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17738:. Quote: 1 – "We show that religious affiliation had a strong impact on the genomes of the Levantines. In particular, conversion of the region's populations to Islam appears to have introduced major rearrangements in populations' relations through admixture with culturally similar but geographically remote populations, leading to genetic similarities between remarkably distant populations like Jordanians, Moroccans, and Yemenis. Conversely, other populations, like Christians and Druze, became genetically isolated in the new cultural environment. We reconstructed the genetic structure of the Levantines and found that a pre-Islamic expansion Levant was more genetically similar to Europeans than to Middle Easterners."
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9452:
keep your deeds pure for God. He hath done thus so that when you relinquish your previous beliefs and doctrines ye shall not indeed lean on such causes of impediments and pretensions. By conveying to you the reality of his intention, the Prince of
Believers hath spared you any excuse for doing so. He hath urged you to declare your belief openly. Ye are now safe from any hand which may bring harm unto you. Ye now may find rest in his assurance ye shall not be wronged. Let those who are present convey this message unto the absent so that it may be known by both the distinguished and the common people. It shall thus become a rule to mankind; and Divine Wisdom shall prevail for all the days to come.
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worship; that in his worship I associate no past, present, or future being; that I commit my soul, my body, my property, and my offspring ... to our Lord al-Hakim ... and accept all his decrees, be they in my favour or against me ... He who attests that there is in heaven no adored god and on the earth no living imam other than our Lord al-Hakim ... belongs to the triumphant muwahhidin . Signed ... in the year ... of the slave of our Lord ... Hamzah bin 'Ali bin Ahmad, the guide of those who respond and the avenger on the polytheists with the sword of our Lord.
6568:
during the early
Islamic period. It also serves as the primary framework for understanding their historical and racial origins, as reflected in their oral traditions and written literature. This hypothesis is central to the Druze’s self-perception and cultural identity. This view is accepted by the entire Druze community in Syria and Lebanon, as well as by most Druze in Israel. The Arabic language is spoken by the Druze and is also the language in which their sacred texts are written. Scholars who hold this view argue that this linguistic connection underscores the Druze's ethnic Arab identity.
3679:
Neoplatonic, Hindu and
Buddhist belief systems, according to which souls can transfer to any living creature. Furthermore, a male Druze can be reincarnated only as another male Druze and a female Druze only as another female Druze. A Druze cannot be reincarnated in the body of a non-Druze. Additionally, souls cannot be divided and the number of souls existing in the universe is finite. The cycle of rebirth is continuous and the only way to escape is through successive reincarnations. When this occurs, the soul is united with the Cosmic Mind and achieves the ultimate happiness.
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4741:("juhhāl") revolves around a very small number of events—birth and circumcision, engagement and marriage, death and burial—and is devoid of special Druze prayers or worship. Marriage outside the Druze faith is forbidden, and if a Druze marries a non-Druze, the Druze may be ostracized and marginalized by their community. Because a non-Druze partner cannot convert to Druze faith, the couple cannot have Druze children, because the Druze faith can only be passed on through birth to two Druze parents.
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2840:(1943–49) had called the Druze a "dangerous minority", Sultan Pasha al-Atrash flew into a rage and demanded a public retraction. If it were not forthcoming, he announced, the Druze would indeed become "dangerous", and a force of 4,000 Druze warriors would "occupy the city of Damascus". Quwwatli could not dismiss Sultan Pasha's threat. The military balance of power in Syria was tilted in favor of the Druze, at least until the military build up during the
2403:, made the fatal mistake of trying to disarm the Christians and Druze of the Lebanon and to draft the latter into his army. This was contrary to the principles of the life of independence which these mountaineers had always lived, and resulted in a general uprising against Egyptian rule. The Druze of Wadi al-Taym and Ḥawran, under the leadership of Shibli al-Aryan, distinguished themselves in their stubborn resistance at their inaccessible headquarters,
175:
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6583:. Abu-Izzedin further notes that when the Druze community was established, its members were spread across a wide area of Syria. The majority of those who embraced the Druze faith were Arab tribes from the northern region, making the Arab elements of the community predominant. According to Abu-Izzedin, "ethnically", the "Wadi al-Taym has been authoritatively stated to be one of the most Arab regions of
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7028:", resulted in an independent Druze curriculum. While most Druze in Israel continue to identify as Arabs, some have adopted a distinct "Druze ethnic identity" for political or social reasons. Scholars argue that this policy, supported by a co-opted Druze political elite, privileges the Druze's communal aspects while marginalizing their broader ethnic and national identity.
3700:
repudiate from all creeds, articles and all religions and beliefs on the differences varieties, and he does not know something except obedience of almighty
Moulana Al-Hakim, and obedience is worship and that it does not engage in worship anyone ever attended or wait, and that he had handed his soul and his body and his money and all he owns to almighty Maulana Al-Hakim.
3560:). In God, there are no attributes distinct from his essence. He is wise, mighty, and just, not by wisdom, might, and justice, but by his own essence. God is "the whole of existence", rather than "above existence" or on his throne, which would make him "limited". There is neither "how", "when", nor "where" about him; he is incomprehensible.
2598:. This animosity was fueled by economic disparities, with Christians, who were generally wealthier and more prosperous, compare to the economically struggling Muslim residents. The movement culminated with the 1859–60 massacre and defeat of the Maronites by the Druze. The civil war of 1860 cost the Maronites some ten thousand lives in
2895:. He even produced a cache of Israeli weapons allegedly discovered in the Jabal. Even more painful for the Druze community was his publication of "falsified Druze religious texts" and false testimonials ascribed to leading Druze sheikhs designed to stir up sectarian hatred. This propaganda also was broadcast in the Arab world, mainly
3040:
6139:) in recognition of the common military yoke carried by the two peoples for the security of the country. Israeli Druze scholars Kais M. Firro and Rabah Halabi contend that the Israeli narrative of a “special historical bond” or “blood pact” between Druze and Jews is a myth fabricated by early Zionist circles to divide and control
17260:
5327:) ... Their women can be taken as slaves and their property can be seized ... they are to be killed whenever they are found and cursed as they described ... It is obligatory to kill their scholars and religious figures so that they do not misguide others", which in that setting would have legitimized violence against them as
5194:
non-Druze, they may face ostracism and marginalization from their community. Since a non-Druze partner cannot convert to the Druze faith, the couple cannot have Druze children, as the Druze faith can only be inherited from two Druze parents at birth. Marrying a non-Druze, whether male or female, is viewed as
2688:, the Druzites have official recognition as a separate religious community with its own religious court system. Druzites are known for their loyalty to the countries they reside in, though they have a strong community feeling, in which they identify themselves as related even across borders of countries.
6567:
The
Arabian hypothesis is widely regarded as the leading explanation for the origins of the Druze people among historians, scholars, intellectuals, and religious leaders within the Druze community. This theory suggests that the Druze descended from twelve Arab tribes that migrated to Syria before and
4747:
is widely practiced by the Druze. The procedure is practiced as a cultural tradition, and has no religious significance in the Druze faith. There is no special date for this act in the Druze faith: male Druze infants are usually circumcised shortly after birth, however some remain uncircumcised until
4732:
as core elements of their identity. Arabic is their primary language, and Druze cultural practices and traditions are deeply intertwined with the broader Arab heritage. While the Druze have their unique religious beliefs and customs, they actively preserve and contribute to Arabic cultural and social
2817:
assistance. At independence the Druze, made confident by their successes, expected that
Damascus would reward them for their many sacrifices on the battlefield. They demanded to keep their autonomous administration and many political privileges accorded them by the French and sought generous economic
2718:
The Druze religion does not endorse separatism, and urges blending with the communities they reside in; the Druze have often done so to avoid persecution. Yet the Druze also have a history of resistance to occupying powers, and they have at times enjoyed more freedom than most other groups living in
2200:
In 1618, political changes in the
Ottoman sultanate had resulted in the removal of many enemies of Fakhr-al-Din from power, signaling the prince's triumphant return to Lebanon soon afterwards. Through a clever policy of bribery and warfare, he extended his domains to cover all of modern Lebanon, some
1753:
at the beginning of the world, was then passed to the prophets, then into Ali, and then into his descendants, the
Fatimid Caliphs. Al-Darazi wrote a book laying out this doctrine, but when he read from his book in the principal mosque in Cairo, it caused riots and protests against his claims and many
1227:
Although the Druze religious books describe ad-Darazi as the "insolent one" and as the "calf" who is narrow-minded and hasty, the name "Druze" is still used for identification and for historical reasons. In 1018, ad-Darazi was assassinated for his teachings; some sources claim that he was executed by
501:
are rare and strongly discouraged. They differentiate between spiritual individuals, known as "uqqāl", who hold the faith's secrets, and secular ones, known as "juhhāl", who focus on worldly matters. Druze believe that, after completing the cycle of rebirth through successive reincarnations, the soul
17930:
Doron M. Behar; Bayazit
Yunusbayev; Mait Metspalu; Ene Metspalu; Saharon Rosset; Jüri Parik; Siiri Rootsi; Gyaneshwer Chaubey; Ildus Kutuev; Guennady Yudkovsky; Elza K. Khusnutdinova; Oleg Balanovsky; Olga Balaganskaya; Ornella Semino; Luisa Pereira; David Comas; David Gurwitz; Batsheva Bonne-Tamir;
9451:
Remove ye the causes of fear and estrangement from yourselves. Do away with the corruption of delusion and conformity. Be ye certain that the Prince of
Believers hath given unto you free will, and hath spared you the trouble of disguising and concealing your true beliefs, so that when ye work ye may
6433:
The second approach, used by Druze historians, scholars, intellectuals and clerics, emphasizes the migration and settlement of Arab tribes to highlight the pure Arab lineage of those who adopted Druze beliefs in the 11th century. Proponents argue that the Druze speak a "pure Arab dialect" and are of
2867:
and socialist views), the Druze community was subjected to a heavy attack by the Syrian government. Shishakli believed that among his many opponents in Syria, the Druze were the most potentially dangerous, and he was determined to crush them. He frequently proclaimed: "My enemies are like a serpent:
2090:
The 16th and 17th centuries witnessed a succession of armed Druze rebellions against the Ottomans countered by repeated Ottoman punitive expeditions against the Chouf, in which the Druze population of the area was severely depleted and many villages destroyed. These military measures, severe as they
14953:
Some Muslim rulers and jurists have advocated the persecution of members of the Druze Movement beginning with the seventh Fatimi Caliph Al-Zahir, in 1022. Recurring period of persecutions in subsequent centuries ... failure to elucidate their beliefs and practices, have contributed to the ambiguous
14161:
Some Muslim rulers and jurists have advocated the persecution of members of the Druze Movement beginning with the seventh Fatimi Caliph Al-Zahir, in 1022. Recurring period of persecutions in subsequent centuries ... failure to elucidate their beliefs and practices, have contributed to the ambiguous
2796:
The Druze always played a far more important role in Syrian politics than its comparatively small population would suggest. With a community of little more than 100,000 in 1949, or roughly three percent of the Syrian population, the Druze of Syria's southwestern mountains constituted a potent force
18149:
Agranat-Tamir L, Waldman S, Martin MS, Gokhman D, Mishol N, Eshel T, Cheronet O, Rohland N, Mallick S, Adamski N, Lawson AM, Mah M, Michel MM, Oppenheimer J, Stewardson K, Candilio F, Keating D, Gamarra B, Tzur S, Novak M, Kalisher R, Bechar S, Eshed V, Kennett DJ, Faerman M, Yahalom-Mack N, Monge
6674:
within Israeli society. Firro argues that efforts to create a separate Druze identity distinct from Arabs are politically motivated and lack historical basis, citing Druze religious and historical literature that affirms their Arab heritage. Scholar Michael Cohen adds that, despite the Israeli and
4845:
Scholar Robert Brenton Betts explains that the Druze social structure is characterized by a strong sense of community and the leadership of religious elders known as 'sheikhs'. These leaders are pivotal in guiding both the spiritual and social aspects of Druze life, which is crucial for preserving
4841:
both argue that the Druze are profoundly embedded within the Arab cultural framework, as demonstrated by their common language and social customs. They assert that this integration is apparent through the Druze's active participation in regional traditions and their assimilation into Arab society,
2640:
and the Druze founded modern Lebanon in the early eighteenth century, through the ruling and social system known as the "Maronite-Druze dualism" which developed in Ottoman-era Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate, creating one of the calmest atmospheres that Lebanon had ever lived in. The ruling and social
1823:
For the next seven years, the Druze faced extreme persecution by al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah, who wanted to eradicate the faith. This was the result of a power struggle inside of the Fatimid Calphate, in which the Druze were viewed with suspicion because they refused to recognize the new caliph as
681:
Several theories about the origins of the Druze have been proposed, with the Arabian hypothesis being the most widely accepted among historians, intellectuals, and religious leaders within the Druze community. This hypothesis significantly influences the Druze’s self-perception, cultural identity,
15488:
But perhaps the most far reaching change was the fatwa commanding the readmission to mainstream Islam of the Shia, Alawis, and Druze. They had been considered heretics and idolaters for hundreds of years, but Nasser put an end to this for once and for all. While endearing himself to the majority
12539:
I ... son of ... being sane of spirit and body and duly qualified, attest on my soul, without compulsion or constraint, that I renounce all the different cults, religions, and creeds and acknowledge nothing other than obedience to our Lord al-Hakim, revered be his name, and obedience is
6438:
marriage. This view maintains that most Druze are descended from 12 Arab tribes that migrated to Syria before the Islamic period. It relies on historical records, Druze chronicles, and genealogical trees reconstructed by Druze families to trace their ancestry and settlement in Syria. According to
3894:
and the esoteric nature of the faith, in which many teachings are kept secretive. This is done in order to keep the religion from those who are not yet prepared to accept the teachings and therefore could misunderstand it, as well as to protect the community when it is in danger. Some claim to be
3623:
without the Nasut becoming Lahut. This is like one's image in the mirror: One is in the mirror, but does not become the mirror. The Druze manuscripts are emphatic and warn against the belief that the Nasut is God ... Neglecting this warning, individual seekers, scholars, and other spectators
3333:
Some scholars maintain that Israel has tried to separate the Druze from other Arab communities, and that the effort has influenced the way Israel's Druze perceive their modern identity. Survey data suggests that Israeli Druze prioritize their identity first as Druze (religiously), second as Arabs
1875:
state that this confusion is due to confusion about the role of the early preacher al-Darazi, whose teachings the Druze rejected as heretical. These sources assert that al-Hakim rejected al-Darazi's claims of divinity, and ordered the elimination of his movement while supporting that of Hamza ibn
1827:
Many spies, mainly the followers of al-Darazi, joined the Unitarian movement to infiltrate the Druze community. The spies set about agitating trouble and soiling the reputation of the Druze. This resulted in friction with the new caliph who clashed militarily with the Druze community. The clashes
1296:
According to the Institute of Druze Studies, as of 1998, approximately 40–50% of Druze live in Syria, 30–40% in Lebanon, 6–7% in Israel, and 1–2% in Jordan. About 2% of the Druze are scattered across other Middle Eastern countries, and there were approximately 20,000 Druze in the United States at
6802:
Cruciani, in 2007, found E1b1b1a2 (E-V13) in high levels (>10% of the male population) in Cypriot and Druze lineages. Recent genetic clustering analyses of ethnic groups are consistent with the close ancestral relationship between the Druze and Cypriots, and also identified similarity to the
6769:
region have among the highest rate of the newly evolved ASPM- Haplogroup D, at 52.2% occurrence of the approximately 6,000-year-old allele. While it is not yet known exactly what selective advantage is provided by this gene variant, the Haplogroup D allele is thought to be positively selected in
4896:
Conversely, despite sharing historical roots with Muslims, the Druze often experience a more complex relationship with Muslim communities due to their distinct religious beliefs and practices. Historically, the Druze faced significant persecution from Muslim regimes, which led them to keep their
2663:
family, originated in local disputes and Druze unwillingness to pay taxes and conscript into the Ottoman Army. The rebellion ended in brutal suppression of the Druze by General Sami Pasha al-Farouqi, significant depopulation of the Hauran region and execution of the Druze leaders in 1910. In the
6594:
highlights that the Tanukhids, an Arab tribe, hold a significant place in Druze history. She asserts that the Druze claims of Arab origin were not driven by self-interest, as Arabs were no longer in a dominant position when the Druze community was founded in the 11th century. Furthermore, Druze
6342:
According to Firro, two main approaches have been used to trace Druze origins. The first examines religious texts and the ethnic backgrounds of the early Druze leaders. The second focuses on the migration and settlement patterns of ancient peoples and tribes in the Druze regions before the 11th
5202:
who marry outside the religion. Consequently, those who leave the Druze religion due to interfaith marriage are forced to leave their village and are exiled to distant, non-Druze areas. This religious and social pressure leads to their isolation and classification as outcasts within their Druze
4740:
Traditionally, most Druze are not initiated into the deeper secrets of the faith and are considered "juhhāl", or "the ignorant". Only a minority, known as the "uqqāl" or "enlightened," are initiated into the Druze holy books and engage in religious study. The religious life of the average Druze
4109:
Formal Druze worship is confined to weekly meeting on Thursday evenings, during which all members of community gather together to discuss local issues before those not initiated into the secrets of the faith (the juhhāl, or the ignorant) are dismissed, and those who are "uqqāl" or "enlightened"
3699:
I rely on our Moula Al-Hakim the lonely God, the individual, the eternal, who is out of couples and numbers, (someone) the son of (someone) has approved recognition enjoined on himself and on his soul, in a healthy of his mind and his body, permissibility aversive is obedient and not forced, to
1819:
Al-Hakim was replaced by his underage son, al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah. The Unitarian/Druze movement acknowledged al-Zahir as the caliph but continued to regard Hamzah as its Imam. The young caliph's regent, Sitt al-Mulk, ordered the army to destroy the movement in 1021. At the same time, Bahāʼ
1614:
Al-Darazi was converted early to the Unitarian faith and became one of its early preachers. At that time, the movement enlisted a large number of adherents. As the number of his followers grew, he became obsessed with his leadership and gave himself the title "The Sword of the Faith". Al-Darazi
14791:
While they appear parallel to those of normative Islam, in the Druze religion they are different in meaning and interpretation. The religion is considered distinct from the Ismaili as well as from other Muslims belief and practice... Most Druze consider themselves fully assimilated in American
3678:
Reincarnation is a paramount principle in the Druze faith. Reincarnations occur instantly at one's death because there is an eternal duality of the body and the soul and it is impossible for the soul to exist without the body. A human soul will transfer only to a human body, in contrast to the
2441:
Arabs who were regarded as inferior by the Yemenites who were earlier and more cultured emigrants into Syria from southern Arabia. Druze and Christians grouped in political, rather than religious, parties; the party lines in Lebanon obliterated ethnic and religious lines and the people grouped
2105:, or leading chiefs, leaving the maintenance of law and order and the collection of taxes in the area in the hands of the appointed amir. This arrangement was to provide the cornerstone for the privileged status ultimately enjoyed by the whole of Mount Lebanon, Druze and Christian areas alike.
