2673:
is the most senior judge in France"). Similarly in
English legal practice the most senior judge in each division uses this title (e.g. President of the Family Division, President of the Court of Appeal).
1749:
3017:
2769:, was often called "Lady Washington". By the 1850s in the United States, the term "lady" had changed from a title of nobility to a term of address for a respected and well-mannered woman. The use of "
1221:
is directly elected for a six-year term by popular vote. The candidate who wins the most votes is elected president even without an absolute majority. The president is allowed to serve only one term.
2757:
Titles for a president's spouse, if female, have ranged from "Marquise" to "Lady" to simply "Mrs." (or "Ms."). If male the title of the president's spouse may be "Marquis", "Lord", or merely "Mr.".
1757:
1761:
1753:
5087:
2617:
In some countries the speaker of their unicameral legislatures, or of one or both houses of bicameral legislatures, the speakers have the title of president of "the body", as in the case of
3881:
1328:
countries which have emulated the French model. In
Finland, although the 2000 constitution moved towards a ceremonial presidency, the system is still formally semi-presidential, with the
843:, had been educated at Magdalene. Some have speculated that he borrowed the term out of a sense of humility, considering himself only a temporary place-holder. The presiding official of
3510:
But presidential moral suasion is increasingly confirming that the "neutral powers", in this country, often find in the head of state the best defender from executive interference:
5519:
1174:
However, for various reasons the numbers of electors in favour of each candidate are unlikely to be proportional to the popular vote. Thus, in five close United States elections (
686:, including presidencies, became effectively hereditary, since the holder of the office could ensure that it would pass to an heir by paying the crown a special tax known as the
2669:. In general, a court comprises several chambers, each with its own president; thus the most senior of these is called the "first president" (as in: "the First President of the
1232:
is directly elected for a four-year term by popular vote. A candidate has to have more than 50% of the valid votes. If no candidates achieve a majority of the votes, there is a
2686:, the leader of a court of multiples judges is called President of the Court. The same happens with the different bodies of the Spanish judicial system, where we can find a
2498:
would reject this change and, as of 2017, retain their title in defiance of
Russian law. The new title did not result in any changes in the powers wielded by the governors.
944:
3689:
1944:
1765:
875:. Other uses of the title include presidents of state and local legislatures, however only the president of the United States uses the title outside of formal sessions.
2665:
is the foremost judge; he chairs the meeting of the court and directs the debates (and is thus addressed as "Mrs
President", "Madame la Présidente", "Mr President", or
1053:
In the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, the powers of presidencies have varied from country to country. The spectrum of power has included presidents-for-life and
5080:
3886:
2187:
1135:, i.e. the president directs the executive branch of government. When a president is not only head of state, but also head of government, this is known in Europe as a
2445:
3230:
3426:
5006:
3776:
1158:
Presidents in this system are either directly elected by popular vote or indirectly elected by an electoral college or some other democratically elected body.
5073:
867:
and to chief judges. In the United States, the title "Mr. President" is used in a number of formal instances as well: for example anyone presiding over the
2730:
732:("Dangerous Liaisons"), the wife of a magistrate in a parlement is referred to as Madame la Présidente de Tourvel ("Madam President of Tourvel"). When the
2068:
380:. The president of a state is, generally speaking, the head of the government and the fundamental leader of the country or the ceremonial head of state.
761:
in which the magistrate sits, but rather, in imitation of an aristocratic title, to his private estate. This influenced parliamentary usage in France.
3941:
2036:
1889:
3040:
1897:
616:
2919:
951:; Adams said the president "would be leveled with colonial governors or with functionaries from German princedoms" if he were to use the style of
1815:
1729:
5253:
3663:
1877:
3290:
5524:
5514:
2714:
323:
2534:. Although the lord president is a member of the Cabinet, the position is largely a ceremonial one and is traditionally given to either the
3725:
1974:
1911:
Between 1982 and 2019, the Chinese constitution stipulated that the president could not serve more than two consecutive terms. During the
1699:
1990:
official uniform, decorations, a presidential seal, coat of arms, flag and other visible accessories, as well as military honours such as
1017:
in the early 1810s and 1820s chose a US-style president as their chief executive. The first European president was the president of the
5623:
5534:
3769:
3712:
Mrs. Trump added that, "the scents of jasmine and roses fill the air as we give thanks for this great Nation and the glory of renewal."
2281:
2159:
2041:
1803:
1785:
546:), but today it most commonly refers to an executive official in any social organization. Early examples are from the universities of
5666:
5589:
4054:
1745:
646:
558:
481:
1943:, and is not considered to be head of state. Since 1998, however, presidential officeholders in Laos often occupy their position as
1073:, are largely ceremonial, whereas other systems vest the president with substantive powers such as the appointment and dismissal of
5150:
4951:
2798:
2195:
2155:
1845:
1799:
5883:
3623:
3513:
2687:
2600:
among others. They are elected by their respective regional assemblies and have similar powers to a state president or governor.
1737:
3203:
5529:
5470:
5140:
3260:
2163:
979:
904:
on April 30, 1789, however, the administering of the oath of office ended with the proclamation: "Long live George Washington,
3934:
3845:
3762:
3673:
3300:
3270:
3240:
3050:
2839:
2622:
2267:
2144:
2122:
2064:
796:
127:
1547:, the title of president is frequently taken by self-appointed or military-backed leaders. Such is the case in many states:
994:
Once the United States adopted the title of "president" for its republican head of state, many other nations followed suit.
5564:
5549:
3809:
2527:
2031:
1836:
1687:
963:
to prevent the "great danger" of an executive with insufficient dignity. Adams' efforts were met with widespread derision;
959:
insufficient and instead proposed that the executive, both the president and the vice president (i.e., himself), be styled
3368:
2078:. These officials are called "president" using an older sense of the word, to denote the fact that the official heads the
5544:
5480:
2994:
2726:
2562:
2519:
2045:
578:
356:
4282:
3430:
3317:
5599:
5248:
2695:
1896:
with limited power. However, since 1993, as a matter of convention, the presidency has been held simultaneously by the
1777:
1335:
1042:
281:
5579:
5574:
5554:
5379:
3699:
3498:
3477:
3213:
3067:
2824:
1634:
893:
800:
642:. However, the lord president alone was not head of state, because that office was vested in the council as a whole.
480:. It also has a long history of usage as the title of the presiding officers of legislative and judicial bodies. The
156:
65:
6162:
5633:
5569:
5101:
4538:
3927:
3850:
2972:
Shugart, MS (2008). "Comparative Executive–Legislative Relations". In Binder, SA; Rhodes, RAW; Rockman, BA (eds.).
2699:
2467:
Over the course of the 2010s the presidents of Russian republics would progressively change their title to that of
2191:
2148:
1855:
1781:
1474:, is elected by and accountable to a parliament, and referred to as president. Countries using this system include
1155:
the president has always been both Head of State and Head of Government and has always had the title of President.
864:
477:
172:
6222:
5604:
2626:
2546:
2233:
2167:
1839:
contains a member from each of the country's largest ethnic groups and serves as the collective head of state of
1773:
1691:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
901:
562:
97:
5539:
5296:
4984:
4787:
2834:
2535:
1166:
905:
886:
823:) did not resemble a full-sized university so much as one of its constituent colleges. A number of colleges at
792:
770:
555:
2095:, and to avoid confusion are often described simply as 'prime minister' when being mentioned internationally.
