Desertion - Knowledge

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widespread killing of innocent civilians and their unfair artillery advantage. Soviet deserters found support and acceptance within Afghan villages. After entering the mujahideen, many deserters came to recognize the falsity of Soviet propaganda from the beginning. Unable to legitimize the unnecessary killing and mistreatment of the Afghan people, many deserters could not face returning home and justifying their own actions and the unnecessary deaths of comrades. Upon deserting to the mujahideen, soldiers immersed themselves into Afghan culture. Hoping to rectify their position as the enemy, deserters learned the Afghan language and converted to Islam.

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Afghanistan's people. As Afghan troops continued to abandon the Soviet army to support the mujahideen, they became anti-Russian and antigovernment. Opposition forces emphasized the Soviets' atheism, demanding support for the Muslim faith from civilians. The hostility shown towards soldiers, who entered the war believing their assistance was requested, grew defensive. The opposition circulated pamphlets within Soviet camps stationed in cities, calling for Afghan freedom from the aggressive Communist influence and a right to establish their own government.

2802:, set the Soviets at a serious fighting disadvantage. While the mujahideen structure was based on kinship and social cohesion, the Soviet army was bureaucratic. Because of this, mujahideen could significantly weaken the Soviet army by the elimination of a field commander or officer. Resistance forces were locally based, more ready to address and mobilize the Afghan population for support. The Soviet army was centrally organized; its regime structure emphasized rank and position, paying less attention to the well-being and effectiveness of its army. 2401: 2674: 3113: 2970:, the desertion rate in the U.S. Army was 8.3% (9,200 out of 111,000), compared to 12.7% during the War of 1812 and usual peacetime rates of about 14.8% per year. Many men deserted in order to join another U.S. unit and get a second enlistment bonus. Others deserted because of the miserable conditions in camp, or in 1849–1850 were using the army to get free transportation to California, where they deserted to join the 2734:

announcements of upcoming operations, and were highest during the summer and winter. Seasonal desertions were probably a response to the harsh weather conditions of the winter and immense field work required in the summer. A significant jump in desertion in 1989 when the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan may suggest a higher concern regarding returning home, rather than an overall opposition towards the war itself.

2637:'s draconian measures. According to Figes, "a majority of deserters (most registered as "weak-willed") were handed back to the military authorities, and formed into units for transfer to one of the rear armies or directly to the front". Even those registered as "malicious" deserters were returned to the ranks when the demand for reinforcements became desperate". Forges also noted that the Red Army instituted 2388:. The Colombian Ministry of Defense reported 19,504 deserters from the FARC between August 2002 and their collective demobilization in 2017, despite potentially severe punishment, including execution, for attempted desertion in the FARC. Organizational decline contributed to FARC's high desertion rate which peaked in the year 2008. A later stalemate between the FARC and government forces gave rise to the 2750:. The Soviets believed that shared ideologies between Muslim Central Asians and Afghan soldiers would build trust and morale within the army. However, Central Asians' longstanding historical frustrations with Moscow degraded soldiers' willingness to fight for the Red Army. As Afghan desertion grew and Soviet opposition was strengthened within Afghanistan, the Soviet plan overtly backfired. 3176:. The number had reached about 8,000 by the first quarter of 2006. Almost all of these soldiers deserted within the United States. There has been only one reported case of a desertion in Iraq. The Army, Navy, and Air Force reported 7,978 desertions in 2001, compared with 3,456 in 2005. The Marine Corps showed 1,603 Marines in desertion status in 2001. That had declined to 148 by 2005. 3045:

Georgia into the war with "little support from non-slaveholders" (p. 12), and the ambivalence of non-slaveholders toward secession, he maintains, was the key to understanding desertion. The privations of the home front and camp life, combined with the terror of battle, undermined the weak attachment of southern soldiers to the Confederacy. For Georgian troops,

2936:(3) without being regularly separated from one of the armed forces enlists or accepts an appointment in the same or another one of the armed forces without fully disclosing the fact that he has not been regularly separated, or enters any foreign armed service except when authorized by the United States; is guilty of desertion. 2944:(c) Any person found guilty of desertion or attempt to desert shall be punished, if the offense is committed in time of war, by death or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct, but if the desertion or attempt to desert occurs at any other time, by such punishment, other than death, as a court-martial may direct. 3060:

Adoption of a localist identity caused soldiers to desert as well. When soldiers implemented a local identity, they neglected to think of themselves as Southerners fighting a Southern cause. When they replaced their Southern identity with their previous local identity, they lost their motive to fight

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Decades after, the morality of their actions was debated; on the one hand, they had illegally abandoned their country's armed forces at a time when it was threatened with invasion — indeed, it was argued that their acts were treasonous at a time when Britain may have been planning to seize control of

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In 1980, the Soviet army began to rely on smaller and more cohesive units, a response to mirror mujahideen tactics. A decrease in unit size, while solving organizational issues, promoted field leaders to head more violent and aggressive missions, promoting Soviet desertion. Often, small forces would

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People who are away for more than thirty days but return voluntarily or indicate a credible intent to return may still be considered AWOL. Those who are away for fewer than thirty days but can credibly be shown to have no intent to return (for example, by joining the armed forces of another country)

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began to form. Moderates and fundamentalists banded together to oppose Soviet intervention. The Islamic ideology solidified a strong base of opposition by January 1980, overriding ethnic, tribal, geographic and economic differences among Afghans willing to fight the Soviet invasion, which attracted

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shadowed the U.S. Army, and captured men who took unauthorized leave or fell out of the ranks. The guerrillas coerced these men to join the Mexican ranks—threatening to kill them if they failed to comply. The generous promises proved illusory for most deserters, who risked execution if captured by

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Within the Soviet army, serious drug and alcohol problems significantly reduced the effectiveness of soldiers. Resources became further depleted as soldiers pushed into the mountains; drugs were rampantly abused and available, often supplied by Afghans. Supplies of heating fuel, wood, and food ran

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for the first time uninfluenced by Soviet propagandist versions, and felt a stronger connection towards the opposition than their own comrades. The highest rates of desertion were found among border troops, ranging from 60 to 80% during the first year of the Soviet invasion. In these areas, strong

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A growing threat to the solidarity of the Confederacy was dissatisfaction in the Appalachian mountain districts caused by lingering unionism and a distrust of the slave power. Many of their soldiers deserted, returned home, and formed a military force that fought off regular army units trying to

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In major cities, Afghan youth that originally supported the leftist movement soon turned to Soviet oppositional forces for patriotic and religious reasons. The opposition built resistance in cities, calling Soviet soldiers infidels that were forcing an imperialist Communist invasive government on

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Soviet soldiers entered the war under the impression that their roles were primarily related to the organization of Afghan forces and society. Soviet media portrayed the Soviet intervention as a necessary means of protecting the Communist uprising from outside opposition. Propaganda declared that

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Ireland was neutral during the Second World War; the Irish Army expanded to 40,000 men, but they had little to do once it became clear in 1942 that invasion (either by Nazi Germany or by the British Empire) was unlikely. Soldiers were put to work cutting trees and peat; morale was low and pay was

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Any person found guilty of desertion or attempt to desert shall be punished, if the offense is committed in time of war, by death or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct, but if the desertion or attempt to desert occurs at any other time, by such punishment, other than death, as a

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The Afghan army, comprising 100,000 men before 1978, was reduced to 15,000 within the first year of the Soviet invasion. Of the Afghan troops that remained, many were considered untrustworthy to Soviet troops. Afghans that deserted often took artillery with them, supplying the mujahideen. Soviet

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The total number of Confederate deserters was officially 103,400. Desertion was a major factor for the Confederacy in the last two years of the war. According to Mark A. Weitz, Confederate soldiers fought to defend their families, not a nation. He argues that a hegemonic "planter class" brought

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Interviews with Soviet soldier deserters confirm that much of Soviet desertion was in response to widespread Afghan opposition rather than personal aggravation towards the Soviet army. Armed with modern artillery against ill-equipped villagers, Soviet soldiers developed a sense of guilt for the

