1011:(1368–1644), China was leading the world in mathematics as well as science. However, Europe soon caught up to China's scientific and mathematical achievements and surpassed them. Many scholars have speculated about the reason behind China's lag in advancement. A historian named Colin Ronan claims that though there is no one specific answer, there must be a connection between China's urgency for new discoveries being weaker than Europe's and China's inability to capitalize on its early advantages. Ronan believes that China's Confucian bureaucracy and traditions led to China not having a scientific revolution, which led China to have fewer scientists to break the existing orthodoxies, like Galileo Galilei. Despite inventing gunpowder in the 9th century, it was in Europe that the classic handheld firearms, matchlocks, were invented, with evidence of use around the 1480s. China was using the matchlocks by 1540, after the Portuguese brought their matchlocks to Japan in the early 1500s. China during the Ming Dynasty established a bureau to maintain its calendar. The bureau was necessary because the calendars were linked to celestial phenomena and that needs regular maintenance because twelve lunar months have 344 or 355 days, so occasional leap months have to be added in order to maintain 365 days per year.
1037:, also contributed to the growth of private industry. In particular, small-scale industries grew up, often specializing in paper, silk, cotton, and porcelain goods. For the most part, however, relatively small urban centers with markets proliferated around the country. Town markets mainly traded food, with some necessary manufactures such as pins or oil. In the 16th century the Ming dynasty flourished over maritime trade with the Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch Empires. The trade brought in a massive amount of silver, which China at the time needed desperately. Prior to China's global trade, its economy ran on paper money. However, in the 14th century, China's paper money system suffered a crisis, and by the mid-15th century, crashed. The silver imports helped fill the void left by the broken paper money system, which helps explain why the value of silver in China was twice as high as the value of silver in Spain during the end of the 16th century.
1574:
1462:
2546:
3170:
1824:, which led from Europe to East Asia, revived in the 16th century. Leaders also supported direct sea trade with Europe, particularly England and The Netherlands, which sought Persian carpet, silk, and textiles. Other exports were horses, goat hair, pearls, and an inedible bitter almond hadam-talka used as a spice in India. The main imports were spice, textiles (woolens from Europe, cotton from Gujarat), metals, coffee, and sugar. Despite their demise in 1722, the Safavids left their mark by establishing and spreading Shi'a Islam in major parts of the Caucasus and West Asia.
680:
3139:. Black African slave labour from Portugal's West African possessions was imported to do the grueling agricultural work. As the wealth of the Ibero-America increased, some Western European powers (Dutch, French, British, Danish) sought to duplicate the model in areas that the Iberians had not settled in numbers. They seized some Caribbean islands from the Spanish and transferred the model of sugar production on plantations with slave labour and settled in northern areas of North America in what are now the Eastern Seaboard of the United States and Canada.
3233:, in lower British North America, rebelled against British rule through 1765-1783, due to various factors such as belief in natural rights, the enforcement of new taxes levied by a Parliament which they could not vote for representatives in, and opposition to monarchy. The British colonies in Canada remained loyal to the crown, and a provisional government formed by the Thirteen Colonies proclaimed their independence on 4 July 1776, and subsequently became the original 13 United States of America. With the 1783 Treaty of Paris ending the
4246:
According to
Bengsston, this trend existed amongst cities in different parts of Italy and in various parts of Europe even though cities operated under different economic and agricultural conditions. This leads Bengsston to his conclusion on what may have caused mortality rates in infants to spike during winter: "The strong protective effect of summer for neonatal deaths leads us to suppose that in many cases, these might be due to the insufficient heating systems of the houses or to the exposure of the newborn to cold during the
3860:
1446:
2429:
1198:
3406:
806:
1015:
1077:
3252:
1722:
2849:
1514:, although the dynasty continued for another 150 years. During this period, the Empire was marked by a highly centralized administration connecting the different regions. All the significant monuments of the Mughals, their most visible legacy, date to this period which was characterized by the expansion of Persian cultural influence in the Indian subcontinent, with brilliant literary, artistic, and architectural results. The
2154:
3076:
2089:
classic firearms. The advances made in gunpowder and firearms was directly tied to the decline in the use of plate armor because of the inability of the armor to protect one from bullets. The musket was able to penetrate all forms of armor available at the time, making armor obsolete, and as a consequence the heavy musket as well. Although there is relatively little to no difference in design between
2977:
supporters of the Rump
Parliament. The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Worcester. The monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship in England ended with the victors consolidating the established Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland. Constitutionally, the wars established the precedent that an English monarch cannot govern without Parliament's consent. The
564:. There is no exact date that marks the beginning or end of the period and its extent may vary depending on the area of history being studied. In general, the early modern period is considered to have lasted from around the start of the 16th century to the start of the 19th century (about 1500–1800). In a European context, it is defined as the period following the
1424:. Because the ships were armed with cannons, Admiral Yi's navy was able to demolish the Japanese invading fleets, destroying hundreds of ships in Japan's second invasion. During the 17th century, Korea was invaded again, this time by Manchurians, who would later take over China as the Qing Dynasty. In 1637, King
3201:
or the
Caribbean islands. France, The Netherlands, and Great Britain held colonies in North America and the West Indies from the 17th century, 100 years after the Spanish and Portuguese established permanent colonies. The British colonies in North America were founded between 1607 (Virginia) and 1733
6582:
The title was derived from his savage behavior against his enemies, and particularly from a war with France in late 1471: frustrated by the refusal of the French to engage in open battle, and angered by French attacks on his unprotected borders in
Hainault and Flanders, Charles marched his army back
6072:
In
October 1638 Ottoman forces returned to Mesopotamia, stormed Baghdad, and captured the city in December despite sustaining heavy casualties. These included the grand vizier, who "was killed leading the assault" (Sykes: 2:211). The Safavids were forced to sue for peace. On May 17, 1639 the Ottoman
2305:
to his enemies, His early death was a pivotal moment in
European history. Charles has often been regarded as the last representative of the feudal spirit, although in administrative affairs, he introduced remarkable modernizing innovations. Upon his death, Charles left an unmarried nineteen-year-old
3440:
replaced older methods of studying nature, which had relied on ancient texts by writers like
Aristotle. By the time of the Revolution, these methods resulted in an accumulation of knowledge that overturned ideas inherited from Ancient Greece and Islamic scholars. Major changes during the Scientific
1387:
value. As a result, the tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time. This often led to numerous confrontations between noble but impoverished samurai and well-to-do peasants. None, however, proved compelling enough to seriously challenge the established order
4188:
During the early modern period, thorough and accurate global data on mortality rates is limited for a number of reasons including disparities in medical practices and views on the dead. However, there still remains data from
European countries that still holds valuable information on the mortality
3134:
Initially, Portuguese settlements (Brazil) in the coastal northeast were of lesser importance in the larger
Portuguese overseas empire, where lucrative commerce and small settlements devoted to trade were established in coastal Africa, India and China. With sparse indigenous populations that could
4241:
Bengsston writes that climate conditions were the most important factor in determining infant mortality rates: "For the period from birth to the fifth birthday, is clearly the most important determinant of death". Winters proved to be harsh on families and their newborns, especially if the other
2839:
was a route followed by certain Anglo-American pirates in the early 18th century, involving voyages from
Bermuda and the Americas to attack Muslim and East India Company ships in the Indian Ocean and Red Sea. The post-War of the Spanish Succession period saw many unemployed sailors and privateers
4245:
For instance, Italy is home to a very warm climate in the summer, and the temperature drops immensely in the winter. This lends context to Bengsston writing that "the winter peak was the cruelest: during the first 10 days of life, a newborn was four times more likely to die than in the summer".
2356:(1480–1562). Maximilian (although Claude Michaud opines that he could claim "last knight" status by virtue of being the last medieval epic poet) was actually a chief modernizing force of the time (whose reform initiatives led to Europe-wide revolutions in the areas of warfare and communications,
4264:
During the early modern period, many societies' views on death changed greatly. With the implementation of new torture techniques, and increased public executions, people began to give more value to their life, and their body after death. Along with the views on death, methods of execution also
2088:
When gunpowder was introduced to Europe, it was immediately used almost exclusively in weapons and explosives for warfare. Though it was invented in China, gunpowder arrived in Europe already formulated for military use; European countries took advantage of this and were the first to create the
4201:
Infant mortality was a global concern during the early modern period as many newborns would not survive into childhood. Bengsston provides comparative data on infant mortality averages in a variety of European towns, cities, regions and countries starting from the mid-1600s to the 1800s. These
2976:
was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. The first and second civil wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third war saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and
2379:
2140:
and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historic era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not uniform across Europe, this is a general use of the term. As a cultural movement, it encompassed a rebellion of learning based on
2860:
The 15th to 18th century period is marked by the first European colonies, the rise of strong centralized governments, and the beginnings of recognizable European nation states that are the direct antecedents of today's states. Although the Renaissance included revolutions in many
4766:
987:
from the outside world but this policy was not always enforced uniformly or successfully. However, by the end of the Early Modern Period, China, Korea and Japan were mostly closed and uninterested in Europeans, even while trading relationships grew in port cities such as
2381:
3266:
as a category. The term generally encompasses Western Europe, West Africa, and the Americas. It seeks to illustrate both local and regional developments, as well as the connections between these geographical regions through trade, migration, and cultural exchange.
3934:
Early 17th-century philosophy is often referred to as the Age of Rationalism, succeeding Renaissance philosophy and preceding the Enlightenment. Some consider it the earliest part of the Enlightenment, stretching over two centuries. This era includes the works of
1154:"A date around 1780 as the beginning of modern China is thus closer to what we know today as historical 'reality'. It also allows us to have a better baseline to understand the precipitous decline of the Chinese polity in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries."
1404:
dynasty (1392–1910) with a largely bloodless coup. Yi Seong-gye moved the capital of Korea to the location of modern-day Seoul. The dynasty was heavily influenced by Confucianism, which also played a large role to shaping Korea's strong cultural identity.
2425:, played a decisive role. The Taborite faction of Hussite warriors, primarily infantry, decisively defeated larger armies with heavily armored knights, contributing to the infantry revolution. However, the Hussite Crusades were ultimately inconclusive.
3079:
World Colonization of 1492 (Early Modern World), 1550, 1660, 1754 (Age of Enlightenment), 1822 (Industrial revolution), 1885 (European Hegemony), 1914 (World War I era), 1938 (World War II era), 1959 (Cold War era) and 1974, 2008 (Recent
3088:
is normally used with reference to discontiguous overseas empires rather than contiguous land-based empires, European or otherwise. European colonisation during the 15th to 19th centuries resulted in the spread of Christianity to
2760:
and stretching from the middle Volga to Ryazan and Tula, then breaking abruptly to the south and extending to the Dnieper via Pereyaslavl. This area was settled by a population of free people practicing various trades and crafts.
2337:(1443–1490), a notable nation builder, conqueror (Hungary in his time was the most powerful in Central Europe) and patron, was the first who introduced the Renaissance outside of Italy. In military area, he introduced the
1040:
China under the later Ming dynasty became isolated, prohibiting the construction of ocean going sea vessels. Despite isolationist policies the Ming economy still suffered from an inflation due to an overabundance of
2834:
period covers approximately the late 17th century. This period was characterized by Anglo-French seamen based in Jamaica and Tortuga attacking Spanish colonies and shipping in the Caribbean and eastern Pacific. The
3424:
in scientific discovery, technological innovation, and economic development began in the early modern period as the pace of change in Western countries increased significantly compared to the rest of the world.
3343:
for the proper training of priests, the reform of religious life by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal relationship with
2981:, or simply put as the Restoration, began in 1660 when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under Charles II after the Commonwealth of England that followed the English Civil War. The
2717:) and introduced local self-management into the rural regions. During his long reign, Ivan IV nearly doubled the already large Russian territory by annexing the three Tatar khanates (parts of disintegrated
5912:'s conquest until the early eighteenth century, which marked the beginning of British and French domination of the Mediterranean Sea routes, the region witnessed what Rhoads Murphey has described as the
2380:
614:
character. New economies and institutions emerged, becoming more sophisticated and globally articulated over the course of the period. The early modern period also included the rise of the dominance of
4193:, Tommy Bengtsson provides adequate information pertaining to the data of infant mortality rates in European countries as well as provide necessary contextual influences on these mortality rates.
1805:
after the Islamic conquest of Persia and the establishment of Islam, marking an important point in the history of Islam in the east. The Safavid dynasty was founded about 1501. From their base in
3197:
North America outside the zone of Spanish settlement was a contested area in the 17th century. Spain had founded small settlements in Florida and Georgia, but nowhere near the size of those in
2330:(1493) which gave the majority of Burgundian inheritance to the Habsburg (Mary already died in 1482). The rise of the Habsburg dynasty was a prime factor in the spreading of the Renaissance.
2344:
Some noblemen from the generation that lived during this period have been attributed the moniker "the last knight", with the most notable being the above-mentioned Maximilian I (1459–1519),
1961:
in 1473, building the regime on trade revenues and the cooperation of Muslim merchants. The empire eventually made Islam the official religion, built mosques, and brought Muslim scholars to
7186:"Hispania- Austria. Die Katholischen Könige, Maximilian I. und die Anfänge der Casa de Austria in Spanien/Los Reyes Catolicos, Maximiliano I. y los inicios de la Casa de Austria en España"
3498:, demonstrating that planets move in ellipses rather than perfect circles. The idea that the stars were fixed on celestial spheres was replaced by the idea that stars are distant suns.
6089:
6249:, had already discussed heliocentric hypotheses as early as the third century BCE. However, there is little evidence that he ever developed his ideas beyond a very basic outline
841:. The European colonization of the Americas began during the early modern period, as did the establishment of European trading hubs in Asia and Africa, which contributed to the
778:
and their impact on thought and thinking, from concepts from nationalism to organizing armies. The early period ended in a time of political and economic change, as a result of
6174:
3336:
during the mid-16th to mid-17th centuries. The Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort, involving ecclesiastical reforms as well as political and spiritual movements.
5999:[A Study on the Content of the Inscriptions on the Buildings of the Sharifian Saadi Dynasty of Morocco (During the Period between AH 915–1069/151069/1510–1658 CE)].
687:
At the onset of the early modern period, trends in various regions of the world represented a shift away from medieval modes of organization, politically and economically.
2360:), who broke the back of the knight class (causing many to become robber barons) and had personal conflicts with the three other men on the matter of the knight's status.
1820:
What fueled the growth of Safavid economy was its position between the burgeoning civilizations of Europe to its west and Islamic Central Asia to its east and north. The
1409:(1418–1450), one of the only two kings in Korea's history to earn the title of great in their posthumous titles, reclaimed Korean territory to the north and created the
3387:
strengthened rural parishes, improved popular piety, helped to curb corruption within the church, and set examples that would be a strong impetus for Catholic renewal.
3538:
is often used to mark the end of the Scientific Revolution, as it established the fundamental laws of physics that would dominate scientific thinking for centuries.
10631:
1122:
in establishing its rule, but did not necessarily "assimilate", instead adopting a more universalist style of governance. The Manchus were formerly known as the
4163:, the sister of Francis I, herself a poet, novelist and religious mystic, gathered around her and protected a circle of vernacular poets and writers, including
4106:
as an intellectual movement spread across Europe. The basic training of the humanist was to speak well and write (typically, in the form of a letter). The term
1057:. The European trade depression of the 1620s also hurt the Chinese economy, which sunk to the point where all of China's trading partners cut ties with them:
4049:, elevating contemporary knowledge over classical Greek and Roman wisdom. Enlightenment thought also significantly influenced German philosophy, fostered by
10621:
7866:
Olin, John C. The Catholic Reformation: Savonarola to Ignatius Loyola: Reform in the Church, 1495-1540. Fordham University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-8232-1275-0.
774:
dawned, beginning with revolts in America and France, political changes were then pushed forward in other countries partly as a result of upheavals of the
7455:
1809:, the Safavids established control over all of Persia and reasserted the Iranian identity of the region, thus becoming the first native dynasty since the
8866:
7642:
4978:
7197:
6224:
5590:
10496:
2913:
1503:, becoming the biggest global economy and manufacturing power, with a nominal GDP that valued a quarter of world GDP, superior than the combination of
970:
was the dominant power in Maritime Southeast Asia. The early modern period experienced an influx of European traders and missionaries into the region.
8413:
1676:, which dominated Muslim Malay settlements in Phuket, Satun, Pattani, and Sumatra. The Portuguese invaded Malacca's capital in 1511, and by 1528, the
1029:
In the early Ming dynasty, urbanization increased as the population grew and as the division of labor grew more complex. Large urban centers, such as
923:
from 1600 to 1868 is also referred to as the early modern period. In Korea, the early modern period is considered to have lasted from the rise of the
671:
during the 1940s and 1950s and gradually spread to other historians in the following decades and became widely known among scholars during the 1990s.
3310:
2326:. A conflict between the Burgundian side (Maximilian brought with himself almost no resources from the Empire) and France ensued, culminating in the
1096:, natural calamities, crop failure and sudden epidemics. The ensuing breakdown of authority and people's livelihoods allowed rebel leaders, such as
610:
Historians in recent decades have argued that, from a worldwide standpoint, the most important feature of the early modern period was its spreading
1813:
to establish a unified Iranian state. Problematic for the Safavids was the powerful Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans, a Sunni dynasty, fought several
1632:
demarcated their respective interests in Southeast Asia. From the 1850s onwards, the pace of colonization shifted to a significantly higher gear.
3863:"If there is something you know, communicate it. If there is something you don't know, search for it." An engraving from the 1772 edition of the
3013:
concluded between various European states helped end the War of the Spanish Succession. The representatives who met were Louis XIV of France and
2675:
in response to the Protestant Reformation. Its goal was to reform internal Church practices while reaffirming the Church’s authority as the true
2235:
was one of the founders of modern chemistry. In visual arts, notable representatives included the "three giants of the High Renaissance", namely
8124:
Israel, Jonathan I. Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity 1650–1750. Oxford University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0198206088.