932:) for the president. Adams and Lee were among the most outspoken proponents of an exalted presidential title.
425:, they are usually, but not always, limited to those of the head of state and are thus largely ceremonial. In
5943:
5797:
5659:
5450:
4918:
3819:
3645:
2710:
2523:
2507:
1793:
1018:
635:
619:
in 1376, used the title, "Mr. Speaker", a precedent followed by subsequent speakers of the House of Commons.
566:
1954:, the president may not serve more than 2 consecutive terms, and elections are to take place every 5 years.
5559:
5040:
4973:
4792:
3086:
2539:
2171:
1966:
1923:, the term limits of the presidency were abolished, but its powers and ceremonial role remained unchanged.
1587:
are some examples. Other presidents in authoritarian states have wielded only symbolic or no power such as
828:
736:
was established in 1848, "Monsieur le Président" became the title of the president of the French Republic.
449:
may also hold the position of president for ceremonial purposes or to maintain an official state position.
318:
2530:
is technically a committee of the Council, and all decisions of the Cabinet are formally approved through
2431:). This likely reflects the origin of Russian republics as homelands for various ethnic groups: while all
2284:, acting in such a capacity, is known as a president of the Executive Council. Usually this person is the
649:, established in 1867, is also addressed as "Monsieur le Président" or "Madame la Présidente" in French.
6026:
5584:
5465:
5346:
5226:
5045:
4940:
4049:
3855:
2670:
612:
132:
2789:
as "truly our First Lady for a half a century". First ladies are usually referred to simply as "Mrs. ".
1675:
Only a tiny minority of modern republics do not have a single head of state. Some examples of this are:
6182:
5498:
5460:
5291:
5050:
4929:
2432:
2019:
1285:
788:
740:
723:
438:
5065:
2920:"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 5: The President and National Executive"
2464:
than with ordinary administrative divisions, at least in spirit, and would choose titles accordingly.
441:, the role of the president is more prominent, encompassing also (in most cases) the functions of the
6051:
6003:
5593:
5017:
4209:
3998:
2296:
2248:
2225:
1940:
1732:
that consisted of four and later seven chairmen representing the central executive committees of all
1718:
1297:
1102:
295:
276:
2403:) is the executive authority of the municipality elected in direct elections, the equivalent of the
2190:. At the same time, the Irish Free State was a constitutional monarchy with a reigning monarch, the
6150:
6046:
5855:
5802:
5652:
5445:
4995:
4428:
4234:
2773:" to refer to the wife of the president of the United States was popularized about the time of the
2746:
2428:
2263:
1811:
1293:
1276:
921:
745:
728:
623:
290:
6217:
5747:
5336:
5276:
5201:
4493:
4018:
2457:
2376:
2202:
2118:
2103:
2088:
generally exists in their country who instead serves as the president or monarch of the country.
872:
824:
638:; its successor the Council of State was also headed by a lord president, the first of which was
601:
551:
349:
240:
6237:
5782:
4287:
4224:
4219:
3891:
2589:
2511:
2315:
2140:
1995:
1840:
1829:
1769:
1463:
1367:
1361:
1170:
1148:
1054:
808:
733:
627:
422:
252:
33:
2986:
1947:
concurrently, and thus exercise political power via that role. In accordance with the current
5895:
5838:
5732:
5717:
5341:
5301:
5165:
5130:
5097:
4900:
4398:
4134:
3690:"President Donald J. Trump and First Lady Melania Trump Welcome Governors to the White House"
2973:
2871:
2646:
2480:
2449:
2241:
2136:
1969:. They also possess the authority (with the consent of the national assembly) to appoint the
1832:
composed of seven leaders of parliamentary factions and served as a collective head of state.
1819:
1683:
1656:
1301:
1144:
639:
179:
3491:
China and the Great War: China's Pursuit of a New National Identity and Internationalization
2423:
used to have the title of President, occasionally alongside other, secondary titles such as
1013:
assumed the title in 1807. Almost all the Pan-American nations that became independent from
6232:
5878:
5396:
5331:
5241:
5231:
4533:
4194:
3597:
3572:
2573:
2487:
2441:
2229:
2080:
1948:
1387:
1377:
1357:
1329:
1078:
1070:
1034:
917:
868:
547:
264:
152:
147:
2335:
can also be the title of the chief executive at a lower administrative level, such as the
1626:
878:
8:
6212:
6131:
5900:
5888:
5845:
5455:
5413:
5367:
5281:
5221:
4962:
4578:
4403:
4277:
4214:
4199:
2829:
2360:
2215:
1978:
1508:
1471:
1467:
1436:
1289:
1229:
1218:
1124:
426:
302:
2947:"Government social advertising and ethno-politics in a small, ethnically diverse nation"
2147:" (of ministers – a prime minister) was the head of government, with the
1614:
1596:
6096:
5435:
5423:
5418:
5374:
5324:
5181:
5160:
5155:
4689:
4508:
4433:
4204:
3993:
3983:
3830:
3786:
3169:
3091:
2893:
2738:
2691:
2420:
2368:
1962:
1660:
1646:
1606:
1600:
1132:
1090:
1026:
816:
582:
543:
469:
442:
342:
269:
259:
184:
112:
85:
3754:
3521:
2807:
magazine showed the magazine celebrating the expected win of the Democratic candidate
1728:
from 1922 until 1938 there existed an office of collective head of state known as the
1530:
1499:
1370:, is a parliamentary system in which the presidency is largely ceremonial with either
851:" (after the usage of continental European universities), became "president" in 1745.
5998:
5978:
5923:
5475:
5430:
5406:
5389:
5286:
5271:
5236:
5186:
4854:
4817:
4748:
4699:
4573:
4302:
4013:
3733:
3669:
3639:
3543:
3494:
3473:
3296:
3286:
3266:
3236:
3209:
3161:
3046:
2990:
2946:
2766:
2698:
and in the Provincial Courts. The body that rules over the Judiciary in Spain is the
2683:
2416:
2372:
2311:
2252:
1999:
1958:
1703:
1305:
1300:. Variants of the French semi-presidential system, developed at the beginning of the
968:
909:
897:
882:
848:
811:" (typically a ceremonial position) while the chief administrator held the title of "
705:
658:
394:
160:
25:
2702:, and its president is the president of the Supreme Court, which is normally called
1613:
to try to ensure their authority or legitimacy is never questioned. Presidents like
6058:
5905:
5873:
5850:
5686:
5440:
5401:
5362:
4864:
4719:
4408:
4388:
4322:
4292:
4267:
4229:
4008:
3470:
Back to Africa: Benjamin Coates and the Colonization Movement in America: 1848–1880
3399:
3153:
2982:
2861:
2742:
2531:
2491:
2472:
2336:
2183:
2127:
2110:, and informally known as the "president". Spain is also a kingdom with a reigning
1977:, as well as other roles. The current President of Laos, elected in March 2021, is
1901:
1564:
1556:
1010:
964:
673:
516:
6227:
6196:
6121:
6111:
6068:
6018:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5828:
5823:
5767:
5757:
5696:
5691:
5384:
5319:
5191:
4704:
4458:
4438:
4393:
4179:
2808:
2396:
2272:
1936:
1905:
1807:
1733:
1710:
1622:
1268:
1245:
1233:
1202:
1093:
of the nation's armed forces, though this varies significantly around the world.