15291:
Orientalist literature frequently affiliates the Druze religion with the Muslim faith, although it seems as different from Islam as Islam is from Christianity or Christianity is from Judaism (Bryer 1975b, 239). The Muslim consider Druze doctrine to be heresy specifically because it extols the
6669:
Druze researchers and historians from Israel, such as Kais M. Firro, Rabah Halabi, Munir Fakhr El-Din, and Afifa E. Kheir, confirm that the Druze are Arabs and note that this was not a contentious issue in Israel before 1962. Halabi observes that Israeli policies aimed at granting the Druze a
2593:
The Maronite-Druze conflict in 1840–60 was an outgrowth of the Maronite independence movement, directed against the Druze, Druze feudalism, and the Ottoman-Turks. The civil war was not therefore a religious war, except in Damascus, where it spread and where the vastly non-Druze population was
6902:
According to a 2015 study, Druze have a largely similar genome with Middle Eastern Arabs, but they have not married outside of their clans in 1000 years and Druze families from different regions share a similarity with each other that distinguishes them from other Middle Eastern populations.
5193:
The Druze doctrine not permit outsiders to convert to their religion, as only one who is born to Druze parents can be considered a Druze. Marriage outside the Druze faith is uncommon and strongly discouraged for both males and females. If a Druze individual, whether male or female, marries a
6035:, a Jewish traveler from the 12th century, pointed out that the Druze maintained good commercial relations with the Jews nearby, and according to him this was because the Druze liked the Jewish people. Yet, the Jews and Druze lived isolated from each other, except in few mixed towns such as
5138:). Mate is often the first item served when entering a Druze home. It is a social drink and can be shared between multiple participants. After each drinker, the metal straw is cleaned with lemon rind. Traditional snacks eaten with mate include raisins, nuts, dried figs, biscuits, and chips.
1223:
In 1016 ad-Darazi and his followers openly proclaimed their beliefs and called people to join them, causing riots in Cairo against the Unitarian movement including Hamza bin Ali and his followers. This led to the suspension of the movement for one year and the expulsion of ad-Darazi and his
2629:
dismembered. But European intervention pressured the Turks to treat the Maronites more justly. Following the recommendations of the powers, the Ottoman Porte granted Lebanon local autonomy, guaranteed by the powers, under a Maronite governor. This autonomy was maintained until World War I.
4532:. The "juhhāl" are the vast majority of the Druze community. The cohesiveness and frequent inter-community social interaction, however, enables most Druze to have an idea about their broad ethical requirements and have some sense of what their theology consists of (albeit often flawed).
3330:, just as most citizens do in Israel. Members of the community have attained top positions in Israeli politics and public service. The number of Druze parliament members usually exceeds their proportion in the Israeli population, and they are integrated within several political parties.
2254:, bringing an end to an era in the history of Lebanon, which would not regain its current boundaries until it was proclaimed a mandate state and republic in 1920. One version recounts that the younger son was spared, raised in the harem and went on to become Ottoman Ambassador to India.
14982:
Historically, Islam classified Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians as protected "People of the Book," a secondary status subject to payment of a poll tax. Nevertheless, Zoroastrians suffered significant persecution. Other religions such as the Alawites, Alevis, and Druze often suffered
14190:
Historically, Islam classified Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians as protected "People of the Book," a secondary status subject to payment of a poll tax. Nevertheless, Zoroastrians suffered significant persecution. Other religions such as the Alawites, Alevis, and Druze often suffered
6470:
by the Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah. Talea' adds that, over time, the Druze developed a strong sense of their pure Arab origins, believing that, apart from their unique religious practices, their spiritual and material culture closely mirrored that of the broader population of
2876:. If I crush the head, the serpent will die." Shishakli dispatched 10,000 regular troops to occupy the Jebel al-Druze. Several towns were bombarded with heavy weapons, killing scores of civilians and destroying many houses. According to Druze accounts, Shishakli encouraged neighboring
3610:
is the core spiritual beliefs in the Druze and some other intellectual and spiritual traditions ... In a mystical sense, it refers to the light of God experienced by certain mystics who have reached a high level of purity in their spiritual journey. Thus, God is perceived as the
16429:
Jesus is known in the Druze tradition as the "True Messiah" (al-Masih al-Haq), for he delivered what Druzes view as the true message. He is also referred to as the "Messiah of the Nations" (Masih al-Umam) because he was sent to the world as "Masih of Sins" because he is the one who
12144:
The early migrants tended to mix well with the local population in Venezuela. The Eastern Christians, regardless of the long-standing disagreements (to put it lightly) between the Catholic and Eastern Christian faiths, converted quickly, and even the Druze and Muslims converted to
4642:, which is an official position in Syria, Lebanon, and Israel, is elected by the local community and serves as the head of the Druze religious council, judges from the Druze religious courts are usually elected for this position. Unlike the spiritual leaders, the authority of the
16877:
The Druze and local Muslims vandalised the Jewish quarter. During three days, though they enacted a replay of the 1834 plunder, looting homes and desecrating synagogues—no deaths were reported. What could not be stolen was smashed and burned. Jews caught outdoors were robbed and
7019:
In 1962, Israel redefined the Druze's ethnic identity from "Arab" to "Druze" on official documents, creating a distinct political and national identity and establishing a separate education system to foster a "Druze and Israeli" consciousness. This initiative aimed to counteract
5295:
Since Druze emerged from Islam and share certain beliefs with Islam, its position of whether it is a separate religion or a sect of Islam is sometimes controversial among Muslim scholars. Druze are not considered Muslims by those belonging to orthodox Islamic schools of thought.
16148:
It is obligatory among Jews, Muslims, and Coptic Christians. Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant Christians do not require circumcision. Starting in the last half of the 19th century, however, circumcision also became common among Christians in Europe and especially in North
1770:
of God. An inherently modest man, al-Hakim did not believe that he was God, and felt al-Darazi was trying to depict himself as a new prophet. In 1018 Al-Hakim had al-Darazi executed, leaving Hamza the sole leader of the new faith and al-Darazi considered to be a renegade.
6626:
during the early period of Islam and its conquests. Later, they migrated and settled in Lebanon. Makarem highlights the Druze's strong Arab heritage, noting that early Druze followers were predominantly of Arab descent. He also points out that many tribes settling in the
9353:
The Druze are an ethnoreligious group concentrated in Syria, Lebanon, and Israel with around one million adherents worldwide. The Druze follow a millenarian offshoot of Isma'ili Shi'ism. Followers emphasize Abrahamic monotheism but consider the religion as separate from
7848:
The Druze are an ethnoreligious group concentrated in Syria, Lebanon, and Israel with around one million adherents worldwide. The Druze follow a millenarian offshoot of Isma'ili Shi'ism. Followers emphasize Abrahamic monotheism but consider the religion as separate from
5181:
by some Druze sheikhs is highly regarded within their community. It's not uncommon for a sheikh to request celibacy from his fiancée, and many Druze sheikhs remain unmarried throughout their lives. In Druze belief, sex is seen not as an end in itself but as a means of
3624:
have considered al-Hakim and other figures divine. ... In the Druze scriptural view, Tajalli takes a central stage. One author comments that Tajalli occurs when the seeker's humanity is annihilated so that divine attributes and light are experienced by the person.
2059:
authors generally write of the campaigns from a pro-Mamluk stance, seeing in them the legitimate Muslim state's efforts to incorporate Mount Lebanon into the Islamic realm, while Druze authors write with a focus on the Druze community's consistent connection to
1724:
are thought to still exist in the Druze of today. The souls of those who took the vows during the call are believed to be continuously reincarnating in successive generations of Druze until the return of al-Hakim to proclaim a second Divine call and establish a
1659:
or unitarian call is the Druze period of time that was opened at sunset on Thursday, 30 May 1017 by Ad-Darazi. The call summoned people to a true unitarian belief that removed all attributes (wise, just, outside, inside, etc.) from God. It promoted absolute
16177:
Christian theology generally interprets male circumcision to be an Old Testament rule that is no longer an obligation ... though in many countries (especially the United States and Sub-Saharan Africa, but not so much in Europe) it is widely practiced among
4308:
and gives consciousness. The soul embodies the mind and is responsible for transmigration and the character of oneself. The word, which is the atom of language, communicates qualia between humans and represents the platonic forms in the sensible world. The
4524:), literally "the Ignorant", but in practice referring to the non-initiated Druze. However, that term is seldom used by the Druze. Those Druze are not granted access to the Druze holy literature or allowed to attend the initiated religious meetings of the
5250:
and considered him divine; he also defines the Druzes as a religion that deviated from Islam. He also added that as a result of this deviation, the Druze faith "seems as different from Islam as Islam is from Christianity or Christianity is from Judaism".
4759:, observed between April 25 and 28. This pilgrimage is dedicated to Shu'ayb, whom Druze believe to be a prophet and whose purported tomb is located at this shrine. This event is so important that it is officially recognized as a public holiday in Israel.
3976:
and considered him divine; he also defines the Druzes as a religion that deviated from Islam. He also added that as a result of this deviation, the Druze faith "seems as different from Islam as Islam is from Christianity or Christianity is from Judaism".
6658:. In addition, Israeli Druze historian Yusri Hazran describes the Druze narrative, which holds that twelve Arab tribes migrated into the Syrian region either before the rise of Islam or during the early Islamic period. These tribes were predominantly of
5884:: In Christianity, Jesus is the central figure, seen as the messiah. To the Druze, Jesus is an important prophet of God, being among the seven prophets (including Muhammad) who appeared in different periods of history. The Druze revere Jesus "the son of
1808:
Persecutions started forty days after the disappearance into Occultation of al-Hakim, who was thought to have been converting people to the Unitarian faith for over twenty years prior. Al-Hakim convinced some heretical followers such as al-Darazi of his
3248:
of more than 100,000, mostly residing in the north of the country. In 2004, there were 102,000 Druze living in the country. In 2010, the population of Israeli Druze citizens grew to over 125,000. At the end of 2018, there were 143,000 in Israel and the
1891:, was one of the two most important centers of Druze missionary activity in the 11th century and was the first area where the Druze appeared in the historical record under the name "Druze". It is generally considered the birthplace of the Druze faith.
5810:
is widely seen as central to the Christian faith, unlike the Druze who do not accept converts. Marriage outside the Druze faith is rare and is strongly discouraged. Similarities between the Druze and Christians include commonalities in their view of
3044:
4850:, as examples of how these traditions, along with the role of the sheikhs, are deeply ingrained in Druze social life. He argues that these practices are not just religious rituals but are fundamental to reinforcing Druze unity and continuity.
4704:, and are not obliged to observe most of the religious rituals. The Druze believe that rituals are symbolic and have an individualistic effect on the person, for which reason Druze are free to perform them, or not. The community does celebrate
3041:
16800:(1980), Vol. 2, p. 531. "In 1662 Sabbathai Sevi arrived in Jerusalem. It was the time when the Jewish settlements of Galilee were destroyed by the Druze: Tiberias was completely desolate and only a few former Safed residents had returned..."
16210:
Uniformly practiced by Jews, Muslims, and the members of Coptic, Ethiopian, and Eritrean Orthodox Churches, male circumcision remains prevalent in many regions of the world, particularly Africa, South and East Asia, Oceania, and Anglosphere
2261:
a consulate, and Christian missionaries were admitted into the country. Beirut and Sidon, which Fakhr-al-Din II beautified, still bear traces of his benign rule. See the new biography of this Prince, based on original sources, by TJ Gorton:
670:(literally the "Mountain of the Druze"). The Druze community played a critically important role in shaping the history of the Levant, where it continues to play a significant political role. As a religious minority, they have often faced
2951:, which had a Druze majority of around 90% and a significant Christian minority. This region accounted for 48.2% of the total Druze population in Syria. Additionally, about 250,000 Druze, or 35.7% of the total Druze population, lived in
6465:
According to Druze historian Amin Talea', Druze oral and written traditions recount that twelve Arab tribes converted to Islam and fought alongside Muslim warriors until they were introduced to the Druze religion by preachers sent from
15245:
In addition, there are several quasi-Muslim sects, in that, although they follow many of the beliefs and practices of orthodox Islam, the majority of Sunnis consider them heretical. These would be the Ahmadiyya, Druze, Ibadi, and the
14683:
Druze who survive as a small minority in Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan (their estimated number in these countries totaled around one million in the beginning of the 21st century) diverge substantially from Islam, both Sunni and
5058:), cooked in a pressure cooker and served on huge special plates at weddings, holidays, and other special occasions. And consists of bulgur wheat immersed in ghee with lamb and yogurt, and served hot with fried kibbeh and vegetables.
2300:, a move seen by local Druze as an attempt to assert control. Contemporary historian Istifan al-Duwayhi reports that Korkmaz was killed in act of treachery by the Beylerbey of Damascus in 1662. Ahmad however emerged victorious in the
13416:
Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East: Collected Papers of the International Symposium "Alevism in Turkey and Comparable Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East in the Past and Present", Berlin, 14–17 April
2304:
among the Druze in 1667, but the Maʿnīs lost control of Safad and retreated to controlling the iltizam of the Shuf mountains and Kisrawan. Ahmad continued as local ruler through his death from natural causes, without heir, in 1697.
2925:
and Druze territories had to be accomplished in part using violence. To this end, al-Shishakli encouraged the stigmatization of minorities. He saw minority demands as tantamount to treason. His increasingly chauvinistic notions of
6622:) were pivotal centers for Druze missionary activity in the 11th century, inhabited by Arab tribes. He explains that Druze oral traditions and religious documents suggest that most Druze ancestors came from twelve Arab tribes in
11695:
Virtually all Muslims (99%) and Christians (96%) surveyed in Israel identify as Arab. A somewhat smaller share of Druze (71%) say they are ethnically Arab. Other Druze respondents identify their ethnicity as "Other," "Druze" or
3162:
The Druze community is primarily located in the rural and mountainous regions to the east and south of Beirut. They represent approximately 5.2 percent of Lebanon’s population and are spread across 136 villages in areas such as
2442:
themselves into one or the other of these two parties regardless of their religious affiliations. The sanguinary feuds between these two factions depleted, in course of time, the manhood of the Lebanon and ended in the decisive
553:. This has led to the development of a distinct and secretive theology, characterized by an esoteric interpretation of scripture that emphasizes the importance of the mind and truthfulness. Druze beliefs include the concepts of
5069:
sometime during his reign (996–1021). While the ban was eventually lifted after the end of his reign, the Druze, who hold Al-Hakim in high regard and give him quasi-divine authority, continue to respect the ban, and do not eat
4901:
were aimed at eradicating the entire community. This narrative has shaped the Druze sense of identity and their awareness of survival. As a survival strategy, some Druze have historically posed as Muslims, a practice known as
3056:
The Druzite community in Lebanon played an important role in the formation of the modern state of Lebanon, and even though they are a minority they play an important role in the Lebanese political scene. Before and during the
6841:
lineages that appear to have separated from each other thousands of years ago. But instead of dispersing throughout the world after their separation, the full range of lineages can still be found within the Druze population.
2664:
outcome of the revolt, 2,000 Druze were killed, a similar number wounded, and hundreds of Druze fighters imprisoned. Al-Farouqi also disarmed the population, extracted significant taxes, and launched a census of the region.
3233:
1301:
estimates that the global Druze population is around 1 million. He notes that about 45% to 50% live in Syria, 35% to 40% live in Lebanon, and less than 10% live in Israel. Recently, there has been a growing Druze diaspora.
6910:, in comparison with ancient humans (including Anatolian and Armenian), and on Geographic Population Structure (GPS) tool by converting genetic distances into geographic distances, concluded that Druze might hail from the
6960:
In a principal component analysis of a 2014 study, Druze were located between Lebanese people and Mizrahi Jews. In a PCA in a 2021 study, Druze were close to Lebanese people and a part of the larger Levant-Iraq cluster.
1847:
In 1038, two years after the death of al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah, the Druze movement was able to resume because the new leadership that replaced him had friendly political ties with at least one prominent Druze leader.
1277:("Druzes") occurs in an early Hebrew edition of his travels, but it is clear that this is a scribal error. Be that as it may, he described the Druze as "mountain dwellers, monotheists, who believe in 'soul eternity' and
14387:
5419:, those that do sometimes challenge the religious legitimacy of Shaltut's fatwa because it was issued for political reasons, as Gamal Abdel Nasser saw it as a tool to spread his appeal and influence across the entire
3043:
1619:
rather than Hamza ibn Ali and gave himself the title "Lord of the Guides" because Caliph al-Hakim referred to Hamza as "Guide of the Consented". It is said that al-Darazi allowed wine, forbidden marriages and taught
5920:), and the Messiah of Sinners. This is due, respectively, to the belief that Jesus delivered the true Gospel message, the belief that he was the Saviour of all nations, and the belief that he offers forgiveness.
1844:. As a result, the faith went underground, in hope of survival, as those captured were either forced to renounce their faith or be killed. Druze survivors "were found principally in southern Lebanon and Syria".
10549:.. Europeans who visited the area during this period related that the Druze "love the Christians more than the other believers," and that they "hate the Turks, the Muslims and the Arabs with an intense hatred.
4022:
The number 5 contains an unstated significance within the Druze faith; it is believed in this area that great prophets come in groups of five. In the time of the ancient Greeks, these five were represented by
2145:
were acknowledged by the new rulers as the feudal lords of southern Lebanon. Druze villages spread and prospered in that region, which under Ma'an leadership so flourished that it acquired the generic term of
6799:. A 2008 study done on larger samples showed that L-M20 averages 27% in Mount Carmel Druze, 2% in Galilee Druze, 8% in Lebanese Druze, and it was not found in a sample of 59 Syrian Druze (Slush et al. 2008).
1914:
in Egypt (1250–1516); first, to assist them in putting an end to what remained of Crusader rule in the coastal Levant, and later to help them safeguard the Lebanese coast against Crusader retaliation by sea.
16992:
1209:
in human beings to ad-Darazi naming himself "The Sword of the Faith", which led Hamza to write an epistle refuting the need for the sword to spread the faith and several epistles refuting the beliefs of the
13828:
There are many references to the Druze refusal to observe this common Muslim practice, one of the earliest being the rediscoverer of the ruins of Petra, John Burckhardt. "The Druses do not circumcise their
7831:
Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above.