10636:
9087:
5467:
1518:, located in the south west of present-day India, surpassed the Mughals as the dominant power in India from 1740 and expanding rapid until the
1142:, which became the new capital of the Qing dynasty. The Manchus adopted the Confucian norms of traditional Chinese government in their rule of
7783:
4603:
3940:
3534:
2865:
pursuits, as well as social and political upheaval, it is perhaps best known for European artistic developments and the contributions of such
1416:
During the end of the 16th century, Korea was invaded twice by Japan, first in 1592 and again in 1597. Japan failed both times due to Admiral
10661:
8562:
2455:. The siege culminated in a counterattack that forced Sultan Mehmet II to retreat, with the victory being credited with deciding the fate of
10006:
6123:
1178:
Isle in 1543, the Japanese adopted several of the technologies and cultural practices of their visitors, whether in the military area (the
9077:
7377:
7299:
7016:
6977:
6860:
6770:
6561:
6483:
6099:
5417:
4684:
3038:
8265:), published after her death, among other devotional poetry. See also "Marguerite de Navarre: Religious Reformist" in Jonathan A. Reid,
7416:
7338:
6938:
6899:
6809:
6731:
6692:
6653:
6614:
6444:
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6327:
5510:
5156:
5117:
5000:
2542:
of printed literature. Its jurisdiction was limited to baptized Catholics, while non-Christians were typically tried by secular courts.
1743:. This was perhaps the golden age of the empire. The Ottomans expanded southwest into North Africa while battling with the re-emergent
6288:
3135:
not be coerced to work and no known deposits of precious metals, Portugal sought a high-value, low-bulk export product and found it in
4509:
Goldman, E.O., & Eliason, L.C. (2003). The diffusion of military technology and ideas. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.
842:
10576:
7528:
1054:
6169:
4537:
9850:
9345:
7875:
Ditchfield, Simon. "The Catholic Reformation." Renaissance Studies, vol. 15, no. 3, 2001, pp. 390-409. DOI:10.1111/1477-4658.00088.
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from the Ile-de-France to Burgundian territory, burning over two thousand towns, villages and castles on his way—Taylor, Aline S.
9490:
9186:
8639:
4042:
3850:
3543:
3110:
2480:
and the notion of a singular Christian hegemony. The treaty also marked the birth of the modern concept of national sovereignty.
1936:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1573:
1461:
525:
438:
9938:
9298:
3656:
3178:
1672:, and eastern Indonesia, though the effectiveness of this influence remains debated. Majapahit struggled to control the rising
908:
reached their zenith, while the empire itself is believed to have had the world's largest economy, bigger than the entirety of
791:
8151:
Jacob, Margaret C. The Scientific Revolution: A Brief History with Documents. Bedford/St. Martin's, 2010. ISBN 978-0312539481.
10516:
8280:
7714:
7683:
7565:
7410:
7371:
7332:
7156:
7088:
7049:
7010:
6971:
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6893:
6854:
6803:
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6725:
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6608:
6555:
6516:
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6438:
6399:
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6204:
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5943:
5901:
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5835:
5745:
5699:
5660:
5621:
5504:
5448:
5384:
5287:
5254:
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5187:
5150:
5111:
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4857:
4826:
4719:
4678:
4583:
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724:
7162:
7123:
7094:
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5705:
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2393:
in 1453 and later by various movements to reform the church (including Lutheran, Zwinglian, and Calvinist), followed by the
568:
and preceding the advent of modernity; but the dates of these boundaries are far from universally agreed. In the context of
10737:
8222:
Berlin, Isaiah. Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas. Princeton University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0691090269.
7747:
Leeson, Peter T. The Invisible Hook: The Hidden Economics of Pirates. Princeton University Press, 2009. ISBN 9780691137477.
7729:
Konstam, Angus. Pirates: The Complete History from 1300 BC to the Present Day. Osprey Publishing, 2008. ISBN 9781846032400.
7629:
Olin, John C. The Catholic Reformation: Savonarola to Ignatius Loyola. Fordham University Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0823212750.
5205:(First edition, 1983), section "Azuchi-Momoyama History (1568–1600)" by George Elison, in the entry for "history of Japan".
3495:
3106:
2756:. The native land of the Cossacks is defined by a line of Russian/Ruthenian town-fortresses located on the border with the
2039:
1712:
1042:
2357:
329:
241:
9436:
3463:
3400:
2192:
1708:
1593:
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4205:
For instance, the average infant mortality rate in what is now Germany was 108 infant deaths for every 1,000 births; in
8841:
8809:
8399:
8358:
8333:
8288:
8257:
7590:
7293:
6065:
5554:
5411:
4954:
2345:
415:
324:
10681:
9193:
8760:
8555:
8459:
7857:
Armitage, David. The Ideological Origins of the British Empire. Cambridge University Press, 2000. ISBN 9780521789783.
7738:
Rediker, Marcus. Villains of All Nations: Atlantic Pirates in the Golden Age. Beacon Press, 2004. ISBN 9780807050255.
7657:
7482:
7439:
4278:
4137:
methods of Italian Humanism to the study of antique coinage and to legal history, composing a detailed commentary on
3164:
2311:
2071:
7761:
1367:
might be trained as samurai, and samurai might act as local lords. Otherwise, the largely inflexible nature of this
575:
Various events and historical transitions have been proposed as the start of the early modern period, including the
10511:
9872:
8680:
7240:
2315:
2276:
2063:
845:
around the world. The rise of sustained contacts between previously isolated parts of the globe, in particular the
2459:. The noon bell, ordered by Pope Callixtus III, commemorates this victory across the Christian world to this day.
10727:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10611:
10546:
9591:
9426:
8712:
8165:
3694:(1735), introducing the classification of organisms into hierarchical categories and replacing Aristotle’s ideas.
3648:
3202:(Georgia). The Dutch explored the east coast of North America and began founding settlements in what they called
8720:
7459:
1428:
was forced to surrender to the Qing forces, and was ordered to send princesses as concubines to the Qing Prince
9802:
9055:
4744:
4645:
4242:
seasons of the year were warmer. This seasonal drop in temperature was a lot for an infant's body to adapt to.
4007:
3364:
2920:. French culture likewise flourished during this era, producing a number of figures of great renown, including
2545:
2421:. These wars were notable for being among the first European conflicts where hand-held gunpowder weapons, like
2118:
2023:
in 1485. Early modern European history is usually seen to span from the start of the 15th century, through the
479:
232:
7639:
7605:
Hansen, Joseph. Witchcraft in Europe, 400-1700: A Documentary History. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001.
5783:
5582:
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3907:. This period in Europe was characterized by system-builders—philosophers who established unified theories of
9955:
9400:
9362:
9238:
9226:
9028:
8992:
8142:
Gaukroger, Stephen. Descartes: An Intellectual Biography. Oxford University Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0198239949.
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6220:
3353:
2626:
1628:
as a key trading post for Britain in its rivalry with the Dutch. However, the rivalry cooled in 1824 when an
3709:
in 1669, and the systematic study of fossils and rock types began to question the biblical age of the Earth.
2888:
congress. Until 1806, the regulations became part of the constitutional laws of the Holy Roman Empire. The
424:
10707:
10566:
10551:
10446:
9303:
9283:
8987:
8548:
8378:
5532:
4898:
Flynn, Dennis O.; Giraldez, Arturo (1995). "Arbitrage, China, and World Trade in the Early Modern Period".
4099:
spread northward to France, Germany, Holland and England, where it became associated with the Reformation.
3018:
2145:
sources, the development of linear perspective in painting, and gradual but widespread educational reform.
2027:
in the 17th and 18th centuries, until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century.
1734:
1609:
1111:
113:
6254:
3517:
2929:
396:
391:
9972:
9483:
9013:
8944:
8888:
6095:
4265:
changed. New devices to torture and execute criminals were invented. The number of criminals executed by
3748:
3713:
3187:
1202:
928:
756:
572:, the early modern period is often used even in contexts where there is no equivalent "medieval" period.
518:
277:
4202:
statistics are measured for infant deaths within the first month of every 1,000 births in a given area.
631:
civic politics, accelerated travel due to improvements in mapping and ship design, and the emergence of
9843:
9566:
9410:
9405:
9209:
9127:
8597:
8195:
Barry, John M. Roger Williams and the Creation of the American Soul. Viking, 2012. ISBN 978-0670023059.
7823:
7115:
3899:'s occultist approaches. Instead, reason became the central source of knowledge, initiating the era of
3844:
3521:
3468:
3296:
The early modern period was initiated by the Reformation and the collapse of the unity of the medieval
3234:
3169:
1629:
1597:
1546:
surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company, in 1765, when the company was granted the
1406:
1227:
1025:
brought about auspicious events; merchant-funding for such projects was needed by the late Ming period.
944:
79:
4073:. The Enlightenment flourished until around 1790–1800, after which the emphasis on reason gave way to
2840:
turning to piracy in the Caribbean, the American eastern seaboard, West Africa, and the Indian Ocean.
1854:. Between the 15th and 16th centuries, various nomadic tribes arrived from the steppes, including the
1167:
that began around 1467 and lasted around a century consisted of several continually "warring states".
10491:
10451:
9892:
9395:
9350:
9144:
8498:
7324:
Kommunikation und Konfrontation: Diplomatie und Gesandtschaftswesen Kaiser Maximilians I. (1486–1519)
4221:, 80–110 infants died per every 1,000 babies born. In Sweden, 70–95 infants died per 1,000 births in
3800:
2904:
Men who featured prominently in the political and military life of France during this period include
2753:
2642:
2477:
2468:
1563:
939:
were stimulated by trade with the Portuguese, the Spanish, and the Dutch, while Japan engaged in the
712:
7780:
5471:
4408:
4347:
2510:
in the modern era refers to several institutions within the Catholic Church tasked with prosecuting
10732:
10591:
10319:
10081:
10041:
10031:
9979:
8486:
7122:(in German). Arbeitsgemeinschaft Kreis Kaiserslautern, Historischer Verein der Pfalz. p. 197.
4599:
4493:
4015:
3854:
3050:
3022:
2599:
2588:
2444:
1814:
1605:
315:
4259:
2629:
was preoccupied with external threats and allowed German princes to decide whether to enforce the
2353:
2310:, as his heir. Her marriage would have enormous implications for the political balance of Europe.
1716:
410:
405:
222:
10742:
10369:
10277:
9576:
9571:
9431:
8972:
7649:
4070:
3752:
3725:
3675:
3499:
2986:
2369:
1657:
1601:
1519:
1302:
1018:
913:
287:
8475:
7557:
7551:
6120:
5996:دراسة في مضمون النقوش الكتابية علي عمائر الأشراف السعديين بالمغرب الأقصي(915-1069هــ/1510-1658م)
2129:. Despite its name, for much of its history the Empire did not include Rome within its borders.
1187:
10747:
10541:
10531:
10120:
10051:
10036:
9517:
9476:
9176:
9092:
8900:
8707:
8186:
Gardner, Sebastian. Kant and the Critique of Pure Reason. Routledge, 1999. ISBN 978-0415119099.
7844:
6157:
5994:
4403:
4342:
4066:
4058:
4003:
3896:
3794:
3744:
3644:
3551:, which revolutionized the understanding of human anatomy and corrected errors in the works of
3066:
2953:
2889:
2738:
2653:
2452:
2390:
2016:
2000:
1984:
1420:, Korea's revered naval genius, who led the Korean Navy using advanced metal clad ships called
799:
704:
648:
576:
511:
269:
203:
25:
7361:
7283:
7000:
6961:
6844:
6754:
6545:
6467:
5960:
5403:
The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China
5401:
4662:
4632:
4441:
4380:
3891:
is also called the Age of Reason because it marked a departure from the medieval tradition of
3033:
on the other. The treaty enregistered the defeat of French ambitions expressed in the wars of
1660:
and is considered one of the greatest states in Indonesian history. Its influence extended to
1234:'s entry into Kyoto in 1568, when he led his army to the imperial capital in order to install
817:
would pave the way for the global European presence characteristic of the early modern period.
10651:
10626:
10556:
10239:
9967:
9740:
9698:
9668:
9455:
9330:
8728:
8481:
8268:
King's sister—queen of dissent: Marguerite of Navarre (1492–1549) and her evangelical network
8231:
7400:
7322:
6922:
6883:
6793:
6715:
6676:
6637:
6598:
6428:
6389:
6350:
6311:
5778:
5494:
5357:
5331:
5308:
5140:
5099:
5008:
4799:
4160:
4078:
4062:
3594:
3454:
3429:
3329:
3280:
2909:
2338:
2205:
2047:
1535:
1368:
1134:, the last Ming emperor, committed suicide. The Manchus then allied with former Ming general
728:
700:
624:
569:
101:
7706:
7700:
6272:
5891:
4394:
de Vries, Jan (14 September 2009). "The limits of globalization in the early modern world".
4333:
de Vries, Jan (14 September 2009). "The limits of globalization in the early modern world".
2830:
in the early modern period, spanning from the mid-17th century to the mid-18th century. The
2733:
in South Western Siberia. Thus by the end of the 16th century Russia was transformed into a
2157:
Gutenberg reviewing a press proof (a colored engraving created probably in the 19th century)
1230:. Although a start date of 1573 is often given, in more broad terms, the period begins with
386:
10646:
10401:
10314:
10292:
10215:
10211:
10140:
10056:
10001:
9996:
9819:
9663:
9552:
9181:
9122:
9065:
9023:
8977:
8814:
8655:
8634:
7664:, "Ivan the Magnificent" or "Ivan the Awesome", is precisely a man who has become a legend"
6246:
5818:
Pigeaud, Theodore G. Th. (1963). "Alphabetical Index of Subjects Treated in Volumes II–V".
4283:
4138:
4103:
4096:
4025:
culture played a key role in spreading Enlightenment ideas, culminating in the influential
3888:
3828:
3706:
3607:
3376:
2821:
2584:
2523:
2473:
2024:
2012:
1940:
1768:
1673:
1247:
966:
lords de facto ruling the south and north of present-day Vietnam respectively, whereas the
951:
901:
858:
830:
732:
716:
376:
306:
227:
213:
89:
85:
8266:
8133:
Outram, Dorinda. The Enlightenment. Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0521546812.
7524:
7505:
7402:
German Imperial Knights: Noble Misfits between Princely Authority and the Crown, 1479–1648
6033:
Stanford Jay Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. 1977, p. 77.
4172:
4150:
3255:
1350:
ranking below. The country was strictly closed to foreigners with few exceptions with the
1021:, built in 1576: the Chinese believed that building pagodas on certain sites according to
767:
took place as Western Europe greatly surpassed China in technology and per capita wealth.
643:
The early modern period is a subdivision of the most recent of the three major periods of
8:
10671:
10536:
10406:
10196:
10125:
9882:
9855:
9838:
9826:
9604:
9367:
9288:
9139:
9132:
9112:
9060:
9018:
8997:
8861:
8804:
8660:
8614:
8571:
4633:
Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics
4533:
4298:
4146:
4050:
3781:
3603:
3458:
3410:
3323:
3276:
3219:
3034:
2982:
2978:
2961:
2937:
2933:
2853:
2774:
2668:
2634:
2611:
2519:
2501:
2493:
2472:
allowed rulers to determine their state's religion. This framework was solidified by the
2394:
2349:
2323:
2284:
2176:
2142:
2083:
1974:
1950:
1515:
1081:
897:
893:
873:
783:
720:
679:
611:
604:
596:
255:
188:
4850:
The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History
1092:
The damage to the economy was compounded by the effects on agriculture of the incipient
655:
and the modern period. The term "early modern" was first proposed by medieval historian
10391:
10307:
10297:
10130:
10093:
10023:
9962:
9945:
9899:
9809:
9723:
9537:
9097:
8883:
8797:
8765:
8675:
8670:
8665:
7827:
7492:
7363:
The Art of Renaissance Warfare: From The Fall of Constantinople to the Thirty Years War
7232:
7148:
Badische Burgen aus romantischer Sicht: Auswahl aus den Beständen des Augustinermuseums
6182:
5727:
5080:
4915:
4791:
4670:
4429:
4421:
4368:
4360:
4112:
3904:
3832:
3685:
3566:
3396:
3090:
2607:
2580:
2553:
2418:
2280:
2161:
2110:
2043:
2020:
1908:
1802:
1759:
In the Ottoman sphere, the Turks seized Egypt in 1517 and established the regencies of
1677:
1321:
1309:
1257:
1239:
1223:
1115:
1058:
958:
experienced a golden age and ruled a large extent of Mainland Southeast Asia, with the
846:
795:
740:
429:
301:
132:
6391:
The Annotated Mona Lisa: A Crash Course in Art History from Prehistoric to Post-Modern
1534:
saw the conquest of nearly all eastern hemisphere territories by colonial powers. The
983:
In Early Modern times, the major nations of East Asia attempted to pursue a course of
10521:
10423:
10411:
10396:
10376:
10287:
10234:
10206:
10188:
9991:
9867:
9860:
9673:
9621:
9599:
9527:
9459:
9340:
9335:
9293:
9248:
8916:
8873:
8846:
8831:
8792:
8755:
8522:
8515:
8455:
8449:
8405:
8395:
8354:
8329:
8284:
8276:
8037:
Seeing the Invisible: Microscopes and Microscopists from the 17th to the 19th Century
7806:
7710:
7679:
7653:
7586:
7561:
7478:
7435:
7406:
7367:
7328:
7289:
7152:
7084:
7045:
7006:
6967:
6928:
6889:
6850:
6799:
6760:
6721:
6682:
6643:
6604:
6551:
6512:
6473:
6434:
6395:
6356:
6317:
6278:
6200:
6061:
6016:
5966:
5939:
5897:
5856:
5831:
5741:
5731:
5695:
5656:
5617:
5550:
5500:
5444:
5407:
5380:
5283:
5260:
5250:
5222:
5183:
5146:
5107:
5084:
5045:
5035:
4950:
4878:
4853:
4822:
4740:
4715:
4674:
4665:. In Lex Heerma van Voss; Els Hiemstra-Kuperus; Elise van Nederveen Meerkerk (eds.).