1022:
871:
is addressed as "Mr./Madam President", especially the vice president, who is the
820:
812:
446:
332:
2460:). Thus, the ASSRs and their eventual successors would have more in common with
2407:. The Office of the President (Mayor) is also found in Germany and Switzerland.
1517:
6106:
6075:
6063:
6031:
5973:
5938:
5933:
5865:
5727:
5722:
5675:
5196:
5135:
5125:
5120:
4874:
4869:
4753:
4523:
4448:
4352:
4317:
3968:
3860:
3825:
3814:
3694:
3404:
Honor & Respect – The Official Guide to Names, Titles, and Forms of Address
3376:
2899:
2881:
2844:
2786:
2778:
2515:
2483:
2179:
2024:
1970:
1618:
1588:
1580:
1534:
1412:
1391:
1340:
1206:
1116:
1074:
697:
688:
570:
532:
520:
457:
402:
122:
107:
102:
55:
3544:"China's Xi Allowed to Remain 'President for Life' as Term Limits Are Removed"
2733:. The lady/lord president of the Court of Session is head of the judiciary in
630:
government of the Commonwealth. The Council of State was the successor of the
383:
6206:
6116:
6041:
5993:
5818:
5777:
5772:
5752:
5742:
4895:
4503:
4362:
4154:
4084:
3988:
3737:
3343:"Presidents, Vice Presidents, and First Ladies of the United States | USAGov"
3165:
2866:
2782:
2642:
2380:
2303:(1920–1934) often translated as "presidents") were elected by the parliament.
2111:
2085:
2003:
1881:
1664:
1651:
1344:
1325:
1241:
1162:
1152:
1128:
975:
967:
called them "the most superlatively ridiculous thing I ever heard of", while
840:
780:
631:
589:
585:
religious services, too, is sometimes called the "president" in this sense.
574:
373:
40:
1470:
in which the president is the head of state and the government but unlike a
6101:
6036:
5988:
5983:
5915:
5792:
5787:
4905:
4714:
4619:
4483:
4312:
4297:
4023:
2812:
2774:
2461:
1789:
1725:
1544:
1537:(right) are examples of dictatorial leaders who used the title "President".
1483:
1112:
844:
460:
of the State of Eritrea giving a press briefing in the capital Asmara, 2002
434:
410:
406:
398:
3919:
5953:
5928:
5762:
5712:
4879:
4812:
4629:
4548:
4332:
4307:
4257:
4169:
4129:
4124:
4104:
4099:
4089:
4074:
4069:
2745:, as well as being Lady/Lord Justice General of Scotland and head of the
2569:
2300:
1916:
1682:, where the headship of state is collectively vested in the seven-member
1679:
1668:
1630:
1568:
708:. In modern France the chief judge of a court is known as its president (
452:
388:
6191:
1264:
1197:
1064:
Presidents in the countries with a democratic or representative form of
827:
featured an official called the "president". The head, for instance, of
6126:
6008:
5948:
5737:
5095:
4634:
4563:
4453:
4372:
4357:
4337:
4149:
4119:
4109:
4079:
3954:
3804:
3659:
2849:
2770:
2592:(regions) are called presidents. In each community, they can be called
2352:
2344:
1991:
1920:
1893:
1714:
1695:
1408:
1107:
1065:
1058:
913:
795:. Previous American governments had included "presidents" (such as the
668:
418:
226:
214:
92:
75:
3173:
1194:), the candidate with the most popular votes still lost the election.
4838:
4758:
4677:
4652:
4614:
4543:
4418:
4327:
4262:
4187:
4174:
4159:
4144:
4114:
4094:
3865:
2638:
2495:
2348:
1859:
1576:
1456:
1321:
1006:
987:
719:
663:
417:
The functions exercised by a president vary according to the form of
3456:"Presidents, Vice Presidents, and First Ladies of the United States"
561:
in 1660. This usage survives today in the title of such offices as "
4802:
4558:
4413:
4347:
4272:
4239:
4139:
4028:
3950:
3157:
2803:
2734:
2661:
legal terminology, the president of a court consisting of multiple
2558:
2356:
2285:
2210:
1610:
1592:
1548:
1475:
1452:
1372:
1313:
784:
678:
593:
539:
430:
377:
247:
235:
204:
5644:
6091:
5145:
4844:
4609:
4568:
4513:
4488:
4342:
4164:
4064:
3835:
3455:
3342:
2876:
2815:
had secured a majority of electoral votes, winning the election.
2437:
2292:
2221:
2092:
2074:
However, such an official is explicitly not the president of the
1912:
1849:
1825:
1572:
1526:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1382:
1317:
626:, whose members were elected by the House of Commons, became the
524:
117:
50:
2106:
is officially referred to as the president of the Government of
1998:, and a presidential guard. A common presidential symbol is the
1764:. From 1927 until 1989 however, real power was exercised by the
815:". But America's first institutions of higher learning (such as
753:("Madam President of Tourvel") is the wife of a magistrate in a
4849:
4684:
4639:
3978:
3973:
2658:
2364:
2340:
2240:) and then the president of the Council of Ministers, with the
2206:
2007:
1552:
1440:
1420:
1309:
1280:
1249:
1225:
1214:
1030:
863:", a form of address that in modern France applies to both the
716:
3119:
3117:
2027:
member countries in columns, other entities at the beginning:
896:
did not specify the manner of address for the president. When
807:. British universities were headed by an official called the "
600:
to denote the highest official in a government was during the
3906:
3144:
Hutson, James H. (March 1968). "John Adams' Title Campaign".
2801:
in the United States, images of leaked pre-printed copies of
2713:
is not part of the Judiciary, but the leader of it is called
2662:
2618:
2585:
2453:
2404:
2107:
1885:
1560:
1479:
1448:
1444:
1432:
1014:
1002:
505:
209:
5833:
3472:. State College PA: Pennsylvania State Press, 2010. 57–59.
3114:
2468:
2351:, the presiding member of city council for villages in the
2307:
2251:
is President of the Government of the Republic of Croatia (
1932:
1584:
1253:
1086:
1038:
3726:"Madam President: how Newsweek reported a Clinton victory"
3567:
3565:
2188:
President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State
1939:
similar to that of China, the president is elected by the
1089:
on legislation. In many nations the president is also the
4645:
2965:
2371:. Perhaps the best known sub-national presidents are the
1945:
General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party
1082:
3468:
Emma J. Lapsansky-Werner and Margaret Hope Bacon, eds.,
2098:
There are several examples for this kind of presidency:
1690:, who is a member of the Federal Council elected by the
1127:
of government, the president exercises the functions of
924:. There Adams agitated for the adoption of the style of
3784:
3562:
2280:
In British constitutional practice, the chairman of an
3400:"Is a Former President Addressed as President (name)?"