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The native Afghan army fell from 90,000 to 30,000 by mid-1980, forcing Soviets into more extreme combative positions. The mujahideen's widespread presence among Afghan civilians in rural regions made it difficult for Soviet soldiers to distinguish between the civilians they believed they were

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explain their reasons for desertion as political and in response to internal disorganization and disillusionment regarding their position in the war. Analyses of desertion rates argue that motivations were far less ideological than individual accounts claim. Desertion rates increased prior to

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High desertion rates were a major problem for the Mexican army, depleting forces on the eve of battle. Most of the soldiers were peasants who had a loyalty to their village and family but not to the generals who conscripted them. Often hungry and ill, never well paid, under-equipped and only

2757:, caused tension within the Soviet military. Non-Russian ethnic groups easily related the situation in Afghanistan to Communist takeover of their own states' forced induction into the USSR. Ethnic Russians suspected Central Asians of opposition, and fighting within the army was prevalent. 2810:

troops, to fill Afghan soldiers' place, were pushed into mountainous tribal regions of the East. Soviet tanks and modern warfare was ineffective in the rural, mountainous regions of Afghanistan. Mujahideen tactics of ambush prevented Soviets from developing successful counterattacks.

2617:, and introduced several articles related to military operations. Desertion during a period of mobilization or wartime will be punished by up to 10 years in jail. In December 2022, Kazakhstan deported back to Russia a Russian officer who was trying to avoid the Russo-Ukrainian war. 3036:

New York suffered 44,913 desertions by the war's end, and Pennsylvania recorded 24,050, with Ohio reporting desertions at 18,354. About 1 out of 3 deserters returned to their regiments, either voluntarily or after being arrested and being sent back. Many of the desertions were by

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Soviets were providing aid to villagers and improving Afghanistan by planting trees, improving public buildings and "generally acting as good neighbors". Upon entering Afghanistan, Soviet soldiers became immediately aware of the falsity of the reported situation.

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order meant deserters were allowed to return to Ireland; they were not imprisoned, but lost rights to an army pension and could not work for the state or claim unemployment benefits for 7 years. They were also seen as traitors by some Irish people in their homes.

2875:"During the period between August 1914 and March 1920 more than 20,000 servicemen were convicted by courts-martial of offences which carried the death sentence. Only 3,000 of those men were ordered to be put to death and of those just over 10% were executed." 3041:, men who would enlist to collect the often large cash bonuses and then desert at the earliest opportunity to repeat another enlistment elsewhere. If caught they would face execution; otherwise it could prove a very lucrative criminal enterprise. 2940:(b) Any commissioned officer of the armed forces who, after tender of his resignation and before notice of its acceptance, quits his post or proper duties without leave and with intent to remain away therefrom permanently is guilty of desertion. 2773:

Central Asian deserters. By March 1980, the Soviet army made an executive decision to replace Central Asian troops with the European sectors of the USSR to avoid further religious and ethnic complications, drastically reducing Soviet forces.

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The initial Soviet plan relied on Afghan troops' support in the mountainous regions of Afghanistan. The majority of the Afghan army support crumbled easily as forces lacked strong ideological support for Communism from the beginning.

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Although a soldier under direct orders, in battle, is normally not subject to prosecution for war crimes, there is legal language supporting a soldier's refusal to commit such crimes, in military contexts outside of immediate peril.

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conscientious objections" while performing military service. This opens the possibility of desertion as a response to cases in which the soldier is required to perform crimes against humanity as part of his mandatory military duty.

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was 12.7%, according to available service records. Desertion was especially common in 1814, when enlistment bonuses were increased from $ 16 to $ 124, inducing many men to desert one unit and enlist in another to get two bonuses.

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There are similar concepts to desertion. Missing movement occurs when a member of the armed forces fails to arrive at the appointed time and place to deploy (or "move out") with their assigned unit, ship, or aircraft. In the

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partially trained, the soldiers were held in contempt by their officers and had little reason to fight the Americans. Looking for their opportunity, many slipped away from camp to find their way back to their home village.

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desertion was a massive drain on British army resources, despite the threat of court martial and the possibility of capital punishment for the crime. Many deserters were harboured by citizens who were sympathetic to them.

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low at bases. Soviet soldiers often resorted to trading weapons and ammunition in exchange for drugs or food. As morale decreased and infections of hepatitis and typhus spread, soldiers became further disheartened.

2312:(AIF) to be executed for desertion, despite pressure from the British Government and military to do so. The AIF had the highest rate of soldiers going absent without leave of any of the national contingents in the 3184:

Before the Civil War, deserters from the Army were flogged; after 1861, tattoos or branding were also used. The maximum U.S. penalty for desertion in wartime remains death, but this punishment was last applied to

3160:. Other countries also gave asylum to deserted U.S. soldiers. For example, Sweden allows asylum for foreign soldiers deserting from war, if the war does not align with the current goals of Swedish foreign policy. 3093:

Over 20,000 American soldiers were tried and sentenced for desertion. Forty-nine were sentenced to death, though forty-eight of these death sentences were subsequently commuted. Only one U.S. soldier, Private

4467: 2895:, with 566 missing from 2005 and that part of 2006. The Ministry of Defence said that levels of absence were fairly constant and "only one person has been found guilty of deserting the Army since 1989". 3233:

The fact that a person acted pursuant to order of his Government or of a superior does not relieve him from responsibility under international law, provided a moral choice was in fact possible to him.

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Throughout the Second World War, almost 100,000 British and Commonwealth troops deserted from the armed forces. Capital punishment for desertion was abolished in 1930 so most were imprisoned.

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punish them. North Carolina lost 23% of its soldiers (24,122) to desertion. The state provided more soldiers per capita than any other Confederate state, and had more deserters as well.

2430: 5346:"The Status of Conscientious Objections Under Article 4 of the European Convention on Human Rights, 33 N.Y.U. J. INT'L L. & POL. 379 (2000); See pages 412–424, (or PDF pages 34–36)" 5194: 2585:

During the First World War 28 New Zealand soldiers were sentenced to death for desertion; of these, five were executed. These soldiers were posthumously pardoned in 2000 through the

2422:, but due to many factors, like the inability to manage and keep track of all the armies or differentiating between men with similar names, the exact number is unclear. In 1800, the 5115: 5224: 2242:

if they enlist or accept an appointment in the same or another branch of service without disclosing the fact that they have not been properly separated from current service.

2974:. Several hundred deserters went over to the Mexican side; nearly all were recent immigrants from Europe with weak ties to the United States. The most famous group was the 2270:

Failure to repair consists of missing a formation or failing to appear at an assigned place and time when so ordered. It is a lesser offense within Article 86 of the UCMJ.

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commuted their death sentences to prison terms. Deserters were often publicly humiliated. One U.S. Navy deserter, Henry Holscher, later joined a UK regiment and won the

2549:); on the other hand, they chose to leave a safe if tedious posting in order to risk their lives fighting against fascism, and many were motivated by genuine idealism. 3077:(AEF) charged 5,584 servicemen and convicted 2,657 for desertion. 24 AEF troops were eventually sentenced to death, but all managed to avoid execution after President 4054: 2580: 2652:, dated 16 August 1941, was issued by Joseph Stalin. The order required superiors to shoot deserters on the spot. Their family members were subjected to arrest. 2631: 4647: 3073:

Desertion still occurred among American armed forces after the U.S. joined the First World War on 6 April 1917. Between 6 April 1917, and 31 December 1918, the

3915: 3542: 2279:— was established by the U.S. military in 2020 to prompt unit actions and police investigations during the first 48 hours that a service member is missing. 3225:

Under international law, ultimate "duty" or "responsibility" is not necessarily always to a "government" nor to "a superior", as seen in the fourth of the

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Montgomery, Paul L. (20 August 1974). "Number of Deserters and Draft Evaders Disputed - Proponents Call for Full Pardon, Public Service or Hearings".