4641:
4579:
4573:
4460:
4437:
4433:
4417:
4376:
4372:
4356:
4316:
4250:
ceremony. This last hypothesis could explain why the effect was so strong in Italy".
4168:
4022:
3995:
3971:
3928:
3900:
3767:
3766:
emerged in the 18th century, but much of early modern anthropology is now considered
3763:
3611:
3589:
3511:
3357:
3230:
3183:
3042:
3014:
2973:
2870:
2744:
Russia experienced territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of
2726:
2688:
2660:
2638:
2557:
2463:
2334:
2319:
2260:
2256:
2236:
2221:
2213:
2106:
2067:
2031:
1875:
1585:
1539:
1500:
1470:
1450:
1294:
1235:
1171:
1131:
967:
955:
889:
834:
787:
771:
644:
619:
as an economic theory. Other notable trends of the period include the development of
592:
557:
292:
246:
10666:
5853:
Indonesia's History Between the Myths: Essays in Legal History and Historical Theory
4130:
4110:
comes from the latter part of the 15th century. The people were associated with the
3987:
2248:
1118:
in 1917. During its reign, the Qing dynasty adopted many of the outward features of
10282:
10272:
10098:
10046:
9950:
9814:
9703:
9653:
9631:
9626:
9557:
9325:
8939:
8895:
8624:
8604:
8387:
8112:
The Worldly Philosophers: The Lives, Times and Ideas of the Great Economic Thinkers
6008:
5823:
5072:
4946:
4942:
4907:
4413:
4352:
4293:
4123:
3947:(1637). The first major advancements in modern science included Newton's theory of
3944:
3729:
3651:
includes some who questioned the strictest form of this dogma. The idea of partial
3633:
3573:
3548:
3446:
3421:
3384:
3246:
2998:
2945:
2905:
2730:
2722:
2710:
2676:
2672:
2432:
2406:
2327:
2307:
2298:
2291:
2272:
2264:
2224:
2137:
2055:
1907:. Pashtun forces also invaded Persia, and the opposing forces were defeated in the
1621:
1356:
policy. Literacy among the Japanese people rose in the two centuries of isolation.
1046:
959:
814:
764:
760:
668:
588:
457:
118:
8949:
5878:
Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680: Volume Two, Expansion and Crisis
4213:
reported 140–160 infants dying per every 1,000 babies born. In what is now Italy,
4164:
4057:
emerging as a leading figure. These developments also had profound impacts on the
2663:(1542–circa 1860), covering most of the Italian peninsula and certain other areas.
2136:
was a cultural movement that began in the 14th century, beginning in Italy in the
10656:
10596:
10481:
10329:
10324:
10302:
10222:
10176:
9933:
9887:
9785:
9762:
9745:
9718:
9503:
9355:
9275:
9243:
8924:
8619:
8326:
Life Under Pressure: Mortality and Living Standards in Europe and Asia, 1700–1900
8239:
7787:
7765:
7646:
7146:
7117:
7078:
7039:
6506:
6178:
6127:
5933:
5735:
5689:
5650:
5540:
5536:
5361:
5335:
5312:
5216:
4803:
4770:
4637:
4191:
Life Under Pressure: Mortality and Living Standards in Europe and Asia, 1700–1900
3690:
3622:
3491:
3480:
3472:
3349:
3297:
3129:
2957:
2941:
2757:
2295:
2126:
2035:
1928:
1899:(warriors for the faith) invaded and conquered much of northern India during the
1780:
1776:
1764:
1760:
1665:
1567:
1543:
1531:
1474:
1397:
1272:
1267:
from 1600 to 1868 characterized early modern Japan. The Tokugawa shogunate was a
1243:
1119:
963:
905:
775:
474:
156:
7116:
Arbeitsgemeinschaft Kreis Kaiserslautern, Historischer Verein der Pfalz (1984).
5827:
4026:
3866:
3859:
10686:
10606:
10561:
10501:
10466:
10258:
10171:
10076:
9984:
9775:
9609:
9532:
8929:
8878:
8856:
8851:
8836:
8826:
8819:
7660:; Quote from p. 78: "But Ivan IV, Ivan the Terrible, or as the Russian has it,
4658:
4627:
4269:
increased, as did the total rate of executions during the early modern period.
4209:, there were 140–190 infant deaths reported for every 1,000 births. In France,
4046:
3999:
3991:
3967:
3960:
3824:
3812:
3737:
3652:
3599:
3561:
3556:
3437:
3363:
New religious orders were a fundamental part of this trend. Orders such as the
3263:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3156:
3125:
3030:
3026:
3010:
3006:
2706:
2630:
2440:
2439:
The final crusade, the Crusade of 1456, was organized to counter the advancing
2268:
2172:
2051:
1946:
1912:
1851:
1837:
1798:
1748:
1730:
1425:
1164:
1123:
1093:
924:
909:
862:
656:
193:
7810:
6012:
5958:
10701:
10641:
10526:
10441:
10386:
10246:
10166:
10061:
9911:
9904:
9797:
9750:
9643:
9499:
9451:
9390:
8532:
7617:
The Roman Inquisition: A Papal Bureaucracy and Its Laws in the Age of Galileo
6020:
4935:
4911:
4845:
4288:
4054:
4030:
3975:
3892:
3816:
3804:
3702:
3681:
3637:
3450:
3449:
of the solar system (the other planets circle the Earth) was replaced by the
3186:
in charge of drafting the Declaration in 1776 as it presents its work to the
3173:
2896:
between France and Spain and is often considered part of the overall accord.
2622:
2576:
2549:
2318:, with the aid of Mary's stepmother, Margaret. In 1477, the territory of the
2180:
1996:
1932:
1900:
1886:
1649:
1508:
1485:
1481:
1466:
1454:
1282:
1104:
936:
885:
869:
822:
779:
553:
545:
467:
142:
33:
9468:
7231:(3, "The revival of infantry tactics in the Late Middle Ages (2012)"): 6–9.
5496:
Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850
5264:
5049:
4321:
The birth of the modern world, 1780–1914: global connections and comparisons
2826:
The Golden Age of Piracy is a designation given to one or more outbursts of
2583:, marking the start of the Reformation. Luther’s movement, supported by the
2341:, one of the first standing armies in Europe and a remarkably modern force.
1445:
735:. The globalization of the period can be seen in the medieval North Italian
10676:
10476:
10381:
10227:
10201:
10110:
9792:
9780:
9728:
9688:
9683:
9547:
9542:
8982:
8445:
8409:
8161:
8082:
Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries: A Study of Early Modern Physics
6885:
Royal Divine Coronation Iconography in the Medieval Euro-Mediterranean Area
6085:
5076:
4520:
War made new: Technology, warfare, and the course of history, 1500 to today
4141:. Although a royal absolutist (and not a republican like the early Italian
3956:
3936:
3908:
3759:
3671:
3577:
3529:
3191:
3046:
3002:
2949:
2874:
2862:
2836:
2797:
2770:
2718:
2714:
2448:
2428:
2389:
Christianity was challenged at the beginning of the modern period with the
2240:
2232:
2165:
2008:
1988:
1904:
1879:
1843:
1792:
1739:
1613:
1577:
1231:
1219:
1197:
1183:
1143:
1107:
1049:. Ming China was further strained by victorious but costly wars to protect
1008:
984:
940:
932:
826:
719:
and ended with the establishment of the modern international system in the
632:
616:
164:
137:
8391:
7758:
6430:
Artistic Representations of Suffering: Rights, Resistance, and Remembrance
4222:
3875:(center) is surrounded by light and unveiled by the figures to the right,
2231:(1493–1541) is associated with a medical revolution while the Anglo-Irish
919:
Various Chinese dynasties controlled the East Asian sphere. In Japan, the
10616:
10364:
10359:
10351:
10336:
10161:
10066:
9877:
9713:
9678:
9658:
9638:
9616:
9581:
9117:
8592:
8441:
6313:
Transforming Matter: A History of Chemistry from Alchemy to the Buckyball
5063:
Wakeman, Frederic E. (1986). "China and the Seventeenth-Century Crisis".
4782:
Needham, Joseph (1956). "Mathematics and Science in China and the West".
4074:
4038:
3979:
3912:
3717:
3487:
3476:
3405:
3333:
3291:
3215:
3094:
2925:
2804:
to Asia for valuable spices that Mediterranean powers could not contest.
2801:
2748:. Cossacks were warriors organized into military communities, resembling
2734:
2615:
2603:
2595:
2572:
2564:
2507:
2497:
2489:
2456:
2373:
2209:
2133:
1641:
1617:
1484:
is usually dated from 1526, around the end of the Middle Ages. It was an
1421:
1313:
1175:
1005:
877:
805:
736:
708:
692:
664:
652:
580:
565:
343:
338:
208:
58:
7236:
7220:
4795:
4425:
4364:
2466:(1555) ended the concept of a united Christian church. The principle of
912:
and worth 25% of global GDP. By the mid-18th century, India was a major
865:
conquered Southeastern Europe, and parts of West Asia and North Africa.
10147:
10135:
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10071:
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9693:
4919:
4230:
4210:
4118:
3983:
3952:
3876:
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3667:
3585:
3433:
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3305:
3223:
3152:
2694:
2539:
2535:
2228:
2217:
2122:
1496:
1488:
1417:
1298:
1290:
1264:
1127:
1097:
1076:
1014:
920:
359:
169:
122:
97:
43:
8540:
3251:
2921:
1088:. This work was a collaboration between Chinese and European painters.
10581:
10418:
10153:
10115:
9708:
9522:
9107:
9102:
8954:
8380:
Introduction to A Global History of Execution and the Criminal Corpse
7285:
Mercenaries: A Guide to Private Armies and Private Military Companies
5546:
5531:
4266:
4226:
4134:
3808:
3721:
3660:
3625:, who is credited with pioneering dental techniques in his 1728 work
3618:
3581:
3507:
3503:
3372:
3368:
3301:
3198:
3148:
3136:
3121:
3070:
2885:
2831:
2785:
2568:
2531:
2527:
2515:
2201:
2183:
1867:
1821:
1810:
1645:
1625:
1581:
1511:
1492:
1380:
1376:
1317:
1135:
1022:
989:
854:
850:
688:
561:
549:
462:
183:
47:
8213:
Porter, Roy. The Enlightenment. Palgrave, 2001. ISBN 978-0333964500.
5104:
A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology
2633:. The religious conflict escalated, leading to the formation of the
1958:
1495:
by the late 17th and the early 18th centuries. The empire dominated
1326:
1277:
1252:
892:
for the military technology that enabled them). Particularly in the
10571:
10267:
10088:
9916:
9831:
9770:
9733:
9082:
9070:
8162:"Kant, Immanuel: Metaphysics – Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
5326:
Tae-gyu, Kim (15 April 2012). "Joseon: Korea's Confucian kingdom".
4090:
4034:
4011:
3924:
3820:
2878:
2866:
2800:
technologies, new maps, and advances in astronomy to seek a viable
2745:
2701:(the "Awesome" or "the Terrible") was officially crowned the first
2511:
2212:, an Italian political philosopher, considered a founder of modern
2168:
2090:
2054:
empires had emerged as world powers from the multipolar contest of
1992:
1954:
1855:
1559:
1384:
1347:
1343:
1179:
1080:
Painting depicting the Qing Chinese celebrating a victory over the
1062:
861:
and colonization of Native Americans began during this period. The
790:; other factors included the redrawing of the map of Europe by the
696:
600:
584:
174:
71:
7327:(in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 98, 99.
5773:
4667:
The Ashgate Companion to the History of Textile Workers, 1650–2000
2848:
2322:
was annexed by France. In the same year, Mary married Maximilian,
1983:
to change around the start of the 16th century, starting with the
1316:), unlike the shogunates before it, was based on the strict class
1045:
silver entering its economy through new European colonies such as
10486:
10341:
10253:
8629:
6639:
God and Gold: Britain, America and the Making of the Modern World
5909:
5352:
Tae-gyu, Kim (29 May 2012). "Joseon: Korea's Confucian kingdom".
4247:
4206:
3948:
3698:
3308:. Max Weber has written a highly influential book on this called
3262:
A key development in early modern history is the creation of the
3237:, Britain recognised the former Thirteen Colonies' independence.
2793:
2698:
2645:—allowing rulers to determine the religion of their territories.
2422:
2414:
2410:
2244:
2153:
2004:
1924:
1871:
1859:
1806:
1772:
1721:
1661:
1335:
1331:
1211:
1191:
1139:
1034:
1030:
881:
825:
peoples had built a large and varied civilization, including the
810:
628:
620:
6795:
War, State, and Society in England and the Netherlands 1477–1559
5808:
1300, 2nd ed. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991. page 19
5249:. Borders Press in association with HarperCollins. p. 175.
3075:
2251:(often considered the greatest artist of Northern Renaissance),
10506:
4218:
4214:
3920:
3880:
3345:
3270:
2917:
2827:
2749:
2709:") of Russia in 1547. The Tsar promulgated a new code of laws (
2409:(1419–1434) involved military actions against the followers of
2252:
2114:
1980:
1890:
1863:
1847:
1833:
1744:
1669:
1551:
1504:
1429:
1410:
1401:
1352:
1339:
1268:
1085:
1050:
993:
838:
748:
498:
8275:; v. 139). Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2009. (2 v.: (xxii, 795 p.)
7119:
Jahrbuch zur Geschichte von Stadt und Landkreis Kaiserslautern
6154:
Early modern British history, 1485–1760: a select bibliography
6143:
Ira M. Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies, Cambridge 1988
5935:
Tolerance and movements of religious dissent in Eastern Europe
5303:
Lee, Lawrence (21 March 2014). "Honoring the Joseon Dynasty".
4739:(2nd ed.). Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. pp. 109–110.
4095:
With the adoption of large-scale printing after 1500, Italian
3663:
was not fully articulated and accepted until the 19th century.
3647:
remained dominant throughout the early modern period, but the
3640:
in the 1790s, though it was unclear at the time how it worked.
2385:
Johann Sebastian Bach – Mass in B minor – Agnus Dei, From 1724
1246:
after his victory over supporters of the Toyotomi clan at the
943:
after the arrival of the first European Portuguese during the
10471:
10461:
10456:
9928:
9923:
8504:
7640:
Storytelling and Mythmaking: Images from Film and Literature.
7083:(in French). Presses universitaires de Grenoble. p. 75.
7041:
The Last Knight: The Art, Armor, and Ambition of Maximilian I
5180:
Culinary Cultures of Europe: Identity, Diversity and Dialogue
4971:"The Ming Voyages | Asia for Educators | Columbia University"
3943:(1687), and the development of Descartes' famous proposition
3916:
3872:
3552:
3304:
in particular has been argued as instrumental to the rise of
2789:
2713:), established the first Russian feudal representative body (
2263:
of the Flemish Baroque traditions. Famous composers included
2216:. Machiavelli is most famous for a short political treatise,
2187:
1895:
1893:
dynasty. Following Muslim Arab and Turkic conquests, Pashtun
1653:
1555:
1372:
1066:
752:
744:
8493:
6846:
Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places
5178:
Goldstein, Darra; Merkle, Kathrin; Mennell, Stephen (2006).
4819:
The Dialogue of Civilizations in the Birth of Modern Science
4145:), Budé was active in civic life, serving as a diplomat for
3978:
classified his predecessors into two philosophical schools:
3732:
in 1784, which described the force between electric charges.
2171:, around 1439, and as the global inventor of the mechanical
1616:
assumed the task of directly administering India in the new
1359:
In some parts of the country, particularly smaller regions,
10601:
8324:
Bengsston, Tommy (2004). "12: Infant and Child Mortality".
8204:
Proust, Jacques. Diderot et l'Encyclopédie. A. Colin, 1962.
5959:
Muzaffar Husain Syed; Syed Saud Akhtar; B D Usmani (2011).
3588:
before the fields were clearly separated. Boyle argued for
3467:. Copernicus' work, influenced by earlier scholars such as
3100:
2702:
2059:
8351:
The Work of the Dead: A Cultural History of Mortal Remains
5379:. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 13.
3356:. It also involved political activities that included the
1186:), decorative art, language (integration to Japanese of a
8273:
Studies in medieval and Reformation traditions, 1573–4188
8007:
Edward Jenner and the History of Smallpox and Vaccination
2893:
2648:
Two main Inquisitions remained active in the modern era:
2594:
Luther’s 95 Theses criticized practices like the sale of
1962:
1680:
was established by a Malaccan prince to succeed Malacca.
1604:. Rule by the Company lasted until 1858, when, after the
1286:
1070:
5438:
4900:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
3502:
began to separate into different disciplines, with only
2788:, the most desired trading goods were gold, silver, and
2093:
and musket except in size and strength, it was the term
1558:, or in 1772, when the company established a capital in
10586:
6843:
Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (2013).
4663:"The Long Globalization and Textile Producers in India"
4534:"The Congress of Vienna, 1 November 1814 – 8 June 1815"
3453:(the planets circle the Sun). This shift, known as the
2884:
The Peace of Westphalia resulted from the first modern
2637:
to defend Protestant interests. This culminated in the
2522:(1478–1834). The Inquisition prosecuted crimes such as
1850:, and the far eastern portions were ruled by the local
1293:
from 1603 until 1868, when it was abolished during the
1182:, European-style cuirasses, European ships), religion (
8451:
Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy
7519:
7517:
7515:
6466:
Carl, Klaus H.; Manca, Joseph; McShane, Megan (2016).
5177:
3541:
Advances in anatomy were marked by the publication of
1289:, now called Tokyo. The Tokugawa shogunate ruled from
888:
empires grew in strength (three of which are known as
857:, greatly altered the human environment. Notably, the
7962:
Knowledge and Practice in English Medicine, 1550–1680
6842:
6824:
5928:
Király, Béla K., ed. (1975). "The Ottoman aspects of
5244:
5029:
4708:
Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context,
4481:
The World Economy, Volume 1: A Millennial Perspective
3751:
identifying the common origin of what are now called
2109:
was a union of territories in Central Europe under a
2007:
the modern period is often dated to the start of the
1507:'s GDP. The "classic period" ended with the death of
7992:
Pierre Fauchard and the Founding of Modern Dentistry
7902:
The Scientific Revolution: A Very Short Introduction
5282:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 364.