1704:
instead of mosques. Such gatherings and traditions were not compulsory and people were encouraged to pursue a state of compliance with the real law of nature governing the universe. Epistle thirteen of the
18202:
3695:) is considered the entrance to the Druze religion, and they believe that all Druze in their past lives have signed this Charter, and Druze believe that this Charter embodies with human souls after death.
17724:
Heretofore studies of the Ituraeans have been based on historical sources and written history. Archaeological surveys from 1968 to ... Proposes the possibility that the Druze descended from the Ituraeans.
2008:. Thus, they were not trustworthy and should not be forgiven. He taught also that Muslims cannot accept Druze penitence nor keep them alive, and that Druze property should be confiscated and their women
5415:; a precautionary dissimulation or denial of religious belief and practice in the face of persecution. Some sects of Islam, including all Shia denominations, don't recognize the religious authority of
3918:
3494:
is the second largest home of Druze communities outside the Middle East after Venezuela. Estimates vary between about 30,000 and 50,000 Druzes in the United States, with the largest concentration in
1257:
Hussayn ad-Darazī, who was one of the early converts to the faith. In the early stages of the movement, the word "Druze" is rarely mentioned by historians, and in Druze religious texts only the word
5254:
Historically the relationship between the Druze and Muslims has been characterized by intense persecution. The Druze have frequently experienced persecution by different Muslim regimes such as the
3411:
hosts the largest Druze communities outside the Middle East, estimated at around 60,000 individuals. Most of them trace their ancestry back to Lebanon and Syria. More than 200,000 people from the
2883:
Shishakli launched a brutal campaign to defame the Druze for their religion and politics. He accused the entire community of treason, at times claiming they were in the employ of the British and
11850:
15203:
The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity: Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies
9203:
Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.
8199:
Druze religious beliefs developed out of Isma'ill teachings. Various Jewish, Christian, Gnostic, Neoplatonic, and Iranian elements, however, are combined under a doctrine of strict monotheism.
6096:
2645:
was formed from the Maronite-Druze dualism, and the security stability and Druze-Maronite coexistence in the Mutasarrifate allowed the development of the economy and the system of government.
497:
as integral parts of their identity, with Arabic being their primary language. Most Druze religious practices are kept secret, and conversion to their religion is not permitted for outsiders.
15011:
the Druze religion, though originating from the Isma'lliyya, an extreme branch of the Shia, seceded completely from Islam and has, therefore, experienced periods of persecution by the latter.
14219:
the Druze religion, though originating from the Isma'lliyya, an extreme branch of the Shia, seceded completely from Islam and has, therefore, experienced periods of persecution by the latter.
5501:, whereas the Druze do not accept converts to their faith. Marriage outside the Druze faith is rare and is strongly discouraged. Islamic schools and branches allow for divorce and permit men
1317:(eastern Mediterranean). In 2021 the largest Druze communities outside the Middle East are in Venezuela, with approximately 60,000, and in the United States, with around 50,000. In 2017, the
2753:, a rugged and mountainous region in the southwest of the country, which is more than 90 percent Druze inhabited; some 120 villages are exclusively so. Other notable communities live in the
2257:
Fakhr-al-Din II was the first ruler in modern Lebanon to open the doors of his country to foreign Western influences. Under his auspices the French established a khān (hostel) in Sidon, the
2505:
in Mount Lebanon became the dominant group. The Yamani Druze exodus significantly contributed to a demographic shift in Mount Lebanon, with Maronites and other Christians, namely from the
14848:
Though their religion is related to that of the Ismailis from a historical standpoint, the Druze—who see themselves as true "unitarians" (muwah.h.idūn)—are usually not considered Muslims.
3510:; marriage outside the Druze faith is strongly discouraged according to the Druze doctrine. They also face the pressure of keeping the religion alive because many Druze immigrants to the
16898:
In the summer of 1838 the Druses revolted against Ibrahim Pasha, and once more the Jews were the scapegoat. The Moslems joined the Druses in repeating the slaughter and plunder of 1834.
11386:...comprised 50,328 inhabitants, of whom 85 per cent were Druze, and it integrated Christian communities (7,000 people) who had long lived in these mountains in harmony with the Druze.
6666:
being the most dominant among them. Subsequently, these tribes adopted the Druze doctrine. Hazran affirms that this narrative is recognized within Druze doctrine and its scriptures.
3811:
Druze do not believe that the esoteric meaning abrogates or necessarily abolishes the exoteric one. Hamza bin Ali refutes such claims by stating that if the esoteric interpretation of
3135:
and Druze, who had fought a bloody war in 1983–1984, but underscored the fact that the banner of Lebanese sovereignty had broad multi-confessional appeal and was a cornerstone for the
1309:, significant Druze communities exist in Australia, Canada, Europe, Latin America (mainly Venezuela, Colombia and Brazil), the United States, and West Africa. They are Arabs who speak
5484:. Muslims regard Muhammad as the final and paramount prophet sent by God, to the Druze, Muhammad is exalted as one of the seven prophets sent by God in different periods of history.
3319:
citizenship and identity and are treated as permanent residents of Israel. As of 2011, fewer than 10% of the Druze population in the Golan Heights had accepted Israeli citizenship.
15274:
As Druze is a nonritualistic religion without requirements to pray, fast, make pilgrimages, or observe days of rest, the Druze are not considered an Islamic people by Sunni Muslims.
6867:
A 2008 study published on the genetic background of Druze communities in Israel showed highly heterogeneous parental origins. A total of 311 Israeli Druze were sampled: 37 from the
17124:
This Jewish-Druze partnership was often referred to as a "covenant of blood," in recognition of the common military yoke carried by the two peoples for the security of the country.
3288:(also known as Yarka). The Druze live in 19 towns and villages scattered across the mountaintops in northern Israel, either in exclusively Druze areas or in mixed communities with
2625:. French intervention on behalf of the Maronites did not help the Maronite national movement, since France was restricted in 1860 by the British government, which did not want the
2813:, led the Druze military units in a successful revolt against the French, making the Jebel al-Druze the first and only region in Syria to liberate itself from French rule without
2781:, many of these Druze fled to other parts of Syria; most of those who remained live in a handful of villages in the disputed zone, while only a few live in the narrow remnant of
17742:
3 – Lebanese Christians and all Druze cluster together, and Lebanese Muslims are extended towards Syrians, Palestinians, and Jordanians, which are close to Saudis and Bedouins."
6451:
consider themselves Arabs, some Israeli Druze politicians have begun to reject the idea of Arabic racial origin as a component of Druze national identity for political reasons.
1595:
Hamza gained the support of the Fātimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, who issued a decree promoting religious freedom and eventually became a central figure in the Druze faith.
2574:
converted to Christianity, some prominent Druze families, including the Druze Abi-Lamma clan—who were close allies of the Shihabs—also converted to Christianity and joined the
1996:) and foreign by Sunni and Shia Muslims, but contributed to solidarity among the Druze, who closed their religion to new converts in 1046 due to the threat of persecution. The
1191:
Before becoming public, the movement was secretive and held closed meetings in what was known as Sessions of Wisdom. During this stage a dispute occurred between ad-Darazi and
15348:
Therefore, many of these scholars follow Ibn Taymiyya'sfatwa from the beginning of the fourteenth century that declared the Druzes and the Alawis as heretics outside Islam ...
11348:
6957:) from Canaanite / Bronze Age Levantine populations, albeit with varying sources and degrees of admixture from differing host or invading populations depending on each group.
3147:
describes Jumblatt as "the leader of Lebanon's most powerful Druze clan and heir to a leftist political dynasty". The second largest political party supported by Druze is the
12177:
3419:
sect and immigrated to Venezuela in the past century. Arab immigration to Venezuela started as early as the 19th and 20th centuries, with migrants primarily hailing from the
3042:
6879:, as well as 27 Druze immigrants from Syria and 29 from Lebanon (Slush et al. 2008). The researchers found the following frequencies of Y-chromosomal and MtDNA haplogroups:
2273:, who ruled through his death in 1658. (Fakhr ad Din's only surviving son, Husayn, lived the rest of his life as a court official in Constantinople.) Emir Mulhim exercised
2091:
were, did not succeed in reducing the local Druze to the required degree of subordination. This led the Ottoman government to agree to an arrangement whereby the different
6533:
prior to their migration into Lebanon. Many of the Druze feudal families, whose genealogies have been preserved by the two modern Syrian chroniclers Haydar al-Shihabi and
5912:
as the incarnations of one of the five great celestial powers, who form part of their system. In the Druze tradition, Jesus is known under three titles: the True Messiah (
6675:
Zionist narrative promoting a distinct "Druze ethnic identity", most Druze in Israel view their origins as Arab and consider their Druze identity primarily as religious.
17018:
1910:, to prevent them from making any encroachments inland. Subsequently, the Druze chiefs of the Gharb placed their considerable military experience at the disposal of the
16809:
Barnay, Y. The Jews in Palestine in the eighteenth century: under the patronage of the Istanbul Committee of Officials for Palestine (University of Alabama Press 1992)
1633:, Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad warns al-Darazi, saying, "Faith does not need a sword to aid it", but al-Darazi ignored Hamza's warnings and continued to challenge the Imam.
12091:
More than 200,000 people from the Sweida area carry Venezuelan citizenship and most are members of Syria's Druse sect, who immigrated to Venezuela in the past century.
1700:
was opposed and Druze traditions started during the call continue today, such as meeting for reading, prayer and social gathering on a Thursday instead of a Friday at
3931:
proclaimed him as the incarnation of God in 1018. The Druze believe that al-Hākim will return at the end of times to judge the world and establish his kingdom, while
17740:
2 – "The predominantly Muslim populations of Syrians, Palestinians and Jordanians cluster on branches with other Muslim populations as distant as Morocco and Yemen."
16230:
6898:
Maternal MtDNA haplogroup frequencies: H 32%, X 13%, K 12.5%, U 10 %, T 7.5%, HV 4.8 %, J 4.8%, I 3.5%, pre HV 3%, L2a3 2.25%, N1b 2.25%, M1 1.6%, W 1.29%.
2165:(Fakhreddin II), the Druze dominion increased until it included Lebanon-Phoenicia and almost all Syria, extending from the edge of the Antioch plain in the north to
1949:
superseded the Tanukhs in Druze leadership. The origin of the family goes back to Prince Ma'an, who made his appearance in Lebanon in the days of the Abbasid caliph
15712:
19209:
11295:
11251:
18212:
6247:
are considered important prophets of God in the Druze faith, being among the seven prophets who appeared in different periods of history. Both religions venerate
6024:. Afterwards, Messiah Jesus will expel the Jews from Jerusalem due to their spread of moral corruption worldwide. Christians will then dominate Muslims until the
2933:
After the Shishakli's military campaign, the Druze community lost much of its political influence, but many Druze military officers played important roles in the
6687:
states that the Druze are "a mixture of refugee stocks, in which the Arab largely predominates, grafted on to an original mountain population of Aramaic blood".
2433:
The conquest of Syria by the Muslim Arabs in the middle of the seventh century introduced into the land two political factions later called the Qaysites and the
16996:
16025:
Les Epitres Sacrees Des Druzes Rasa'il Al-hikma: Introduction, Edition Critique Et Traduction Annotee Des Traites Attribues a Hamza B. 'ali Et Isma'il At-tamimi
15631:
14667:
Zaman, Muhammad Qasim; Stewart, Devin J.; Mirza, Mahan; Kadi, Wadad; Crone, Patricia; Gerhard, Bowering; Hefner, Robert W.; Fahmy, Khaled; Kuran, Timur (2013).
6296:
A study carried out by th Israeli Druze historian Kais M. Firro examines various theories about the origins of the Druze, including possible connections to the
2369:. At the end of the 17th century (1697) the Shihabs succeeded the Ma'ans in the feudal leadership of Druze southern Lebanon, although they reportedly professed
2158:
region, which since the middle of the 19th century has proven a haven of refuge to Druze emigrants from Lebanon and has become the headquarters of Druze power.
19309:
5724:
writers are regarded as "carriers of wisdom". The Druze faith incorporates some elements of Christianity, in addition to adoption of Christian elements on the
5857:. Male circumcision is also widely practiced by the Druze, but as a cultural tradition, since circumcision has no religious significance in the Druze faith.
15826:
US Druze settled in small towns and kept a low profile, joining Protestant churches (usually Presbyterian or Methodist) and often Americanizing their names..
12344:
US Druze settled in small towns and kept a low profile, joining Protestant churches (usually Presbyterian or Methodist) and often Americanizing their names..
12278:
6575:, the Druze people are of Arab origin, both culturally and historically. She explains that Druze traditions and narratives consistently trace their roots to
4869:. This interaction has led to overlapping symbols, customs, mutual veneration of saints and their shrines, and shared terminology for God. Sites such as the
3131:, the ancestral stronghold of Druze leader Walid Jumblatt. The tumultuous reception that Sfeir received not only signified a historic reconciliation between
2947:, it was estimated that around 700,000 Druze lived in Syria in 2010, constituting about 3% of the population. Of these, approximately 337,500 resided in the
6458:, Arries and Kappers found that Druze in the Levant, along with their Muslim and Christian counterparts, share the same origins. Similarly, Druze historian
14997:
Marriage, Divorce, and Succession in the Druze Family: A Study Based on Decisions of Druze Arbitrators and Religious Courts in Israel and the Golan Heights
14205:
Marriage, Divorce, and Succession in the Druze Family: A Study Based on Decisions of Druze Arbitrators and Religious Courts in Israel and the Golan Heights
11856:
6047:
was built in 1638, during the Ottoman era in Lebanon, to serve the local Jewish population, some of whom were part of the immediate entourage of the Druze
5524:
is considered the founder of the Druze and the primary author of the Druze manuscripts; he proclaimed that God had become human and taken the form of man,
17810:"Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineages of Samaritans and Other Israeli Populations From Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation"
15401:
Subsequently, Muslim opponents of the Druzes have often relied on Ibn Taymiyya's religious ruling to justify their attitudes and actions against Druzes...
3906:
is considered the founder of the Druze and the primary author of the Druze manuscripts. He proclaimed that God had become human and taken the form of man.
6375:
15320:
As far as the Druze are concerned, many Muslims regard them suspiciously, arguing that they are not in fact Muslims, but rather a religion in their own.
6324:. Some even suggested a European origin. In the 17th century, there was a prevailing belief in France that the Druze were descendants of a lost army of
2659:
The Hauran rebellion was a violent Druze uprising against Ottoman authority in the Syrian province, which erupted in May 1909. The rebellion was led by
2618:
2312:, Ahmad Ma'n collaborated in a rebellion against the Ottomans which extended beyond his death. Iltizam rights in Shuf and Kisrawan passed to the rising
1787:
with Hamza ibn Ali and three other prominent preachers, leaving the care of the "Unitarian missionary movement" to a new leader, al-Muqtana Baha'uddin.
20805:
6081:
endured a month-long assault that involved extensive looting, violence, and the destruction of Jewish properties by both Druze and Muslims. During the
4141:
1894:
It was during the period of Crusader rule in Levant (1099–1291) that the Druze first emerged into the full light of history in the Gharb region of the
1188:, the name has been used to identify them, possibly by their historical opponents as a way to attach their community with ad-Darazi's poor reputation.
10464:. Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East (2nd ed.). Lanham Boulder New York London: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 50.
9424:
19083:
12494:
6933:) populations suggests a significant degree of genetic continuity in currently Arabic-speaking Levantine populations (including the Druze, Lebanese,
6154:
From 1957, the Israeli government formally recognized the Druze as a separate religious community, and are defined as a distinct ethnic group in the
6123:. In 1948, many Druze volunteered for the Israeli army and no Druze villages were destroyed or permanently abandoned. Since the establishment of the
5621:
4573:
on their heads to cover their hair and wrap it around their mouths. They wear black shirts and long skirts covering their legs to their ankles. Male
2934:
2560:
2522:
2189:
containing secret military clauses. The Sultan then sent a force against him, and he was compelled to flee the land and seek refuge in the courts of
2186:
1007:
4370:
Holy places of the Druze are archaeological sites important to the community and associated with religious holidays; the most notable example being
23291:
6454:
According to Firro, the third approach in the research on Druze origins is based on the conclusions of researchers and anthropologists. Studies by
3377:
9798:
6362:
Arabs who adopted new beliefs. He supported this with three arguments: first, the early founders and disseminators of the Druze religion were of
5548:
as their most significant holiday; though their form of observance is different compared to that of most Muslims. The Druze faith does not follow
1269:, the Jewish traveler who passed through Lebanon in or around 1165, was one of the first European writers to refer to the Druze by name. The word
25353:
23140:
15150:
4751:
Druze communities are often close-knit and maintain a strong sense of identity and solidarity. A key aspect of their religious practice includes
6953:) from the populations of the Bronze Age Levant, suggesting that the aforementioned groups all derive more than half of their overall ancestry (
4499:
The Druze do not recognize any religious hierarchy. As such, there is no "Druze clergy". Those few initiated in the Druze holy books are called
2277:
taxation rights in the Shuf, Gharb, Jurd, Matn, and Kisrawan districts of Lebanon. Mulhim's forces battled and defeated those of Mustafa Pasha,
1757:
Hamza ibn Ali rejected al-Darazi's ideology, calling him "the insolent one and Satan". The controversy led Caliph al-Hakim to suspend the Druze
24197:
18981:
18066:
6654:. He noted that some of their ancestors came from the northern part of the peninsula, while others came from the southern region, specifically
3143:
of being behind the 1977 assassination of his father, Kamal Jumblatt, expressing for the first time what many knew he privately suspected. The
16288:
15489:
Shia of Iraq and undermining Kassem might have played a part in that decision, there is no doubting the liberalism of the man in this regard.
10652:
662:. They make up 5.5% of Lebanon's population, 3% of Syria and 1.6% of Israel. The oldest and most densely-populated Druze communities exist in
18301:
Almarri, Mohamed A.; Haber, Marc; Lootah, Reem A.; Hallast, Pille; Al Turki, Saeed; Martin, Hilary C.; Xue, Yali; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2021).
12074:
7697:
5604:
that share a historical traditional connection with some major theological differences. The two faiths share a common place of origin in the
2380:(1788–1840) who, after Fakhr-al-Din, was the most powerful feudal lord Lebanon produced. Though governor of the Druze Mountain, Bashir was a
1536:
The story of the creation of the Druze faith in the days between 1017 and 1018 is dominated by three men and their struggle for influence.
9089:
The worldwide population of Druze is put at up to one million, with most living in mountainous regions in Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Israel.