2785:, was remembered after her death in 1849 by President
1332:
retaining e.g. foreign policy and appointment powers.
6180:
3427:"Addressing a Former President of the United States"
2154:
From 1963 until 1992, the head of government of the
515:"to sit". The word "presidents" is also used in the
3598:"Lao People's Democratic Republic 1991 (rev. 2015)"
3501:
books.google.com/books?id=erOGMb8c4XEC&pg=PA319
1376:or no significant executive authority (such as the
577:(one of the roles constitutionally assigned to the
3480:books.google.com/books?id=9X0rc6E9EGkC&pg=PA57
2232:, the head of government was the president of the
588:The most common modern usage is as the title of a
5156:Cabinet department / Office of the prime minister
2037:List of presidents of European Union institutions
16:Title of the head of state in various governments
6204:
3514:"Autorità indipendenti e sistema costituzionale"
3186:
3123:
3105:
2052:
1898:General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party
622:After the abolition of the monarchy the English
3626:. Archived from the original on 23 January 2017
3191:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 57.
3128:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 86.
3110:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 89.
2561:, the elected head of government is called the
1730:Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union
757:. The fictional name Tourvel refers not to the
3139:
3137:
3135:
2494:in 2010. Despite this, however, presidents of
1005:became the first presidential republic in the
991:Doe" and the correct salutation is "Mr. Doe".
573:, as well as "President of the Senate" in the
5660:
5081:
5007:Autonomous types of first-tier administration
3935:
3770:
2981:. Oxford University Press. pp. 344–365.
2975:The Oxford handbook of political institutions
2704:President of the Supreme Court and of the GCJ
2213:, the president of the Council of Ministers (
2010:as a symbol of the continuity of the office.
1915:, as well as since March 2018, there were no
986:Historically, the title was reserved for the
722:was addressed as "Monsieur le Président". In
350:
2749:, the offices having been combined in 1784.
2322:
2013:
1386:no significant executive power (such as the
1292:can operate closely with the parliament and
1259:
3949:
3132:
2971:
2887:
2737:, and presiding judge (and Senator) of the
2621:, where the Speaker of the Congress is the
2452:than the ordinary krais and oblasts of the
1390:), and the executive powers rests with the
947:), at that time often enjoyed the style of
5667:
5653:
5202:Assistant minister/Parliamentary secretary
5088:
5074:
3942:
3928:
3777:
3763:
3723:
3429:. The Emily Post Institute. Archived from
2198:carrying out many head of state functions.
1351:
1025:of revolutionary France, in the person of
634:, which had previously been headed by the
357:
343:
3493:. Cambridge University Press, 2005. 319.
3295:. Oxford University Press US. p. 4.
3254:
3252:
1919:attached to this office. Under President
1792:, though a singular head of state named "
647:speaker of the House of Commons of Canada
482:speaker of the House of Commons of Canada
3665:The Smithsonian Book of the First Ladies
3038:
2637:The term 'President' is usually used in
2156:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
2057:
1650:
1640:
1334:
1263:
1196:
1106:
877:
779:to designate a single person who is the
715:By the 18th century, the president of a
451:
382:
3511:
3068:"On Language; Manhandling the Handlers"
2987:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199548460.003.0018
2456:(such as greater representation in the
2318:, to whom the president is subordinate.
2220:) was the head of government, with the
1984:
1256:nations follow the presidential model.
1143:), used 1871–1940 and 1944–1958 in the
1096:
974:Washington consented to the demands of
617:speaker of the English House of Commons
6205:
3621:
3424:
3366:
3315:
3285:
3249:
3228:
3143:
3065:
2944:
2729:, the most senior judge is called the
2518:who presides over meetings of British
2042:List of presidents of the Soviet Union
980:United States House of Representatives
696:), however, could be held by only the
5648:
5069:
3923:
3910:
3846:President of the Council of Ministers
3758:
2840:Requirements for becoming a president
2797:On 8 November 2016, the night of the
2715:President of the Constitutional Court
2625:and the Speaker of the Senate is the
2623:president of the Congress of Deputies
2268:President of the Council of Ministers
2130:Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri
2123:President of the Council of Ministers
2065:President of the Council of Ministers
1702:mandates that the post rotates every
797:president of the Continental Congress
791:of 1787, which created the office of
749:of 1782, the character identified as
581:). The officiating priest at certain
128:President of the Council of Ministers
6157:
3724:Greenslade, Roy (10 November 2016).
3658:
3258:
3235:. W.W. Norton & Co. p. 67.
3222:
3201:
3084:
3066:Safire, William (24 November 1991).
2896:(a head of government, not of state)
2765:President George Washington's wife,
2314:". The Iranian head of state is the
2295:had no separate head of state. Both
2257:Predsjednik Vlade Republike Hrvatske
1837:Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1788:was often called "president" in the
902:first president of the United States
887:first president of the United States
486:président de la Chambre des communes
5674:
5161:Speaker / President of the assembly
3187:Bartoloni-Tuazon, Kathleen (2014).
3124:Bartoloni-Tuazon, Kathleen (2014).
3106:Bartoloni-Tuazon, Kathleen (2014).
2727:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
2720:
2563:president of the States of Alderney
2238:Portuguese Presidente do Ministério
2224:being the head of State. Under the
2218:Presidente do Conselho de Ministros
1866:
13:
5249:International development minister
3887:President of the Executive Council
3397:
3367:Martin, Judith (21 October 1992).
3316:Martin, Judith (21 January 2009).
2760:
2479:), a proposition suggested by the
2069:President of the Executive Council
1043:president of the Republic of China
997:
916:, in his role as President of the
839:. The first president of Harvard,
14:
6249:
5624:Government ministers by portfolio
5380:Ministry of Education and Culture
3700:Executive Office of the President
3425:Keller, Kerrie (5 January 2013).
3205:Formation of the Union, 1750–1829
2825:Eternal President of the Republic
2752:
2501:
2002:worn most often by presidents in
1635:Eternal President of the Republic
894:Constitution of the United States
801:Massachusetts Provincial Congress
692:. The post of "first president" (
157:Cabinet collective responsibility
66:President of the council of state
6190:
6156:
6145:
6144:
5629:
5628:
5618:
5617:
2855:
2700:General Council of the Judiciary
2091:Thus, such officials are really
1856:Junta of National Reconstruction
1814:consisting of members from each
1796:" was later established in 1990.
1599:under the "Trujillo Era" of the
1516:
1507:
1498:
1489:
1209:(right) of Kyrgyzstan and Russia
1115:(left) of the United States and
971:considered it "absolutely mad".
764:
478:president of the French Republic
387:Five American Presidents in the
4952:Social and political philosophy
3851:President of the Executive Yuan
3822:(collective head of government)
3717:
3682:
3652:
3615:
3590:
3573:"Political Relations with Laos"
3536:
3504:
3483:
3462:
3448:
3418:
3406:. Protocol School of Washington
3391:
3369:"Addressing a Former President"
3360:
3335:
3318:"Miss Manners by Judith Martin"
3309:
3279:
3195:
3180:
3045:. Chronicle Books. p. 56.