3409:
Model for the Three Superior Planets and Venus from
1379:
were set at fixed amounts which did not account for
7512:
6792:Gunn, Steven; Grummitt, David; Cools, Hans (2007).
5804:M.C. Ricklefs, A History of Modern Indonesia Since
4623:
4621:
4178:
3799:Inventions of the early modern period included the
699:and of religious unity in Western Europe under the
6717:Charles the Bold: The Last Valois Duke of Burgundy
5462:
5460:
5106:. University of California Press. pp. 26–36.
4934:
4562:. American historical series, H. Holt and Company.
4196:
3317:
2598:and sparked debates, leading to the rise of rival
2100:
1285:. The period gets its name from the capital city,
1114:. The Qing ruled from 1644 to 1912, with a brief,
8009:. Proceedings (Baylor University Medical Center).
7525:"Medieval Sourcebook: Inquisition – Introduction"
6966:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 245.
6791:
6713:
6508:The Creative Impulse: An Introduction to the Arts
6387:
4116:, a novel curriculum that was competing with the
3311:The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
2992:
2074:, all entered a period of stagnation or decline.
2030:The early modern period is taken to end with the
1525:
1238:as the 15th, and ultimately final, shōgun of the
1214:, an example of art flourishing in the Edo Period
931:. By the 16th century, Asian economies under the
813:. Advances in shipbuilding technology during the
10699:
6465:
6091:Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes
5138:
4714:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 150–154.
4618:
4217:averaged 134 infant deaths per 1,000 births. In
3986:. The former was represented by figures such as
3895:, which was rooted in Christian dogma, and from
3716:included research into the relationship between
2656:(1536–1821), similar to the Spanish Inquisition.
2483:
2400:
1648:, an archipelagic empire based on the island of
1330:(feudal lords) were at the top, followed by the
1218:Central government was largely reestablished by
8244:The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy
7964:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 278–280.
7472:
7429:
6752:
6587:. Lanham, Md: Madison Books, c2001, pp. 212–213
5927:
5652:Modern India: the origins of an Asian democracy
5486:
5457:
4712:800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland
3674:, with early observations of microorganisms by
3037:and preserved the European system based on the
2843:
2610:. In England, the movement became known as the
1363:and samurai were more or less identical, since
9088:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe
7974:
7698:
7543:
7456:"Pope Calixtus III on the victory at Belgrade"
7267:Kersken, Uwe (2014). "Die letzten ihrer Art".
5726:
5499:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 39–45.
5182:. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. p. 350.
4762:A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tự Đức
4498:War and peace in an age of upheaval, 1793–1830
4189:rates of infants during this era. In his book
3017:on the one hand, and representatives of Queen
2625:(1521) declared Luther a heretic, but Emperor
2518:. The first significant manifestation was the
1953:at the beginning of the modern era. It seized
1570:, and became directly involved in governance.
1491:imperial power that ruled most of the area as
1469:ambassador Khan'Alam in 1618 negotiating with
1371:system unleashed disruptive forces over time.
759:in 1647 and consolidated its control over the
9498:
9484:
8556:
6714:Vaughan, Richard; Paravicini, Werner (2002).
6426:
6274:Toxicology in the Middle Ages and Renaissance
6114:
6058:The Ottoman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia
5492:
4897:
4454:
4236:
3636:was invented in the 1770s and popularized by
2571:in the early 16th century brought changes to
2363:
2046:. At the end of the early modern period, the
1827:
1683:
809:A Japanese depiction of a Portuguese trading
667:. It was first picked up within the field of
519:
8482:Discussion of the medieval/modern transition
7834:. New York: Cambridge University Press 1983.
7673:
7190:Revue d'Histoire Moderne & Contemporaine
6084:
5142:The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History
4941:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
4765:. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995. p. 119.
4154:
3864:
3780:, has been interpreted as the foundation of
3614:and the identification of chemical elements.
3510:technology improved tremendously as did the
3471:, sparked a significant paradigm shift. The
3271:Religion, science, philosophy, and education
2967:
2779:
2125:and dissolved the Empire in 1806 during the
1242:, and it lasts until the coming to power of
1148:The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History
1069:, and the Dutch severed connections between
707:, which caused a backlash that expanded the
9078:History of European Jews in the Middle Ages
7144:
6674:
5798:
5439:L. Canfield, Robert; Jonathan Haas (2002).
4699:
3941:Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
3838:
3486:Using precise astronomical observations by
2641:(1555), which established the principle of
2198:On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres
2190:from the center of the universe. His book,
9491:
9477:
8563:
8549:
8109:
7889:. Cambridge University Press. p. 393.
7262:
7260:
7258:
7005:. Columbia University Press. p. 159.
6756:A History of the Habsburg Empire 1273–1700
6547:The Hutchinson Concise Dictionary of Music
6258:
6250:
6199:. Cambridge University Press. p. 61.
5740:. Cambridge University Press. p. 56.
5443:. Cambridge University Press. p. 20.
4229:, and 41 infants died per 1,000 births in
3580:have been described as founders of modern
3572:Both the 8th century Islamic experimenter
3441:Revolution and the 18th century included:
2314:secured the match for his son, the future
2290:Among the notable royalty of the time was
1190:) and culinary: the Portuguese introduced
526:
512:
8440:
8323:
7676:History of Russia from the Earliest Times
7076:
7037:
6596:
6388:Strickland, Carol; Boswell, John (2007).
6044:Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire
5992:
5636:
5374:
5240:
5238:
5145:. Columbia University Press. p. 15.
4937:ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age
4705:
4407:
4346:
4102:Developing during the Enlightenment era,
4033:with contributions from thinkers such as
3951:, which, along with the contributions of
3827:. Early attempts at building a practical
3285:
3142:
3115:
3001:established after a series of individual
2164:is credited as the first European to use
2097:which remained in use up into the 1800s.
2077:
1103:The Ming dynasty fell around 1644 to the
8484:from the introduction to the pioneering
8079:
8049:
7977:The Chemical Choir: A History of Alchemy
7899:
7884:
7359:
6963:The Dorothy Dunnett Companion: Volume II
6959:
6472:. Parkstone International. p. 412.
6433:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 61.
6137:
5965:. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 150.
5822:. Springer Netherlands. pp. 29–46.
5614:South Asia in the World: An Introduction
5525:
5214:
5097:
4500:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4393:
4332:
3963:, and others, fueled the Enlightenment.
3858:
3404:
3390:
3339:Such reforms included the foundation of
3328:The Counter-Reformation was a period of
3250:
3168:
3101:Exploration and conquest of the Americas
3074:
2847:
2764:
2544:
2427:
2377:
2152:
1720:
1572:
1460:
1444:
1250:in 1600. Tokugawa received the title of
1196:
1075:
1013:
804:
703:. The old order was destabilized by the
683:Map of the world, by Paolo Petrini, 1700
678:
556:, with divisions based primarily on the
8570:
8348:
8319:
8317:
8052:Carl Linnaeus: Father of Classification
7914:
7398:
7281:
7266:
7255:
7218:
7183:
7080:Bayard: histoires croisées du chevalier
7077:Gal, Stéphane; Bayard, Amis de (2007).
6998:
6920:
6881:
6830:
6753:Berenger, Jean; Simpson, C. A. (2014).
6348:
5817:
5655:. Oxford University Press. p. 46.
5399:
5351:
5325:
5221:. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. 91.
5100:"Conquest and the Blessing of the Past"
5062:
4844:
4781:
4043:Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns
3851:Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment
3544:De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem
3457:, is marked by the 1543 publication of
3111:Portuguese colonization of the Americas
1698:Timeline of 18th-century Muslim history
1694:Timeline of 17th-century Muslim history
1690:Timeline of 16th-century Muslim history
1592:The Maratha Confederacy, following the
715:, which included the especially bloody
10700:
8372:
8370:
8315:
8313:
8311:
8309:
8307:
8305:
8303:
8301:
8299:
8297:
8238:, pp. 113–114, in Charles B. Schmitt,
8094:
8064:
8034:
8019:
8004:
7994:. Journal of the History of Dentistry.
7944:
7904:. Oxford University Press. p. 65.
7800:
7678:. Vol. 6. AST. pp. 562–604.
7580:
7475:The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy
7419:from the original on 15 February 2022.
7320:
7302:from the original on 26 September 2021
7243:from the original on 24 September 2021
7002:The Wheel: Inventions and Reinventions
6504:
6427:Celinscak, Mark; Hutt, Curtis (2021).
6309:
6270:
5850:
5611:
5468:"Manas: History and Politics, Mughals"
5441:Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective
5375:Lee, Iksop; Ramsey, S. Robert (2001).
5277:
5235:
5218:Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945
4571:
4225:, 48 infants died per 1,000 births in
3657:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
2815:
2148:
1550:, or the right to collect revenue, in
1158:
1065:, the Japanese cut off all trade with
548:that is part of, or (depending on the
9472:
8544:
7929:
7614:
7549:
7341:from the original on 28 February 2022
7200:from the original on 16 February 2022
7165:from the original on 15 February 2022
7126:from the original on 15 February 2022
7058:from the original on 15 February 2022
7019:from the original on 15 February 2022
6980:from the original on 15 February 2022
6941:from the original on 15 February 2022
6902:from the original on 15 February 2022
6863:from the original on 15 February 2022
6812:from the original on 15 February 2022
6734:from the original on 15 February 2022
6695:from the original on 15 February 2022
6656:from the original on 15 February 2022
6617:from the original on 15 February 2022
6564:from the original on 16 February 2022
6543:
6525:from the original on 16 February 2022
6486:from the original on 15 February 2022
6447:from the original on 15 February 2022
6408:from the original on 15 February 2022
6369:from the original on 15 February 2022
6355:. The Oliver Press, Inc. p. 28.
6330:from the original on 15 February 2022
6291:from the original on 15 February 2022
6194:
6073:Empire and Iran signed a treaty (...)
5786:from the original on 19 December 2019
5754:from the original on 25 February 2021
5687:
5648:
5593:from the original on 10 November 2010
5589:. London: BBC. Section 5: Aurangzeb.
5513:from the original on 21 November 2019
5347:
5345:
4932:
4872:
4840:
4838:
4687:from the original on 10 December 2019
4253:
3747:began in the late 18th century, with
3526:Newton's law of universal gravitation
3161:Colonial history of the United States
3063:European colonization of the Americas
1918:
1842:In the 16th to early 18th centuries,
1388:until the arrival of foreign powers.
1061:restricted shipments of exports from
725:European colonization of the Americas
16:Historical period, about 1500 to 1800
9227:Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486)
8419:from the original on 28 October 2020
8376:
7989:
7959:
7380:from the original on 27 January 2022
7366:. Casemate Publishers. p. 175.
7097:from the original on 1 February 2020
6635:
5875:
5691:India under colonial rule: 1700–1885
5247:HarperCollins atlas of world history
5032:HarperCollins Atlas of World History
4816:
4651:
4531:
4260:Capital punishment § Modern era
3107:Spanish colonization of the Americas
2682:
2062:empires of the early modern period,
2040:Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire
1713:Transformation of the Ottoman Empire
1640:At the start of the modern era, the
999:
9437:History of the Mediterranean region
8640:International relations (1648–1814)
8367:
8342:
8294:
7619:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
7531:from the original on 14 August 2014
7271:. Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen(zdf).
6603:. Infobase Publishing. p. 31.
6055:
5766:
5708:from the original on 15 August 2020
5669:from the original on 15 August 2020
5575:
5302:
5120:from the original on 12 August 2020
5034:. HarperCollins. pp. 168–169.
4657:
4540:from the original on 4 October 2018
4006:in New England on the principle of
3606:followed with the discovery of the
3464:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
3401:Science in the Age of Enlightenment
2193:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
1937:History of South Africa (1652–1815)
1709:Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire
802:, which ended the Napoleonic Wars.
13:
8476:Internet Modern History Sourcebook
7887:The Cambridge Companion to Galileo
7553:Great Ages of Man: The Reformation
7151:(in German). Rombach. p. 96.
6197:Firearms: A Global History to 1700
5993:Abu Rehab, Mohammad (9 May 2014).
5616:. London=: Routledge. p. 34.
5420:from the original on 29 April 2016
5406:. University of California Press.
5342:
5159:from the original on 1 August 2020
4835:
4606:from the original on 26 April 2008
4602:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
4183:
3776:'s work, such as his seminal book
3093:, the Americas, Australia and the
2972:Before the Age of Revolution, the
973:
950:Meanwhile, in Southeast Asia, the
14:
10759:
10682:Western European and Others Group
9194:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
8761:Journalism of Early Modern Europe
8469:
8168:from the original on 27 June 2013
8084:. University of California Press.
8024:. University of California Press.
8022:Evolution: The History of an Idea
7432:The Hussite Revolution, 1419–1436
6773:from the original on 1 March 2022
6227:from the original on 29 June 2017
5737:A concise history of modern India
5694:. Pearson Education. p. 30.
5563:from the original on 12 June 2020
5542:Developing cultures: case studies
5493:Parthasarathi, Prasannan (2011).
4981:from the original on 6 March 2010
4279:Cuisine in the early modern world
3970:in Europe, notably following the
3966:The 18th century saw the rise of
3701:was established with the work of
3496:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
3240:
3210:.). France colonized what is now
2312:Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor
2208:. Another notable individual was
1729:During the early modern era, the
1702:
1635:
1440:
1391:
798:and the peace established by the
727:, this period also contained the
591:. Its end is often marked by the
8249:
8225:
8216:
8207:
8198:
8189:
8180:
8154:
8145:
8136:
8127:
8118:
8103:
8088:
8073:
8058:
8043:
8028:
8013:
7998:
7983:
7968:
7953:
7938:
7923:
7908:
7893:
7878:
7869:
7860:
7851:
7837:
7817:
7794:
7772:
7750:
7741:
7732:
7723:
7692:
7667:
7632:
7623:
7608:
7599:
7574:
7466:
7448:
7423:
7392:
7353:
5851:Resink, Gertrudes Johan (1968).
4494:The new Cambridge modern history
4455:Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. (2021).
4418:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00497.x
4357:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00497.x
4179:Death in the early modern period
4129:In France, pre-eminent Humanist
3610:, which led to the rejection of
3432:of the 16th and 17th centuries,
2614:, resulting in the formation of
2316:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
2277:Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
2105:In the early modern period, the
1911:. The Pashtuns later formed the
1644:between India and China crossed
1536:commercial colonization of India
1522:halted their expansion in 1761.
663:as a broader alternative to the
9427:History of Western civilization
8713:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
8494:Society for Renaissance Studies
8067:The Seashell on the Mountaintop
7932:Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcerer
7801:Palmer, Robert Roswell (1962).
7434:. University of Chicago Press.
7314:
7275:
7212:
7177:
7138:
7109:
7070:
7038:Terjanian, Pierre, ed. (2019).
7031:
6992:
6953:
6914:
6875:
6836:
6785:
6746:
6707:
6668:
6629:
6590:
6576:
6537:
6498:
6459:
6420:
6381:
6342:
6303:
6264:
6239:
6213:
6188:
6171:Early Modern Period (1485–1800)
6163:
6146:
6078:
6049:
6036:
6027:
5986:
5952:
5921:
5884:
5869:
5844:
5811:
5720:
5681:
5649:Brown, Judith Margaret (1994).
5642:
5630:
5605:
5432:
5393:
5368:
5319:
5296:
5280:Japan: A Short Cultural History
5271:
5208:
5196:
5171:
5132:
5091:
5056:
5023:
4993:
4963:
4926:
4891:
4866:
4810:
4775:
4753:
4737:Thailand : A Short History
4728:
4592:
4565:
4552:
4197:European infant mortality rates
3835:was the only source available.
3649:history of evolutionary thought
3576:and the 17th century scientist
3318:Counter-Reformation and Jesuits
2899:
2806:
2591:, where he became a professor.
2579:challenged the Church with his
2101:European kingdoms and movements
1889:Pashtuns stretches back to the
1786:
1754:
1652:. It was the last of the major
1271:regime of Japan established by
1130:'s peasant rebels in 1644, the
1126:. When Beijing was captured by
1100:, to challenge Ming authority.
661:A Short History of Civilization
9056:Christianity in the modern era
8842:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
8434:
8097:A Short History of Linguistics
8050:Anderson, Margaret J. (2009).
7900:Principe, Lawrence M. (2011).
7405:. Routledge. pp. 65, 91.
7044:. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
6642:. Atlantic Books. p. 90.
6511:. Prentice-Hall. p. 283.
5583:"Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s)"
5278:Sansom, George Bailey (1998).
5245:Barraclough, Geoffrey (2003).
5203:Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan
5098:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2000).
5030:Barraclough, Geoffrey (2003).
4852:. Princeton University Press.
4558:Hazen, Charles Downer (1910).
4532:Bloy, Marjie (30 April 2002).
4525:
4512:
4503:
4486:
4473:
4448:
4387:
4326:
4310:
4008:separation of church and state
3475:resisted this theory, and the
3218:in 1608. France's loss in the
2993:International balance of power
1815:campaigns against the Safavids
1526:British and Dutch colonization
876:, powers such as the Ottoman,
577:fall of Constantinople in 1453
1:
9401:History of the European Union
9239:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
9029:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
8993:War of the Spanish Succession
7975:Maxwell-Stuart, P.G. (2012).
7803:A History of the Modern World
7219:Brunner, Jean-Claude (2012).
6636:Mead, Walter Russell (2014).
6394:. Andrews McMeel Publishing.
6277:. Academic Press. p. 2.
6221:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
6181:, Sites Organized by Period,
6152:Helen Miller, Aubrey Newman.
6098:. p. 107. Archived from
5805:
5400:Wakeman, Frederic E. (1985).
4709:
4706:Lieberman, Victor B. (2003).
4483:, OECD Publishing, pp. 51–52.
4457:What is Early Modern History?
4304:
4077:and the growing influence of
3788:
3354:French school of spirituality
3165:History of Canada (1763–1867)
2792:. Western Europeans used the
2484:Inquisitions and Reformations
2401:End of the Crusades and Unity
1538:commenced in 1757, after the
1435:
1207:
638:
9304:Early Netherlandish painting
8501:(archived 25 September 2011)
8099:. Longman. pp. 160–163.