4775:, where Arabic was not taught or spoken at home. The Druze Arabic dialect, especially in the rural areas, is often different from the other
2250:, and imprisoned with two of his sons in the infamous Yedi Kule prison. The Sultan had Fakhr-al-Din and his sons killed on 13 April 1635 in
24149:
21502:
11052:
7429:
4716:
4214:, literally "a limit", as in the distinctions that separate humans from animals, or the powers that make humans the animalistic body. Each
18601:
Jean-Marc Aractingi, La Face Cachée des Druzes "Les Francs-Maçons de l'Orient", 251 pages, Editeur : Independently published (2020),
17051:
5967:
are considered important prophets of God in the Druze faith, being among the seven prophets who appeared in different periods of history.
4798:, and linguistically speaking, the majority of them are fluently bilingual, speaking both a Central Northern Levantine Arabic dialect and
3322:
In 1957, the Israeli government designated the Druze a distinct religious community at the request of its communal leaders. The Druze are
2388:
solicited in 1799 during his campaign against Syria. The "Druze-Christian alliance" during this century was the major factor enabling the
1611:
is Persian in origin, meaning "the tailor". He arrived in Cairo in 1015, or 1017, after which he joined the newly emerged Druze movement.
16319:
11269:
9929:
6382:
as an example of Arab origin. Sprengling also noted that Wadi al-Taym's inhabitants before 1077 were mostly pure Arab tribes such as the
2583:
2181:. The ruins of this castle still stand on a steep hill overlooking the town. Fakhr-al-Din became too strong for his Turkish sovereign in
18779:
6012:. In other epistles, Jews are depicted negatively as "morally corrupt and murderers of prophets", particularly in chapters 13–14 of the
3539:
The Druze conception of the deity is declared by them to be one of strict and uncompromising unity. The main Druze doctrine states that
1836:, where tens of thousands of Druze were slaughtered by the Fatimid army, "this mass persecution known by the Druze as the period of the
23185:
23112:
20330:
19431:
11428:
6838:
6725:
Archaeological assessments of the Druze region have also proposed the possibility of Druze descending from Itureans, who had inhabited
1934:), the Tanukhs led their incursions into the Phoenician coast and finally succeeded in holding Beirut and the marine plain against the
1779:
Al-Hakim disappeared one night while on his evening ride—presumably assassinated, perhaps at the behest of his formidable elder sister
1265:, who clearly refers to the heretical group created by ad-Darazī, rather than the followers of Hamza ibn 'Alī. As for Western sources,
17470:
Salih Zaher-Eddin, History of the Muslem Al Muwahidun Al Druze (Katar: The Arabic Center for Research and Documentation, 1994), p. 78
6670:
distinct community status and political identity led some Druze to see this separate "Druze-Israeli identity" as an ethnic marker for
6390:
tribe. He concluded that the Druze are mainly a combination of various ethnic groups, with a major influence from Arabs, particularly
2493:. The battle's outcome also precipitated a mass migration of pro-Yamani Druze nobility and peasants from Mount Lebanon to the eastern
2019:
of the Crusaders, the Mamluk Sultanate now turned their attention to the schismatic Muslims of Syria. In 1305, after the issuing of a
25431:
22990:
19409:
19063:
5341:
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to Islam. Those acts of persecution were meant to eradicate the whole community according to the Druze narrative. Most recently, the
4708:, however, considered their most significant holiday; though their form of observance is different compared to that of most Muslims.
4510:
Given the strict religious, intellectual and spiritual requirements, most of the Druze are not initiated and might be referred to as
2072:
975:
23436:
15981:
11406:
6447:
consider the Druze to be Arabs, and this view is accepted by the entire Druze community in those countries. In contrast, while most
6093:
by Druze rebels in early July 1838, the violence against the Jews included plundering their homes and desecrating their synagogues.
6061:, relations between the Druze of Galilee and the Jewish community were generally strained and marked by conflict. In 1660, during a
25471:
23276:
23150:
23135:
9305:
8927:
7404:
4549:"the Knowledgeable Initiates"). They might or might not dress differently, although most wear a costume that was characteristic of
3895:
Muslim or Christian in order to avoid persecution; some do not. Druze in different states can have radically different lifestyles.
2489:. The battle ended in a rout of the Yamani faction and resulted in the consolidation of Qaysi political and fiscal domination over
2309:
5434:
into Egyptian political leadership, the dean of the Faculty of Islamic Studies at Al-Azhar issued a fatwa strongly opposed to the
14504:
12498:
9164:
6860:
that claims that the adherents of the faith came from diverse ancestral lineages stretching back tens of thousands of years. The
4435:
The second type of religious shrine is one associated with the anniversary of a historic event or death of a prophet. If it is a
17848:
14763:
Most Druze do not consider themselves Muslim. Historically they faced much persecution and keep their religious beliefs secrets.
10052:
7877:
Most Druze do not consider themselves Muslim. Historically they faced much persecution and keep their religious beliefs secrets.
6143:, with no historical foundation. Conversely, the Druze community in Syria, Lebanon, and the Golan Heights generally aligns with
5531:
The Druze faith incorporates some elements of Islam, and other religious beliefs. Druze Sacred texts include the Qur'an and the
4748:
the age of ten or older. Some Druze do not circumcise their male children, and refuse to observe this "common Muslim practice".
18828:
16008:
15870:
Murder, Mayhem, Pillage, and Plunder: The History of the Lebanon in the 18th and 19th Centuries by Mikhayil Mishaqa (1800–1873)
12243:
9490:
al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah became a central figure in the Druze faith, although his religious position was disputed among scholars.
5620:. Amicable relations between the two groups prevailed throughout most of history, though a few exceptions exist, including the
5177:
verses to justify their position, it more closely mirrors the Christian perspective on marriage. Additionally, the practice of
3823:(prayer) is useless if a person is untruthful in his speech and that the esoteric and exoteric meanings complement each other.
1584:. arrived in Fatimid Egypt in 1014 or 1016. He assembled a group of scholars that met regularly in the Raydan Mosque, near the
14721:
9501:
2559:, with amicable relations between the two groups prevailing throughout history, with the exception of some periods, including
25456:
23296:
18662:
18578:
18551:
18530:
18501:
18412:
18391:
17682:
17244:
16951:
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16781:
16753:
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16033:
15905:
15706:
14651:
14626:
14539:
13946:
13906:
13631:
13145:
13116:
13087:
12637:
12563:
12532:
11916:
11575:
11225:
11129:
11079:
11006:
10469:
10386:
10358:
10318:
10282:
10234:
10201:
9943:
9909:
9872:
9755:
9728:
9701:
9545:
9511:
9408:
9375:
9174:
9044:
8986:
8790:
8469:
8393:
8365:
8322:
8295:
8268:
8119:
8094:
8044:
7942:
7796:
7759:
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7603:
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7157:
7129:
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3265:
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11448:
Religious Diversity Today: Experiencing Religion in the Contemporary World : Experiencing Religion in the Contemporary World
3308:
25416:
24786:
24761:
23761:
20800:
19068:
16592:...One example of Druze anti-Jewish bias is contained in an epistle ascribed to one of the founders of Druzism, Baha al-Din
11340:
10250:
9147:
5842:
5632:
region. Over the centuries, several prominent members of the Druze community have embraced Christianity, including some of
4802:. In Druze Arab homes and towns in Israel, the primary language spoken is Arabic, while some Hebrew words have entered the
2995:
2301:
2289:
1664:
and the concepts of supporting your fellow man, true speech and pursuit of oneness with God. These concepts superseded all
984:
16223:
14072:
Religious Interactions in Europe and the Mediterranean World: Coexistence and Dialogue from the 12th to the 20th Centuries
10750:
namely the emirs of the house of Abul - Lama, used to be Druzes before they converted to Christianity and became Maronites
6413:
6182:
compared to Israeli Muslims and Christians. Scholars attribute this trend to cultural differences between Jews and Druze.
3475:, along with adherence to Druze values. A prominent example of Druze influence in Venezuela is the former vice president,
1716:
preaching its message all around the Middle East. These messengers were sent out with the Druze epistles and took written
25081:
23879:
23160:
22761:
13868:
Gaash, Amir (2016). "Colloquial Arabic written in Hebrew characters on Israeli websites by Druzes (and other non-Jews)".
11312:
7272:
6108:
4818:
4737:. They have had a significant impact on the region's history and culture and continue to play a notable political role.
3913:
3837:
The Druze follow seven moral precepts or duties that are considered the core of the faith. The Seven Druze precepts are:
18618:
Jean-Marc Aractingi, "Points de convergence dans les rituels et symboles chez les Druzes et chez les francs-maçons", in
11740:
11240:
11182:
10145:
4653:
The Druze believe in the unity of God, and are often known as the "People of Monotheism" or simply "Monotheists". Their
4335:. The stripes are a diagrammatic cut of the spheres in neoplatonic philosophy, while the five-pointed star embodies the
2617:
The European powers then determined to intervene, and authorized the landing in Beirut of a body of French troops under
25037:
24384:
24089:
23819:
23701:
23155:
21740:
19694:
19043:
18606:
16539:
They also cover the lives and teachings of some biblical personages, such as Job, Jethro, Jesus, John, Luke, and others
16451:
15798:
Many of the Druze have chosen to deemphasize their ethnic identity, and some have officially converted to Christianity.
13996:
13971:
13016:
They also cover the lives and teachings of some biblical personages, such as Job, Jethro, Jesus, John, Luke, and others
12984:
12316:
Many of the Druze have chosen to deemphasize their ethnic identity, and some have officially converted to Christianity.
8551:
They also cover the lives and teachings of some biblical personages, such as Job, Jethro, Jesus, John, Luke, and others
8519:
7190:
6742:
6275:. Jethro of Midian is considered an ancestor of the Druze who revere him as their spiritual founder and chief prophet.
6162:
do not consider themselves Muslim, and see their faith as a separate and independent religion. While compared to other
6062:
5896:, who wrote the Gospels. According to the Druze manuscripts Jesus is the Greatest Imam and the incarnation of Ultimate
5846:
4755:, or visits to holy places. One of the most significant events in Druze religious life is the annual pilgrimage to the
2376:
The Shihab leadership continued until the middle of the 19th century and culminated in the illustrious governorship of
2044:
1627:
This attitude led to disputes between Ad-Darazi and Hamza ibn Ali, who disliked his behavior and his arrogance. In the
639:
17876:
Shlush, LI; Behar, DM; Yudkovsky, G; et al. (2008), "The Druze: A Population Genetic Refugium of the Near East",
17025:
6507:
The Druze faith extended to many areas in the Middle East, but most of the modern Druze can trace their origin to the
4650:
is limited to the country he is elected in, though in some instances spiritual leaders are elected to this position.
1261:("Unitarian") appears. The only early Arab historian who mentions the Druze is the eleventh century Christian scholar
24949:
24139:
22965:
20215:
18754:
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18367:
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17514:
17489:
17286:
17211:
17117:
16976:
16726:
16648:
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16585:
16560:
16532:
16504:
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16422:
16397:
16341:
16203:
16170:
16141:
16104:
15965:
15937:
15878:
15819:
15791:
15763:
15735:
15670:
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15614:
15568:
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15481:
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15422:
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15369:
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15267:
15238:
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15185:
15108:
15083:
15032:
15004:
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14813:
14784:
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14705:
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14240:
14212:
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13793:
13760:
13692:
13589:
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13514:
13489:
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13424:
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13279:
13254:
13229:
13198:
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13037:
13009:
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12916:
12777:
12439:
12337:
12309:
12137:
12112:
12001:
11941:
11888:
11831:
11803:
11455:
11379:
11154:
11104:
10969:
10942:
10911:
10796:
10771:
10743:
10715:
10687:
10662:
10625:
10542:
10509:
10440:
10411:
10117:
10037:
Lebanon therefore was the distributing center of the Druze people and Wādi-al-Taym was the birthplace of their faith.
10030:
9981:
9845:
With the succession of al-Zahir to the Fatimid caliphate a mass persecution (known by the Druze as the period of the
9838:
9641:
9607:
9582:
9287:
9196:
8762:
8652:
8617:
8589:
8544:
8494:
8442:
8192:
8153:
7970:
7870:
7824:
7492:
7333:
6845:
The researchers noted that the Druze villages contained a striking range of high frequency and high diversity of the
5850:
4067:, Muḥammad ibn Wahb al-Qurashī, Abū'l-Khayr Salama ibn Abd al-Wahhab al-Samurri, Ismāʿīl ibn Muḥammad at-Tamīmī, and
3397:
380:
16348:...Druze believe in seven prophets: Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, Muhammad, and Muhammad ibn Ismail ad-Darazi..
12379:
9664:
5693:
in the early Eighteenth Century, through a governing and social system known as the "Maronite-Druze dualism" in the
4696:, and other drugs and often, the consumption of pork (to the Uqqāl and not necessarily to the Juhhāl). Druze reject
4459:
of the Druze are scattered in various villages, in places where they are protected and cared for. They are found in
1766:
In an attempt to gain the support of al-Hakim, al-Darazi started preaching that al-Hakim and his ancestors were the
25277:
24192:
21750:
14595:
9464:
7356:
6074:
5481:
4878:
4007:
Recognition of prophets in the Druze religion is divided into three sort-of subcategories, the prophet themselves (
2506:
18889:
12270:
11505:
11026:
9494:
states that al-Hakim believed that "he was not only the divinely appointed religio-political leader, but also the
9251:
4597:. Traditionally the Druze women have played an important role both socially and religiously inside the community.
3832:
3105:
took the leadership of the party and played an important role in preserving his father's legacy after winning the
2906:
790:
25446:
25007:
24154:
24049:
23175:
23170:
23126:
22756:
21600:
20859:
19849:
13177:
While the Druze do not permit iconography in their religion, they have a religious symbol known as the Druze Star
12157:
9774:
9106:
8905:
8564:
7297:
6545:, which made for itself a name in fighting the Crusaders was, according to Haydar al-Shihabi, an Arab tribe from
5639:
5335:
often relied on Ibn Taymiyya’s religious ruling to justify their persecution of Druze. In contrast, according to
4854:
4455:. The holy places become more important to the community in times of adversity and calamity. The holy places and
2940:
In 1967, a community of Druze in the Golan Heights came under Israeli control, today numbering 23,000 (in 2019).
2446:
in 1711, which resulted in the utter defeat of the Yemenite party. Many Yemenite Druze thereupon migrated to the
2292:
with other Ottoman-backed Druze leaders. In 1660, the Ottoman Empire moved to reorganize the region, placing the
1298:
1152:
538:
24601:
17078:
13301:
11626:
8634:
3985:
1289:
The number of Druze people worldwide is between 800,000 and one million, with the vast majority residing in the
25426:
25345:
24009:
23834:
23107:
22126:
22067:
21954:
21833:
21765:
20193:
19831:
19750:
18725:
Shamai, Shmuel (1990). "Critical Sociology of Education Theory in Practice: The Druze Education in the Golan".
13332:
12409:
10617:
9674:
8065:
6370:; and third, the native inhabitants of Wadi al-Taym where Druze faith beliefs first spread, were influenced by
4631:, recognized religious leaders, and from this group the spiritual leaders of the Druze are assigned. While the
3807:, inaccessible to all but a few really enlightened individuals who truly understand the nature of the universe.
3460:
3113:
3066:
2564:
2297:
1798:
22246:
22121:
13608:
6541:
and stopped in Iraq on their route that would later to lead them to Syria. The first feudal Druze family, the
4889:, admired for their "bravery and warrior-like qualities". Scholar Pierre-Yves Beaurepaire observes that these
4535:
The initiated religious group, which includes both men and women (less than 10% of the population), is called
3360:
of around 32,000, mostly residing in the northwestern part of the country. The main areas where they live are
25142:
25137:
24876:
24159:
23574:
23311:
22975:
22824:
22746:
22168:
21210:
20763:
19402:
19282:
17565:
Codeswitching as an Index and Construct of Sociopolitical Identity: The Case of the Druze and Arabs in Israel
13348:
13205:
The Druze symbol is a five colored star, with each color representing cosmic principles believed by the Druze
6580:
6155:
5655:
9521:
state that he is perceived as the manifestation and the reincarnation of God or presumably the image of God.
8459:
5642:
and Druze communities share a long history of interaction dating back roughly a millennium, particularly in
3817:(purity) is purity of the heart and soul, it doesn't mean that a person can discard his physical purity, as
3334:(culturally and ethnically), and third as Israelis (citizenship-wise). A small minority of them identify as
2219:
This time the prince decided to remain in Lebanon and resist the offensive, but the death of his son Ali in
690:
before and during the early Islamic period. This perspective is accepted by the entire Druze communities in
25466:
25406:
25076:
24217:
24019:
21232:
19982:
19108:
17735:
16641:
The Muslim World: A Quarterly Review of History, Culture, Religions & the Christian Mission in Islamdom
11682:
9433:
6070:
6016:. The epistle "Excuses and Warnings" predicts that, as a sign of the end times, Jews will seize control of
5488:
5166:
5034:
is known as "Druze Pita" as it was easier for Israeli Jews to identify with Druze than with Arabs. It is a
4846:
their unique identity. Betts also points to specific Druze practices, such as the annual pilgrimage to the
3250:
3094:
2700:
2502:
2170:
1557:, the sixth Fātimid caliph, became a central figure in the faith being preached by Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad.
22256:
18009:
Barcaccia, Gianni; Galla, Giulio; Achilli, Alessandro; Olivieri, Anna; Torroni, Antonio (5 October 2015).
14437:
14343:
8402:
7206:
6350:, whose theory is a key reference for tracing Druze origins. Hitti proposed that the Druze are a blend of
4870:
3240:
Scouts march to Jethro's tomb. Today, thousands of Israeli Druze belong to such "Druze Zionist" movements.
3139:
in 2005. Jumblatt's post-2005 position diverged sharply from the tradition of his family. He also accused
3109:
and sustained the existence of the Druze community during the sectarian bloodshed that lasted until 1990.
2353:, and while the Ma'ans were still in complete control over southern Lebanon, the Shihab tribe, originally
2230:
25476:
25411:
25260:
24227:
23939:
23934:
23706:
22229:
22190:
21745:
21659:
21227:
19599:
19088:
12186:
El Aissami is a member of Venezuela's sizable Druze community. His father is Syrian, his mother Lebanese.
10959:
6990:
6827:
5815:
5694:
3074:
2642:
2578:. The Druze community and feudal leaders came under attack from the regime with the collaboration of the
597:
17:
22261:
22251:
14876:
although today it is widely considered to be a separate religion, some still consider it an Islamic sect
13732:"Refugee Review Tribunal: What is the attitude of the Druze community toward inter-religious marriages?"
11769:
11727:
11708:
7261:
6770:
populations and to confer some substantial advantage that has caused its frequency to rapidly increase.