3018:"The President, Our Government"
2792:
2696:Regional High Courts of Justice
2692:president of the National Court
2612:
2588:, the executive leaders of the
2552:
2547:president of the Board of Trade
2327:
751:Madame la Présidente de Tourvel
607:
563:President of the Board of Trade
429:, selected parliamentary (e.g.
5297:Ministry of trade and industry
4788:Political history of the world
3911:
3202:Hart, Albert Bushnell (1897).
3099:
3078:
3059:
3032:
3010:
2938:
2912:
2731:president of the Supreme Court
2688:president of the Supreme Court
2536:leader of the House of Commons
2288:and it always stays like that.
2151:a largely symbolic figurehead.
1892:, the presidency is a largely
1846:National Council of Government
1688:president of the Confederation
1048:
935:Others favored the variant of
906:President of the United States
793:President of the United States
787:can be traced directly to the
771:President of the United States
596:. The first usage of the word
556:president of the Royal Society
1:
5944:Needle and syringe programmes
5798:Universal access to education
5451:Ministry of religious affairs
3265:. Penguin Press. p. 54.
3039:Williams, Stephen P. (2004).
2905:
2508:lord president of the Council
2186:from 1922 to 1937 was titled
2053:Titles for non-heads of state
1828:, in 1918–1920 there existed
1169:is indirectly elected by the
930:Protector of Their Liberties
775:The modern usage of the term
567:Lord President of the Council
554:(from 1464) and the founding
324:Heads of state and government
4793:History of political thought
3189:For Fear of an Elective King
3126:For Fear of an Elective King
3108:For Fear of an Elective King
2725:In the recently established
2632:
2540:leader of the House of Lords
2172:Prime Minister of Yugoslavia
1818:ruled the country until its
1123:In almost all states with a
861:Monsieur/Madame le Président
829:Magdalene College, Cambridge
671:, a member of the so-called
7:
6027:Publicly funded health care
5466:Ministry of social security
5347:Ministry of water resources
5227:Ministry of foreign affairs
5096:Common types of government
3856:President of the government
3512:Buonomo, Giampiero (2014).
3085:Wood, Lewis (13 May 1945).
2818:
2652:
2603:
1686:, although there is also a
1609:is a title assumed by some
439:semi-presidential republics
133:President of the government
10:
6254:
5499:Minister without portfolio
5461:Ministry of social affairs
5292:Ministry of infrastructure
3087:"Mr. President Is correct"
2799:2016 presidential election
2677:
2594:Presidente de la Comunidad
2486:and later made law by the
2444:, their predecessors, the
2433:federal subjects of Russia
2425:Chairman of the Government
2306:The head of government of
2262:The official title of the
2247:The official title of the
2117:The official title of the
2020:List of current presidents
2017:
1886:People's Republic of China
1644:
1355:
1100:
789:United States Constitution
768:
741:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
724:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
495:
372:is a common title for the
6140:
6084:
6052:National health insurance
6017:
6004:Supervised injection site
5914:
5864:
5811:
5705:
5682:
5613:
5550:Communications ministries
5507:
5491:
5355:
5310:
5262:
5210:
5174:
5108:
5036:
5029:
4888:
4830:
4778:
4771:
4739:
4732:
4672:
4665:
4600:
4591:
4474:
4467:
4381:
4250:
4037:
3999:National unity government
3961:
3917:
3874:
3797:
3793:
3644:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3208:. Longmans. p. 143.
3146:The New England Quarterly
2476:
2410:
2386:
2323:Other executive positions
2242:president of the Republic
2203:constitutional monarchies
2164:Federal Executive Council
2149:president of the Republic
2014:Presidential chronologies
1967:Lao People's Armed Forces
1941:Laotian National Assembly
1719:Grand and General Council
1700:constitutional convention
1260:Semi-presidential systems
1103:President of the Republic
1059:ceremonial heads of state
945:president of Pennsylvania
928:(as well as the title of
865:president of the Republic
652:
6047:Single-payer health care
5856:Universal basic services
5803:Universal basic services
5545:Climate change ministers
5446:Ministry of home affairs
4429:Environmental regulation
4235:Representative democracy
3262:Revolutionary Characters
3259:Wood, Gordon S. (2006).
2888:Other head of government
2781:, the wife of President
2747:High Court of Justiciary
2579:
2429:Prime Minister of Russia
2194:, as well as a resident
2170:abolished the office of
2145:President of the Council
1871:
1782:collective head of state
1277:semi-presidential system
1137:President of the Council
1037:(1848), while the first
1019:Italian Republic of 1802
799:or the president of the
746:Les Liaisons Dangereuses
729:Les Liaisons Dangereuses
667:evolved into a powerful
5748:Public good (economics)
5634:Ministries by portfolio
5605:Public works ministries
5337:Ministry of electricity
5277:Ministry of the economy
5151:Office of the president
4494:Uncodified constitution
4019:Administrative division
3668:. H. Holt. p. 33.
3229:Martin, Judith (2003).
2627:president of the Senate
2512:Great Officers of State
2458:Soviet of Nationalities
2291:Between 1918 and 1934,
2249:Croatian prime minister
2104:Prime Minister of Spain
1926:
1352:Parliamentary republics
1275:A second system is the
1149:Fourth French Republics
1081:, the power to declare
1055:hereditary presidencies
922:congressional committee
873:president of the Senate
615:, who became the first
602:Commonwealth of England
423:parliamentary republics
6223:Positions of authority
5570:Environment ministries
5540:Agriculture ministries
5535:Presidents of assembly
5530:Deputy prime ministers
2694:and presidents in the
2598:Presidente del Consejo
2590:autonomous communities
2549:was a cabinet member.
2400:
2256:
2119:Italian Prime Minister
1996:ruffles and flourishes
1890:country's constitution
1841:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1770:Soviet Communist Party
1672:
1464:parliamentary republic
1368:parliamentary republic
1362:Parliamentary republic
1348:
1347:(right) of South Korea
1272:
1210:
1120:
889:
734:Second French Republic
704:were abolished by the
461:
414:
5896:Public infrastructure
5733:Public administration
5718:Free-culture movement
5565:Environment ministers
5471:Minister for Veterans
5342:Ministry of Petroleum
5302:Ministry of transport
5141:Deputy First Minister
5131:Deputy prime minister
4985:aspects of capitalism
4901:History of philosophy
4399:Unemployment benefits
4135:Military dictatorship
3624:"Presidential Sashes"
3602:constituteproject.org
3232:Star-spangled Manners
2872:List of state leaders
2667:Monsieur le Président
2647:constitutional courts
2481:president of Chechnya
2450:enjoy more privileges
2393:president of the city
2275:Prezes Rady Ministrów
2264:Polish prime minister
2244:as the head of State.