7705:. Academic Intl Pr. p.
7556:. Time-Life Books. pp.
7399:Ninness, Richard J. (2020).
7145:Durian-Ress, Saskia (1993).
6999:Bulliet, Richard W. (2016).
6134:(retrieved 10 October 2006).
6046:, IB Tauris (30 March 2006).
5305:The Wall Street Journal Asia
4933:Frank, Andre Gunder (1998).
4877:. Harvard University Press.
3222:resulted in the transfer of
2892:, signed in 1659, ended the
2844:European states and politics
2462:Nearly a century later, the
2186:(1543), which displaced the
1610:Government of India Act 1858
1194:and valuable refined sugar.
1004:Around the beginning of the
978:
552:) immediately preceded, the
7:
10738:History of Europe by period
8945:Absolute monarchy in France
8889:Lands of the Bohemian Crown
8454:(2nd ed.). Routledge.
8263:The Mirror of a Sinful Soul
8110:Heilbroner, Robert (1999).
8069:. Dutton. pp. 134–136.
7919:. Bantam Books. p. 66.
7585:. Oxford University Press.
6096:University of Chicago Press
5938:. East European Quarterly.
5828:10.1007/978-94-011-8778-7_3
4873:Elman, Benjamin A. (2005).
4578:. New York: Penguin Books.
4396:The Economic History Review
4335:The Economic History Review
4272:
4151:Collège des Lecteurs Royaux
4084:
3714:history of electromagnetism
3684:published the first modern
3332:revival in response to the
3188:Second Continental Congress
3179:Declaration of Independence
3056:
2985:of 1688 establishes modern
2729:along the Volga River, and
2179:formulated a comprehensive
1874:. These groups were led by
1735:expansion and consolidation
1203:The Great Wave off Kanagawa
1170:Following contact with the
711:and sparked the disastrous
674:
560:and the broader concept of
10:
10764:
9411:Military history of Europe
9406:Maritime history of Europe
9299:Dutch and Flemish painting
9210:Science in the Renaissance
8258:Miroir de l'âme pécheresse
8095:Robins, Robert H. (1997).
8080:Heilbron, John L. (1979).
8039:. Oxford University Press.
8035:Bladon, Christine (2020).
7917:The Universe in a Nutshell
7791:(Retrieved on 12 May 2007)
7769:(Retrieved on 12 May 2007)
7756:BBC Science & Nature,
7360:Turnbull, Stephen (2018).
6960:Morrison, Elspeth (2007).
6849:. Routledge. p. 126.
6798:. OUP Oxford. p. 12.
6759:. Routledge. p. 124.
6675:Cartellieri, Otto (2013).
6597:Wingfield, George (2009).
6550:. Routledge. p. 478.
6505:Sporre, Dennis J. (1990).
6352:The Art of the Renaissance
6310:Levere, Trevor H. (2001).
5896:. Brill. 2012. p. 4.
5688:Peers, Douglas M. (2006).
5215:Henshall, Kenneth (2014).
4257:
4237:Causes of infant mortality
4088:
4045:stirred debate within the
4010:after being exiled by the
4002:established the colony of
3848:
3845:17th century in philosophy
3842:
3792:
3712:Early developments in the
3670:led to the development of
3565:advanced knowledge of the
3528:. The 1687 publication of
3518:Aristotle's laws of motion
3506:using scientific methods.
3415:Theoricae novae planetarum
3394:
3321:
3289:
3274:
3244:
3235:American Revolutionary War
3146:
3119:
3104:
3060:
2819:
2768:
2686:
2487:
2367:
2364:Christians and Christendom
2303:Charles the Bold (or Rash)
2081:
1972:
1922:
1831:
1828:Uzbeks and Afghan Pashtuns
1790:
1706:
1687:
1684:West Asia and North Africa
1598:British East India Company
1320:originally established by
1256:in 1603, establishing the
1110:, which would be the last
10452:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
10432:
10350:
10187:
10022:
9893:Standard Average European
9761:
9590:
9510:
9449:
9419:
9396:Genetic history of Europe
9383:
9376:
9318:
9268:
9261:
9218:
9202:
9166:
9157:
9145:European wars of religion
9048:
9041:
9006:
8988:Second Hundred Years' War
8965:
8909:
8785:
8778:
8748:
8741:
8700:
8693:
8648:
8585:
8578:
8529:
8520:
8512:
8020:Bowler, Peter J. (2009).
7949:. Routledge. p. 204.
7915:Hawking, Stephen (2001).
7288:. CQ Press. p. 124.
7221:"Historical Introduction"
6681:. Routledge. p. 80.
6316:. JHU Press. p. 14.
6060:. ABC-CLIO. p. 131.
6013:10.1163/22138609-90000027
5855:. Van Hoeve. p. 21.
5612:Wadley, Susan S. (2015).
5139:R. Keith Schoppa (2000).
5005:mygeologypage.ucdavis.edu
5001:"Chapter 8 The New World"
4522:. New York: Gotham Books.
4155:
4149:and helping to found the
3724:, the development of the
3655:was famously promoted by
2968:Early English revolutions
2877:, who inspired the term "
2780:Trade and the new economy
2754:pioneers of the New World
2643:cuius regio, eius religio
2478:European Wars of Religion
2469:cuius regio, eius religio
1991:and the discovery of the
1979:Many major events caused
1968:
1775:remaining an independent
1771:(between 1519 and 1551),
1596:, eventually lost to the
1588:, 1757, by Francis Hayman
1308:Society in the Japanese "
1146:. Schoppa, the editor of
763:in the 19th century. The
757:reached the Pacific coast
713:European wars of religion
595:, and sometimes also the
587:and the beginning of the
10592:Lancaster House Treaties
10082:Christian existentialism
10042:Ancient Roman philosophy
10032:Ancient Greek philosophy
8487:Cambridge Modern History
8353:. Princeton University.
8349:Laqueur, Thomas (2015).
7990:Ring, Malvin E. (1992).
7885:Machamer, Peter (1998).
7845:"Treaty of Paris (1783)"
7786:25 December 2019 at the
7473:Peter H. Wilson (2011).
7430:Howard Kaminsky (2004).
7184:Michaud, Claude (1996).
6469:30 Millennia of Painting
6132:U.S. Department of State
6126:13 November 2017 at the
5995:
5962:Concise History of Islam
5893:The Holy Land, 1517-1713
5880:. Yale University Press.
5820:Java in the 14th Century
4912:10.1163/1568520952600308
4735:Wyatt, David K. (2003).
4479:Maddison, Angus (2001),
4133:(1467–1540) applied the
4016:Massachusetts Bay Colony
3855:Philosophical skepticism
3839:Enlightenment and reason
2737:, multiconfessional and
2600:Protestant denominations
2589:University of Wittenberg
2575:. The Augustinian friar
2514:and others who violated
2476:(1648), which ended the
2445:Siege of Belgrade (1456)
2333:In Central Europe, King
2058:, while the three great
1725:Ottoman Empire 1481–1683
1606:Indian rebellion of 1857
872:, after the fall of the
837:and its cities, and the
691:declined in Europe, and
10370:Equality before the law
9577:Romano-Germanic culture
9432:History of Christianity
9014:French–Habsburg rivalry
8973:French Wars of Religion
8114:. Simon & Schuster.
8005:Riedel, Stefan (2005).
7945:Nutton, Vivian (2004).
7930:White, Michael (1998).
7764:5 December 2019 at the
7699:Skrynnikov, R. (1981).
7650:Oxford University Press
7581:Davies, Norman (1996).
7321:Metzig, Gregor (2016).
6882:Vagnoni, Mirko (2020).
6349:Corrain, Lucia (2008).
6271:Wexler, Philip (2017).
6245:A Greek mathematician,
6195:Chase, Kenneth (2003).
4947:2027/heb.31038.0001.001
4071:Enlightenment in Poland
3753:Indo-European languages
3728:, and the discovery of
3726:electrostatic generator
3676:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
3522:Newton's laws of motion
3500:Astrology and astronomy
3469:Mu'ayyad al-Din al-Urdi
3258:with joint sheets, 1507
3045:marked the change from
2987:parliamentary democracy
2671:began in 1545 with the
2370:History of Christianity
2113:the first of which was
1737:of power, leading to a
1658:Maritime Southeast Asia
1602:Third Anglo-Maratha War
1520:Third Battle of Panipat
1303:Late Tokugawa shogunate
927:to the enthronement of
10728:18th century in Europe
10723:17th century in Europe
10718:16th century in Europe
10713:15th century in Europe
10532:Eastern European Group
10121:Continental philosophy
10052:Judeo-Christian ethics
10037:Hellenistic philosophy
9518:Cradle of civilization
9177:Renaissance philosophy
9093:Protestant Reformation
8901:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
8708:Fall of Constantinople
8505:Early Modern Resources
8377:Ward, Richard (2015).
8255:She was the author of
7805:. Knopf. p. 234.
7615:Mayer, Thomas (2013).
7282:Axelrod, Alan (2013).
6921:Johnson, Paul (2013).
6544:Jones, Barrie (2014).
6158:Historical Association
5876:Reid, Anthony (1993).
5077:10.1353/late.1986.0006
4975:afe.easia.columbia.edu
4769:11 August 2016 at the
4492:Crawley, C.W. (1965).
4317:Christopher Alan Bayly
4067:Enlightenment in Spain
4059:Scottish Enlightenment
4004:Providence Plantations
3897:Renaissance philosophy
3884:
3865:
3831:were hindered because
3795:Renaissance technology
3745:Historical linguistics
3645:spontaneous generation
3643:The ancient theory of
3627:Le Chirurgien Dentiste
3417:
3286:Protestant Reformation
3259:
3194:
3143:Colonial North America
3116:Colonial Latin America
3081:
3067:History of colonialism
2954:Jules Hardouin Mansart
2890:Treaty of the Pyrenees
2857:
2739:transcontinental state
2697:ideas, the Grand Duke
2693:In development of the
2654:Portuguese Inquisition
2560:
2453:Giovanni da Capistrano
2436:
2417:, concluding with the
2391:fall of Constantinople
2386:
2294:(1433–1477), the last
2158:
2078:Gunpowder and firearms
2001:Protestant Reformation
1985:Fall of Constantinople
1846:was under the rule of
1726:
1589:
1562:, appointed its first
1477:
1458:
1228:Azuchi–Momoyama period
1215:
1156:
1138:and seized control of
1089:
1026:
945:Azuchi–Momoyama period
843:spread of Christianity
818:
800:Second Treaty of Paris
705:Protestant Reformation
684:
625:technological progress
10652:Three Seas Initiative
10627:Pacific Islands Forum
10492:British–Irish Council
10240:Greek Orthodox Church
9699:Industrial Revolution
9669:Scientific Revolution
9456:History of philosophy
9331:Industrial Revolution
8729:Scientific Revolution
8392:10.1057/9781137577931
8232:Paul Oskar Kristeller
8065:Cutler, Alan (2003).
7960:Wear, Andrew (2000).
7674:Solovyov, S. (2001).
7550:Simon, Edith (1966).
6927:. Orion. p. 78.
6678:The Court of Burgundy
6056:Kia, Mehrdad (2017).
5779:World Digital Library
5728:Metcalf, Barbara Daly
5637:Bose & Jalal 2003
4784:Science & Society
4572:Taylor, Alan (2001).
4536:. The Victorian Web.
4459:. Cambridge: Polity.
4161:Marguerite de Navarre
4079:Counter-Enlightenment
4063:Russian Enlightenment
4029:(1751–72), edited by
3939:(1643–1727), such as
3923:, and sometimes even
3862:
3849:Further information:
3778:The Wealth of Nations
3666:The invention of the
3595:The Sceptical Chymist
3535:Principia Mathematica
3455:Copernican Revolution
3430:Scientific Revolution
3408:
3391:Scientific Revolution
3383:, and especially the
3281:History of philosophy
3275:Further information:
3254:
3172:
3078:
2910:Jean-Baptiste Colbert
2851:
2765:Mercantile capitalism
2548:
2431:
2384:
2354:Götz von Berlichingen
2206:Scientific Revolution
2156:
2082:Further information:
1987:in 1453, the fall of
1923:Further information:
1724:
1717:Ottoman ancien régime
1576:
1464:
1448:
1407:King Sejong the Great
1369:social stratification
1200:
1152:
1079:
1017:
914:proto-industrializing
808:
729:Commercial Revolution
701:Roman Catholic Church
682:
623:, increasingly rapid
114:Age of the human race
10647:Special Relationship
10057:Christian philosophy
10002:Western Christianity
9664:Age of Enlightenment
9538:Hellenistic Kingdoms
9182:Renaissance humanism
9066:Bohemian Reformation
9024:Treaties of Nijmegen
8635:Age of Enlightenment
8499:Early Modern Culture
8054:. Enslow Publishers.
7638:Frank D. McConnell.
6888:. MDPI. p. 19.
6259:Linton, 2004, p. 39)
6247:Aristarchus of Samos
6177:6 March 2012 at the
6121:Afghanistan: History
5533:Lawrence E. Harrison
4284:Early modern warfare
4104:Renaissance humanism
4097:Renaissance Humanism
3889:Age of Enlightenment
3829:electrical telegraph
3707:law of superposition
3608:conservation of mass
3479:famously imprisoned
3377:Discalced Carmelites
2822:Golden Age of Piracy
2585:Electorate of Saxony
2474:Treaty of Westphalia
2025:Age of Enlightenment
2011:with the victory of
1949:took control of the
1941:Atlantic slave trade
1674:Sultanate of Malacca
1471:Shah Abbas the Great
1383:or other changes in
1248:Battle of Sekigahara
1116:abortive restoration
1023:geomantic principles
1019:Cishou Temple Pagoda
859:Atlantic slave trade
733:Golden Age of Piracy
621:experimental science
10708:Early modern period
10672:West Nordic Council
10537:Eastern Partnership
10126:Analytic philosophy
9827:Classical tradition
9649:Early modern period
9605:Classical antiquity
9600:European Bronze Age
9368:Revolutions of 1848
9289:Florentine painting
9140:Counter-Reformation
9061:Proto-Protestantism
9019:Peace of Westphalia
8862:Seventeen Provinces
8721:Printing Revolution
8615:Early modern Europe
8610:Early modern period
8572:Early modern Europe
8527:about 1500–1800 CE
7832:Early Latin America
7645:21 May 2020 at the
7269:Die Welt der Ritter
5377:The Korean Language
5065:Late Imperial China
4299:Proto-globalization
4051:Frederick the Great
3782:classical economics
3705:, who proposed the
3604:chemical revolution
3459:Nicolaus Copernicus
3411:Georg von Peuerbach
3324:Counter-Reformation
3277:History of religion
2983:Glorious Revolution
2979:English Restoration
2854:Peace of Westphalia
2816:Piracy's Golden Age
2775:Merchant capitalism
2669:Counter-Reformation
2635:Schmalkaldic League
2612:English Reformation
2587:, developed at the
2520:Spanish Inquisition
2502:Spanish Inquisition
2494:Counter-Reformation
2435:, 12 September 1683
2395:Counter Reformation
2350:Franz von Sickingen
2346:Chevalier de Bayard
2324:Archduke of Austria
2285:Jean-Baptiste Lully
2177:Nicolaus Copernicus
2149:Notable individuals
2084:Military Revolution
1975:Early Modern Europe
1951:trans-Saharan trade
1885:The lineage of the
1530:The development of
1516:Maratha Confederacy
1159:Japanese shogunates
1082:Kingdom of Tungning
898:Mughal architecture
894:Indian subcontinent
874:Timurid Renaissance
784:American Revolution
721:Peace of Westphalia
695:saw the end of the
597:American Revolution
579:, the start of the
542:early modern period
189:Classical antiquity
10131:Post-structuralism
10094:Christian humanism
9724:Universal suffrage
9098:Ninety-five Theses
8884:Kingdom of Bohemia
8798:Free imperial city
8766:The General Crisis
7828:Stuart B. Schwartz
6585:Isabel of Burgundy
6183:Rutgers University
6102:on 12 October 2017
6042:Andrew J. Newman,
5732:Metcalf, Thomas R.
4875:On Their Own Terms
4671:Ashgate Publishing
4254:Capital punishment
4113:studia humanitatis
3905:Western philosophy
3885:
3833:static electricity
3617:Modern scientific
3567:circulatory system
3418:
3397:History of science
3300:. The theology of
3260:
3226:to Great Britain.
3195:
3091:Sub-Saharan Africa
3082:
2858:
2608:Reformed tradition
2581:Ninety-five Theses
2561:
2437:
2419:Battle of Grotniki
2387:
2281:Claudio Monteverdi
2162:Johannes Gutenberg
2159:
2111:Holy Roman Emperor
2044:Congress of Vienna
2021:Battle of Bosworth
1919:Sub-Saharan Africa
1909:Battle of Gulnabad
1727:
1678:Sultanate of Johor
1630:Anglo-Dutch treaty
1614:British government
1608:and following the
1594:Anglo-Maratha wars
1590:
1478:
1459:
1322:Toyotomi Hideyoshi
1301:(often called the
1258:Tokugawa shogunate
1240:Ashikaga shogunate
1224:Toyotomi Hideyoshi
1216:
1188:Western vocabulary
1090:
1027:
847:Columbian Exchange
819:
796:Congress of Vienna
741:maritime republics
685:
10695:
10694:
10522:Council of Europe
10424:International law
10377:Constitutionalism
10235:Eastern Orthodoxy
9741:Post–Cold War era
9674:Age of Revolution
9528:Greco-Roman world
9466:
9465:
9460:History of Europe
9445:
9444:
9341:French Revolution
9336:Age of Revolution
9314:
9313:
9294:Venetian painting
9257:
9256:
9249:Leonardo da Vinci
9153:
9152:
9037:
9036:
8978:Thirty Years' War
8917:Habsburg monarchy
8874:Habsburg monarchy
8847:Cossack Hetmanate
8832:Portuguese Empire
8793:Holy Roman Empire
8774:
8773:
8756:Absolute monarchy
8737:
8736:
8689:
8688:
8539:
8538:
8530:Succeeded by
8523:History by period
8516:Postclassical Era
8328:. The MIT Press.