6587:". The area was one of the two most important centers of Druze missionary activity in the 11th century.
5405:
was not accepted by all in the Islamic world, many dissenting scholars have argued the Druze recite the
2582:, and the Druze lost most of their political and feudal powers. Also, the Druze formed an alliance with
25461:
25325:
24596:
23005:
22950:
22646:
21386:
20903:
19594:
19536:
19022:
18821:
17279:
Israel's "ethnic Project" in the City of Shafa-amr: Particularization of Identity Along Religious Lines
16718:
16612:
13286:
The five colors that form the Druze flag and five-pointed star are religious symbols of the luminaries.
9809:
6090:
5819:
5803:
5625:
5578:
4379:
4378:, who is a central figure of the Druze religion. Druze make pilgrimages to this site on the holiday of
3273:
20984:
18655:
Secrets initiatiques en Islam et rituels maçonniques-Ismaéliens, Druzes, Alaouites, Confréries soufies
15575:
often they are not regarded as being Muslim at all, nor do all the Druze consider themselves as Muslim
15076:
Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection
15025:
Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection
6777:
study has shown that Israeli Druze are remarkable for the high frequency (35%) of males who carry the
6684:
3563:
In this dogma, they are similar to the semi-philosophical, semi-religious body which flourished under
1918:
In the early period of the Crusader era, the Druze feudal power was in the hands of two families, the
25421:
25227:
24252:
24041:
23899:
23351:
22239:
22018:
21649:
21279:
20844:
19976:
19728:
19565:
19520:
18424:
7262:"The Druze population in Israel – a collection of data on the occasion of the Prophet Shuaib holiday"
6784:, which is otherwise uncommon in the Middle East (Shen et al. 2004). This haplogroup originates from
6066:
5779:. These influences and incorporations of Christian elements encompass the adoption of the concept of
5659:
4861:
of religious and cultural influences. Historians notes that the Druze have historically maintained a
4829:
Various scholars agree that the Druze community's cultural identity is deeply intertwined with their
4803:
4780:
3456:
3148:
2848:
was "useless", and that the Druze could "take Damascus and capture the present leaders in a breeze".
2841:
2281:
of Damascus, in 1642, but he is reported by historians to have been otherwise loyal to Ottoman rule.
1954:
1931:
22357:
15287:"'Allah has spoken to us: we must keep silent.' In the folds of secrecy, the Holy Book of the Druze"
13699:
Although the Druze are a tiny community, they have played a vital role in the politics of the Levant
13457:
Architecture, Power and Religion in Lebanon: Rafiq Hariri and the Politics of Sacred Space in Beirut
12732:"Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-expression", p. 95 by Mordechai Nisan
12199:
8596:
Although the Druze are a tiny community, they have played a vital role in the politics of the Levant
6922:, then they later migrated south to settle in the mountainous regions in Syria, Lebanon and Israel.
4400:
One of the most important features of the Druze village having a central role in social life is the
2921:
He forcibly integrated minorities into the national Syrian social structure, his "Syrianization" of
2205:
1840:". The largest massacre was at Antioch, where 5000 prominent Druze were killed, followed by that of
25358:
25307:
25152:
24791:
23756:
23716:
23671:
23461:
23451:
23256:
23010:
22835:
22771:
22741:
22631:
22396:
22305:
22273:
22234:
22146:
21053:
20310:
20246:
19716:
19701:
19395:
18851:
16444:
The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon
16280:
14286:
9039:. Columbia University Oriental Studies. Vol. 28 (new ed.). London: Saqi. pp. 13–14.
7788:
6560:, undoubtedly echoing the popular Druze belief regarding their own origin, have classified them as
6496:
6260:
5964:
5477:
5449:
4787:, the use of which by Druze is particularly prominent in the mountains and less so in urban areas.
4782:
4355:
4068:
3544:
3089:. At the time, the Lebanese government and economy were running under the significant influence of
2903:
on 27 September 1964 by a Druze seeking revenge for Shishakli's bombardment of the Jebel al-Druze.
2860:
2227:'s grotto, closely followed by Küçük Ahmed Pasha who eventually caught up with him and his family.
1973:
and furnished respectable contingents to the Muslim ranks in their struggle against the Crusaders.
1544:
749:
569:
441:
20753:
17417:
Amin Talea', The Origins of the Al Almwahidun Al-Druze, (Beirut: Al Majles El Durzi, 1979), p. 13.
17355:"Druze: the great survivors How the world's most secretive faith has endured for a thousand years"
15994:
Fadwa N. Kirrish, "Druze Ethnicity in the Golan Heights: The Interface of Religion and Politics,"
15742:
the conversion to Christianity of several Muslim and Druze families aided this growth immeasurably
12744:"The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status", p. 41 by Nissim Dana
12078:
10345:
The view from Istanbul: Lebanon and the Druze Emirate in the Ottoman chancery documents, 1546–1711
10305:
The View from Istanbul: Lebanon and the Druze Emirate in the Ottoman Chancery Documents, 1546–1711
10269:
The View from Istanbul: Lebanon and the Druze Emirate in the Ottoman Chancery Documents, 1546–1711
9862:
7681:
6695:
According to Jewish contemporary literature, the Druze, who were visited and described in 1165 by
6378:
criticized Hitti's theory, arguing that not all early Druze leaders were of Persian origin—citing
5383:
classified the Druze as Muslims, even though most Druze no longer consider themselves Muslim. The
4853:
According to some scholars, the Druze cultural identity is shaped by their interactions with both
3506:
descent. Members of the Druze faith face the difficulty of finding a Druze partner and practicing
1997:
25292:
25237:
25096:
24993:
24512:
24207:
24144:
24094:
24054:
23999:
23634:
23629:
23519:
23466:
23356:
23286:
23082:
22893:
22808:
22013:
21991:
21790:
21612:
21137:
20795:
20722:
20406:
19777:
19577:
19486:
18472:
17991:
16195:
15770:
some Christians (mostly from the Orthodox faith), as well as Druze, converted to Protestantism...
14698:
The Origins of the Druze Religion: An Edition of Ḥamza's Writings and an Analysis of His Doctrine
13137:
12271:"Finding a life partner is hard enough. For those of the Druze faith, their future depends on it"
9252:"Finding a life partner is hard enough. For those of the Druze faith, their future depends on it"
8036:
7751:
6815:
6747:
6462:
has concluded that Druze, Christians, and Muslims in the Levant have the same racial background.
6140:
6044:
5838:
5658:, and other churches) and the Unitarian Druze led to the presence of mixed villages and towns in
5651:
5521:
4881:
among the Druze, exemplify this cultural exchange. The Druze also venerate Christian saints like
3903:
3339:
3269:
3116:
3003:
1977:
1645:
1540:
600:
95:
18615:, no. 69, 1er trimestre 2003, Paris: L'Équerre et le Croissant, éditions Les Cahiers de l'Orient
16862:
14968:
Conflict in the Modern Middle East: An Encyclopedia of Civil War, Revolutions, and Regime Change
14176:
Conflict in the Modern Middle East: An Encyclopedia of Civil War, Revolutions, and Regime Change
11553:
7122:
Doing Business in the Middle East: A cultural and practical guide for all Business Professionals
3554:
In their desire to maintain a rigid confession of unity, they stripped from God all attributes (
2567:
neighbors, who had previously been on friendly terms. This culminated in the civil war of 1860.
1641:
25042:
24377:
24074:
23969:
23929:
23909:
23766:
23741:
23646:
23619:
23569:
23539:
23529:
23446:
23411:
23396:
23381:
23336:
23271:
22945:
22876:
22781:
22776:
22517:
22440:
22202:
22084:
22008:
21805:
21795:
21654:
21622:
21560:
21531:
21048:
21043:
20740:
20700:
20485:
19826:
19821:
19801:
19797:
19226:
19204:
19103:
19093:
18929:
17055:
17052:"Christian Arabs / Second in a series – Israel's Christian Arabs don't want to fight to fit in"
15510:
15505:
Islamic Ecumenism In The 20th Century: The Azhar And Shiism Between Rapprochement And Restraint
13324:
12041:
11241:"Localities (1) and Population, by Population Group, District, Sub-District and Natural Region"
7000:
6534:
6434:"pure Arab blood", not mixed with Turkish or other influences, due to their practice of strict
6379:
6135:. The Jewish-Druze partnership was often referred as "a covenant of blood" (Hebrew: ברית דמים,
6086:
6005:
5873:
5573:
5561:
5170:
5055:
4912:
of Druze religious practice and cultural identity with Islamic elements, as noted by scholars.
4862:
3750:
The Druze believe that many teachings given by prophets, religious leaders and holy books have
3289:
2948:
2810:
2802:
2742:
2654:
2590:
missionaries to enter Mount Lebanon, creating tension between them and the Catholic Maronites.
2396:
2056:
1857:
1105:
1016:
852:
30:
18466:
16827:
16303:
15895:
15696:
11906:
10350:
10310:
10274:
10226:
9971:
9933:
9899:
9745:
9718:
9631:
8780:
8355:
8184:
8084:
7651:
7593:
25182:
25086:
24856:
24819:
24771:
24659:
24315:
24260:
24177:
24129:
24104:
23904:
23726:
23721:
23589:
23579:
23401:
23077:
23020:
22840:
22786:
22207:
22185:
22104:
22045:
21711:
21150:
21011:
20173:
19772:
19684:
19329:
19058:
18919:
18814:
16941:
16911:
16743:
16062:
15868:
15306:
Islamic Marketing: Understanding the Socio-Economic, Cultural, and Politico-Legal Environment
15286:
12553:
11215:
9691:
9535:
8421:
8312:
8258:
6252:
6132:
6078:
5944:
5889:
5761:
5525:
5247:
5237:
5220:; although according to various scholars Druze faith "diverge substantially from Islam, both
5066:
4140:) as a religious symbol: green, red, yellow, blue, and white. The five limits were listed by
3973:
3957:
3924:
3704:
The Druze also use a similar formula, called al-'ahd, when one is initiated into the ʻUqqāl.
3452:
3416:
3327:
2400:
1969:, which is still a leading Druze village. They were invested with feudal authority by Sultan
1649:
1603:
Little is known about the early life of al-Darazi. According to most sources, he was born in
1554:
829:
628:
21031:
20979:
15502:
14122:
Sharing the Sacra: The Politics and Pragmatics of Intercommunal Relations Around Holy Places
13316:
11878:
11311:
10342:
10302:
10266:
10218:
8752:
7779:
Kiss, Bow, Or Shake Hands: The Bestselling Guide to Doing Business in More Than 60 Countries
7776:
7720:
7245:
6849:, suggesting that this population provides a glimpse into the past genetic landscape of the
3847:
Renunciation of all forms of former worship (specifically, invalid creeds) and false belief.
2216:, who ordered the pasha and the sultanate's navy to attack Lebanon and depose Fakhr-al-Din.
1816:
and officially declared the Divine call after issuing a decree promoting religious freedom.
682:
and both oral and written traditions. It suggests that the Druze are descended from twelve
25441:
25202:
24851:
24305:
24295:
24280:
24187:
24114:
24084:
24059:
24024:
23984:
23979:
23954:
23824:
23746:
23696:
23676:
23666:
23554:
23501:
23476:
23326:
23321:
23301:
23266:
23251:
23195:
22970:
22903:
22871:
22751:
22686:
22552:
22430:
22283:
22163:
22062:
21974:
21942:
21937:
21785:
21517:
20812:
20396:
20156:
19767:
19711:
19662:
19647:
19500:
19346:
19113:
18924:
18257:
18105:
18022:
17944:
17885:
17767:
17753:
16224:"Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability"
15944:
So did other amirs, like the originally Druze Abi-llamah family, which also became Maronite
15217:
Druze – An offshoot of Shi'ism; its members are not considered Muslims by orthodox Muslims.
11994:
Lawrence of Arabia's War: The Arabs, the British and the Remaking of the Middle East in WWI
11528:
10722:
So did other amirs, like the originally Druze Abi-llamah family, which also became Maronite
10595:
the Druze and the Christians in the Shouf Mountains in the past lived in complete harmony..
9303:
Hodgson, Marshall G. S. (1962). "Al-Darazî and Ḥamza in the Origin of the Druze Religion".
9072:
8925:
Hodgson, Marshall G. S. (1962). "Al-Darazî and Ḥamza in the Origin of the Druze Religion".
7384:
7025:
6995:
6975:
6846:
6781:
6659:
6632:
6391:
6339:, these crusaders sought refuge in the mountains of Lebanon and settled there permanently.
6332:
6220:
6190:
6009:
5360:
4909:
4898:
4858:
4847:
4615:, but establish a hierarchy of respect based on religious service. The most influential of
4321:
is the ability to perceive and learn from the past and plan for the future and predict it.
3602:
is often misunderstood by scholars and writers and is usually confused with the concept of
3156:
2782:
2501:. This area had seen previous waves of Druze migration starting in 1685. Consequently, the
1355:
1090:
907:
857:
671:
471:
20009:
7320:"Sending relief – and a message of inclusion and love – to our Druze sisters and brothers"
2365:. They soon made an alliance with the Ma'ans and were acknowledged as the Druze chiefs in
1938:. Because of their fierce battles with the Crusaders, the Druze earned the respect of the
8:
25297:
24928:
24866:
24776:
24713:
24623:
24611:
24310:
24285:
24265:
24242:
24169:
24119:
24099:
24014:
24004:
23959:
23919:
23874:
23869:
23859:
23849:
23844:
23839:
23829:
23814:
23809:
23804:
23799:
23794:
23771:
23681:
23656:
23534:
23524:
23486:
23456:
23441:
23426:
23416:
23406:
23371:
23366:
23316:
23261:
23236:
23180:
23037:
23025:
22913:
22908:
22898:
22766:
22567:
22480:
22425:
22401:
22288:
22173:
22131:
21926:
21775:
21403:
21195:
21080:
20876:
20678:
20563:
20491:
20381:
20302:
20129:
19782:
19606:
19452:
19299:
18622:, Jean Scot Erigène, no 8, Franc-maçonnerie et Islamité, Paris: la Grande Loge de France.
18207:
17929:
16685:
12470:
Dwairy, Marwan (2006) "The Psychosocial Function of Reincarnation Among Druze in Israel"
11398:
9401:
The World's Greatest Religious Leaders: How Religious Figures Helped Shape World History
7777:
7390:
7183:
The World's Greatest Religious Leaders: How Religious Figures Helped Shape World History
7136:
It is believed there are no more than 1 million Druze worldwide; most live in the Levant.
6647:
6639:
tribes. According to Makarem, Druze belief links their ancestry to tribes that lived in
6604:
6112:
5940:
5795:
5772:
5601:
5516:. Differences between Islamic schools and branches and Druze include their belief in the
5480:) is revered as the chief prophet in the Druze religion, and in Islam he is considered a
5435:
5416:
5376:
4344:
3755:
3495:
2806:
2704:
2416:
1953:(1118–35). The Ma'ans chose for their abode the Chouf in south-western Lebanon (southern
1784:
1392:
1382:
1324:
1145:
1030:
632:
498:
463:
448:
18261:
18178:
18151:
18109:
18026:
17948:
17889:
17771:
15561:
The Templar Spirit: The Esoteric Inspiration, Rituals and Beliefs of the Knights Templar
7228:
6127:, the Druze have demonstrated solidarity with Israel and distanced themselves from Arab
4206:
Each of the colors representing the five limits pertains to a metaphysical power called
4094:
The Druze allow divorce, although it is discouraged, and circumcision is not necessary.
2047:
led to the destruction of many Christian churches and monasteries and Druze sanctuaries
1624:
although this may be exaggeration by contemporary and later historians and polemicists.
25451:
25282:
25245:
25212:
25207:
25172:
25129:
25017:
24988:
24908:
24871:
24406:
24290:
24270:
24237:
24134:
24124:
24069:
24064:
23994:
23974:
23964:
23949:
23944:
23924:
23894:
23889:
23864:
23854:
23786:
23751:
23736:
23641:
23614:
23604:
23564:
23549:
23544:
23496:
23491:
23431:
23386:
23346:
23241:
23228:
23015:
22940:
22813:
22636:
22310:
22268:
22109:
22077:
22052:
21979:
21959:
21780:
21728:
21716:
21694:
21286:
21244:
21117:
20952:
20947:
20942:
20773:
20557:
20533:
19912:
19836:
19584:
19530:
19186:
19118:
19073:
18960:
18329:
18302:
18278:
18247:
18235:
18126:
18093:
18043:
18010:
17968:
17908:
17840:
17791:
16855:
16668:
15845:
14919:
12876:
12824:
12712:
12236:"Sending relief--and a message of inclusion and love—to our Druze sisters and brothers"
12018:"Sending relief--and a message of inclusion and love—to our Druze sisters and brothers"
11974:
11957:
Muhammad Amara and Izhak Schnell (2004). "Identity Repertoires among Arabs in Israel".
11665:
10861:
10193:
The Ottoman Cities of Lebanon: Historical Legacy and Identity in the Modern Middle East
9330:
8952:
6696:
6671:
6537:, seem also to point in the direction of this origin. Arabian tribes emigrated via the
6325:
6163:
6128:
6032:
6013:
6000:
5725:
5532:
5431:
5356:
5353:
5312:
4075:
3949:
3762:
in nature, and divide the understanding of holy books and teachings into three layers.
3638:
3572:
3484:
3440:
3432:
3180:
3058:
2983:
2834:
2708:
2443:
2032:
1629:
1404:
1293:. The primary countries with Druze populations are Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Jordan.
1266:
1035:
993:
877:
604:
521:
is the foundational and central text of the Druze faith. The Druze faith originated in
517:
434:
306:
21398:
20957:
20585:
20315:
18773:
18150:
JM, Govrin Y, Erel Y, Yakir B, Pinhasi R, Carmi S, Finkelstein I, Reich D (May 2020).
18091:
17674:
The Origins of the Druze People and Religion: With Extracts from Their Sacred Writings
15124:
14508:
12909:
The Origins of the Druze People and Religion: With Extracts from Their Sacred Writings
12485:
12057:"Sending relief—and a message of inclusion and love—to our Druze sisters and brothers"
11648:
Amara, Muhammad; Schnell, Izhak (2004), "Identity Repertoires among Arabs in Israel",
10570:..the Druzes and Christians lived together in the most perfect harmony and good-will..
9231:"Sending relief—and a message of inclusion and love—to our Druze sisters and brothers"
8566:
Assessing Druze identity and strategies for preserving Druze heritage in North America
8260:
The Origins of the Druze People and Religion: With Extracts from Their Sacred Writings
6864:
analysis shows significant traces of mitochondrial DNA unique to the Druze community.