2660:) which would shoot "cowards" and fleeing panicked troops at the rear. Over the course of the war, the Soviets executed 158,000 troops for desertion. 2333: 4191: 2743: 3370: 3204:

under Article 86 of the UCMJ for repeat or more severe offenses. Many AWOL/UA service members are also given a discharge in lieu of court-martial.

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fighting for and the official opposition. Soldiers who had entered the war with idealistic viewpoints of their roles were quickly disillusioned.

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Dotson, Rand (2000). ""The Grave and Scandalous Evil Infected to Your People": The Erosion of Confederate Loyalty in Floyd County, Virginia".

4768: 4314: 2978:, about half of whom were Catholics from Ireland, anti-Catholic prejudice reportedly being another reason for desertion. The Mexicans issued 2930:(1) without authority goes or remains absent from his unit, organization, or place of duty with intent to remain away therefrom permanently; 2863: 2426:

reported that there were 175,000 deserters based on the number of individuals that sought the benefits following the amnesty put in place.

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engage in rapes, looting, and general violence beyond what higher ranks ordered, increasing negative sanctions in undesirable locations.

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During the First World War, only 18 Germans who deserted were executed. However, the Germans executed 15,000 men who deserted from the

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weeks to prohibit punitive measures against desertion which encouraged the voluntary return of 98,000-132,000 deserters to the army.

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bad. Of the 60,000 men who passed through the army in 1940–45, about 7,000 men deserted, about half of them deciding to fight on the

2313: 4018: 5485:– includes an alphabetical listing of more than 17,000 Australian soldiers who were court-martialled by the AIF during World War I. 2066: 1002: 3052: 2769: 1429: 3879: 2377: 5609:

Weitz, Mark A. (1999). "Preparing for the Prodigal Sons: The Development of the Union Desertion Policy during the Civil War".

5302: 5478: 4220: 2837: 5187:"Misconduct (including drug and alchohol abuse): Air Force · GI Rights Hotline: Military Discharges and Military Counseling" 5280: 4210: 2515: 5246: 4062: 3897: 3523: 5046: 4173: 2697: 1785: 78: 3749: 2933:(2) quits his unit, organization, or place of duty with intent to avoid hazardous duty or to shirk important service; or 2478:

as the Red Army approached in February 1945, warning soldiers that escaping with civilians will be treated as desertion.

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in 1945. No U.S. serviceman has received more than 24 months imprisonment for desertion or missing movement after

1980: 1758: 373: 2490:. In June 1988 the Initiative for the Creation of a Memorial to Deserters who deserted the Wehrmacht came to life in 5657:

Maria Fritsche. "Proving One's Manliness: Masculine Self-perceptions of Austrian Deserters in the Second World War".

5591: 5498: 5303:"Conscientious objection to military service; Commission on Human Rights resolution 1998/77; see preamble "Aware..."" 5128: 4962: 3143: 2716: 2404:"Convoy of Deserters - Paris" in the book "Cassell's History of the War between France and Germany. 1870–1871" 1434: 4701: 3545:. In Daniel, Ute; Gatrell, Peter; Janz, Oliver; Jones, Heather; Keene, Jennifer; Kramer, Alan; Nasson, Bill (eds.). 2470: 5684:

Pater Wilhelm Schmidt im Schweizer Exil: Interaktionen mit Wehrmachtsdeserteuren und Nachrichtendiensten, 1943–1945

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King-Owen, Scott (2011). "Conditional Confederates: Absenteeism among Western North Carolina Soldiers, 1861–1865".

2917: 2264: 1512: 4282: 3476:. Charlottesville, Virginia: The Judge Advocate General's Legal Center & School (JAGS), U.S. Army. p. 3. 2232:

by leaving or remaining absent from their unit, organization, or place of duty, where there has been a determined

3974:"Pariah Dogs: Deserters from the Irish Defence Forces Who Joined the British Armed Forces during 'The Emergency'" 3135: 3107: 2309: 1857: 1495: 1282: 127: 5421:

Bearman, Peter S. (1991). "Desertion as Localism: Army Unit Solidarity and Group Norms in the U.S. Civil War".

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Bearman, Peter S. (1991). "Desertion as Localism: Army Unit Solidarity and Group Norms in the U.S. Civil War".

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From 1914 to 1918 between 600 and 650 French soldiers were executed for desertion. In 2013, a report for the

2038: 1485: 2589:. Those who deserted before reaching the front were imprisoned in what were claimed to be harsh conditions. 3012: 2975: 2835:

Historically, one who was paid to enlist and then deserted could be arrested under a type of writ known as

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In 1919, 616 "hardcore" deserters of the total 837,000 draft dodgers and deserters were executed following

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making light of the high incidence of soldiers going absent without leave in the Australian Imperial Force

1975: 679: 439: 4752:

Bennett, Shannon Smith (2013). "Draft Resistance and Rioting". In Morehouse, Maggi M.; Trodd, Zoe (eds.).

2754: 3454:(2012 ed.). Fort Belvoir, Virginia: United States Army Publishing Directorate. pp. IV-16–IV-17. 3432:(2012 ed.). Fort Belvoir, Virginia: United States Army Publishing Directorate. pp. IV-10–IV-13. 3407:(2012 ed.). Fort Belvoir, Virginia: United States Army Publishing Directorate. pp. IV-13–IV-16. 2445: 2385: 1985: 1172: 974: 845: 383: 3321: 3326: 3305: 2416:

deserted. There were rough estimates to the number of individuals that deserted during the time of the

2260: 2205: 1449: 31: 5372:. IMMIGRATION AND REFUGEE BOARD OF CANADA (Refugee Protection Division). 16 March 2005. Archived from 5086: 4122: 3999: 2868:"306 British and Commonwealth soldiers were executed for...desertion during World War I," records the 5785: 5330: 4468:"History of Science: Cyclopædia, or, An universal dictionary of arts and sciences: Arboreus - artery" 3208: 2598: 2413: 2213: 2181: 1559: 1067: 416: 290: 144: 42: 17: 4891:

Otten, James T. (1974). "Disloyalty in the Upper Districts of South Carolina during the Civil War".

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Welch, Steven R. (2012). "Commemorating 'Heroes of a Special Kind': Deserter Monuments in Germany".

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On 28 May 2006, the UK military reported over 1,000 absent without leave since the beginning of the

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Stagg, J. C. A. (1986). "Enlisted Men in the United States Army, 1812-1815: A Preliminary Survey".

4147: 3270: 3025:, both the Union and Confederacy had a desertion problem. From its 2.5 million or so men, the 2967: 2568: 2233: 2177: 2010: 1877: 1424: 1117: 935: 783: 4799: 3033:, which was less than a million men and possibly as little as a third the size of the Union Army. 3016: 3357: 3285: 3197: 3030: 2614: 2519: 2502: 2389: 2169: 1963: 1945: 1701: 1260: 1182: 1127: 725: 388: 5714: 4993: 4978: 3934: 3280: 3151: 2995:

U.S. forces. About fifty of the San Patricios were tried and hanged following their capture at

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A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair: Soldiers and Social Conflict during the Mexican-American War

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A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair: Soldiers and Social Conflict during the Mexican-American War

5317:"Conscientious objection to military service; E/CN.4/RES/1998/77; See introductory paragraph" 5281:

Army Regulation 635–200 Personnel Separations Active Duty Enlisted Administrative Separations

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According to the Department of Defense, 503,926 United States servicemen deserted during the

2987: 2869: 2730: 2409: 2353: 2267:(UCMJ). The offense is similar to absence without leave but may draw more severe punishment. 2217: 2201: 2112: 1419: 1352: 1305: 959: 922: 885: 803: 755: 639: 449: 257: 166: 38: 5331:"Conscientious objection to military service, Commission on Human Rights resolution 1998/77" 4084: 3935:"The 'desertions crisis' in the Irish defence forces during the Second World War, 1939–1945" 5516:

Marrs, Aaron W. (2004). "Desertion and Loyalty in the South Carolina Infantry, 1861–1865".