8281:978-90-04-17760-4
7759:Leonardo da Vinci
7716:978-0-87569-039-1
7702:Ivan the Terrible
7685:978-5-17-002142-0
7583:Europe: A History
7567:978-0-662-27820-7
7504:value: checksum (
7477:. Belknap Press.
7462:on 13 April 2009.
7412:978-1-000-28504-8
7373:978-1-5267-1377-3
7334:978-3-11-045673-8
7158:978-3-7930-0678-7
7090:978-2-7061-1420-5
7051:978-1-58839-674-7
7012:978-0-231-54061-2
6973:978-0-307-42844-8
6934:978-1-78022-716-0
6895:978-3-03943-751-1
6856:978-1-136-63944-9
6805:978-0-19-152588-9
6766:978-1-317-89570-1
6727:978-0-85115-918-8
6720:. Boydell Press.
6688:978-1-136-20406-7
6649:978-1-78239-600-0
6610:978-1-4381-0486-7
6557:978-1-135-95018-7
6518:978-0-13-189754-0
6479:978-1-68325-359-4
6440:978-1-5381-5292-8
6401:978-0-7407-6872-9
6362:978-1-934545-04-1
6323:978-0-8018-6610-4
6284:978-0-12-809559-1
6206:978-0-521-82274-9
5972:978-93-82573-47-0
5945:978-0-914710-06-6
5903:978-90-04-23624-0
5862:978-90-200-7468-0
5837:978-94-011-8778-7
5774:"Official, India"
5747:978-0-521-86362-9
5701:978-0-582-31738-3
5662:978-0-19-873112-2
5623:978-1-31745-959-0
5506:978-1-139-49889-0
5450:978-0-521-52291-5
5386:978-0-79149-130-0
5289:978-0-80470-954-5
5256:978-0-681-50288-8
5228:978-0-81087-872-3
5189:978-9-28715-744-7
5152:978-0-231-50037-1
5113:978-0-520-92884-8
5041:978-0-681-50288-8
4884:978-0-674-01685-9
4859:978-1-4008-7444-6
4828:978-0-230-60121-5
4817:Bala, A. (2006).
4721:978-0-521-80496-7
4680:978-0-7546-6428-4
4585:978-0-14-200210-0
4575:American Colonies
4560:Europe since 1815
4518:Boot, M. (2006).
4466:978-1-509-54057-0
4173:François Rabelais
4169:Pierre de Ronsard
4156:Collège de France
3996:Gottfried Leibniz
3972:French Revolution
3929:physical sciences
3901:modern philosophy
3768:scientific racism
3764:paleoanthropology
3612:phlogiston theory
3592:in the 1661 book
3590:corpuscularianism
3584:. Both worked as
3520:were replaced by
3483:for promoting it.
3358:Roman Inquisition
3256:Waldseemüller map
3231:Thirteen Colonies
3184:Committee of Five
3053:naval supremacy.
3043:Treaty of Utrecht
3015:Philip V of Spain
2974:English Civil War
2871:Leonardo da Vinci
2852:Europe after the
2813:
2812:
2689:Tsardom of Russia
2683:Tsardom of Russia
2661:Roman Inquisition
2639:Peace of Augsburg
2558:Ferdinand Pauwels
2464:Peace of Augsburg
2382:
2335:Matthias Corvinus
2320:Duchy of Burgundy
2261:Peter Paul Rubens
2237:Leonardo da Vinci
2214:political science
2107:Holy Roman Empire
2032:French Revolution
1876:Muhammad Shaybani
1803:Persianate empire
1801:was a great Shia
1600:in 1818 with the
1586:Battle of Plassey
1540:Battle of Plassey
1501:Southwestern Asia
1451:Gunpowder Empires
1396:In 1392, General
1295:Meiji Restoration
1275:and ruled by the
1236:Ashikaga Yoshiaki
1132:Chongzhen Emperor
1105:ethnically Manchu
1055:Japanese Invasion
1043:Spanish New World
1000:Chinese dynasties
968:Mataram Sultanate
890:gunpowder empires
835:Maya civilization
831:Inca civilization
821:In the Americas,
788:French Revolution
772:Age of Revolution
723:. Along with the
717:Thirty Years' War
659:in his 1926 work
593:French Revolution
583:, the end of the
558:history of Europe
546:historical period
536:
535:
488:
487:
480:Political history
105:
93:
63:
59:Pleistocene epoch
10755:
10567:EU Customs Union
10099:Secular humanism
10047:Christian ethics
9997:East–West Schism
9980:Physical culture
9704:Great Divergence
9654:Age of Discovery
9493:
9486:
9479:
9470:
9469:
9381:
9380:
9326:Great Divergence
9284:Italian painting
9266:
9265:
9164:
9163:
9046:
9045:
8998:Seven Years' War
8940:House of Bourbon
8896:Protestant Union
8867:Economic history
8783:
8782:
8746:
8745:
8698:
8697:
8625:Age of Discovery
8605:High Renaissance
8583:
8582:
8565:
8558:
8551:
8542:
8541:
8513:Preceded by
8510:
8509:
8465:
8429:
8428:
8426:
8424:
8418:
8385:
8374:
8365:
8364:
8346:
8340:
8339:
8321:
8292:
8253:
8247:
8229:
8223:
8220:
8214:
8211:
8205:
8202:
8196:
8193:
8187:
8184:
8178:
8177:
8175:
8173:
8158:
8152:
8149:
8143:
8140:
8134:
8131:
8125:
8122:
8116:
8115:
8107:
8101:
8100:
8092:
8086:
8085:
8077:
8071:
8070:
8062:
8056:
8055:
8047:
8041:
8040:
8032:
8026:
8025:
8017:
8011:
8010:
8002:
7996:
7995:
7987:
7981:
7980:
7972:
7966:
7965:
7957:
7951:
7950:
7947:Ancient Medicine
7942:
7936:
7935:
7927:
7921:
7920:
7912:
7906:
7905:
7897:
7891:
7890:
7882:
7876:
7873:
7867:
7864:
7858:
7855:
7849:
7848:
7847:. 16 April 2021.
7841:
7835:
7821:
7815:
7814:
7798:
7792:
7776:
7770:
7754:
7748:
7745:
7739:
7736:
7730:
7727:
7721:
7720:
7696:
7690:
7689:
7671:
7665:
7636:
7630:
7627:
7621:
7620:
7612:
7606:
7603:
7597:
7596:
7578:
7572:
7571:
7547:
7541:
7540:
7538:
7536:
7521:
7510:
7509:
7503:
7498:
7496:
7488:
7470:
7464:
7463:
7458:. Archived from
7452:
7446:
7445:
7427:
7421:
7420:
7396:
7390:
7389:
7387:
7385:
7357:
7351:
7350:
7348:
7346:
7318:
7312:
7311:
7309:
7307:
7279:
7273:
7272:
7264:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7248:
7225:Medieval Warfare
7216:
7210:
7209:
7207:
7205:
7181:
7175:
7174:
7172:
7170:
7142:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7131:
7113:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7102:
7074:
7068:
7067:
7065:
7063:
7035:
7029:
7028:
7026:
7024:
6996:
6990:
6989:
6987:
6985:
6957:
6951:
6950:
6948:
6946:
6918:
6912:
6911:
6909:
6907:
6879:
6873:
6872:
6870:
6868:
6840:
6834:
6828:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6817:
6789:
6783:
6782:
6780:
6778:
6750:
6744:
6743:
6741:
6739:
6711:
6705:
6704:
6702:
6700:
6672:
6666:
6665:
6663:
6661:
6633:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6622:
6594:
6588:
6580:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6569:
6541:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6530:
6502:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6491:
6463:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6424:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6385:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6374:
6346:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6307:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6296:
6268:
6262:
6243:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6232:
6217:
6211:
6210:
6192:
6186:
6167:
6161:
6150:
6144:
6141:
6135:
6118:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6107:
6082:
6076:
6075:
6053:
6047:
6040:
6034:
6031:
6025:
6024:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5956:
5950:
5949:
5925:
5919:
5918:
5888:
5882:
5881:
5873:
5867:
5866:
5848:
5842:
5841:
5815:
5809:
5807:
5802:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5770:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5724:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5685:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5646:
5640:
5634:
5628:
5627:
5609:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5470:. Archived from
5464:
5455:
5454:
5436:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5349:
5340:
5339:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5300:
5294:
5293:
5275:
5269:
5268:
5242:
5233:
5232:
5212:
5206:
5200:
5194:
5193:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5095:
5089:
5088:
5060:
5054:
5053:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5011:on 13 April 2019
5007:. Archived from
4997:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4940:
4930:
4924:
4923:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4842:
4833:
4832:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4779:
4773:
4759:Chapuis, Oscar.
4757:
4751:
4750:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4711:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4655:
4649:
4625:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4600:"Ottoman Empire"
4596:
4590:
4589:
4569:
4563:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4529:
4523:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4501:
4490:
4484:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4411:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4350:
4330:
4324:
4314:
4294:Price revolution
4158:
4157:
4139:Justinian's Code
4124:scholastic logic
3945:Cogito, ergo sum
3903:, especially in
3870:
3634:smallpox vaccine
3574:Jabir ibn Hayyan
3549:Andreas Vesalius
3447:geocentric model
3422:Great Divergence
3348:, including the
3247:Atlantic history
3220:Seven Years' War
3039:balance of power
3031:United Provinces
2999:Peace of Utrecht
2807:
2731:Sibirean Khanate
2711:Sudebnik of 1550
2677:Church of Christ
2673:Council of Trent
2556:to the door, by
2433:Battle of Vienna
2407:Hussite Crusades
2383:
2352:(1481–1523) and
2328:Treaty of Senlis
2308:Mary of Burgundy
2299:Duke of Burgundy
2292:Charles the Bold
2273:Josquin des Prez
2265:Guillaume Du Fay
2225:political theory
2204:and sparked the
2138:Late Middle Ages
2056:colonial empires
1781:Sharifan dynasty
1779:state under the
1622:Stamford Raffles
1564:Governor-General
1480:The rise of the
1400:established the
1209:
1112:dynasty of China
849:that linked the
815:Late Middle Ages
786:, and the first
782:in society, the
765:Great Divergence
761:Russian Far East
669:economic history
645:European history
589:Age of Discovery
528:
521:
514:
503:
497:
458:Age of Discovery
365:
364:
133:Earliest records
119:Recorded history
95:
83:
55:
53:
42:
21:
20:
10763:
10762:
10758:
10757:
10756:
10754:
10753:
10752:
10733:Historical eras
10698:
10697:
10696:
10691:
10657:UKUSA Agreement
10597:Lublin Triangle
10482:Baltic Assembly
10434:
10428:
10346:
10183:
10018:
9888:Eurolinguistics
9757:
9746:Information age
9719:Interwar period
9586:
9506:
9497:
9467:
9462:
9441:
9415:
9372:
9310:
9276:Renaissance art
9253:
9244:Matteo Palmieri
9214:
9198:
9187:Northern Europe
9159:
9149:
9033:
9002:
8961:
8925:House of Stuart
8905:
8770:
8733:
8685:
8656:Northern Europe
8644:
8620:Elizabethan era
8574:
8569:
8535:
8526:
8518:
8472:
8462:
8437:
8432:
8422:
8420:
8416:
8402:
8383:
8375:
8368:
8361:
8347:
8343:
8336:
8322:
8295:
8254:
8250:
8240:Quentin Skinner
8230:
8226:
8221:
8217:
8212:
8208:
8203:
8199:
8194:
8190:
8185:
8181:
8171:
8169:
8160:
8159:
8155:
8150:
8146:
8141:
8137:
8132:
8128:
8123:
8119:
8108:
8104:
8093:
8089:
8078:
8074:
8063:
8059:
8048:
8044:
8033:
8029:
8018:
8014:
8003:
7999:
7988:
7984:
7973:
7969:
7958:
7954:
7943:
7939:
7928:
7924:
7913:
7909:
7898:
7894:
7883:
7879:
7874:
7870:
7865:
7861:
7856:
7852:
7843:
7842:
7838:
7822:
7818:
7799:
7795:
7788:Wayback Machine
7777:
7773:
7766:Wayback Machine
7755:
7751:
7746:
7742:
7737:
7733:
7728:
7724:
7717:
7697:
7693:
7686:
7672:
7668:
7647:Wayback Machine
7637:
7633:
7628:
7624:
7613:
7609:
7604:
7600:
7593:
7579:
7575:
7568:
7548:
7544:
7534:
7532:
7523:
7522:
7513:
7501:
7499:
7490:
7489:
7485:
7471:
7467:
7454:
7453:
7449:
7442:
7428:
7424:
7413:
7397:
7393:
7383:
7381:
7374:
7358:
7354:
7344:
7342:
7335:
7319:
7315:
7305:
7303:
7296:
7280:
7276:
7265:
7256:
7246:
7244:
7217:
7213:
7203:
7201:
7182:
7178:
7168:
7166:
7159:
7143:
7139:
7129:
7127:
7114:
7110:
7100:
7098:
7091:
7075:
7071:
7061:
7059:
7052:
7036:
7032:
7022:
7020:
7013:
6997:
6993:
6983:
6981:
6974:
6958:
6954:
6944:
6942:
6935:
6924:The Renaissance
6919:
6915:
6905:
6903:
6896:
6880:
6876:
6866:
6864:
6857:
6841:
6837:
6829:
6825:
6815:
6813:
6806:
6790:
6786:
6776:
6774:
6767:
6751:
6747:
6737:
6735:
6728:
6712:
6708:
6698:
6696:
6689:
6673:
6669:
6659:
6657:
6650:
6634:
6630:
6620:
6618:
6611:
6595:
6591:
6581:
6577:
6567:
6565:
6558:
6542:
6538:
6528:
6526:
6519:
6503:
6499:
6489:
6487:
6480:
6464:
6460:
6450:
6448:
6441:
6425:
6421:
6411:
6409:
6402:
6386:
6382:
6372:
6370:
6363:
6347:
6343:
6333:
6331:
6324:
6308:
6304:
6294:
6292:
6285:
6269:
6265:
6244:
6240:
6230:
6228:
6219:
6218:
6214:
6207:
6193:
6189:
6179:Wayback Machine
6168:
6164:
6151:
6147:
6142:
6138:
6128:Wayback Machine
6119:
6115:
6105:
6103:
6083:
6079:
6068:
6054:
6050:
6041:
6037:
6032:
6028:
5997:
5991:
5987:
5977:
5975:
5973:
5957:
5953:
5946:
5926:
5922:
5904:
5890:
5889:
5885:
5874:
5870:
5863:
5849:
5845:
5838:
5816:
5812:
5803:
5799:
5789:
5787:
5772:
5771:
5767:
5757:
5755:
5748:
5725:
5721:
5711:
5709:
5702:
5686:
5682:
5672:
5670:
5663:
5647:
5643:
5635:
5631:
5624:
5610:
5606:
5596:
5594:
5581:
5580:
5576:
5566:
5564:
5557:
5549:. p. 158.
5537:Peter L. Berger
5530:
5526:
5516:
5514:
5507:
5491:
5487:
5477:
5475:
5474:on 21 June 2018
5466:
5465:
5458:
5451:
5437:
5433:
5423:
5421:
5414:
5398:
5394:
5387:
5373:
5369:
5354:The Korea Times
5350:
5343:
5328:The Korea Times
5324:
5320:
5301:
5297:
5290:
5276:
5272:
5257:
5243:
5236:
5229:
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4771:Wayback Machine
4758:
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4690:
4688:
4681:
4673:. p. 255.
4659:Roy, Tirthankar
4656:
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4638:OECD Publishing
4628:Maddison, Angus
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4331:
4327:
4323:(2004). P. 123.
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4184:Mortality rates
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4087:
3857:
3847:
3841:
3797:
3791:
3738:social sciences
3691:Systema Naturae
3623:Pierre Fauchard
3621:was founded by
3598:and discovered
3512:study of optics
3492:Johannes Kepler
3481:Galileo Galilei
3473:Catholic Church
3403:
3393:
3350:Spanish mystics
3326:
3320:
3294:
3288:
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3130:Colonial Brazil
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3105:Main articles:
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2958:Claude Perrault
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2879:Renaissance man
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2368:Main articles:
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2257:Venetian school
2200:) began modern
2151:
2127:Napoleonic Wars
2117:. The last was
2103:
2086:
2080:
2036:Napoleonic Wars
1977:
1971:
1943:
1929:Aro Confederacy
1921:
1882:of the Uzbeks.
1840:
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1707:Main articles:
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1568:Warren Hastings
1544:Nawab of Bengal
1532:New Imperialism
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1310:Tokugawa period
1273:Tokugawa Ieyasu
1244:Tokugawa Ieyasu
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8470:External links
8468:
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8401:978-1137577931
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8360:978-0691157788
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7934:. Basic Books.
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7824:James Lockhart
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7196:(2): 371–373.
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6007:(1): 150–194.
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4955:
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4906:(4): 429–448.
4890:
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4846:Andrade, Tonio
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4790:(4): 320–343.