6065:
in Mount Lebanon, Druze forces destroyed Jewish settlements in the Galilee, including
5441:
4990:
is also a popular mezze among the Druze. Other well-known dishes among Druzes include
4661:
view about how God interacts with the world through emanations and is similar to some
4581:
often grow mustaches, and wear dark Levantine-Turkish traditional dresses, called the
2481:
clans. The Yamani faction also had backing from the Ottoman provincial authorities of
1906:, the Druze were given the task of keeping watch over the Crusaders in the seaport of
1239:("she who studies"). Others have speculated that the word comes from the Persian word
25436:
25378:
25335:
24968:
24913:
24903:
24895:
24861:
24746:
24695:
24517:
24370:
24347:
24341:
24275:
24232:
24222:
24212:
24202:
24109:
24029:
23989:
23914:
23884:
23776:
23731:
23711:
23686:
23661:
23624:
23609:
23584:
23559:
23471:
23421:
23376:
23361:
23341:
23331:
23306:
23246:
23190:
22955:
22731:
22327:
22298:
22222:
22217:
22178:
22116:
22072:
22057:
22040:
22035:
22030:
21969:
21704:
21590:
21356:
21326:
21306:
21127:
20932:
20913:
20908:
20854:
20817:
20538:
20453:
20376:
20274:
20264:
20232:
20220:
20188:
20165:
20147:
20043:
19898:
19806:
19792:
19755:
19743:
19572:
19491:
19443:
19221:
19098:
19078:
19012:
18991:
18750:
18714:
18692:
18677:
18658:
18602:
18574:
18547:
18526:
18497:
18476:
18451:
18430:
18408:
18387:
18363:
18334:
18283:
18236:"Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans"
18183:
18131:
18048:
17960:
17913:
17832:
17809:
17783:
17758:
17715:
17678:
17651:
17626:
17568:
17510:
17485:
17282:
17240:
17207:
17113:
16972:
16947:
16917:
16866:
16833:
16810:
16777:
16749:
16722:
16644:
16616:
16581:
16556:
16528:
16500:
16483:
They included Jesus, John the Baptist, Moses, and Mohammed—all teachers of monotheism
16472:
16447:
16418:
16393:
16368:
16337:
16309:
16256:
16199:
16166:
16137:
16100:
16068:
16029:
15961:
15933:
15901:
15874:
15815:
15787:
15759:
15731:
15702:
15666:
15610:
15564:
15539:
15514:
15503:
15477:
15452:
15418:
15390:
15365:
15337:
15309:
15263:
15234:
15206:
15181:
15104:
15079:
15028:
15000:
14971:
14942:
14923:
14911:
14865:
14837:
14809:
14780:
14752:
14701:
14672:
14647:
14622:
14560:
14535:
14481:
14456:
14417:
14366:
14322:
14261:
14236:
14208:
14179:
14150:
14125:
14100:
14075:
14045:
14017:
13992:
13967:
13942:
13902:
13857:
Languages in Contact: Preliminary Clues on an Emergence of an Israeli Arabic Variety.
13817:
13789:
13756:
13688:
13627:
13585:
13560:
13535:
13510:
13485:
13460:
13420:
13376:
13328:
13317:
13275:
13250:
13225:
13222:
The Passion of Al-Hallaj, Mystic and Martyr of Islam, Volume 1: The Life of Al-Hallaj
13194:
13166:
13141:
13112:
13083:
13058:
13033:
13005:
12980:
12948:
12912:
12880:
12868:
12828:
12816:
12773:
12633:
12559:
12528:
12435:
12333:
12305:
12207:
12163:
12133:
12108:
11997:
11978:
11937:
11912:
11884:
11827:
11799:
11669:
11571:
11487:
11451:
11375:
11303:
11221:
11150:
11125:
11100:
11075:
11002:
10965:
10938:
10907:
10865:
10792:
10767:
10739:
10711:
10683:
10658:
10621:
10538:
10505:
10465:
10436:
10407:
10382:
10354:
10343:
10314:
10303:
10278:
10267:
10230:
10219:
10197:
10113:
10058:
10026:
9977:
9939:
9905:
9868:
9834:
9751:
9724:
9697:
9670:
9637:
9603:
9578:
9541:
9507:
9404:
9371:
9322:
9283:
9192:
9148:"Localities and Population, by District, Sub-District, Religion and Population Group"
9040:
8982:
8944:
8786:
8758:
8613:
8585:
8540:
8515:
8490:
8465:
8438:
8389:
8361:
8318:
8291:
8264:
8188:
8177:
8149:
8115:
8090:
8040:
7966:
7938:
7866:
7820:
7792:
7755:
7726:
7657:
7627:
7599:
7546:
7488:
7460:
7303:
7186:
7153:
7125:
7097:
7063:
6980:
6651:
6591:
6572:
6557:
6459:
6455:
6101:
6082:
5502:
5328:
5289:
5281:
5258:
5091:
4941:
4834:
4440:
4408:
4390:
4332:
3739:
3717:
3476:
3312:
3303:
region received Israeli citizenship automatically in 1948. After Israel captured the
3281:
2991:
2976:
2880:
tribes to plunder the defenseless population and allowed his own troops to run amok.
2856:
2837:
2797:
in Syrian politics and played a leading role in the nationalist struggle against the
2373:, they showed sympathy with Druzism, the religion of the majority of their subjects.
2239:
2040:
2036:
2005:
1795:
1701:
1497:
1457:
1319:
1021:
998:
916:
675:
21810:
21408:
21068:
20822:
18904:
17932:
17795:
17482:
The Druze Community and the Lebanese State: Between Confrontation and Reconciliation
15334:
Religious Minorities in the Middle East: Domination, Self-Empowerment, Accommodation
12235:
12056:
12017:
10502:
The Druze Community and the Lebanese State: Between Confrontation and Reconciliation
9230:
7319:
7093:
7087:
6549:
where it occupied the position of a ruling family and apparently was Christianized.
3479:, who is of Druze descent. Other notable Venezuelan figures of Druze origin include
1349:
1323:
reported about 30,000 Druze in the United States, with the largest concentration in
1231:
Some authorities see in the name "Druze" a descriptive epithet, derived from Arabic
733:
25187:
25047:
24999:
24918:
24736:
24300:
24182:
24079:
23691:
23651:
23599:
23594:
23511:
23481:
23391:
23281:
23145:
23097:
23092:
22656:
22621:
22594:
22352:
22337:
22212:
22136:
21986:
21964:
21872:
21733:
21512:
21475:
21331:
21316:
21264:
21058:
21038:
21006:
21001:
20972:
20967:
20891:
20881:
20710:
20674:
20666:
20637:
20550:
20470:
20465:
20428:
20418:
20344:
20282:
20124:
19961:
19811:
19469:
19292:
19249:
19159:
18874:
18734:
18645:
18641:
18324:
18314:
18273:
18265:
18173:
18163:
18121:
18113:
18038:
18030:
17972:
17952:
17903:
17893:
17844:
17824:
17775:
17707:
17601:
17543:
17398:
17318:
17182:
17149:
15849:
14903:
14296:
12860:
12808:
12704:
12525:
Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics
12390:
11966:
11657:
11470:
10857:
9314:
8936:
8852:
8819:
8237:
7108:
The total population of Druze throughout the world probably approaches one million.
6911:
6615:
6600:
6514:
6367:
6224:
6144:
6116:
5928:
5893:
5617:
5582:
5285:
4945:
4776:
4768:
4048:
3871:
Absolute submission and resignation to God's divine will in both secret and public.
3673:
3480:
3448:
3208:
3168:
3164:
3136:
3015:
2944:
2927:
2911:
2556:
2381:
2377:
2125:
2084:
2076:
1970:
1911:
1794:
of al-Darazi and again between 1021 and 1026 during a period of persecution by the
1746:
1745:
By 1018, al-Darazi had gathered around him partisans—"Darazites"—who believed that
1447:
1310:
1262:
1170:
1060:
762:
695:
620:
357:
329:
21949:
18859:
11600:[Herzl and hope in celebrating 30 (years of the) Druze Zionist movement].
10611:
9037:
Origins of the Druze People and Religion, with Extracts from their Sacred Writings
5612:. The relationship between Druze and Christians has been characterized largely by
4893:
resonate with the Druze due to their parallels with Druze militarized traditions.
3006:
on its streets, killing at least 258 people, the vast majority of them civilians.
2357:
Arabs, but later settled in Ḥawran, advanced from Ḥawran, in 1172, and settled in
25382:
25287:
25217:
24973:
24923:
24741:
24628:
24351:
22980:
22960:
22450:
22342:
22332:
22001:
21669:
21460:
21440:
21371:
21336:
21269:
20989:
20962:
20937:
20886:
20864:
20657:
20600:
20371:
19888:
19689:
19615:
19555:
19510:
19479:
19366:
19319:
19259:
19254:
19216:
19053:
18996:
18855:
18626:
18568:
18541:
18520:
18491:
18445:
18402:
18381:
18357:
18092:
Scarlett Marshall; Ranajit Das; Mehdi Pirooznia; Eran Elhaik (16 November 2016).
17898:
17303:
16891:
16248:
16023:
16021:
15260:
Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival
14478:
Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival
14290:
13557:
Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival
12429:
11765:
10996:
10918:
the Maronites and the Druze, who founded Lebanon in the early eighteenth century.
10191:
9925:
9531:
9518:
9273:
8338:
8285:
7693:
7539:
7408:
6970:
6861:
6808:
6623:
6553:
6448:
6407:
6371:
6212:
6167:
6124:
6051:
6025:
5854:
5765:
5647:
4953:
4799:
4791:
4756:
4725:
4550:
4371:
3993:
3989:
3794:, accessible to those who are willing to search and learn through the concept of
3499:
3351:
3293:
3257:
identify ethnically as Arabs. Today, thousands of Israeli Druze belong to "Druze
3228:
2972:
2809:
of 1925–27. In 1945, Amir Hasan al-Atrash, the paramount political leader of the
2754:
2579:
2575:
2486:
2343:
2235:
2162:
1985:
1681:
1585:
1378:
1126:
1070:
1065:
966:
699:
490:
451:
388:
338:
334:
13814:
The Sunni-Shi'a Divide: Islam's Internal Divisions and Their Global Consequences
11970:
11661:
11372:
Atlas of the Near East: State Formation and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1918–2010
9154:
7653:
Fracturing Resemblances: Identity and Mimetic Conflict in Melanesia and the West
5720:
Druze doctrine teaches that Christianity is to be "esteemed and praised" as the
5528:. Within Islam, however, such a concept of theophany is a denial of monotheism.
5077:
4779:. Druze Arabic dialect is distinguished from others by retention of the phoneme
3952:, appears to have been a Druze individual. The account itself identifies him as
3272:. By the end of 2019, around 81% of the Israeli Druze population resided in the
2469:. The Yamani faction was led by Mahmoud Abu Harmoush and consisted of the Druze
25401:
25147:
24814:
24638:
24633:
24606:
24475:
23102:
22995:
22935:
22651:
22626:
22411:
22315:
22197:
22141:
22094:
21507:
21455:
21351:
21321:
21301:
21296:
21291:
21274:
21170:
21090:
21073:
21026:
21016:
20060:
19723:
19706:
19525:
19505:
19474:
19376:
19244:
18986:
18377:
18319:
18168:
14532:
Medical Toxicology of Drug Abuse: Synthesized Chemicals and Psychoactive Plants
13731:
13108:
12864:
12695:
Ismail K. Poonawala. "Review – The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning".
10992:
10789:
Dangerous Gifts: Imperialism, Security, and Civil Wars in the Levant, 1798-1864
7508:
6942:
6907:
6857:
6823:
6819:
6640:
6584:
6359:
6321:
6216:
5865:
5780:
5713:
5667:
5663:
5633:
5586:
5372:
5332:
5269:
5011:
4890:
4886:
4795:
4752:
4693:
4450:
4375:
3616:
3451:
community consists mainly of Druze and Christians, who are affiliated with the
3420:
3389:
3277:
3176:
3172:
3120:
3102:
3098:
3082:
3078:
2964:
2852:
2826:
2814:
2778:
2750:
2732:
2626:
2595:
2571:
2536:
2498:
2454:
2389:
2270:
2182:
2119:
1895:
1860:
declared that the sect would no longer accept new pledges, and since that time
1810:
1621:
1581:
1467:
1399:
1138:
1055:
941:
716:
691:
687:
667:
550:
542:
494:
21063:
20325:
17931:
Tudor Parfitt; Michael F. Hammer; Karl Skorecki; Richard Villems (July 2010).
17754:"Ongoing Adaptive Evolution of ASPM, a Brain Size Determinant in Homo sapiens"
17711:
17086:
14907:
14862:
Courting Conflict: The Israeli Military Court System in the West Bank and Gaza
13082:(2nd illustrated, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 189.
12812:
9348:
7843:
7164:
The Druze world population at present is perhaps nearing two million; ...
6579:
who settled in Syria, some prior to the advent of Islam and others during the
4331:
The colors can be arranged in vertically descending stripes (as a flag), or a
3890:—concealing or disguising their beliefs when necessary—that they adopted from
2513:
sects, making up a large share of the population at the expense of the Druze.
2055:
and Druze villages and the killings and mass displacement of its inhabitants.
1313:
and follow a social pattern very similar to those of the other peoples of the
646:, with between 800,000 and a million adherents. They are primarily located in
25395:
25057:
24958:
24550:
24455:
23030:
22584:
22465:
21857:
21852:
21800:
21637:
21575:
21470:
21361:
21259:
21190:
21122:
21112:
21085:
21021:
20918:
20896:
20834:
20730:
20693:
20612:
20520:
19971:
19922:
19627:
19341:
19324:
19314:
18934:
18768:
18738:
17719:
17606:
17589:
17548:
17531:
17187:
17170:
17154:
17137:
15607:
Iran and the Surrounding World: Interactions in Culture and Cultural Politics
15062:
Dead Sea Level: Science, Exploration and Imperial Interests in the Near East.
14915:
14646:(2, illustrated, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 189.
14621:(2, illustrated, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 189.
14319:
Iran and the Surrounding World: Interactions in Culture and Cultural Politics
12872:
12846:
12820:
12211:
12178:"The U.S. Treasury says that Venezuela's vice president is a drug trafficker"
11307:
10869:
10154:
9895:
9491:
9326:
8948:
8857:
8840:
8824:
8807:
8242:
8225:
7677:
6985:
6950:
6938:
6868:
6831:
6751:
6730:
6726:
6711:
6530:
6492:
6472:
6403:
6399:
6171:
6159:
6058:
6036:
6008:, probably written sometime between AD 1027 and AD 1042, accused the Jews of
5909:
5799:
5776:
5741:
5733:
5729:
5679:
5643:
5492:
5316:
5229:
5217:
5150:
5095:
5050:, and a very popular bread in Israel. Al-Meleh a popular dish among Druze in
4986:
4980:
4920:
4874:
4866:
4830:
4807:
4701:
4658:
4257:
4079:
4064:
4052:
3953:
3932:
3909:
3789:
3775:
3515:
3511:
3503:
3491:
3472:
3393:
3365:
3304:
3254:
3237:
3216:
3204:
3124:
2770:
2607:
2490:
2478:
2474:
2325:
2313:
2285:
2130:
2061:
1950:
1927:
1923:
1865:
1790:
The call was suspended briefly between 19 May 1018 and 9 May 1019 during the
1513:
1481:
1278:
1192:
1095:
838:
753:
663:
612:
558:
522:
482:
475:
200:
161:
21699:
18783:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 603–606.
18702:
R. Scott Kennedy "The Druze of the Golan: A Case of Non-Violent Resistance"
18067:"An International Genetic Study Confirms the History of the Druze Community"
17779:
16943:
To Come to the Land: Immigration and Settlement in 16th-Century Eretz-Israel
16745:
To Come to the Land: Immigration and Settlement in 16th-Century Eretz-Israel
14889:
14097:
Peace Journeys: A New Direction in Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Research
12794:
10935:
Handbook of Asian States: Geography – History – Culture – Politics – Economy
6837:
Also, a new study concluded that the Druze harbor a remarkable diversity of
5728:. The full Druze canon or Druze scripture (Epistles of Wisdom) includes the
5198:
from the Druze religion. The Druze community holds a negative perception of
3551:, in which he is above all attributes, but at the same time, he is present.
3081:
and they fought alongside other leftist and Palestinian parties against the
2079:. As a result of the Ottoman experience with the rebellious Druze, the word
2075:
after the Ottomans claimed that the Druze had assaulted their caravans near
25272:
25177:
25167:
25067:
25032:
25012:
24953:
24881:
24766:
24669:
24616:
23165:
23067:
22928:
22616:
22611:
22589:
22579:
22460:
21892:
21827:
21770:
21755:
21721:
21346:
21254:
20292:
20183:
20178:
20029:
19999:
19873:
19841:
19589:
19560:
19547:
19336:
19164:
19038:
18338:
18287:
18187:
18135:
18052:
17964:
17917:
17836:
17787:
17232:
16769:
15536:
America & Islam: Soundbites, Suicide Bombs and the Road to Donald Trump
15231:
Piety, Politics, and Power: Lutherans Encountering Islam in the Middle East
13934:
13894:
12356:
11511:
11122:
Global Security Watch – Lebanon: A Reference Handbook: A Reference Handbook
10694:
the Abillama' amirs, were mostly Christians converted from the Druze faith.
6946:
6934:
6876:
6778:
6766:
6611:
6596:
6538:
6509:
6347:
6228:
6179:
6148:
5995:
5932:
5885:
5834:
5675:
5609:
5597:
5297:
5273:
5183:
4937:
4882:
4838:
4744:
4729:
4677:
4336:
4083:
4044:
3568:
3564:
3519:
3335:
3152:
3106:
2968:
2915:
2766:
2622:
2621:, whose inscription can still be seen on the historic rock at the mouth of
2482:
2358:
2220:
2212:. Küçük Ahmed Pasha was a rival of Fakhr-al-Din and a friend of the sultan
2001:
1884:
1872:
1780:
1471:
1414:
624:
530:
21393:
20080:
18760:
Bashar Tarabieh "Education, Control and Resistance in the Golan Heights".
18404:
The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status
16365:
The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status
16253:
Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices: Religions and denominations
15292:
transmigration of the soul (taqammoṣ əl-arwaḥ) and the repeal of religion.