2058:As head of government
1780:executed powers of a
1684:Swiss Federal Council
1659:serves as collective
1657:Swiss Federal Council
1654:
1645:Further information:
1641:Collective presidency
1338:
1271:, President of France
1267:
1200:
1110:
881:
769:Further information:
661:, the president of a
657:In pre-revolutionary
523:6:2 to translate the
474:Monsieur le Président
455:
386:
5560:Education ministries
5397:Information minister
5332:Environment minister
5242:Ministry of interior
5232:Immigration minister
4919:Political ideologies
4195:Parliamentary system
3433:on 24 September 2015
2711:Constitutional Court
2574:president of Tynwald
2488:Parliament of Russia
2361:municipal presidents
1985:Presidential symbols
1949:Laotian Constitution
1862:from 1979 until 1985
1852:from 1952 until 1967
1466:is a system with an
1388:president of Ireland
1378:president of Austria
1358:Parliamentary system
1343:(left) of India and
1330:president of Finland
1279:, also known as the
1141:Président du Conseil
1097:Presidential systems
1035:president of Liberia
918:United States Senate
900:was sworn in as the
869:United States Senate
825:Cambridge University
710:président de la cour
504:is derived from the
319:National governments
153:Government formation
34:Executive government
6132:Public viewing area
5901:Public water system
5889:Municipal broadband
5846:Public broadcasting
5456:Ministry of science
5414:Ministry of justice
5407:Ministry of housing
5368:Ministry of culture
5282:Ministry of finance
5222:Ministry of defence
5041:Forms of government
4974:Conservatism navbox
4579:Legislative council
4404:National healthcare
4278:Christian democracy
4200:Presidential system
4055:Countries by system
3787:heads of government
3577:bangkok.embassy.gov
3373:The Washington Post
3322:The Washington Post
3042:How to Be President
2830:Presidential system
2032:European Commission
1979:Thongloun Sisoulith
1906:single-party system
1472:presidential system
1468:executive president
1462:A variation of the
1125:presidential system
835:and his second the
26:the Politics series
6097:Government auction
5783:Public procurement
5600:Interior ministers
5481:Minister for women
5436:Ministry of sports
5424:Ministry of labour
5419:Minister of labour
5390:Ministry of health
5375:Education minister
5325:Ministry of energy
5182:Secretary of state
5046:Types of democracy
4941:Political spectrum
4554:Legislative bodies
4509:Head of government
4434:Banking regulation
3994:Federal government
3984:Central government
3831:Minister-president
3702:. 26 February 2017
3622:McCullough, J. J.
3287:Caroli, Betty Boyd
3092:The New York Times
3072:The New York Times
2945:Allard, P (2016).
2894:Minister-President
2739:College of Justice
2671:Court of Cassation
2421:Russian Federation
2373:borough presidents
2310:is styled as the "
1963:commander-in-chief
1878:president of China
1772:. After 1938, the
1673:
1661:head of government
1647:Directorial system
1607:President for Life
1601:Dominican Republic
1349:
1273:
1211:
1133:head of government
1121:
1091:commander-in-chief
1041:president was the
1033:president was the
1027:Napoleon Bonaparte
937:Electoral Highness
890:
817:Harvard University
462:
443:head of government
415:
277:Semi-parliamentary
113:Minister-president
86:Head of government
6178:
6177:
6172:
6171:
5999:Public university
5979:Public open space
5924:Drinking fountain
5884:Telecommunication
5642:
5641:
5590:Health ministries
5585:Forest ministries
5580:Foreign ministers
5575:Finance ministers
5555:Defence ministers
5476:Ministry of women
5431:Regional minister
5313:natural resources
5287:Industry minister
5272:Commerce minister
5237:Interior minister
5213:foreign affairs /
5187:Minister of state
5063:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5051:Political parties
4930:Political culture
4855:International law
4826:
4825:
4818:U.S. Constitution
4767:
4766:
4749:Political science
4728:
4727:
4700:Political parties
4661:
4660:
4587:
4586:
4303:Constitutionalism
4014:County government
3904:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3675:978-0-8050-1751-9
3302:978-0-19-516676-7
3272:978-1-59420-093-9
3242:978-0-393-04861-2
3052:978-0-8118-4316-4
3020:. The White House
2767:Martha Washington
2684:Spanish Judiciary
2545:Historically the
2532:Orders in Council
2337:parish presidents
2282:Executive Council
2168:1963 Constitution
2135:Under the French
2000:presidential sash
1959:President of Laos
1894:ceremonial office
1835:The three-member
1766:General Secretary
1655:The seven-member
1637:after his death.
1627:François Duvalier
1306:Charles de Gaulle
1286:National Assembly
1171:Electoral College
1139:(from the French
1119:(right) of Brazil
969:Benjamin Franklin
910:Richard Henry Lee
898:George Washington
883:George Washington
706:French Revolution
700:'s nominees. The
694:premier président
613:Thomas Hungerford
559:William Brouncker
488:in French and as
395:George H. W. Bush
367:
366:
291:Semi-presidential
6245:
6195:
6194:
6186:
6160:
6159:
6148:
6147:
6059:Social insurance
5906:Waste management
5874:Electric utility
5851:Public transport
5768:Public ownership
5687:Municipalization
5669:
5662:
5655:
5646:
5645:
5632:
5631:
5621:
5620:
5441:Tourism minister
5402:Housing minister
5363:Culture minister
5090:
5083:
5076:
5067:
5066:
5034:
5033:
5022:
5018:World government
5016:
5011:
5005:
5000:
4994:
4989:
4983:
4978:
4972:
4967:
4961:
4956:
4950:
4945:
4939:
4934:
4928:
4923:
4917:
4865:World government
4776:
4775:
4737:
4736:
4720:Environmentalism
4670:
4669:
4598:
4597:
4472:
4471:
4409:Public education
4389:Social insurance
4323:Environmentalism
4293:Communitarianism
4268:Authoritarianism
4230:Direct Democracy
4009:Local government
3944:
3937:
3930:
3921:
3920:
3908:
3907:
3795:
3794:
3785:Titles used for
3779:
3772:
3765:
3756:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3707:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3643:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3569:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3524:on 24 March 2016
3520:. Archived from
3508:
3502:
3487:
3481:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3438:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3398:Hickey, Robert.
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3375:. Archived from
3364:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3256:
3247:
3246:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3141:
3130:
3129:
3121:
3112:
3111:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2980:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2916:
2862:Governor-General
2743:Court of Session
2492:Dmitriy Medvedev
2478:
2417:ethnic republics
2401:Prezydent miasta
2299:(1918–1920) and
2230:Second Republics
2226:Portuguese First
2196:Governor-General
2184:Irish Free State
2141:Fourth Republics
1867:One-party states
1750:Trans-Caucasusia
1692:Federal Assembly
1629:died in office.