4774:
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4131:Guillaume Budé
4089:Main article:
4086:
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4047:French Academy
4000:Roger Williams
3992:Baruch Spinoza
3988:René Descartes
3968:secularization
3961:Baruch Spinoza
3843:Main article:
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3825:Franklin stove
3813:grenade musket
3793:Main article:
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3758:The fields of
3756:
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3664:
3653:common descent
3641:
3630:
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3602:of gases. The
3570:
3562:De Motu Cordis
3557:William Harvey
3539:
3515:
3484:
3438:modern science
3392:
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3322:Main article:
3319:
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3298:Western Church
3290:Main article:
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3208:New York State
3204:New Netherland
3182:, showing the
3157:New Netherland
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3126:Spanish empire
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3003:peace treaties
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2249:Albrecht Dürer
2173:printing press
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2064:Ottoman Turkey
1973:Main article:
1970:
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1947:Songhai Empire
1920:
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1913:Durrani Empire
1878:, who was the
1838:Pashtun people
1829:
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1799:Safavid Empire
1791:Main article:
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925:Joseon Dynasty
910:Western Europe
863:Ottoman Empire
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570:global history
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10527:Craiova Group
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10440:
10439:
10437:
10431:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10417:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10403:
10400:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10384:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10371:
10368:
10367:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10357:
10355:
10353:
10349:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10321:
10318:
10316:
10313:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10294:
10291:
10290:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10281:
10279:
10276:
10274:
10271:
10270:
10269:
10266:
10260:
10257:
10256:
10255:
10252:
10248:
10247:Protestantism
10245:
10241:
10238:
10237:
10236:
10233:
10229:
10226:
10225:
10224:
10221:
10217:
10213:
10210:
10209:
10208:
10205:
10204:
10203:
10200:
10199:
10198:
10195:
10194:
10192:
10190:
10186:
10178:
10175:
10174:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10167:Sovereigntism
10165:
10163:
10160:
10156:
10155:
10151:
10150:
10149:
10146:
10142:
10139:
10138:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10092:
10091:
10090:
10087:
10083:
10080:
10079:
10078:
10075:
10073:
10070:
10068:
10065:
10063:
10062:Scholasticism
10060:
10058:
10055:
10053:
10050:
10048:
10045:
10043:
10040:
10038:
10035:
10033:
10030:
10029:
10027:
10025:
10021:
10013:
10010:
10008:
10005:
10003:
10000:
9998:
9995:
9994:
9993:
9990:
9986:
9983:
9982:
9981:
9978:
9974:
9971:
9969:
9966:
9965:
9964:
9961:
9957:
9954:
9953:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9940:
9937:
9935:
9932:
9930:
9927:
9926:
9925:
9922:
9918:
9915:
9914:
9913:
9910:
9906:
9903:
9902:
9901:
9898:
9894:
9891:
9889:
9886:
9885:
9884:
9881:
9879:
9876:
9874:
9871:
9869:
9866:
9862:
9859:
9858:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9845:
9842:
9841:
9840:
9837:
9833:
9830:
9829:
9828:
9825:
9821:
9818:
9817:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9808:
9804:
9801:
9800:
9799:
9796:
9794:
9791:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9773:
9772:
9769:
9768:
9766:
9764:
9760:
9752:
9751:War on terror
9749:
9747:
9744:
9743:
9742:
9739:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9662:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9646:
9645:
9644:Modern period
9642:
9640:
9637:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9623:
9620:
9619:
9618:
9615:
9611:
9608:
9607:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9597:
9595:
9593:
9589:
9583:
9580:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9570:
9568:
9565:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9550:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9530:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9515:
9513:
9509:
9505:
9501:
9500:Western world
9494:
9489:
9487:
9482:
9480:
9475:
9474:
9471:
9461:
9457:
9453:
9452:Human history
9448:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9424:
9422:
9418:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9391:Art of Europe
9389:
9388:
9386:
9382:
9379:
9375:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9351:Revolutionary
9349:
9348:
9347:
9344:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9323:
9321:
9319:End of period
9317:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9281:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9273:
9271:
9267:
9264:
9260:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9228:
9224:
9223:
9221:
9217:
9211:
9208:
9207:
9205:
9201:
9195:
9192:
9188:
9185:
9184:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9175:
9172:
9171:
9169:
9165:
9162:
9156:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9095:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9072:
9069:
9068:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9053:
9051:
9047:
9044:
9040:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9011:
9009:
9005:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8970:
8968:
8964:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8950:Ancien Régime
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8937:
8935:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8922:
8920:
8918:
8915:
8914:
8912:
8908:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8890:
8887:
8886:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8859:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8850:
8848:
8845:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8825:
8821:
8818:
8817:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8799:
8796:
8795:
8794:
8791:
8790:
8788:
8784:
8781:
8777:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8753:
8751:
8747:
8744:
8740:
8730:
8727:
8725:Intellectual:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8705:
8703:
8699:
8696:
8692:
8682:
8681:Low Countries
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8653:
8651:
8647:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8599:
8596:
8595:
8594:
8591:
8590:
8588:
8584:
8581:
8577:
8573:
8566:
8561:
8559:
8554:
8552:
8547:
8546:
8543:
8534:
8533:modern period
8525:
8524:
8517:
8511:
8506:
8503:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8489:
8488:
8483:
8480:
8478:, fordham.edu
8477:
8474:
8473:
8463:
8461:0-415-30787-2
8457:
8453:
8452:
8447:
8446:Jalal, Ayesha
8443:
8439:
8438:
8415:
8411:
8407:
8403:
8397:
8393:
8389:
8382:
8381:
8373:
8371:
8362:
8356:
8352:
8345:
8337:
8331:
8327:
8320:
8318:
8316:
8314:
8312:
8310:
8308:
8306:
8304:
8302:
8300:
8298:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8278:
8274:
8270:
8269:
8264:
8260:
8259:
8252:
8245:
8241:
8237:
8233:
8228:
8219:
8210:
8201:
8192:
8183:
8167:
8163:
8157:
8148:
8139:
8130:
8121:
8113:
8106:
8098:
8091:
8083:
8076:
8068:
8061:
8053:
8046:
8038:
8031:
8023:
8016:
8008:
8001:
7993:
7986:
7978:
7971:
7963:
7956:
7948:
7941:
7933:
7926:
7918:
7911:
7903:
7896:
7888:
7881:
7872:
7863:
7854:
7846:
7840:
7833:
7829:
7825:
7820:
7812:
7808:
7804:
7797:
7790:
7789:
7785:
7782:
7778:BBC History,
7775:
7768:
7767:
7763:
7760:
7753:
7744:
7735:
7726:
7718:
7712:
7708:
7704:
7703:
7695:
7687:
7681:
7677:
7670:
7663:
7659:
7658:0-19-502572-5
7655:
7651:
7648:
7644:
7641:
7635:
7626:
7618:
7611:
7602:
7594:
7588:
7584:
7577:
7569:
7563:
7559:
7555:
7554:
7546:
7530:
7526:
7520:
7518:
7516:
7507:
7494:
7486:
7484:9780674062315
7480:
7476:
7469:
7461:
7457:
7451:
7443:
7441:9780226424903
7437:
7433:
7426:
7418:
7414:
7408:
7404:
7403:
7395:
7379:
7375:
7369:
7365:
7364:
7356:
7340:
7336:
7330:
7326:
7325:
7317:
7301:
7297:
7291:
7287:
7286:
7278:
7270:
7263:
7261:
7259:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7222:
7215:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7180:
7164:
7160:
7154:
7150:
7149:
7141:
7125:
7121:
7120:
7112:
7096:
7092:
7086:
7082:
7081:
7073:
7057:
7053:
7047:
7043:
7042:
7034:
7018:
7014:
7008:
7004:
7003:
6995:
6979:
6975:
6969:
6965:
6964:
6956:
6940:
6936:
6930:
6926:
6925:
6917:
6901:
6897:
6891:
6887:
6886:
6878:
6862:
6858:
6852:
6848:
6847:
6839:
6833:, p. 78.
6832:
6827:
6811:
6807:
6801:
6797:
6796:
6788:
6772:
6768:
6762:
6758:
6757:
6749:
6733:
6729:
6723:
6719:
6718:
6710:
6694:
6690:
6684:
6680:
6679:
6671:
6655:
6651:
6645:
6641:
6640:
6632:
6616:
6612:
6606:
6602:
6601:
6593:
6586:
6579:
6563:
6559:
6553:
6549:
6548:
6540:
6524:
6520:
6514:
6510:
6509:
6501:
6485:
6481:
6475:
6471:
6470:
6462:
6446:
6442:
6436:
6432:
6431:
6423:
6407:
6403:
6397:
6393:
6392:
6384:
6368:
6364:
6358:
6354:
6353:
6345:
6329:
6325:
6319:
6315:
6314:
6306:
6290:
6286:
6280:
6276:
6275:
6267:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6251:(Dreyer, 1953
6248:
6242:
6226:
6222:
6216:
6208:
6202:
6198:
6191:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6173:
6172:
6166:
6159:
6155:
6149:
6140:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6122:
6117:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6092:
6087:
6081:
6074:
6069:
6063:
6059:
6052:
6045:
6039:
6030:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5989:
5974:
5968:
5964:
5963:
5955:
5947:
5941:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5924:
5917:
5915:
5911:
5905:
5899:
5895:
5894:
5887:
5879:
5872:
5864:
5858:
5854:
5847:
5839:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5814:
5801:
5785:
5782:. 1890–1923.
5781:
5780:
5775:
5769:
5753:
5749:
5743:
5739:
5738:
5733:
5729:
5723:
5707:
5703:
5697:
5693:
5692:
5684:
5668:
5664:
5658:
5654:
5653:
5645:
5638:
5633:
5625:
5619:
5615:
5608:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5578:
5562:
5558:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5543:
5538:
5534:
5528:
5512:
5508:
5502:
5498:
5497:
5489:
5473:
5469:
5463:
5461:
5452:
5446:
5442:
5435:
5419:
5415:
5409:
5405:
5404:
5396:
5388:
5382:
5378:
5371:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5348:
5346:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5322:
5314:
5310:
5307:. p. 8.
5306:
5299:
5291:
5285:
5281:
5274:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5252:
5248:
5241:
5239:
5230:
5224:
5220:
5219:
5211:
5204:
5199:
5191:
5185:
5181:
5174:
5158:
5154:
5148:
5144:
5143:
5135:
5119:
5115:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5094:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5059:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5037:
5033:
5026:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4996:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4966:
4958:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4939:
4938:
4929:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4894:
4886:
4880:
4876:
4869:
4861:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4839:
4830:
4824:
4820:
4813:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4778:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4756:
4748:
4742:
4738:
4731:
4723:
4717:
4713:
4702:
4686:
4682:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4654:
4648:, pp. 259–261
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4622:
4605:
4601:
4595:
4587:
4581:
4577:
4576:
4568:
4561:
4555:
4539:
4535:
4528:
4521:
4515:
4506:
4499:
4496:. Volume 9.,
4495:
4489:
4482:
4476:
4468:
4462:
4458:
4451:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4390:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4289:Periodization
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4270:
4268:
4261:
4251:
4249:
4243:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4203:
4194:
4192:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4165:Clément Marot
4162:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4098:
4092:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4055:Immanuel Kant
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4031:Denis Diderot
4028:
4024:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3976:Immanuel Kant
3973:
3969:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3893:scholasticism
3890:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3868:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3817:lightning rod
3814:
3810:
3806:
3805:lifting tower
3802:
3801:floating dock
3796:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3749:William Jones
3746:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3731:
3730:Coulomb's law
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3703:Nicolas Steno
3700:
3697:Early modern
3696:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3683:
3682:Carl Linnaeus
3680:
3678:in the 1670s.
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3638:Edward Jenner
3635:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3451:heliocentrism
3448:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3423:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3265:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3174:John Trumbull
3171:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3112:
3108:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3027:Duke of Savoy
3024:
3023:Great Britain
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2855:
2850:
2841:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2623:Diet of Worms
2619:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2577:Martin Luther
2574:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2550:Martin Luther
2547:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2443:and lift the
2442:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2348:(1476–1524),
2347:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2146:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1997:Martin Luther
1995:in 1492, and
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1933:Asante Empire
1930:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1901:Lodhi dynasty
1898:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1751:to the east.
1750:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1482:Mughal Empire
1476:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1456:
1455:Mughal Empire
1452:
1447:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:Tokugawa clan
1280:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1007:
997:
995:
991:
986:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
948:
946:
942:
938:
937:Mughal Bengal
934:
930:
926:
922:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
870:Islamic world
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
823:pre-Columbian
816:
812:
807:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
780:mechanization
777:
773:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
681:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
636:
634:
633:nation states
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
608:
606:
605:rise to power
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:modern period
551:
547:
543:
538:
529:
524:
522:
517:
515:
510:
509:
507:
506:
500:
494:
493:
481:
478:
476:
473:
469:
468:Postmodernity
466:
465:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
453:
452:
448:
447:
440:
437:
436:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
403:
398:
397:South America
395:
393:
392:North America
390:
388:
385:
384:
378:
375:
373:
370:
369:
367:
366:
361:
356:
355:
345:
342:
341:
340:
337:
336:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
317:
314:
313:
308:
305:
303:
300:
299:
294:
291:
289:
286:
285:
279:
276:
275:
271:
270:Postclassical
266:
265:
257:
254:
253:
248:
245:
243:
240:
239:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
215:
214:South America
212:
210:
209:North America
207:
205:
202:
201:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
181:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
162:
158:
153:
152:
144:
143:Proto-writing
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
130:
124:
120:
117:
115:
112:
111:
103:
99:
92:
91:
87:
81:
78:
77:
73:
68:
67:
62:
61:
60:
49:
45:
39:
38:
35:
34:Human history
32:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
10677:Western Bloc
10477:AUSCANNZUKUS
10433:Contemporary
10382:Human rights
10228:Latin Church
10202:Christianity
10152:
10111:Conservatism
9956:contemporary
9793:Architecture
9729:World War II
9689:Emancipation
9684:Abolitionism
9648:
9572:Romanization
9567:Roman legacy
9548:Roman Empire
9232:
9225:
8983:Cabinet wars
8609:
8521:
8485:
8450:
8442:Bose, Sugata
8421:. Retrieved
8379:
8350:
8344:
8325:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8256:
8251:
8243:
8235:
8227:
8218:
8209:
8200:
8191:
8182:
8170:. Retrieved
8156:
8147:
8138:
8129:
8120:
8111:
8105:
8096:
8090:
8081:
8075:
8066:
8060:
8051:
8045:
8036:
8030:
8021:
8015:
8006:
8000:
7991:
7985:
7979:. Continuum.
7976:
7970:
7961:
7955:
7946:
7940:
7931:
7925:
7916:
7910:
7901:
7895:
7886:
7880:
7871:
7862:
7853:
7839:
7831:
7819:
7802:
7796:
7781:Michelangelo
7779:
7774:
7757:
7752:
7743:
7734:
7725:
7701:
7694:
7675:
7669:
7662:Ivan Groznyi
7661:
7634:
7625:
7616:
7610:
7601:
7582:
7576:
7552:
7545:
7533:. Retrieved
7474:
7468:
7460:the original
7450:
7431:
7425:
7401:
7394:
7382:. Retrieved
7362:
7355:
7343:. Retrieved
7323:
7316:
7306:20 September
7304:. Retrieved
7284:
7277:
7268:
7245:. Retrieved
7228:
7224:
7214:
7202:. Retrieved
7193:
7189:
7179:
7167:. Retrieved
7147:
7140:
7128:. Retrieved
7118:
7111:
7099:. Retrieved
7079:
7072:
7060:. Retrieved
7040:
7033:
7021:. Retrieved
7001:
6994:
6982:. Retrieved
6962:
6955:
6943:. Retrieved
6923:
6916:
6904:. Retrieved
6884:
6877:
6865:. Retrieved
6845:
6838:
6831:Johnson 2013
6826:
6814:. Retrieved
6794:
6787:
6775:. Retrieved
6755:
6748:
6736:. Retrieved
6716:
6709:
6697:. Retrieved
6677:
6670:
6658:. Retrieved
6638:
6631:
6619:. Retrieved
6599:
6592:
6584:
6578:
6566:. Retrieved
6546:
6539:
6527:. Retrieved
6507:
6500:
6488:. Retrieved
6468:
6461:
6449:. Retrieved
6429:
6422:
6410:. Retrieved
6390:
6383:
6371:. Retrieved
6351:
6344:
6332:. Retrieved
6312:
6305:
6293:. Retrieved
6273:
6266:
6241:
6229:. Retrieved
6215:
6196:
6190:
6170:
6165:
6153:
6148:
6139:
6131:
6116:
6104:. Retrieved
6100:the original
6090:
6086:Paul Bairoch
6080:
6071:
6057:
6051:
6043:
6038:
6029:
6004:
6000:
5988:
5978:22 September
5976:. Retrieved
5961:
5954:
5934:
5929:
5923:
5913:
5907:
5892:
5886:
5877:
5871:
5852:
5846:
5819:
5813:
5800:
5788:. Retrieved
5777:
5768:
5756:. Retrieved
5736:
5722:
5710:. Retrieved
5690:
5683:
5671:. Retrieved
5651:
5644:
5639:, p. 76
5632:
5613:
5607:
5595:. Retrieved
5586:
5577:
5565:. Retrieved
5541:
5527:
5515:. Retrieved
5495:
5488:
5476:. Retrieved
5472:the original
5440:
5434:
5422:. Retrieved
5402:
5395:
5376:
5370:
5353:
5327:
5321:
5304:
5298:
5279:
5273:
5246:
5217:
5210:
5202:
5198:
5179:
5173:
5161:. Retrieved
5141:
5134:
5122:. Retrieved
5103:
5093:
5068:
5064:
5058:
5031:
5025:
5015:21 September
5013:. Retrieved
5009:the original
5004:
4995:
4985:21 September
4983:. Retrieved
4974:
4965:
4936:
4928:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4874:
4868:
4849:
4821:. Springer.
4818:
4812:
4787:
4783:
4777:
4760:
4755:
4736:
4730:
4707:
4701:
4689:. Retrieved
4666:
4653:
4631:
4608:. Retrieved
4594:
4574:
4567:
4559:
4554:
4542:. Retrieved
4527:
4519:
4514:
4505:
4497:
4488:
4480:
4475:
4456:
4450:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4338:
4334:
4328:
4320:
4312:
4263:
4244:
4240:
4204:
4200:
4190:
4187:
4142:
4135:philological
4128:
4117:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4094:
4027:Encyclopédie
4020:
3965:
3957:Pierre Bayle
3937:Isaac Newton
3933:
3909:epistemology
3886:
3867:Encyclopédie
3798:
3777:
3760:anthropology
3735:
3689:
3672:microbiology
3626:
3593:
3578:Robert Boyle
3560:
3542:
3533:
3530:Isaac Newton
3462:
3445:The ancient
3427:
3419:
3414:
3362:
3338:
3327:
3309:
3295:
3261:
3228:
3196:
3192:Philadelphia
3177:
3133:
3085:
3083:
2996:
2989:in England.