14806:
Good Arabs: The Israeli Security Agencies and the Israeli Arabs, 1948–1967
12945:
The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status
12770:
Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History. Volume 2 (900–1050)
12580:
12555:
The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status
12483:
11824:
Good Arabs: The Israeli Security Agencies and the Israeli Arabs, 1948–1967
11595:
8656:
7339:
6331:. According to this notion, after the fall of the Christian stronghold of
5787:'s persona among the Druze, as well as the integration of verses from the
5771:
beliefs might have influenced Druze theology, particularly in concepts of
2986:
was a reported massacre of Syrian Druze on 10 June 2015 in the village of
2242:. Fakhr al-Din is considered by the Lebanese as the founder of the country
25250:
25162:
25091:
25027:
24983:
24801:
24756:
24709:
24643:
24487:
24450:
23087:
23062:
22886:
22854:
22845:
22791:
22721:
22706:
22599:
22490:
22151:
22099:
21887:
21605:
21585:
21425:
21366:
21104:
21100:
20923:
20443:
20391:
20361:
20198:
20052:
19944:
19868:
19733:
19669:
19620:
19017:
18864:
17752:
Mekel-Bobrov, N; Gilbert, SL; Evans, PD; et al. (9 September 2005),
17082:
17019:"The Druze in Israel: Questions of Identity, Citizenship, and Patriotism"
16497:
The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700
15665:(illustrated, reprint ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. p. 28.
13396:
13105:
Islam And New Kinship: Reproductive Technology and the Shariah in Lebanon
12385:
12036:
11200:
10961:
Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921
10023:
The Origins of the Druze People: With Extracts from Their Sacred Writings
9382:
The Druze world population at present is perhaps nearing two million; ...
7986:
7784:
7566:
7176:
7174:
7172:
7092:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Yale University Press. p.
7021:
6758:
6576:
6546:
6483:
6422:
6198:
6111:
in 1948, as they historically lived isolated from each other. During the
5924:
5757:
5605:
5545:
5359:'s effort to broaden his political appeal after the establishment of the
5178:
5146:
5047:
4957:
4705:
4666:
4248:
4161:
Second limit: Ismail ibn Muhamed ibn Hamed at-Tamimi (Ismail at-Tamimi) (
4126:
3751:
3603:
3468:
3444:
3388:. Druze settlement in Jordan began in 1918, when 22 Druze families left
3062:
3028:
3024:
2864:
2845:
2774:
2470:
2370:
2114:
1981:
1946:
1939:
1861:
1767:
1656:
1306:
1206:
936:
902:
781:
683:
546:
22406:
22347:
21450:
20871:
20705:
20254:
18543:
Minorities in the Middle East: a history of struggle and self-expression
18269:
17956:
17261:"Israel of Citizens Arab of Attitudes: Index Democracy Israeli 2016 The"
17110:
Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression
16672:
16097:
Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia
16064:
Minorities in the Middle East: a history of struggle and self-expression
14749:
The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives
14388:"In Israel, a Druze and a Jew Bond Over a Shared Tradition: Syrian Coo…"
13507:
Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia
13191:
The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives
13055:
Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression
11296:"Netanyahu Seeks to Name a Golan Heights Settlement for President Trump"
11072:
Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression
10428:
9537:
Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression
9470:
8610:
The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives
8487:
Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression
7863:
The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives
6004:; for example in an epistle ascribed to one of the founders of Druzism,
4110:(those few initiated in the Druze holy books) remain to read and study.
2788:
25315:
25222:
25197:
25157:
24751:
24522:
24507:
24502:
24470:
24445:
23053:
23048:
22923:
22918:
22881:
22859:
22716:
22696:
22691:
22532:
22522:
22485:
22089:
21867:
21815:
21555:
21200:
21180:
20758:
20683:
20622:
20386:
20366:
20287:
19939:
19907:
19878:
19657:
19652:
19637:
19304:
17828:
15853:
12158:"Tariq Alaiseme [reportedly to be] vice-president of Venezuela"
11030:
10433:
Of Times and Spaces in Palestine: The Flows and Resistances of Identity
9269:
7298:"Tariq Alaiseme [reportedly to be] vice-president of Venezuela"
6788:
6785:
6619:
6518:
6387:
6040:
5984:
5837:, though male circumcision is commonly practiced in many predominantly
5823:
5807:
5768:
5590:
5420:
5398:
5336:
5320:
5099:
5071:
5062:
4949:
4685:
4662:
4060:
4056:
4040:
4036:
4024:
3754:
meanings preserved for those of intellect, in which some teachings are
3412:
3086:
2999:
2844:. One advisor to the Syrian Defense Department warned in 1946 that the
2712:
2587:
2548:
1993:
1833:
1726:
1713:
1673:
1661:
824:
534:
529:), and has been influenced by a diverse range of traditions, including
526:
467:
72:
68:
21897:
20778:
18117:
18034:
12716:
11934:
The People's Duty: Collective Agency and the Morality of Public Policy
11838:
In 1957, the Druze were recognized as a distinct religious confession.
11147:
Islam: Questions And Answers – Schools of Thought, Religions and Sects
10904:
Syria, Iran, and Hezbollah: The Unholy Alliance and Its War on Lebanon
9778:
9334:
9112:
8956:
8911:
7963:
The People's Duty: Collective Agency and the Morality of Public Policy
7169:
5560:
in order to protect their religion and their own safety, and to avoid
3467:
assimilated well into the local population, with some even converting
2855:'s rule in Syria (December 1949 to February 1954) (on 25 August 1952:
2711:
saw it as a tool to spread his appeal and influence across the entire
24978:
24809:
24700:
24497:
24482:
24465:
24460:
24440:
23000:
22796:
22711:
22701:
22572:
22527:
22512:
22445:
22293:
21760:
21682:
21642:
21632:
21595:
21570:
21550:
21445:
21311:
21165:
21155:
20927:
20785:
20595:
20580:
20545:
20528:
20510:
20423:
20203:
20119:
20098:
20093:
20070:
20065:
20024:
20019:
19956:
19893:
19816:
19787:
19738:
19679:
19632:
19287:
19048:
18944:
18884:
15609:(illustrated ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 306.
14894:
14820:
the Druze connection to the Muslims remained a matter of controversy.
14321:(illustrated ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 306.
13767:
Male circumcision is standard practice, by tradition, among the Druze
12851:
12799:
10885:
The Druzes and the Maronites under the Turkish Rule from 1840 to 1860
7059:
6850:
6733:
in late classic antiquity, but their traces fade in the Middle Ages.
6704:
6663:
6542:
6526:
6522:
6383:
6328:
6313:
6288:
6017:
5827:
5517:
5394:
5304:
5199:
5043:
5031:
5023:
5019:
4968:
4925:
4823:
4772:
4436:
4297:
4106:
law on issues which their own faith has no particular rulings about.
4032:
3944:
The author of the epistle "The Report of the Jewish and Christians" (
3928:
3891:
3859:
3735:
3661:
3595:
3548:
3523:
3464:
3415:
area hold Venezuelan citizenship, the majority of whom belong to the
3408:
3132:
3020:
2987:
2884:
2660:
2462:
2278:
2142:
2052:
2016:
1919:
1709:
called it "A spiritual doctrine without any ritualistic imposition".
1560:
1547:, who arrived in Fatimid Egypt in 1014 or 1016 and began to preach a
1166:
961:
843:
767:
554:
455:
280:
180:
20475:
20004:
18764:, No. 194/195, Odds against Peace (May–August 1995), pp. 43–47.
17204:
The Middle East: A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture
15839:
12415:
9775:"About the Faith of the Mo'wa'he'doon Druze by Moustafa F. Moukarim"
8343:. Kokushikan Daigaku, Iraku Kodai Bunka Kenkyūjo. 1989. pp. 2–.
8069:
7422:
5387:
declares that the Druze are Muslims because they recite the twofold
5288:, which began in 2011, saw persecution of the Druze at the hands of
3712:
2421:
568:
in high regard, believing him to be the same person as the biblical
25330:
24963:
24545:
24492:
24393:
22803:
22547:
22537:
22392:
21882:
21862:
21689:
21565:
21420:
20994:
20748:
20688:
20607:
20515:
20502:
20480:
20460:
20438:
20433:
20413:
20353:
20320:
20259:
20103:
20088:
19966:
19927:
19883:
19674:
19611:
19515:
19418:
19361:
19176:
18426:
An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860
18203:"DNA from the Bible's Canaanites lives on in modern Arabs and Jews"
17403:
17386:
16163:
The Female Circumcision Controversy: An Anthropological Perspective
15049:
An occasion for war: civil conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860
14834:
Reorienting the East: Jewish Travelers to the Medieval Muslim World
12708:
10613:
An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860
9318:
8940:
6919:
6915:
6792:
6762:
6700:
6488:
6435:
6395:
6363:
6351:
6317:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6208:
6194:
6175:
5812:
5753:
5749:
5700:
5686:
5683:
5509:
5506:
5473:
5427:
5277:
5195:
5162:
5015:
4999:
4944:. It features a rich array of grains, meat, potato, cheese, bread,
4697:
4689:
4681:
4654:
4385:
4281:) "the anterior/potentiality/cause/precedent", the first intellect.
4099:
4095:
3960:
3795:
3784:
3770:
3759:
3654:
3507:
3373:
3203:. Specifically, they constitute over half of the population in the
3192:
3140:
3128:
2956:
2952:
2762:
2758:
2692:
2637:
2634:
2599:
2458:
2426:
2385:
2330:
2258:
2251:
2247:
2213:
2209:
2028:
1903:
1899:
1813:
1791:
1181:
1121:
593:
18252:
16928:
There had been pogroms against the Jews in Safed in 1834 and 1838.
15728:
Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453–1923
13352:
11723:
11721:
5833:
Neither mainstream Christian denominations nor Druze require male
5705:
5094:
in the 19th century. Mate is made by steeping dried leaves of the
3927:
is an important figure in the Druze faith whose eponymous founder
2930:
were predicated on the denial that "minorities" existed in Syria.
2603:
2532:
2137:
With the advent of the Ottoman Turks and the conquest of Syria by
603:
as prophets. Additionally, Druze tradition honors figures such as
25320:
25022:
24933:
24781:
24728:
24664:
24558:
23072:
22676:
22641:
22562:
22475:
22416:
22320:
22023:
21877:
21627:
21580:
21465:
21341:
21160:
20627:
20590:
20401:
19951:
19917:
19760:
19461:
19139:
18894:
18148:
17354:
14722:"Are the Druze People Arabs or Muslims? Deciphering Who They Are"
14596:"Dating Druze: The struggle to find love in a dwindling diaspora"
13800:
Circumcision is not compulsory and has no religious significance.
12758:"Encyclopaedic Survey of Islamic Culture", p. 94 by Mohamed Taher
11810:
In 1957, the Druze were declared a religious community in Israel.
11602:
7559:
7357:"Dating Druze: The struggle to find love in a dwindling diaspora"
6872:
6804:
6440:
6418:
6336:
6309:
6240:
6186:
5975:
5956:
5860:
5709:
5690:
5671:
5613:
5513:
5389:
5324:
5301:
5233:
5174:
4991:
4589:, with white turbans that vary according to the seniority of the
4464:
3937:
3884:
3803:
3658:
3436:
3424:
3258:
3200:
3196:
3049:
2960:
2922:
2877:
2737:
2673:
2611:
2552:
2540:
2510:
2438:
2350:
2335:
2274:
2224:
2190:
2178:
2174:
2138:
2097:
2092:
2068:
2009:
1966:
1888:
1829:
1730:
1689:
1677:
1604:
1564:
1428:
1363:
1185:
804:
647:
581:
486:
260:
136:
15841:
Religious conversion in Syria : Alawite and Druze believers
11996:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 273, 367–368, 426.
11956:
6178:. However, they were less ready for personal relationships with
5086:/mæte/) is a popular drink consumed by the Druze brought to the
4503:, while the "ignorant", regular members of the group are called
4324:
4227:
2821:
2266:(London, Quartet Books, 2013), for an updated view of his life.
2004:
believed the Druze had a high level of infidelity besides being
1696:
and particular worship of any prophet or person was downplayed.
63:
25268:
24831:
24418:
22985:
22864:
22849:
22668:
22557:
22542:
22500:
22278:
22156:
21430:
21185:
21175:
20829:
20790:
20632:
20240:
20210:
19934:
19154:
18939:
18879:
18790:
Druze Trilogy 1 – Philosophy. USA. 2020. ISBN 978-0-244-23549-9
18233:
17648:
The British Mandate in Palestine: A Centenary Volume, 1920–2020
16663:
Branca, Paolo. "Some Druze ‘Catechisms' in Italian Libraries."
15893:
11718:
10998:
Tower of the Sun: Stories from the Middle East and North Africa
10680:
Politics and Change in a Traditional Society: Lebanon 1711–1845
7689:
6930:
6926:
6628:
6525:, first came from the Arabian Peninsula into the valley of the
6500:
6426:
6355:
6272:
6268:
6256:
6248:
6203:
6120:
5947:
and other common figures. Figures in the Old Testament such as
5936:
5897:
5721:
5629:
5549:
5469:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5445:
5411:
5346:
5262:
5242:
5187:
5087:
5051:
5039:
5027:
5026:. Among the popular traditional Arabic dessert by the Druze is
5007:
4974:
4929:
4904:
4734:
4635:
4484:
4468:
4456:
4446:
4426:
4394:
4364:
4360:
4305:
4103:
4001:
3997:
3968:
3587:
3556:
3385:
3357:
3323:
3245:
3184:
2900:
2888:
2873:
2798:
2720:
2685:
2681:
2527:
2494:
2466:
2447:
2362:
2293:
2194:
2155:
2087:
came, and continues, to mean someone who is the ultimate thug.
1958:
1935:
1907:
1841:
1820:
al-Dīn was assigned the leadership of the Unitarians by Hamza.
1697:
1685:
1665:
1607:. He is believed to have been of Persian origins and his title
1504:
1436:
1432:
1367:
1359:
1314:
1290:
1254:
1214:
1199:
799:
659:
655:
643:
616:
565:
240:
220:
156:
21376:
18796:
Druze Trilogy 3 – Genealogy. USA. 2020. ISBN 978-0-244-83701-3
16022:
D. De Smet; Ismāʻīl Tamīmī; Ḥamzah ibn ʻAlī ibn Aḥmad (2007).
13165:(3rd ed.). Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC. p. 87.
6343:
century. The third approach relies on anthropometric studies.
5764:, among other religious practices. Some scholars suggest that
4897:
religious beliefs secret. According to Druze narrative, these
2994:
in which 20–24 Druze were killed. On 25 July 2018, a group of
2971:, while around 25,000 Druze were spread across 14 villages in
2563:. In 1840, social disturbance started between Druze and their
2043:, and forced outward compliance on their part to Sunnism. The
24824:
24674:
24565:
24540:
24435:
22681:
22455:
22435:
22420:
21996:
21822:
21617:
21480:
21435:
21415:
20617:
19860:
19642:
19171:
19149:
19144:
18793:
Druze Trilogy 2 – Theology. USA. 2020. ISBN 978-0-244-23701-1
18772:
18611:
Jean-Marc Aractingi, "Les Druzes et la Franc-maçonnerie", in
18008:
17698:
Dar, Shimon (1988). "The History of the Hermon Settlements".
17452:
17442:
17440:
17427:
17425:
17423:
16774:
A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered
15151:"Nusra Front kills Syrian villagers from minority Druze sect"
13939:
A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered
13899:
A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered
13875:
10736:
A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered
10516:
the Druze had been able to live in harmony with the Christian
10379:
A house of many mansions: the history of Lebanon reconsidered
9142:
9138:
9134:
9130:
9126:
8009:
8007:
7739:
6954:
6678:
6655:
6643:, some before Islam and others arriving during the conquest.
6636:
6561:
6467:
6444:
6374:
and Iraqi or Persianized Arab cultures before 1077. However,
6264:
6244:
5980:
5960:
5881:
5869:
5788:
5784:
5745:
5737:
5497:
5380:
5368:
5364:
5308:
5266:
5246:
of Isma'ilism, since they exaggerated the cult of the caliph
5221:
5154:
5003:
4995:
4842:
despite their distinct religious and philosophical beliefs.
4771:, except those born and living in the Druze diaspora such as
4474:
4460:
4263:
4118:
4028:
3972:
of Isma'ilism, since they exaggerated the cult of the caliph
3851:
3819:
3813:
3634:
3620:
3612:
3428:
3381:
3369:
3361:
3316:
3300:
3285:
3212:
3090:
3032:
2896:
2892:
2696:
2677:
2434:
2354:
2339:
2185:. He went so far in 1608 as to sign a commercial treaty with
2166:
2024:
2020:
1989:
1962:
1759:
1734:
1712:
The time of the call was seen as a revolution of truth, with
1693:
1669:
1616:
1577:
1509:
1493:
1424:
651:
608:
589:
585:
445:
369:
116:
56:
18359:
The Druzes: A New Study of Their History, Faith, and Society
15867:
Mishaqa, Mikhail (1988). Thackston, Wheeler McIntosh (ed.).
14065:
14063:
14061:
13649:
Citizens of equal duties—Druze identity and the Jewish State
10252:
Renaissance Emir: a Druze Warlord at the court of the Medici
9217:
Citizens of equal duties—Druze identity and the Jewish State
8711:
8709:
8707:
8705:
8703:
8086:
The Druzes: A New Study of their History, Faith, and Society
7899:
7897:
7895:
7893:
7891:
7889:
7887:
7885:
6937:, and Syrians), as well as in most Jewish groups (including
6650:
asserted that the Druze people of today originated from the
6028:, when divine judgment by Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah will occur.