1615:Alexandre Pétion
1597:Joaquín Balaguer
1565:Ferdinand Marcos
1557:Mobutu Sese Seko
1520:
1511:
1502:
1246:Central American
1085:, and powers of
1011:Henri Christophe
965:Thomas Jefferson
847:, originally a "
674:noblesse de robe
624:Council of State
517:King James Bible
484:is addressed as
445:. A leader of a
393:(Left to right:
359:
352:
345:
299:
287:
273:
256:
244:
21:
20:
6253:
6252:
6248:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6242:
6203:
6202:
6201:
6189:
6181:
6179:
6174:
6173:
6168:
6136:
6122:Public security
6112:Public offering
6080:
6069:Social security
6019:Social services
6013:
5969:Public hospital
5964:Public computer
5959:Public bookcase
5910:
5860:
5829:Law enforcement
5824:Fire department
5807:
5758:Public interest
5701:
5697:Progressive tax
5692:Nationalization
5678:
5676:Public services
5673:
5643:
5638:
5609:
5525:Prime ministers
5520:Vice presidents
5503:
5487:
5385:Health minister
5351:
5320:Energy minister
5312:
5306:
5264:
5258:
5214:
5212:
5206:
5192:Deputy minister
5170:
5104:
5094:
5064:
5055:
5025:
5020:
5014:
5009:
5003:
4998:
4996:Western culture
4992:
4987:
4981:
4976:
4970:
4965:
4959:
4954:
4948:
4943:
4937:
4932:
4926:
4921:
4915:
4884:
4822:
4763:
4744:Fields of study
4724:
4705:Advocacy groups
4657:
4593:
4583:
4463:
4459:Street cleaning
4439:Food inspection
4394:Law enforcement
4377:
4246:
4180:Totalitarianism
4033:
3957:
3948:
3913:
3905:
3896:
3870:
3820:Federal Council
3810:Chief executive
3789:
3783:
3753:
3752:
3742:
3740:
3722:
3718:
3705:
3703:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3657:
3653:
3637:
3636:
3629:
3627:
3620:
3616:
3606:
3604:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3581:
3579:
3571:
3570:
3563:
3553:
3551:
3550:. 11 March 2018
3542:
3541:
3537:
3527:
3525:
3518:L'Ago e Il Filo
3509:
3505:
3488:
3484:
3467:
3463:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3436:
3434:
3423:
3419:
3409:
3407:
3396:
3392:
3382:
3380:
3379:on 10 June 2014
3365:
3361:
3351:
3349:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3324:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3200:
3196:
3185:
3181:
3142:
3133:
3122:
3115:
3104:
3100:
3083:
3079:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3037:
3033:
3023:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2996:978-0-199548460
2978:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2954:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2927:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2890:
2858:
2821:
2809:Hillary Clinton
2795:
2763:
2755:
2723:
2680:
2655:
2635:
2615:
2606:
2582:
2555:
2504:
2413:
2391:In Poland, the
2389:
2330:
2325:
2297:prime ministers
2192:King of Ireland
2060:
2055:
2022:
2016:
1987:
1937:one-party state
1929:
1874:
1869:
1808:Josip Broz Tito
1734:union republics
1717:elected by the
1711:Captains Regent
1649:
1643:
1623:Josip Broz Tito
1541:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1531:Konstantin Päts
1523:
1522:
1521:
1513:
1512:
1504:
1503:
1492:
1364:
1354:
1269:Emmanuel Macron
1262:
1234:runoff election
1105:
1099:
1075:prime ministers
1051:
1000:
998:Other countries
831:was called the
821:Yale University
813:Vice-Chancellor
773:
767:
655:
610:
527:term סָרְכִ֣ין
498:
472:titles such as
447:one-party state
392:
363:
333:Politics portal
293:
279:
267:
250:
238:
219:
189:
159:
155:
151:
137:
98:Chief executive
70:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6251:
6241:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6218:Heads of state
6215:
6200:
6199:
6176:
6175:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6154:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6107:Public holiday
6104:
6099:
6094:
6088:
6086:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6078:
6076:Youth services
6073:
6072:
6071:
6066:
6064:Social pension
6056:
6055:
6054:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6032:Public housing
6029:
6023:
6021:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5974:Public library
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5939:Infrastructure
5936:
5934:Free education
5931:
5926:
5920:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5892:
5891:
5881:
5876:
5870:
5868:
5866:Public utility
5862:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5839:Savings system
5834:Postal service
5831:
5826:
5821:
5815:
5813:
5812:Basic services
5809:
5808:
5806:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5728:Product sample
5725:
5723:Free newspaper
5720:
5715:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5672:
5671:
5664:
5657:
5649:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5626:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5511:
5509:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5416:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5399:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5359:
5357:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5316:
5314:
5311:Environment /
5308:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5268:
5266:
5265:infrastructure
5260:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5218:
5216:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5199:
5197:Undersecretary
5194:
5189:
5184:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5136:First minister
5133:
5128:
5126:Prime minister
5123:
5121:Vice president
5118:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5105:
5093:
5092:
5085:
5078:
5070:
5061:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5037:
5031:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5012:
5001:
4990:
4979:
4968:
4957:
4946:
4935:
4924:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4875:European Union
4872:
4870:United Nations
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4779:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4754:Urban planning
4751:
4746:
4740:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4673:
4667:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4524:Prime minister
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4449:Traffic lights
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4368:Theoreticians:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4353:Fundamentalism
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4318:Egalitarianism
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4197:
4192:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3947:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3924:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3861:Prime minister
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3826:First minister
3823:
3817:
3815:Chief minister
3812:
3807:
3801:
3799:
3791:
3790:
3782:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3759:
3751:
3750:
3716:
3695:whitehouse.gov
3681:
3674:
3651:
3614:
3589:
3561:
3535:
3503:
3482:
3461:
3447:
3417:
3390:
3359:
3334:
3308:
3301:
3278:
3271:
3248:
3241:
3221:
3214:
3194:
3179:
3158:10.2307/363331
3131:
3113:
3098:
3077:
3058:
3051:
3031:
3009:
2995:
2964:
2937:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2900:Prime minister
2897:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2882:Supreme Leader
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2845:Vice president
2842:
2837:
2835:Presidents Day
2832:
2827:
2820:
2817:
2794:
2791:
2787:Zachary Taylor
2779:Dolley Madison
2762:
2759:
2754:
2753:Spousal titles
2751:
2722:
2721:United Kingdom
2719:
2679:
2676:
2654:
2651:
2634:
2631:
2614:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2581:
2578:
2554:
2551:
2528:prime minister
2526:headed by the
2516:United Kingdom
2510:is one of the
2503:
2502:United Kingdom
2500:
2490:and President
2484:Ramzan Kadyrov
2435:are currently
2427:(also used by
2412:
2409:
2388:
2385:
2369:municipalities
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2316:Supreme Leader
2304:
2289:
2278:
2260:
2245:
2199:
2180:Prime minister
2176:
2152:
2133:
2115:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2039:
2034:
2025:United Nations
2018:Main article:
2015:
2012:
1986:
1983:
1975:vice president
1971:prime minister
1952:(rev. in 2015)
1928:
1925:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1853:
1843:
1833:
1823:
1797:
1778:Supreme Soviet
1752:and from 1925
1724:In the former
1722:
1707:
1704:New Year's Day
1698:) for a year (
1642:
1639:
1619:Rafael Carrera
1589:Craveiro Lopes
1581:Saddam Hussein
1535:Saddam Hussein
1525:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1413:Czech Republic
1392:prime minister
1353:
1350:
1341:Pratibha Patil
1308:, are used in
1302:Fifth Republic
1294:prime minister
1261:
1258:
1242:South American
1117:Dilma Rousseff
1101:Main article:
1098:
1095:
1050:
1047:
999:
996:
939:or the lesser
920:, organized a
766:
763:
726:'s 1782 novel
654:
651:
636:lord president
609:
606:
579:vice president
571:United Kingdom
533:rules of order
497:
494:
458:Isaias Afwerki
403:George W. Bush
365:
364:
362:
361:
354:
347:
339:
336:
335:
329:
328:
327:
326:
321:
313:
312:
308:
307:
306:
305:
300:
296:cohabitational
288:
274:
262:
257:
245:
241:Constitutional
230:
229:
223:
222:
221:
220:
218:
217:
212:
207:
201:
193:
192:
191:
190:
188:
187:
182:
176:
166:
165:
164:
163:
141:
140:
139:
138:
136:
135:
130:
125:
123:Prime minister
120:
115:
110:
108:First minister
105:
103:Chief minister
100:
95:
89:
79:
78:
72:
71:
69:
68:
63:
58:
56:Supreme leader
53:
47:
44:
43:
37:
36:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6250:
6239:
6238:English words
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6187:
6184:
6165:
6164:
6155:
6153:
6152:
6143:
6142:
6139:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6117:Public sector
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6083:
6077:
6074:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6060:
6057:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6042:Job guarantee
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6016:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5994:Public toilet