2971:
2950:Louis Le Vau
2903:
2900:French power
2883:
2875:Michelangelo
2863:intellectual
2859:
2837:Pirate Round
2832:buccaneering
2825:
2798:sailing ship
2783:
2771:Mercantilism
2743:
2719:Golden Horde
2715:Zemsky Sobor
2692:
2666:
2647:
2620:
2593:
2567:and rise of
2562:
2552:hammers his
2505:
2467:
2461:
2449:John Hunyadi
2438:
2404:
2388:
2358:among others
2343:
2332:
2302:
2289:
2241:Michelangelo
2233:Robert Boyle
2227:. The Swiss
2220:, a work of
2197:
2191:
2181:heliocentric
2166:movable type
2160:
2131:
2104:
2094:
2087:
2068:Mughal India
2029:
2009:Tudor period
2003:in 1517. In
1989:Muslim Spain
1978:
1957:in 1468 and
1944:
1905:Suri dynasty
1894:
1884:
1844:Central Asia
1841:
1819:
1796:
1793:Safavid Iran
1787:Safavid Iran
1769:Tripolitania
1758:
1755:North Africa
1740:Pax Ottomana
1738:
1728:
1639:
1624:established
1591:
1578:Robert Clive
1547:
1529:
1479:
1422:turtle ships
1415:
1398:Yi Seong-gye
1395:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1351:
1325:
1307:
1297:in the late
1276:
1262:
1251:
1232:Oda Nobunaga
1220:Oda Nobunaga
1217:
1201:
1184:Christianity
1169:
1162:
1153:
1147:
1144:China proper
1108:Qing dynasty
1102:
1091:
1039:
1028:
1009:Ming dynasty
1003:
985:isolationism
982:
949:
941:Nanban trade
933:Ming dynasty
918:
867:
827:Aztec Empire
820:
769:
686:
660:
642:
617:mercantilism
609:
574:
541:
539:
537:
502:
377:Contemporary
372:Early modern
371:
138:Protohistory
90:Contemporary
84:
57:
56:
52:
18:
10617:Open Balkan
10435:integration
10365:Rule of law
10360:Natural law
10337:Agnosticism
10315:Hellenistic
10293:Anglo-Saxon
10223:Catholicism
10162:Atlanticism
10067:Rationalism
9873:Immigration
9856:Esotericism
9714:World War I
9679:Romanticism
9659:Reformation
9639:Renaissance
9617:Middle Ages
9582:Christendom
9511:Foundations
9363:Nationalism
9173:Philosophy:
9128:Switzerland
9118:Lutheranism
8593:Renaissance
8490:(1902–1912)
8435:Works cited
8423:3 September
8242:(editors),
7502:|isbn=
7345:15 February
7247:15 February
7204:16 February
7169:15 February
7130:15 February
7101:15 February
7062:15 February
7023:15 February
6984:15 February
6945:15 February
6906:15 February
6867:15 February
6816:15 February
6777:15 February
6738:15 February
6699:15 February
6660:15 February
6621:15 February
6568:16 February
6529:16 February
6490:15 February
6451:15 February
6412:15 February
6373:15 February
6334:15 February
6295:15 February
6255:pp. 135–148
5071:(1): 1–26.
4610:11 February
4153:(later the
4081:movements.
4075:Romanticism
4039:Montesquieu
3980:Rationalism
3913:metaphysics
3718:electricity
3600:Boyle's law
3555:. In 1628,
3488:Tycho Brahe
3477:Inquisition
3428:During the
3334:Reformation
3292:Reformation
3216:Quebec City
3214:, founding
3095:Philippines
3086:colonialism
2934:La Fontaine
2802:trade route
2735:multiethnic
2616:Anglicanism
2604:Lutheranism
2596:indulgences
2573:Christendom
2565:Reformation
2508:Inquisition
2498:Inquisition
2490:Reformation
2457:Christendom
2374:Christendom
2301:, known as
2210:Machiavelli
2134:Renaissance
2017:Richard III
1733:enjoyed an
1656:empires of
1642:Spice Route
1620:. In 1819,
1618:British Raj
1542:, when the
1453:, with the
1449:Map of the
1338:, with the
1314:Edo society
1226:during the
1176:Tanegashima
1073:and Macau.
954:along with
929:King Gojong
737:city-states
709:Inquisition
693:Christendom
665:Renaissance
653:Middle Ages
629:secularized
612:globalizing
581:Renaissance
566:Middle Ages
344:Renaissance
10702:Categories
10637:Rio Treaty
10148:Relativism
10106:Liberalism
10072:Empiricism
10024:Philosophy
10012:Secularism
9963:Philosophy
9900:Literature
9694:Capitalism
9356:Napoleonic
9280:Painting:
9167:Philosophy
8649:By country
7811:1000384424
7384:27 January
5758:28 January
5712:28 January
5673:28 January
5597:18 October
5517:15 October
5362:1990192832
5336:1990220190
5313:1508838378
5163:15 October
4804:1296937594
4746:974957544X
4646:9264104143
4305:References
4231:Vastanfors
4211:Beauvaisis
4119:quadrivium
3984:Empiricism
3953:John Locke
3877:Philosophy
3789:Technology
3774:Adam Smith
3668:microscope
3586:alchemists
3547:(1543) by
3494:developed
3434:empiricism
3395:See also:
3381:Barnabites
3341:seminaries
3306:capitalism
3245:See also:
3224:New France
3153:New France
3147:See also:
3120:See also:
3029:, and the
2886:diplomatic
2695:Third Rome
2602:, such as
2540:censorship
2536:witchcraft
2339:Black Army
2306:daughter,
2229:Paracelsus
2218:The Prince
2119:Francis II
2072:Qing China
2038:, and the
1584:after the
1489:Persianate
1436:South Asia
1418:Yi Sun-sin
1334:-caste of
1299:Edo period
1291:Edo Castle
1265:Edo period
1172:Portuguese
1128:Li Zicheng
1098:Li Zicheng
921:Edo period
639:Definition
475:Futurology
416:South Asia
316:South Asia
233:South Asia
170:Bronze Age
165:Copper Age
123:Common Era
98:10,000 BCE
44:Prehistory
10582:Five Eyes
10577:EU–UK TCA
10419:Democracy
10308:Old Norse
10197:Abrahamic
10154:Peritrope
10136:Tolerance
10116:Socialism
9946:Mythology
9934:Classical
9883:Languages
9861:Astrology
9709:Modernism
9523:Old World
9158:Academic
9108:Huguenots
9103:Calvinism
9049:Overviews
9007:Diplomacy
8955:Louis XIV
8786:Countries
8701:Political
8579:Overviews
7652:, 1979.
7493:cite book
6185:Libraries
6106:3 January
6021:2213-8609
6001:Abgadiyat
5587:bbc.co.uk
5547:Routledge
5085:143899868
4544:9 January
4434:219969360
4404:CiteSeerX
4373:219969360
4343:CiteSeerX
4267:gibbeting
4227:Sundsvall
4223:Linköping
4147:Francis I
3809:newspaper
3722:magnetism
3661:Evolution
3619:dentistry
3582:chemistry
3508:Telescope
3504:astronomy
3373:Theatines
3369:Ursulines
3365:Capuchins
3302:Calvinism
3199:New Spain
3149:New Spain
3137:sugarcane
3122:New Spain
3084:The term
3071:New World
3035:Louis XIV
2867:polymaths
2786:Old World
2727:Astrakhan
2627:Charles V
2569:modernity
2554:95 theses
2532:Judaizing
2528:blasphemy
2516:canon law
2447:, led by
2255:from the
2202:astronomy
2184:cosmology
2143:classical
2123:abdicated
2013:Henry VII
1868:Khongirad
1822:Silk Road
1811:Sassanids
1646:Majapahit
1626:Singapore
1582:Mir Jafar
1512:Aurangzeb
1493:Hindustan
1457:in orange
1381:inflation
1377:peasantry
1318:hierarchy
1269:feudalist
1136:Wu Sangui
1059:Philip IV
990:Guangzhou
979:East Asia
956:Ayutthaya
855:New World
851:Old World
792:Final Act
755:. Russia
689:Feudalism
649:antiquity
562:modernity
550:historian
463:Modernity
430:West Asia
411:East Asia
330:West Asia
307:East Asia
247:West Asia
228:East Asia
184:Axial Age
86:Neolithic
80:Timelines
48:Stone Age
10642:Schengen
10572:Eurozone
10412:Property
10407:Religion
10298:Frankish
10288:Germanic
10268:Paganism
10189:Religion
10177:European
10089:Humanism
9992:Religion
9951:Painting
9917:Internet
9868:Folklore
9839:Clothing
9810:Calendar
9786:Cyrillic
9771:Alphabet
9734:Cold War
9377:See also
9123:Scottish
9083:Haskalah
9071:Hussites
9042:Religion
8921:England
8810:Germany
8779:Politics
8749:Concepts
8448:(2003).
8414:Archived
8410:27559562
8283:(v. 1),
8236:Humanism
8166:Archived
7784:Archived
7762:Archived
7643:Archived
7529:Archived
7417:Archived
7378:Archived
7339:Archived
7300:Archived
7241:Archived
7237:48578016
7198:Archived
7163:Archived
7124:Archived
7095:Archived
7056:Archived
7017:Archived
6978:Archived
6939:Archived
6900:Archived
6861:Archived
6810:Archived
6771:Archived
6732:Archived
6693:Archived
6654:Archived
6615:Archived
6562:Archived
6523:Archived
6484:Archived
6445:Archived
6406:Archived
6367:Archived
6328:Archived
6289:Archived
6225:Archived
6175:Archived
6124:Archived
6088:(1995).
5784:Archived
5752:Archived
5734:(2006).
5706:Archived
5667:Archived
5591:Archived
5561:Archived
5539:(2006).
5511:Archived
5418:Archived
5358:ProQuest
5332:ProQuest
5309:ProQuest
5265:56350180
5157:Archived
5118:Archived
5050:56350180
4979:Archived
4848:(2016).
4800:ProQuest
4796:40400462
4767:Archived
4685:Archived
4661:(2010).
4630:(2003):
4604:Archived
4538:Archived
4426:40929823
4365:40929823
4273:See also
4143:umanisti
4108:umanista
4091:Humanism
4085:Humanism
4035:Voltaire
4012:Puritans
3927:and the
3925:politics
3821:bifocals
3686:taxonomy
3352:and the
3330:Catholic
3080:history)
3057:Americas
3009:city of
2962:Le Nôtre
2746:Cossacks
2606:and the
2512:heretics
2169:printing
2091:arquebus
1993:Americas
1955:Timbuktu
1872:Manghuds
1856:Kipchaks
1852:Pashtuns
1560:Calcutta
1385:monetary
1344:artisans
1210:1830 by
1180:arquebus
1150:argues,
1124:Jurchens
1063:Acapulco
916:region.
853:and the
731:and the
697:Crusades
675:Overview
601:Napoleon
585:Crusades
449:See also
293:Americas
278:Timeline
175:Iron Age
72:Holocene
26:a series
24:Part of
10487:Benelux
10392:Thought
10342:Atheism
10283:Finnish
10259:Culture
10254:Judaism
10216:Eastern
10212:Western
10207:Culture
10141:Paradox
10007:Decline
9968:Science
9844:History
9832:Studies
9815:Cuisine
9803:Periods
9763:Culture
9592:History
9558:Eastern
9553:Western
9504:culture
9269:General
9233:Authors
9203:Science
9133:Radical
9113:English
8936:France
8910:Leaders
8815:Britain
8676:Germany
8661:England
8630:Baroque
8598:Outline
8246:(1990).
7558:120–121
6600:Belgium
5424:27 July
5124:28 July
4920:3632434
4691:20 June
4442:1635517
4381:1635517
4248:baptism
4207:Bavaria
4053:, with
4021:French
4014:of the
3949:gravity
3736:In the
3699:geology
3385:Jesuits
3051:British
3011:Utrecht
2942:Le Brun
2930:Boileau
2922:Molière
2914:Turenne
2906:Mazarin
2856:in 1648
2794:compass
2784:In the
2750:pirates
2699:Ivan IV
2524:sorcery
2423:muskets
2415:Bohemia
2411:Jan Hus
2245:Raphael
2222:realist
2052:Russian
2048:British
2042:at the
2019:at the
2005:England
1925:Dahomey
1860:Naimans
1807:Ardabil
1773:Morocco
1765:Tunisia
1761:Algeria
1745:Persian
1662:Sumatra
1486:Islamic
1375:on the
1365:daimyōs
1361:daimyōs
1348:traders
1340:farmers
1336:samurai
1332:warrior
1327:daimyōs
1281:of the
1278:shōguns
1212:Hokusai
1192:tempura
1140:Beijing
1035:Beijing
1031:Nanjing
902:culture
882:Safavid
868:In the
811:carrack
794:of the
770:As the
406:Oceania
302:Oceania
223:Oceania
157:Ancient
102:Present
10507:CANZUK
10397:Speech
10325:Slavic
10303:Gothic
10278:Celtic
10273:Baltic
10172:Values
9973:Values
9533:Greece
9384:Europe
9160:fields
8805:France
8694:Events
8671:France
8666:Papacy
8458:
8408:
8398:
8357:
8332:
8291:(v. 2)
8287:
8279:
8172:4 July
7809:
7713:
7682:
7656:
7589:
7564:
7535:8 July
7500:Check
7481:
7438:
7409:
7370:
7331:
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6607:
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6476:
6437:
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6320:
6281:
6231:8 July
6203:
6160:, 1970
6064:
6019:
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5834:
5790:30 May
5744:
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5567:26 May
5553:
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5478:8 July
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4219:Geneva
4215:Venice
4069:, and
4041:. The
3994:, and
3921:ethics
3881:Reason
3823:, and
3379:, the
3346:Christ
3163:, and
3128:, and
3069:, and
3041:. The
3025:, the
2946:Rigaud
2926:Racine
2918:Vauban
2828:piracy
2796:, new
2790:spices
2758:steppe
2707:Caesar
2538:, and
2500:, and
2296:Valois
2253:Titian
2243:, and
2121:, who
2115:Otto I
2095:musket
2034:, the
1981:Europe
1969:Europe
1939:, and
1896:ghazis
1891:Hotaki
1887:Afghan
1870:, and
1864:Kangly
1848:Uzbeks
1834:Uzbeks
1767:, and
1747:Shi'a
1715:, and
1696:, and
1670:Borneo
1664:, the
1612:, the
1552:Bengal
1548:diwani
1505:Europe
1467:Mughal
1430:Dorgon
1402:Joseon
1353:Sakoku
1346:, and
1324:. The
1253:shōgun
1086:Taiwan
994:Dejima
960:Nguyen
904:, and
886:Mughal
884:, and
839:Muisca
833:, the
829:, the
751:, and
749:Venice
651:, the
499:Future
439:Europe
387:Africa
360:Modern
339:Europe
288:Africa
256:Europe
204:Africa
10662:USMCA
10517:CEFTA
10472:AUKUS
10462:ANZUS
10457:ANZUK
10402:Press
10320:Roman
9985:Sport
9929:Chant
9924:Music
9912:Media
9905:Canon
9851:Dance
9781:Latin
9776:Greek
9622:early
9420:World
9219:Works
8417:(PDF)
8384:(PDF)
7233:JSTOR
5910:Selim
5908:From
5081:S2CID
4916:JSTOR
4792:JSTOR
4430:S2CID
4422:JSTOR
4369:S2CID
4361:JSTOR
4023:salon
3917:logic
3873:Truth
3553:Galen
3206:(now
3047:Dutch
3007:Dutch
2938:Lully
2723:Kazan
2188:Earth
2060:Asian
2015:over
1959:Jenne
1654:Hindu
1556:Bihar
1497:South
1373:Taxes
1067:Macau
1053:from
1051:Korea
1047:Macau
964:Trinh
753:Milan
745:Genoa
544:is a
10622:OSCE
10602:NATO
10547:EFTA
10512:CBSS
10497:BSEC
10387:Life
9939:Folk
9820:Diet
9632:late
9627:high
9543:Rome
9502:and
9262:Arts
8966:Wars
8586:Eras
8456:ISBN
8425:2020
8406:PMID
8396:ISBN
8355:ISBN
8330:ISBN
8285:ISBN
8277:ISBN
8174:2011
7826:and
7807:OCLC
7711:ISBN
7680:ISBN
7654:ISBN
7587:ISBN
7562:ISBN
7537:2009
7506:help
7479:ISBN
7436:ISBN
7407:ISBN
7386:2022
7368:ISBN
7347:2022
7329:ISBN
7308:2021
7290:ISBN
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7206:2022
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7064:2022
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6740:2022
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6701:2022
6683:ISBN
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6623:2022
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6570:2022
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6435:ISBN
6414:2022
6396:ISBN
6375:2022
6357:ISBN
6336:2022
6318:ISBN
6297:2022
6279:ISBN
6233:2009
6201:ISBN
6108:2020
6062:ISBN
6017:ISSN
5980:2017
5967:ISBN
5940:ISBN
5898:ISBN
5857:ISBN
5832:ISBN
5792:2013
5760:2021
5742:ISBN
5714:2021
5696:ISBN
5675:2021
5657:ISBN
5618:ISBN
5599:2010
5569:2020
5551:ISBN
5519:2019
5501:ISBN
5480:2009
5445:ISBN
5426:2018
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5261:OCLC
5251:ISBN
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4854:ISBN
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4693:2019
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4612:2013
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4438:SSRN
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2997:The
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2070:and
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1836:and
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1650:Java
1580:and
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739:and
540:The
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10557:ESA
10552:EPC
10542:EEA
10447:AER
10352:Law
10330:Neo
9878:Law
9798:Art
8388:doi
7707:219
6009:doi
5932:".
5824:doi
5073:doi
4943:hdl
4908:doi
4414:doi
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