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if that intent is determined to be to avoid hazardous duty or shirk contractual obligation;

2173: 1810: 1712: 1569: 1564: 1382: 1347: 1082: 902: 760: 696: 550: 520: 117: 3466: 8: 5739: 5539:"Why Rebels Stop Fighting: Organizational Decline and Desertion in Colombia's Insurgency" 3641:"Why Rebels Stop Fighting: Organizational Decline and Desertion in Colombia's Insurgency" 2747: 2357: 1661: 1646: 1522: 1409: 1387: 1362: 1322: 1232: 1042: 947: 897: 664: 654: 619: 411: 401: 171: 95: 3780: 3580: 5770: 5438: 4935: 4900: 4873: 4846: 4791: 4628: 4513: 4261: 3981: 3954: 3861: 3853: 3496: 3022: 2450: 2209: 2165: 2059: 1995: 1850: 1770: 1691: 1636: 1611: 1532: 1478: 1444: 1375: 1292: 1202: 1107: 1052: 942: 907: 860: 735: 706: 659: 597: 572: 406: 220: 139: 5333:. United Nations Human Rights, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 1998. 2356:. The inscription on top of the three step sculpture features a poem by Scottish poet 5780: 5597: 5587: 5570: 5504: 5494: 5474: 5455: 5124: 4958: 4939: 4517: 4253: 4216: 3958: 3865: 3845: 3713: 3672: 3477: 2991: 2799: 2031: 1940: 1887: 1790: 1780: 1775: 1745: 1728: 1723: 1696: 1641: 1342: 1332: 1327: 1317: 1237: 1227: 1222: 1197: 1167: 1057: 1027: 1022: 1012: 1007: 997: 912: 865: 835: 674: 467: 444: 378: 2418: 2000: 5730: 5618: 5560: 5550: 5525: 5430: 4927: 4838: 4783: 4620: 4505: 4245: 3946: 3837: 3806: 3703: 3662: 3652: 3610: 3584: 3550: 3315: 3156: 2692: 2487: 2225: 2133: 2005: 1970: 1902: 1795: 1733: 1626: 1554: 1547: 1404: 1337: 1287: 1277: 1152: 1072: 1032: 1017: 984: 969: 840: 825: 778: 686: 644: 587: 582: 540: 363: 340: 247: 176: 105: 88: 2656:, dated 28 July 1942, directed that each Army must create "blocking detachments" ( 2216:

generally refer to this as unauthorized absence. Personnel are dropped from their

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I Ain’t Marching Anymore: Dissenters, Deserters, and Objectors to America’s Wars

5288: 2192:, military personnel will become AWOL if absent from their post without a valid 5565: 3708: 3691: 3667: 3367: 3254: 3082: 3078: 2657: 1990: 1738: 1162: 1122: 1100: 1087: 1077: 1047: 964: 917: 720: 711: 602: 555: 535: 525: 495: 462: 350: 307: 262: 134: 67: 5050: 4019:"Column: Time to ask questions about Irish army deserters during World War II" 3543:"Between Acceptance and Refusal - Soldiers' Attitudes Towards War (Australia)" 2400: 5764: 5647: 5574: 4257: 4249: 3950: 3849: 3841: 3717: 3676: 3481: 3295: 3245:

resolution 1998/77 recognized that "persons performing military service may

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Conversely, France considered as highly praiseworthy the act of citizens of

4238:"The Red Army and Mass Mobilization during the Russian Civil War 1918-1920" 3588: 3442: 3420: 3395: 3336: 3300: 3186: 3169: 3095: 2753:

The personal histories of Central Asian ethnic groups – especially between

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The principle was tested unsuccessfully in the case of U.S. Army deserter

3172:, more than 5,500 military personnel deserted in 2003–2004, following the 5555: 4705: 4509: 3657: 3139: 3131: 2954: 2793: 2610: 2297: 2197: 2108: 1935: 1686: 1651: 1490: 1177: 1142: 855: 798: 701: 485: 206: 201: 4904: 3985: 3857: 5454:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press. 5442: 5351:. New York University School of Law, Issues – Volume 33. Archived from 4877: 4850: 4795: 4632: 4279: 4212:

Russia's Army: A History from the Napoleonic Wars to the War in Ukraine

3973: 3916:"Podcast: Irish Army Deserters in the Second World War with Cían Harte" 3026: 2983: 2761: 2602: 2381: 2115:) and is done with the intention of not returning. This contrasts with 2074: 1892: 1862: 1584: 953: 5343: 4493: 4265: 4237: 3261:

rejecting refugee status to a deserter invoking Nuremberg Article IV.

5725: 5090: 4754:

Civil War America: A Social and Cultural History with Primary Sources

4649:

The Old Army: A Portrait of the American Army in Peacetime, 1784–1898

4174:"They Refused to Fight for Russia. The Law Did Not Treat Them Kindly" 4117: 4115: 3290: 2483: 2384:

were highly affected by desertion during the armed conflict with the

2329: 1882: 1706: 1656: 1596: 1591: 1456: 1247: 1242: 1207: 649: 335: 302: 191: 5434: 4842: 4787: 4624: 3112: 2228:, desertion is not measured by time away from the unit, but rather: 5301:

United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (22 April 1998).

4455:

Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982

4442:

Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982

2892: 2872:. Of these, 25 were Canadian, 22 Irishmen and five New Zealanders. 2760:

Upon entering Afghanistan, many Central Asians were exposed to the

2373: 1897: 1872: 1505: 1137: 1112: 730: 285: 159: 5584:

A Higher Duty: Desertion among Georgia Troops during the Civil War

4817:

A higher duty: desertion among Georgia troops during the Civil War

4112: 3220: 5731:

Memorial to German World War II deserters in Ulm, Germany at the

2768:

As Afghan soldiers continued to desert the Soviet army, a united

2638: 2564: 2537: 2341: 2274: 2252: 2085: 1907: 1867: 1631: 1465: 1461: 808: 793: 669: 330: 325: 295: 234: 196: 3056:

The execution of a U.S. deserter in the Federal Camp, Alexandria

2352:

and is located opposite the President's office and the Austrian

5270:. United States Department of Homeland Security. November 2016. 4559:"Into the Lives of Three Deserters Who Did Not Have a Good War" 4000:"Deserters should pay the price for leaving down their country" 3310: 2776: 2560: 2546: 2475: 2448:. After the war it was decided to award all such deserters the 2325: 1414: 815: 632: 368: 4305:. New Haven, CT; London: Yale University Press, 2006, page 132 4377:, (New York: Russ Intellectual Properties, 2009), pp. 97–106. 3692:"Las guerrillas marxistas y la pena de muerte a combatientes" 3242: 890: 426: 421: 5666:

GIs Speak Out Against the War: The Case of the Ft. Jackson 8

4979:"U.S. Navy 'jack-the-lad' deserter turned WW1 military hero" 4769:"Draft evasion in the North during the Civil War, 1863–1865" 4494:"Desertion from the British Army during the Napoleonic Wars" 2982:

and leaflets enticing U.S. soldiers with promises of money,

2308:, the Australian Government refused to allow members of the 3474:

The Army Lawyer (Department of the Army Pamphlet 27-50-198)

3049:

through their home counties triggered the most desertions.

2139: 186: 181: 5673:

Desertion from the British Army during the Napoleonic Wars

4601:

Sub Chapter 10, Punitive Articles, Section 885, Article 85

3196:

A U.S. service member who is AWOL/UA may be punished with

2765:

ethnic clashes and cultural factors influenced desertion.