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5984:Public school
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5917:
5913:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5879:Oil & gas
5877:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5863:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5819:Civil service
5817:
5816:
5814:
5810:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5778:Public rights
5776:
5774:
5773:Public policy
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5753:Public health
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5743:Public domain
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5704:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5681:
5677:
5670:
5665:
5663:
5658:
5656:
5651:
5650:
5647:
5635:
5627:
5625:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5595:
5594:mental health
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5506:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5354:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5309:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5261:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5215:public safety
5209:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5173:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5091:
5086:
5084:
5079:
5077:
5072:
5071:
5068:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5028:
5019:
5013:
5008:
5002:
4997:
4991:
4986:
4980:
4975:
4969:
4964:
4958:
4953:
4947:
4942:
4936:
4931:
4925:
4920:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4896:Human history
4894:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4831:International
4829:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4770:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4731:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4664:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4590:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4504:Head of state
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4363:Progressivism
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4210:Collaborative
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4155:Republicanism
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4085:Confederation
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3989:Unitary state
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3945:
3940:
3938:
3933:
3931:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3916:
3909:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3780:
3775:
3773:
3768:
3766:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3685:
3677:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3655:
3647:
3641:
3625:
3618:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3507:
3500:
3499:9780521842129
3496:
3492:
3486:
3479:
3478:9780271045719
3475:
3471:
3465:
3457:
3451:
3444:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3304:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3274:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3255:
3253:
3244:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3225:
3217:
3215:1-4069-2845-3
3211:
3207:
3206:
3198:
3190:
3183:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3127:
3120:
3118:
3109:
3102:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3081:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3054:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3035:
3019:
3013:
2998:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2976:
2968:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2867:Head of state
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2856:Head of state
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2783:James Madison
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2761:United States
2758:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2643:chief justice
2640:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2575:
2572:, there is a
2571:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2520:Privy Council
2517:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2462:nation-states
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2415:Governors of
2408:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2381:New York City
2378:
2377:five boroughs
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2086:head of state
2084:. A separate
2083:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2004:Latin America
2001:
1997:
1993:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1935:, which is a
1934:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1882:head of state
1879:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1545:dictatorships
1536:
1533:(middle) and
1532:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1501:
1490:Dictatorships
1487:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1359:
1346:
1345:Lee Myung-bak
1342:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1326:post-colonial
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:United States
1159:
1156:
1154:
1153:United States
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:head of state
1126:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
995:
992:
989:
984:
981:
977:
976:James Madison
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
888:
884:
880:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
852:
850:
846:
842:
841:Henry Dunster
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
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2953:. p. 67
2951:ResearchGate
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2923:
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2775:US Civil War
2764:
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407:Bill Clinton
399:Barack Obama
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6233:Etymologies
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5263:Economics /
4880:World Court
4813:Magna Carta
4630:Legislation
4592:Governance
4549:Legislature
4424:Regulation:
4333:Familialism
4308:Corporatism
4288:Communalism
4258:Agrarianism
4170:Technocracy
4130:Meritocracy
4125:Kleptocracy
4105:Ergatocracy
4100:Electocracy
4090:Colonialism
4075:Bureaucracy
4070:Aristocracy
3892:State Elder
3743:17 November
3660:Mayo, Edith
3630:19 February
3489:Xu Guoqui,
3347:www.usa.gov
2570:Isle of Man
1992:gun salutes
1917:term limits
1830:Directorate
1694:(the Swiss
1680:Switzerland
1669:Switzerland
1631:Kim Il Sung
1569:Philippines
1339:Presidents
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1201:Presidents
1111:Presidents
1049:Description
529:(sā·rə·ḵîn)
511:"before" +
490:Mr. Speaker
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5949:Public art
5738:Public bad
5515:Presidents
5211:Defence /
5109:Leadership
5102:ministries
5030:Categories
4963:liberalism
4911:Templates:
4808:Documents:
4783:Overviews:
4635:Regulation
4564:Parliament
4468:Components
4454:Sanitation
4444:Municipal:
4373:John Locke
4358:Liberalism
4338:Fanaticism
4150:Plutocracy
4120:Geniocracy
4110:Federalism
4080:Capitalism
3955:government
3912:Government
3805:Chancellor
2924:www.gov.za
2906:References
2850:First Lady
2771:First Lady
2448:, used to
2353:U.S. state
2345:U.S. state
2216:Portuguese
2201:Under the
2166:after the
1921:Xi Jinping
1902:top leader
1812:presidency
1810:, where a
1802:after the
1800:Yugoslavia
1762:Tajikistan
1754:Uzbekistan
1715:San Marino
1696:parliament
1633:was named
1409:Bangladesh
1356:See also:
1203:Otunbayeva
1066:government
953:Excellency
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809:Chancellor
702:Parlements
684:Parlements
669:magistrate
500:The title
456:President
419:government
215:Presidency
93:Chancellor
76:Government
5116:President
5098:ministers
4839:Diplomacy
4759:Sociology
4690:Campaigns
4678:Elections
4653:Precedent
4625:Outcomes:
4615:Committee
4594:processes
4544:Judiciary
4519:President
4479:Documents
4419:Espionage
4382:Functions
4328:Extremism
4263:Anarchism
4215:Consensus
4205:Cellular
4188:Democracy
4175:Theocracy
4160:Socialism
4145:Oligarchy
4115:Feudalism
4095:Communism
3962:Overviews
3866:Taoiseach
3841:President
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3607:18 August
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3554:11 August
3437:5 January
3410:5 January
3383:5 January
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1860:Nicaragua
1794:president
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1611:dictators
1577:Indonesia
1457:Singapore
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1290:president
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1151:. In the
1007:Caribbean
988:incumbent
892:The 1787
857:parlement
837:president
805:president
777:president
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755:parlement
743:'s novel
720:parlement
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628:executive
598:president
569:" in the
552:Cambridge
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378:republics
370:President
185:Secretary
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4803:Suffrage
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4273:Centrism
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3882:Chairman
3706:22 March
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3640:cite web
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2093:premiers
1593:Portugal
1549:Idi Amin
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978:and the
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537:see also
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391:in 2009
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3836:Premier
3798:Current
3548:bbc.com
2877:Monarch
2682:In the
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1965:of the
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1884:of the
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544:speaker
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