2145: 5017:

Kimmelman, Benedict B., "The Example of Private Slovik",

3614: 2864:

British Army during the First World War § Discipline

2737: 2491: 2441: 2159: 59: 37:"AWOL" and "Deserter" redirect here. For other uses, see 5642:

Soldiers in Revolt: GI Resistance During the Vietnam War

5344:

D. Christopher Decker, and Lucia Fresa (29 March 2001).

3029:

saw about 200,000 desertions. Over 100,000 deserted the

2605:

of Russia adopted amendments to include the concepts of

2581:

List of New Zealand soldiers executed during World War I

5740:

Memorial to all deserters in Stuttgart, Germany at the

5652:

Deserter: The Last Untold Story of the Second World War

3134:

between 1 July 1966 to 31 December 1973. Some of these

2798:

The structure of the Soviet army, in comparison to the

4675:(University of North Carolina Press. 2002) p 25, 103–7 4337:, (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1990), pp. 175–8. 4192:"Russian officer sentenced to 6.5 years for deserting" 2794:

Problems in Soviet army structure and living standards

4411:, (Durnham: Duke University Press, 1983), pp. 206–14. 3696:

Anuario Colombiano de Historia Social y de la Cultura

3524:"Senior leaders announce results of Fort Hood review" 2821: 2142: 5305:. United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 4303:

Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953

3738:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 32–70. 3443:

Joint Service Committee on Military Justice (2012).

3421:

Joint Service Committee on Military Justice (2012).

3396:

Joint Service Committee on Military Justice (2012).

2273:

An additional duty status code — absent-unknown, or

2148: 5117:

US Army AWOL Defense: A Practice Guide and Formbook

2136: 4457:, (Berkeley: University of California, 1997), 175. 4444:, (Berkeley: University of California, 1997), 136. 4409:Afghanistan and the Soviet Union, New and Expanded 3880:"Time to pardon soldiers who left to fight Hitler" 3750:"France may pardon executed World War I 'cowards'" 2912:A United States wartime poster deprecating absence 2770:Islamic Alliance for the Liberation of Afghanistan 27:Abandonment of military duty without authorization 5679:, Vol. 49, No. 4 (Summer 2016), pp. 808–828. 3547:International Encyclopedia of the First World War 2746:, the majority of Soviet forces were soldiers of 2334:Memorial for the Victims of Nazi Military Justice 5762: 4403: 3729: 3727: 3611:"Vienna to honour Austria's Nazi army deserters" 3371:Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights 2953:The desertion rate for American soldiers in the 5319:. UN Commission on Human Rights. 22 April 1998. 5080: 5078: 5011: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4085:"Apology and amnesty for World War II soldiers" 3898:"IRISH ARMY DESERTERS FROM CO. KILDARE IN WWII" 3775: 3773: 3771: 3221:Legal status of desertion in cases of war crime 2263:, this is a violation of the Article 87 of the 5536: 5408:(2012 ed.). US Government Printing Office 5167:(2012 ed.). US Government Printing Office 4952: 4866:The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 4429:Organizations at War in Afghanistan and Beyond 4353:Organizations at War in Afghanistan and Beyond 4329: 4327: 4297: 4295: 3804: 3638: 3581:"Vienna to honor deserters from Hitler's army" 3573: 3120:, four U.S. Navy seamen who deserted from the 3098:, was executed for desertion in World War II. 2501:Deserters from the Portuguese Army during the 5247:Marine Corps Separation and Retirement Manual 5109: 5107: 4955:Desertion and the American Soldier: 1776-2006 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4215:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 109. 3724: 3634: 3632: 2841:, or "For arresting one who received money". 2701:that contextualizes different points of view. 2687:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies 2408:Many individuals who were conscripted by the 2088:soldiers in 1919, with deserters as prisoners 2032: 5075: 4380: 4148:"Camp or Starvation? (NZ Truth, 1918-09-28)" 4037:"WWII Irish 'deserters' finally get pardons" 3768: 3683: 3017:Union Army § Desertions and draft riots 2777:Soviet disillusionment upon entering the war 2348:. The monument was created by German artist 5039: 4639: 4324: 4292: 3971: 3458: 2567:to all World War II-era deserters from the 2251:. On rare occasions, they may be tried for 2220:rolls after thirty days and then listed as 5697:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2001. 5104: 5030: 4569: 4524: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4358: 4347: 4345: 4343: 3798: 3629: 3603: 3138:. Among those who deserted to Canada were 2039: 2025: 5564: 5554: 5123:. Oklahoma City, OK: Military Law Press. 4917: 4604: 4272: 3707: 3666: 3656: 3362:United Nations Commission on Human Rights 2717:Learn how and when to remove this message 2156:), which are temporary forms of absence. 5537:Nussio, Enzo; Ugarriza, Juan E. (2021). 5362: 5323: 5309: 5294: 5084: 4725: 4723: 4696: 4694: 4678: 4665: 4447: 4434: 3689: 3639:Nussio, Enzo; Ugarriza, Juan E. (2021). 3464: 3416: 3414: 3391: 3389: 3111: 3051: 3013:Confederate States Army § Desertion 2907: 2587:Pardon for Soldiers of the Great War Act 2496: 2469: 2399: 2291: 2080: 2065: 2050: 1003:List of military strategies and concepts 5688:Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde, 5468: 5420: 5402:Manual for Courts-Martial United States 5337: 5264:Military Separations: COMDTINST M1000.4 5161:Manual for Courts-Martial United States 5057: 4957:. Algora Publishing. pp. 111–112. 4828: 4751: 4645: 4414: 4340: 4016: 3733: 3567: 3540: 3452:Manual for Courts-Martial United States 3430:Manual for Courts-Martial United States 3405:Manual for Courts-Martial United States 2961: 2925:(a) Any member of the armed forces who– 14: 5763: 5370:"Hinzman Decision, Full Text Decision" 5152: 5113: 4994:"On Military Desertion and Executions" 4893:The South Carolina Historical Magazine 4863: 4766: 4656: 4556: 3207:The 2012 edition of the United States 3126:in protest against the war in Vietnam. 2738:Inter-ethnic explanation for desertion 2378:Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia 2160:Desertion versus absence without leave 5608: 5581: 5515: 5047:"Vietnam War Resisters, Then and Now" 5021:, September—October 1987, pp. 97—104. 4991: 4890: 4720: 4691: 4610: 4491: 4235: 4208: 3932: 3827: 3521: 3436: 3411: 3386: 3088: 3006: 2838:arrestando ipsum qui pecuniam recepit 2729:Many Soviet soldier deserters of the 5488: 5473:. Burleigh, Qld: Zeus Publications. 5449: 5256: 5239: 5179: 4532:"UK | Tribute to WWI 'cowards'" 4431:, (Ithaca: Cornell UP, 2008), 186–7. 4355:, (Ithaca: Cornell UP, 2008), 157–8. 4123:"First New Zealand Soldier Executed" 4087:. 7 May 2013 – via www.rte.ie. 4017:Kennedy, Dr Michael (17 June 2012). 3068: 2667: 2663: 2625: 2516:Irish neutrality during World War II 5668:. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1970. 5273: 5209: 4702:"Desertion In The Civil War Armies" 4577:"At least 1,000 UK soldiers desert" 3805:Mark R. Hatlie (19 November 2005). 3061:and, therefore, deserted the army. 2903: 2878: 2433:recommended that they be pardoned. 24: 5644:. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2005. 5631: 4704:. Civilwarhome.com. Archived from 4315:Patriots ignore greatest brutality 4209:Reese, Roger R. (3 October 2023). 3933:Quinn, Joseph (26 November 2020). 3515: 3398:"Article 86—Absence without leave" 2857: 2844: 2822:Soviet deserters to the mujahideen 2431:French Ministry of Veteran Affairs 25: 5797: 5708: 5695:Desertion: In the Time of Vietnam 4154:. National Library of New Zealand 3541:Stanley, Peter (25 August 2017). 3144:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 2830: 2554:Minister for Justice and Equality 2360:(1924–2006) with just two words: 2332:deserters. On 24 October 2014, a 5704:. New York: The New Press, 2020. 5690:no. 62 (2016), pp. 203–221. 5586:. University of Nebraska Press. 5493:. University of Nebraska Press. 5065:"Deserters: We Won't Go To Iraq" 3522:Suits, Devon (8 December 2020). 2918:Uniform Code of Military Justice 2898: 2672: 2265:Uniform Code of Military Justice 2132: 77: 5469:Lambley, Desmond Bruce (2012). 5085:Nicholas, Bill (6 March 2006). 5024: 4985: 4971: 4953:Robert Fantina (2 April 2006). 4946: 4911: 4884: 4857: 4822: 4809: 4760: 4745: 4595: 4550: 4492:Linch, Kevin (11 August 2016). 4485: 4460: 4308: 4229: 4202: 4184: 4166: 4140: 4077: 4047: 4029: 4010: 3992: 3965: 3926: 3908: 3890: 3872: 3830:Journal of Contemporary History 3821: 3742: 3472:. In Winter, Matthew E. (ed.). 3349: 3257:, which resulted in a Canadian 3108:Vietnam War resisters in Canada 2916:According to the United States 2644: 2620: 2310:First Australian Imperial Force 2224:; however, as a matter of U.S. 5661:, 24/1 (2012), pp. 35–55. 5491:Desertion during the Civil War 5392: 5087:"8,000 desert during Iraq war" 4613:The William and Mary Quarterly 4557:Garner, Dwight (9 June 2013). 3807:"Memorial to Deserters in Ulm" 3561: 3534: 3101: 2948: 2574: 2247:may nevertheless be tried for 13: 1: 5287:. 6 June 2006. Archived from 4992:Wills, Matthew (1 May 2015). 3785:The Heritage of the Great War 3445:"Article 87—Missing Movement" 3379: 3276:Canada and Iraq War resisters 3163: 3075:American Expeditionary Forces 2282: 2255:if enough evidence is found. 4819:(U of Nebraska Press, 2005). 3530:(Press release). Washington. 3179: 3174:Iraq invasion and occupation 2755:Pashtuns, Uzbeks, and Tajiks 2336:was inaugurated on Vienna's 2287: 7: 5471:March in the Guilty Bastard 4776:Journal of American History 4646:Coffman, Edward M. (1988). 3264: 3154:, sports columnist for the 2886: 2536:Once the war was over, the 2386:Military Forces of Colombia 2367: 2328:decided to honour Austrian 2314:British Expeditionary Force 1496:Military–industrial complex 975:Operational manoeuvre group 10: 5802: 5251:United States Marine Corps 4686:The Mexican War, 1846–1848 4319:The Sydney Morning Herald. 4127:New Zealand History Online 3709:10.15446/achsc.v41n1.44855 3617:News Europe. 23 April 2011 3327:Resistance Inside the Army 3306:List of Iraq War resisters 3105: 3010: 2920:, desertion is defined as: 2861: 2578: 2513: 2509: 2505:in Africa, Amsterdam, 1969 2465: 2319: 2261:United States Armed Forces 2206:United States Marine Corps 36: 32:Desertion (disambiguation) 29: 5677:Journal of Social History 5268:United States Coast Guard 5114:Branum, James M. (2012). 4688:(Routledge, 2003), p. 67. 4520:– via Project MUSE. 4498:Journal of Social History 4472:digicoll.library.wisc.edu 4152:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz 3259:federal immigration board 3216:court-martial may direct. 3209:Manual for Courts-Martial 3039:"professional" bounty men 2976:Saint Patrick's Battalion 2599:2022 Russian mobilization 2592: 2474:German street posters in 2414:French Revolutionary Wars 2395: 2214:United States Coast Guard 2182:New Zealand Defence Force 1560:Loss-of-strength gradient 417:Combat information center 43:Deserter (disambiguation) 5720:31 December 2015 at the 3951:10.1177/0968344520932960 3842:10.1177/0022009411431721 3736:Conscripts and Deserters 3690:Aguilera, Mario (2014). 3465:Anderson, Wayne (1989). 3342: 3318:, in civilian employment 3271:Barratry (admiralty law) 2742:In the beginning of the 2424:Minister of War (Carnot) 2178:Australian Defence Force 2095:is the abandonment of a 1878:Military science fiction 1363:Technology and equipment 784:List of military tactics 5582:Weitz, Mark A. (2000). 4731:"Confederate Desertion" 4236:Figes, Orlando (1990). 3467:"Unauthorized Absences" 3358:Conscientious objection 3286:Decimation (Roman army) 3198:non-judicial punishment 2748:Central Asian republics 2601:, the Putin-controlled 2520:The Emergency (Ireland) 2503:Portuguese Colonial War 2390:Colombian peace process 2170:United States Air Force 1946:Wartime sexual violence 1702:Full-spectrum dominance 1513:Supply-chain management 5543:International Security 5285:Department of the Army 4767:Levine, Peter (1981). 4250:10.1093/past/129.1.168 4100:Cite journal requires 3734:Forrest, Alan (1989). 3645:International Security 3570:, especially pp. 6-60. 3423:"Article 85—Desertion" 3322:Nuremberg Principle IV 3281:Conscientious objector 3235: 3218: 3127: 3057: 2946: 2913: 2506: 2479: 2459: 2405: 2301: 2186:Singapore Armed Forces 2103:without permission (a 2089: 2078: 2063: 1858:Awards and decorations 1831:Peace through strength 1806:Low-intensity conflict 1440:Conscientious objector 1313:Area of responsibility 5682:Peter Rohrbacher. " 5654:. Harperpress, 2013. 5623:10.1353/cwh.1999.0082 5530:10.1353/cwh.2004.0019 4932:10.1353/cwh.2011.0068 4427:Abdulkader H. Sinno, 4351:Abdulkader H. Sinno, 4280:Text of Order No. 270 3555:10.15463/ie1418.11149 3360:to military service: 3231: 3213: 3115: 3055: 2988:officers' commissions 2923: 2911: 2870:Shot at Dawn Memorial 2695:by rewriting it in a 2545:Ireland's ports (see 2500: 2473: 2410:French First Republic 2403: 2295: 2190:Canadian Armed Forces 2125:absence without leave 2084: 2069: 2054: 450:Torpedo data computer 440:Ship gun fire-control 39:AWOL (disambiguation) 5754:6 April 2015 at the 5659:Gender & History 5556:10.1162/isec_a_00406 5489:Lonn, Ella (1998) . 5358:on 22 November 2011. 4285:17 June 2008 at the 4065:on 28 September 2012 3972:Canny, Liam (1998). 3658:10.1162/isec_a_00406 3332:Running the gauntlet 3227:Nuremberg Principles 2972:California Gold Rush 2968:Mexican–American War 2962:Mexican–American War 2569:Irish Defence Forces 2174:British Armed Forces 2117:unauthorized absence 1976:Military occupations 1811:Military engineering 1713:Unrestricted Warfare 1570:Force multiplication 468:Military manoeuvrers 30:For other uses, see 5566:20.500.11850/480000 5450:Foos, Paul (2002). 5221:girightshotline.org 5191:girightshotline.org 5053:on 9 November 2014. 4407:Henry S. Bradsher, 4301:Roberts, Geoffrey. 3668:20.500.11850/480000 3364:resolution 1998/77" 2613:and wartime in the 2529:, most joining the 2460:Médaille des Évadés 2358:Ian Hamilton Finlay 1662:Penal military unit 1647:Rules of engagement 1323:Command and control 948:Operations research 412:Director (military) 402:Fire-control system 172:Command and control 53:Part of a series on 5071:. 6 December 2004. 5033:The New York Times 4563:The New York Times 4510:10.1093/jsh/shw007 4242:Past & Present 4178:The New York Times 3191:September 11, 2001 3136:migrated to Canada 3128: 3058: 3023:American Civil War 3007:American Civil War 2914: 2632:People's Commissar 2507: 2480: 2444:deserted from the 2406: 2302: 2296:A 1918 cartoon by 2210:United States Navy 2166:United States Army 2090: 2079: 2064: 1771:Counter-insurgency 1692:Command of the sea 1637:Jewish laws on war 1612:Geneva Conventions 1148:Divide and conquer 943:Military operation 908:Tactical objective 407:Fire-control radar 384:Electronic-warfare 5611:Civil War History 5518:Civil War History 5480:978-1-921-91953-4 5019:American Heritage 4920:Civil War History 4662:Foos (2002) p 25. 4222:978-0-8061-9356-4 3922:. 2 October 2021. 3809:. Sites of Memory 3168:According to the 2731:Soviet–Afghan War 2727: 2726: 2719: 2681:This article may 2664:Soviet–Afghan War 2626:Russian Civil War 2049: 2048: 1941:Horses in warfare 1888:Anti-war movement 1791:Gunboat diplomacy 1781:Disaster response 1729:Philosophy of war 1724:Principles of war 1697:Deterrence theory 1642:Right of conquest 1565:Lanchester's laws 1333:Principles of war 1023:Counter-offensive 1008:Military campaign 913:Target saturation 836:Counterinsurgency 445:Gun data computer 379:Close air support 341:Aircraft carriers 16:(Redirected from 5793: 5786:Political crimes 5749:AWOL Information 5715:Missing movement 5700:Chris Lombardi. 5626: 5605: 5578: 5568: 5558: 5533: 5512: 5484: 5465: 5446: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5407: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5350: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5298: 5292: 5291:on 3 March 2016. 5277: 5271: 5260: 5254: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5223:. Archived from 5213: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5193:. Archived from 5183: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5166: 5156: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5139: 5133:. Archived from 5122: 5111: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5082: 5073: 5072: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5049:. Archived from 5043: 5037: 5036: 5028: 5022: 5015: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4981:. 15 April 2017. 4975: 4969: 4968: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4826: 4820: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4805:on 4 March 2016. 4804: 4798:. Archived from 4773: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4733:. Etymonline.com 4727: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4708:on 23 April 2021 4698: 4689: 4682: 4676: 4669: 4663: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4608: 4602: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4464: 4458: 4453:Hasan M. Kakar, 4451: 4445: 4440:Hasan M. Kakar, 4438: 4432: 4425: 4412: 4405: 4378: 4375:The Great Gamble 4373:Gregory Feifer, 4371: 4356: 4349: 4338: 4333:Artyom Borovik, 4331: 4322: 4321:August 13, 2007. 4312: 4306: 4299: 4290: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4244:(129): 168–211. 4233: 4227: 4226: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4198:. 24 March 2023. 4188: 4182: 4181: 4180:. 30 April 2023. 4170: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4119: 4110: 4109: 4103: 4098: 4096: 4088: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4061:. Archived from 4051: 4045: 4044: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4014: 4008: 4007: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3978:Studia Hibernica 3969: 3963: 3962: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3777: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3756:. 1 October 2013 3746: 3740: 3739: 3731: 3722: 3721: 3711: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3670: 3660: 3636: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3585:Associated Press 3577: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3506: 3502: 3500: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3471: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3449: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3427: 3418: 3409: 3408: 3402: 3393: 3373: 3353: 3316:No call, no show 3157:Montreal Gazette 3089:Second World War 3031:Confederate army 2999:in August 1847. 2904:Legal definition 2879:Second World War 2722: 2715: 2711: 2708: 2702: 2698:balanced fashion 2676: 2675: 2668: 2488:Second World War 2380:(Spanish: FARC) 2155: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2041: 2034: 2027: 1796:Humanitarian aid 1734:Security dilemma 1555:Power projection 1338:Economy of force 1318:Chain of command 1033:Defence in depth 1018:Commerce raiding 841:Defeat in detail 177:Defense ministry 81: 72: 71: 62: 50: 49: 21: 5801: 5800: 5796: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5791: 5790: 5761: 5760: 5756:Wayback Machine 5742:Sites of Memory 5733:Sites of Memory 5722:Wayback Machine 5711: 5664:Fred Halstead. 5638:David Cortright 5634: 5632:Further reading 5629: 5594: 5501: 5481: 5462: 5435:10.2307/2580242 5411: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5395: 5390: 5389: 5379: 5377: 5376:on 28 July 2012 5368: 5367: 5363: 5355: 5348: 5342: 5338: 5329: 5328: 5324: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5299: 5295: 5278: 5274: 5261: 5257: 5244: 5240: 5230: 5228: 5227:on 1 March 2022 5215: 5214: 5210: 5200: 5198: 5197:on 1 March 2022 5185: 5184: 5180: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5153: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5131: 5120: 5112: 5105: 5095: 5093: 5083: 5076: 5063: 5062: 5058: 5045: 5044: 5040: 5029: 5025: 5016: 5012: 5002: 5000: 4990: 4986: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4965: 4951: 4947: 4916: 4912: 4889: 4885: 4862: 4858: 4843:10.2307/2580242 4827: 4823: 4815:Mark A. Weitz, 4814: 4810: 4802: 4788:10.2307/1888051 4771: 4765: 4761: 4750: 4746: 4736: 4734: 4729: 4728: 4721: 4711: 4709: 4700: 4699: 4692: 4683: 4679: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4644: 4640: 4625:10.2307/1923685 4609: 4605: 4600: 4596: 4586: 4584: 4575: 4574: 4570: 4555: 4551: 4541: 4539: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4490: 4486: 4476: 4474: 4466: 4465: 4461: 4452: 4448: 4439: 4435: 4426: 4415: 4406: 4381: 4372: 4359: 4350: 4341: 4332: 4325: 4313: 4309: 4300: 4293: 4287:Wayback Machine 4277: 4273: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4207: 4203: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4172: 4171: 4167: 4157: 4155: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4131: 4129: 4121: 4120: 4113: 4101: 4099: 4090: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4068: 4066: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4015: 4011: 3998: 3997: 3993: 3980:(30): 231–249. 3970: 3966: 3931: 3927: 3920:The Irish Story 3914: 3913: 3909: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3884:The Irish Times 3878: 3877: 3873: 3826: 3822: 3812: 3810: 3803: 3799: 3789: 3787: 3779: 3778: 3769: 3759: 3757: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3732: 3725: 3688: 3684: 3637: 3630: 3620: 3618: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3594: 3592: 3591:. 20 April 2011 3579: 3578: 3574: 3566: 3562: 3539: 3535: 3520: 3516: 3504: 3503: 3494: 3493: 3486: 3484: 3469: 3463: 3459: 3447: 3441: 3437: 3425: 3419: 3412: 3400: 3394: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3376: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3267: 3229:, which states: 3223: 3182: 3166: 3110: 3104: 3091: 3071: 3069:First World War 3047:Sherman's march 3019: 3011:Main articles: 3009: 2964: 2951: 2941: 2926: 2921: 2906: 2901: 2889: 2881: 2866: 2860: 2858:First World War 2851:Napoleonic Wars 2847: 2845:Napoleonic Wars 2833: 2824: 2796: 2779: 2744:Soviet invasion 2740: 2723: 2712: 2706: 2703: 2693:help improve it 2690: 2677: 2673: 2666: 2647: 2628: 2623: 2595: 2583: 2577: 2522: 2512: 2468: 2451:Escapees' Medal 2438:Alsace-Lorraine 2398: 2370: 2322: 2306:First World War 2290: 2285: 2162: 2135: 2131: 2073:(Дезертир), by 2045: 2016: 2015: 1966: 1956: 1955: 1921: 1913: 1912: 1853: 1843: 1842: 1816:Multilateralism 1801:Law enforcement 1761: 1751: 1750: 1719:Just war theory 1677: 1667: 1666: 1617:Geneva Protocol 1587: 1577: 1576: 1550: 1540: 1539: 1481: 1471: 1470: 1378: 1368: 1367: 1308: 1298: 1297: 1263: 1253: 1252: 1183:Network-centric 1103: 1093: 1092: 1000: 990: 989: 938: 928: 927: 876:Rapid dominance 781: 771: 770: 726:Electromagnetic 635: 625: 624: 611: 564: 512: 488: 478: 477: 473:Combat training 454: 431: 397:Combat systems: 393: 355: 351:Auxiliary ships 317: 277: 273:Military police 239: 162: 152: 151: 91: 65: 64: 63: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5799: 5789: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5759: 5758: 5746: 5737: 5728: 5710: 5709:External links 5707: 5706: 5705: 5698: 5691: 5680: 5671:Kevin Linch. " 5669: 5662: 5655: 5645: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5627: 5606: 5592: 5579: 5549:(4): 167–203. 5534: 5513: 5499: 5486: 5479: 5466: 5461:978-0807827314 5460: 5447: 5418: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5361: 5336: 5322: 5308: 5293: 5272: 5255: 5253:. 6 June 2007. 5238: 5208: 5178: 5151: 5140:on 20 May 2013 5129: 5103: 5074: 5056: 5038: 5023: 5010: 4984: 4970: 4963: 4945: 4926:(4): 349–379. 4910: 4883: 4872:(4): 393–434. 4856: 4837:(2): 321–342. 4821: 4808: 4782:(4): 816–834. 4759: 4744: 4719: 4690: 4684:Douglas Meed, 4677: 4664: 4655: 4652:. p. 193. 4638: 4619:(4): 615–645. 4603: 4594: 4568: 4549: 4538:. 21 June 2001 4523: 4504:(4): 808–828. 4484: 4459: 4446: 4433: 4413: 4379: 4357: 4339: 4335:The Hidden War 4323: 4307: 4291: 4271: 4228: 4221: 4201: 4183: 4165: 4139: 4111: 4102:|journal= 4076: 4046: 4028: 4009: 4006:. 5 July 2011. 4004:Irish Examiner 3991: 3964: 3945:(4): 825–847. 3939:War in History 3925: 3907: 3902:www.kildare.ie 3889: 3871: 3836:(2): 370–401. 3820: 3797: 3781:"Shot at Dawn" 3767: 3741: 3723: 3702:(1): 201–236. 3682: 3651:(4): 167–203. 3628: 3602: 3572: 3560: 3533: 3514: 3505:|journal= 3457: 3435: 3410: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3368:United Nations 3347: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3340: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3266: 3263: 3255:Jeremy Hinzman 3222: 3219: 3181: 3178: 3165: 3162: 3103: 3100: 3090: 3087: 3083:Military Medal 3079:Woodrow Wilson 3070: 3067: 3008: 3005: 2963: 2960: 2950: 2947: 2938: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2888: 2885: 2880: 2877: 2862:Main article: 2859: 2856: 2846: 2843: 2832: 2831:United Kingdom 2829: 2823: 2820: 2795: 2792: 2778: 2775: 2739: 2736: 2725: 2724: 2680: 2678: 2671: 2665: 2662: 2658:barrier troops 2646: 2643: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2594: 2591: 2576: 2573: 2511: 2508: 2467: 2464: 2419:Levée en masse 2397: 2394: 2369: 2366: 2321: 2318: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2244: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2236:to not return; 2161: 2158: 2047: 2046: 2044: 2043: 2036: 2029: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1981:Military terms 1978: 1973: 1967: 1962: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1854: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1828: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1762: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1739:Tripwire force 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1678: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1588: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1562: 1557: 1551: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1515: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1503: 1493: 1488: 1482: 1477: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1459: 1454: 1453: 1452: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1379: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1309: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1264: 1261:Administrative 1259: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1188:New generation 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1163:Fleet in being 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1104: 1101:Grand strategy 1099: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1088:Scorched earth 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1001: 996: 995: 992: 991: 988: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 965:Deep operation 962: 957: 950: 945: 939: 934: 933: 930: 929: 926: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 894: 893: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 812: 811: 806: 801: 791: 782: 777: 776: 773: 772: 769: 768: 766:Unconventional 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 714: 712:Disinformation 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 683: 682: 677: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 636: 631: 630: 627: 626: 623: 622: 617: 610: 609: 608: 607: 606: 605: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 563: 562: 561: 560: 559: 558: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 511: 510: 509: 508: 503: 498: 489: 484: 483: 480: 479: 476: 475: 470: 465: 463:Basic training 460: 453: 452: 447: 442: 437: 430: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 392: 391: 389:Reconnaissance 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 354: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 316: 315: 310: 308:Special forces 305: 300: 299: 298: 288: 283: 276: 275: 270: 265: 263:Reconnaissance 260: 255: 250: 245: 238: 237: 228: 223: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 163: 158: 157: 154: 153: 150: 149: 148: 147: 142: 132: 131: 130: 125: 115: 114: 113: 106:Post-classical 103: 98: 92: 87: 86: 83: 82: 74: 73: 55: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5798: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5757: 5753: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5729: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5703: 5699: 5696: 5692: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5667: 5663: 5660: 5656: 5653: 5649: 5648:Charles Glass 5646: 5643: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5624: 5620: 5617:(2): 99–125. 5616: 5612: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5593:9780803247918 5589: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5500:9780803279759 5496: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5476: 5472: 5467: 5463: 5457: 5453: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5423:Social Forces 5419: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5397: 5375: 5371: 5365: 5354: 5347: 5340: 5332: 5326: 5318: 5312: 5304: 5297: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5276: 5269: 5265: 5259: 5252: 5248: 5242: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5212: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5163: 5162: 5155: 5136: 5132: 5130:9781300302841 5126: 5119: 5118: 5110: 5108: 5092: 5088: 5081: 5079: 5070: 5066: 5060: 5052: 5048: 5042: 5034: 5027: 5020: 5014: 4999: 4995: 4988: 4980: 4974: 4966: 4964:0-8758-6452-X 4960: 4956: 4949: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4914: 4906: 4902: 4899:(2): 95–110. 4898: 4894: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4860: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4831:Social Forces 4825: 4818: 4812: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4763: 4755: 4748: 4732: 4726: 4724: 4707: 4703: 4697: 4695: 4687: 4681: 4674: 4668: 4659: 4651: 4650: 4642: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4607: 4598: 4583:. 28 May 2006 4582: 4578: 4572: 4564: 4560: 4553: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4488: 4473: 4469: 4463: 4456: 4450: 4443: 4437: 4430: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4410: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4376: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4354: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4336: 4330: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4304: 4298: 4296: 4288: 4284: 4281: 4275: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4232: 4224: 4218: 4214: 4213: 4205: 4197: 4193: 4187: 4179: 4175: 4169: 4153: 4149: 4143: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4116: 4107: 4094: 4086: 4080: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4055:"Latest News" 4050: 4043:. 6 May 2013. 4042: 4038: 4032: 4024: 4023:TheJournal.ie 4020: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3921: 3917: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3893: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3824: 3808: 3801: 3786: 3782: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3737: 3730: 3728: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3635: 3633: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3569: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3510: 3498: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3468: 3461: 3453: 3446: 3439: 3431: 3424: 3417: 3415: 3406: 3399: 3392: 3390: 3385: 3372: 3369: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3348: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3296:Draft evasion 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3262: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3228: 3217: 3212: 3210: 3205: 3203: 3202:court martial 3199: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3148:Metro Morning 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3124: 3119: 3118:Intrepid Four 3114: 3109: 3099: 3097: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3066: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3048: 3042: 3040: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3018: 3014: 3004: 3000: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2959: 2956: 2945: 2942: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2919: 2910: 2899:United States 2896: 2894: 2884: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2865: 2855: 2852: 2842: 2840: 2839: 2828: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2801: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2774: 2771: 2766: 2763: 2758: 2756: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2735: 2732: 2721: 2718: 2710: 2707:December 2021 2700: 2699: 2694: 2688: 2686: 2679: 2670: 2669: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2654:Order No. 227 2651: 2650:Order No. 270 2642: 2640: 2636: 2633: 2618: 2616: 2615:Criminal Code 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2590: 2588: 2582: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2555: 2552:In 2012, the 2550: 2548: 2542: 2539: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2521: 2517: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2477: 2472: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2432: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2402: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2346:Heinz Fischer 2344:'s President 2343: 2339: 2338:Ballhausplatz 2335: 2331: 2327: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2299: 2294: 2280: 2278: 2277: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2231: 2230: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2157: 2153: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2097:military duty 2094: 2087: 2083: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2061: 2060:Octav Băncilă 2057: 2053: 2042: 2037: 2035: 2030: 2028: 2023: 2022: 2020: 2019: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1965: 1960: 1959: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1917: 1916: 1909: 1906: 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