5646:. Interaction between Christian communities (members of the
4865:, as evidenced by shared traditions and social practices in
4479:
2264:
Renaissance Emir: a Druze Warlord at the Court of the Medici
2169:
in the south, with a part of the Syrian desert dominated by
1576:
Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad, an Ismaili mystic and scholar from
25052:
24835:
24705:
24362:
22606:
22495:
20448:
19387:
19181:
19134:
13915:
13373:
Alevi Identity: Cultural, Religious and Social Perspectives
11429:"ISIS kidnaps dozens of women, girls in deadly Syria raids"
11335:
11333:
11331:
11270:"Trump paves way for Israel to expand settlements in Golan"
11187:
The Syrian Land: Processes of Integration and Fragmentation
10478:
9990:
9495:
8461:
Discovering Israel: An Archeological Guide to the Holy Land
6812:
6796:
6707:
6236:
6232:
6048:
6021:
5991:
5952:
5948:
5255:
5225:
5035:
4962:
4960:
and tomatoes. A hallmark of Druze and Levantine cuisine is
4767:
The mother tongue of Druze in Syria, Lebanon and Israel is
4670:
4562:
4242:
4233:
4074:
Druze tradition honors and reveres Hamza ibn Ali Ahmad and
3935:
is considered a reincarnation of Jesus, the Universal Mind
3188:
2869:
2805:, the Druze provided much of the military force behind the
2769:. A large Syrian Druze community historically lived in the
2102:
1802:
1750:
1721:
1571:
577:
573:
503:
18689:
Minorities in the Middle East: Druze Communities 1840–1974
18386:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
17437:
17420:
16857:
Mystics and missionaries: the Jews in Palestine, 1799–1840
16708:
16706:
16602:
16600:
14014:
Lebanon in History: From the Earliest Times to the Present
13442:
Mosaic: The Training Kit for Euro-mediterranean Youth Work
9000:
8998:
8004:
6595:
narratives recount their involvement in pivotal events in
6119:
of the time or participate in violent confrontations with
5998:
material is contained in the Druze literature such as the
5311:
cited that Druze: "Are not at the level of ′Ahl al-Kitāb (
4098:
is forbidden, and they usually have religious services on
2967:. Approximately 30,000 Druze lived on the eastern side of
2691:
Although most Druze no longer consider themselves Muslim,
1205:("exaggeration"), which refers to the belief that God was
25192:
24679:
24579:
22505:
22470:
21145:
20524:
18300:
18011:"Uncovering the sources of DNA found on the Turin Shroud"
17391:
The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures
17079:"Druze Herev Battalion Fights 32 Days With No Casualties"
16273:
14058:
11183:"Shishakli and the Druzes: Integration and intransigence"
9275:
Die Kalifen von Kairo: Die Fāṭimiden in Ägypten, 973–1074
8734:
8732:
8730:
8728:
8726:
8724:
8700:
7916:
7914:
7912:
7882:
6774:
6710:
tribe, which used to reside in the northern parts of the
6406:, also proposed that the Druze are a blend of Arabs from
6107:
Interactions between Jews and Druze were rare before the
5349:
fiqh today, the Druze are neither Muslims nor apostates.
4340:
3540:
3307:
from Syria in 1967 and annexed it to Israel in 1981, the
3144:
3070:
2223:
was the beginning of his defeat. He later took refuge in
1717:
18806:
18627:"Pan-Arabism versus Pan-Islam – Where Do the Druze Fit?"
17751:
17253:
16643:. University of California, Berkeley Press. p. 38.
15125:"Syria conflict: Al-Nusra fighters kill Druze villagers"
15101:
Middle Eastern Minorities: The Impact of the Arab Spring
14453:
From Syria to Seminole: Memoir of a High Plains Merchant
14258:
Middle Eastern Minorities: The Impact of the Arab Spring
14233:
Middle Eastern Minorities: The Impact of the Arab Spring
13685:
Middle Eastern Minorities: The Impact of the Arab Spring
12484:Ḥamza ibn ʻAli ibn Aḥmad and Baha'a El-Din. "Elmithaq".
12453:
12451:
11328:
10848:
Abraham, Antoine (1977). "Lebanese Communal Relations".
10126:
10110:
Middle Eastern Minorities: The Impact of the Arab Spring
9935:
The Olive and the Tree: The Secret Strength of the Druze
9633:
The Olive and the Tree: The Secret Strength of the Druze
8635:"Calls for aid to Syria's Druze after al Qaeda kills 20"
8582:
Middle Eastern Minorities: The Impact of the Arab Spring
7817:
The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East
7624:
Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East
6750:
and Druze became a genetic isolate in the predominantly
6020:
and seek revenge on its inhabitants as well as those of
4565:, especially in the presence of other people. They wear
3645:
and the previously lost (or hidden) manuscripts such as
2395:
Having consolidated his conquests in Syria (1831–1838),
2296:(districts) of Sidon-Beirut and Safed in a newly formed
18573:. Vol. 3 (illustrated ed.). Scarecrow Press.
18152:"The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern Levant"
17368:
17366:
17364:
17333:
17331:
16703:
16597:
16390:
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought
15604:
14669:
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought
14316:
14099:. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 7.
13839:
13837:
13786:
Israel and the Palestinian Territories: The Rough Guide
13666:
13664:
13662:
13660:
13658:
13609:"Eid al-Adha celebrated differently by Druze, Alawites"
11714:. Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel). 24 April 2020.
11181:
Landis, Joshua (1998). Philipp, T; Schäbler, B (eds.).
10817:
9022:
Madhhab ad-Durūz wa t-Tawḥīd (The Druze Sect and Unism)
8995:
7810:
7808:
7595:
The Case for Palestine An International Law Perspective
6886:
Galilee: J 31%, R 20%, E 18%, G 14%, K 11%, Q 4%, L 2%.
6366:
origin; second, some of the Druze religious lexicon is
5841:
and many Christian communities, and it is practiced in
5552:
nor any of the Five Pillars of Islam save reciting the
5280:, demolishing Druze prayer houses and holy places, and
4063:. In the time of the faith's foundation, the five were
1567:, joined the movement and became an important preacher.
19430:
16803:
16334:
A Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East
14578:
14576:
14499:
14497:
14414:
Lonely Planet Israel & the Palestinian Territories
13711:
13709:
13707:
12840:
12838:
10654:
The Lebanese war: its origins and political dimensions
10429:"Territorial Awareness in the 1834 Palestinian Revolt"
9602:(annotated ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. xxxii.
8876:
8874:
8872:
8870:
8868:
8721:
8690:
8688:
8686:
8684:
8682:
8680:
8678:
8676:
8674:
8435:
A Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East
8357:
The Israelis: Ordinary People in an Extraordinary Land
7909:
6906:
A 2016 study based on testing samples of Druze in the
6521:(or Taym Allat) which, according to Islamic historian
6346:
The main proponent of the first approach is historian
6215:, but is rejected by mainstream Jewish denominations (
5495:, a paramount tenet of the Druze faith. Islam teaches
3841:
Veracity in speech and the truthfulness of the tongue.
3765:
These layers, according to the Druze, are as follows:
1871:
Some Druze and non-Druze scholars like Samy Swayd and
1864:
has been prohibited awaiting al-Hakim's return at the
1636:
17992:"Genetics Confirm Oral Traditions of Druze in Israel"
17281:. University of Wisconsin-Madison. pp. 170–175.
15476:(illustrated ed.). Duckworth. pp. 200–201.
14666:
14363:
Food Cultures of Israel: Recipes, Customs, and Issues
14281:
14279:
14277:
12448:
12028:
10593:. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. p. 53.
10460:
Najem, Tom; Amore, Roy C.; Abu Khalil, As'ad (2021).
10171:
10086:
10084:
10082:
10080:
10078:
10076:
10074:
10072:
10070:
10068:
9280:
The Caliphs of Cairo: The Fatimids in Egypt, 973–1074
7987:"Druze | History, Religion, & Facts | Britannica"
7246:
Lebanon – International Religious Freedom Report 2008
7152:(2nd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 3.
6718:
in an early Hebrew edition of his travels, occurs as
6439:
Firro, all Druze historians, scholars and leaders in
6207:) exist in some strands of Judaism influenced by the
5228:". Even though the faith originally developed out of
4414:—a house of prayer, retreat and religious unity. The
4043:. In the first century, the five were represented by
1241:
1174:
381:
372:
18194:
17875:
17361:
17328:
17239:. The Institute for Palestine Studies. p. 145.
16715:
The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948
16609:
The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948
16113:
14792:
society and do not necessarily identify as Muslims..
14505:"South American 'mate' tea a long-time Lebanese hit"
13834:
13655:
12609:
12461:, Harrap and Sons 1928, (chapters on Druze religion)
11568:
Lebanon in Strife: Student Preludes to the Civil War
11189:. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 369–396.
10928:
10926:
10829:
10805:
10459:
10221:
The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1788
10002:
9282:] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. p. 286.
9053:
8413:
8411:
8409:
8407:
8405:
7805:
7085:
6853:
at a time when the X haplogroup was more prevalent.
6185:
In terms of religious comparison, scholars consider
5240:. Historian David R. W. Bryer defines the Druzes as
4644:
4633:
4625:
4617:
4609:
4601:
4591:
4583:
4575:
4567:
4555:
4537:
4526:
4512:
4489:
4424:
4416:
4406:
4316:
4310:
4285:
4270:
4255:
4240:
4225:
4215:
4208:
4135:
3882:
3689:
3268:
census in 2020, the Druze make up about 7.6% of the
2450:
region, laying the foundation of Druze power there.
2269:
Fakhr ad Din II was succeeded in 1635 by his nephew
2027:
against all non-Sunni Muslim groups like the Druze,
1942:
caliphs and thus gained important political powers.
1271:
1233:
1212:
1197:
674:
from various Muslim regimes, including contemporary
474:
religion whose main tenets assert the unity of God,
427:
410:
397:
366:
363:
17507:
Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East
16494:
15996:
Journal of the Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs
15887:
14573:
14507:. Middle East Online. 22 March 2018. Archived from
14494:
14292:
The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions
13704:
12835:
12646:
12477:
12105:
Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East
12077:. 26 September News. September 2009. Archived from
12075:"Chavez tells Israelis to disobey 'genocidal' govt"
11908:
Studies in Israeli Ethnicity: After the Ingathering
11554:
Lebanon 2015 International Religious Freedom Report
9370:(2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 3.
8865:
8782:
Studies in Israeli Ethnicity: After the Ingathering
8671:
6503:
clan, holding a significant place in Druze history.
6417:A photograph from 1938 depicting Druze people from
5791:concerning the Messiah by certain Druze founders.
5216:The Druze faith is often classified as a branch of
3844:
Protection and mutual aid to the brethren in faith.
360:
18749:, Kirkland, Washington: ISES Publications (1998).
18362:(Second ed.). Leiden, New York, Köln: Brill.
16993:"Internal Displacement Monitoring Center – Israel"
16854:
16798:History of Eretz Israel from Prehistory up to 1882
16634:
16632:
15873:. State University of New York Press. p. 23.
14274:
14035:
14033:
13941:. University of California Press. p. 85-110.
12200:"Latin America Looks for a Fresh Start with Obama"
11843:
11556:U.S. Department of State. Retrieved on 2019-04-23.
10103:
10101:
10099:
10065:
10047:
10045:
9952:
9854:
9689:
9189:Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics
8347:
8256:
8176:
7538:
7248:U.S. Department of State. Retrieved on 2013-06-13.
6631:before Islam came from southern Arabia, including
6599:. In modern times, the Druze have largely adopted
6394:, along with an indigenous mountain population of
5323:). Rather, they are from the most deviant kuffār (
3966:Historian David R. W. Bryer defines the Druzes as
3868:Acquiescence in God's acts no matter what they be.
3854:), and all forces of evil (translated from Arabic
2818:assistance from the newly independent government.
1926:. From their fortresses in the Gharb area (now in
19084:1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus
18632:Abu Fakhr, Sakr (2000). "Voices from the Golan".
17348:
17346:
16889:
16009:"On the Horizon: The Strange World of the Druzes"
15814:. University of Philadelphia Press. p. 232.
15595:Asian and African Studies: Vol. 19, No. 3. p. 277
15586:Asian and African Studies: Vol. 19, No. 3. p. 271
14836:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 193.
14016:. University of Michigan Press. p. 408-410.
13901:. University of California Press. p. 25-50.
13439:
13351:. Druze sect site. 29 August 2010. Archived from
12902:
12900:
12898:
12896:
12894:
12892:
12890:
12847:"The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung)"
12596:"The Epistle Answering the People of Esotericism
12422:
12332:. University of Philadelphia Press. p. 232.
11589:
11587:
10923:
10147:Druze Identity, Religion – Tradition and Apostasy
9503:Melville's Clarel and the Intersympathy of Creeds
7541:Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions
6335:and the subsequent persecution by the victorious
5622:1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus
3801:And the hidden of the hidden, a concept known as
3471:. Nevertheless, many retained a strong Druze and
3338:, distinguishing them from the majority of other
2561:1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus
2523:1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus
2154:. The latter title has since been usurped by the
1008:1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus
25393:
18706:, Vol. 13, No. 2 (Winter, 1984), pp. 48–46.
18653:Aractingi, Jean-Marc; Lochon, Christian (2008).
17933:"The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people"
17043:
16883:
16216:
16165:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 61.
15930:The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976
14671:. Princeton University Press. pp. 139–140.
12938:
12936:
12934:
12932:
12930:
12928:
12669:
10708:The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976
9554:
8981:. Kirkland, Washington, USA: ISES Publications.
7229:"Syria's Druze under threat as conflict spreads"
6883:Mount Carmel: L 27%, R 27%, J 18%, E 15%, G 12%.
6714:through Hellenistic and Roman periods. The word
5593:in the Shuf Mountains lived in complete harmony.
4350:
3311:were offered full Israeli citizenship under the
2998:-affiliated attackers entered the Druze city of
1851:
1563:arrived in Cairo in 1015 or 1017, possibly from
17623:The Druzes in the Jewish State: A Brief History
17227:
17225:
17223:
16946:. University of Alabama Press. pp. 27–28.
16909:
16748:. University of Alabama Press. pp. 27–28.
16629:
16060:
16015:
15178:The Druzes in the Jewish State: A Brief History
14864:. University of California Press. p. 279.
14808:. University of California Press. p. 170.
14030:
13413:
13319:The Druzes in the Jewish State: A Brief History
12694:
11880:The Druzes in the Jewish State: A Brief History
11826:. University of California Press. p. 167.
11764:
11020:
11018:
10738:. University of California Press. p. 162.
10096:
10042:
9924:
9629:
8754:The Druzes in the Jewish State: A Brief History
8653:"Syria: ISIS Imposes 'Sharia' on Idlib's Druze"
8562:
8290:. Druze Heritage Foundation. pp. 186–190.
7774:
7585:
5704:Left to right: Christian mountain dweller from
5567:
5102:in hot water and is served with a metal straw (
3315:. Most declined Israeli citizenship and retain
191:
18691:, 4 volumes, Slough: Archive Editions (2006).
17343:
16969:The Druze between Palestine and Israel 1947–49
16893:The Jews: their history, culture, and religion
16852:
16776:. University of California Press. p. 66.
16553:The Druze between Palestine and Israel 1947–49
16518:
16516:
16446:. University of California Press. p. 35.
15701:. Indiana: Wiley Publishing Inc. p. 100.
15500:
14774:
14641:
14616:
13479:
13077:
12887:
12754:
12752:
12750:
12740:
12738:
12728:
12726:
12527:. Princeton University Press. pp. 15–16.
11770:"In the Golan Heights, Anxious Eyes Look East"
11597:הרצל והתקווה בחגיגות 30 לתנועה הדרוזית הציונית
11584:
10025:. University of California Press. p. 10.
9901:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia
9831:The Druze between Palestine and Israel 1947–49
8219:
8217:
8215:
8213:
8211:
8209:
8207:
7670:
6889:Golan Heights: J 54%, E 29%, I 8%, G 4%, C 4%.
6722:but it is clear that this is a scribal error.
5401:and do not oppose Islam in word or deed. This
5345:is still considered the authoritative text of
5307:, dismissed the Druze as non-Muslims, and his
3342:, who predominantly identify as Palestinians.
3326:-speaking citizens of Israel and serve in the
2785:that is still under effective Syrian control.
2741:Druze warriors preparing to go to battle with
2133:, seat of the Ma'an dynasty under Fakhr al-Din
2039:inflicted a disastrous defeat on the Druze at
1898:. As powerful warriors serving the leaders in
1281:". He also stated that "they loved the Jews".
24378:
19403:
18822:
16939:
16903:
16741:
16056:
16054:
16052:
15663:Mirror of the Arab World: Lebanon in Conflict
15660:
15449:Islam, Modernity, Violence, and Everyday Life
15289:. Aix-Marseille University. 30 January 2017.
14714:
13811:
13397:"Druze | History, Religion, & Facts"
13131:
13102:
12925:
12761:
12690:
12688:
12686:
11950:
11741:"Golan Heights Land, Lifestyle Lure Settlers"
11732:
11593:
10897:
10895:
10893:
10216:
9860:
9399:Hendrix, Scott; Okeja, Uchenna, eds. (2018).
8226:"The Christian Influences in Ismaili Thought"
8030:
7181:Hendrix, Scott; Okeja, Uchenna, eds. (2018).
6856:These findings are consistent with the Druze
5173:on their faith. While the Druze cite certain
4553:in previous centuries. Women can opt to wear
3880:Complicating their identity is the custom of
3280:. The largest Druze communities are found in
2410:
2101:("fiscal concession") to one of the region's
2095:(districts) of the Chouf would be granted in
1945:After the middle of the twelfth century, the
1598:
1248:
1146:
507:
18383:The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines
17807:
17590:"Invention of a Nation: The Druze in Israel"
17301:
17231:
17220:
17171:"Invention of a Nation: The Druze in Israel"
16246:
15417:. University of Michigan Press. p. 25.
15205:. University of Michigan Press. p. 33.
14455:. Texas Tech University Press. p. 213.
13529:
12522:
12404:
12402:
12096:
11738:
11647:
11475:Islam and Assisted Reproductive Technologies
11217:Syria's Kurds: History, Politics and Society
11144:
11015:
9996:
9792:
9790:
9788:
9506:, Kent State University Press, p. 156,
9398:
9111:, Institute of Druze Studies, archived from
8841:"Invention of a Nation: The Druze in Israel"
8082:
8076:
7645:
7643:
7454:
7338:, Institute of Druze Studies, archived from
7180:
7053:
5539:
5211:
5206:
5130:
5121:
5112:
5103:
5081:
4676:Druze principles focus on honesty, loyalty,
4544:
4519:
4323:
4291:
4276:
4197:
4184:
4171:
4162:
4153:
4130:
4117:
4078:as "mentors" and "prophets", believed to be
3833:Seven pillars of Ismailism § Druze list
3780:, accessible to anyone who can read or hear;
2868:The head is the Jebel al-Druze, the stomach
2792:Druze celebrating their independence in 1925
1774:
1297:that time. Scholar Colbert C. Held from the
420:
404:
311:
46:
18355:
18142:
17458:
17446:
17431:
16846:
16513:
16392:. Princeton University Press. p. 139.
16295:
16240:
16192:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
15982:"The Druze and Assad: Strategic Bedfellows"
15730:. Cambridge University Press. p. 191.
15605:Keddie, Nikki R; Rudolph P Matthee (2002).
15257:
14700:. University of Oxford Press. p. 239.
14695:
14475:
14317:Keddie, Nikki R; Rudolph P Matthee (2002).
14285:
14094:
14069:
13921:
13881:
13554:
13484:. Cambridge University Press. p. 231.
13224:. Princeton University Press. p. 594.
12747:
12735:
12723:
12551:
12132:. University of Michigan Press. p. 7.
12127:
11936:. Cambridge University Press. p. 195.
11793:
11341:"The Druze and Assad: Strategic Bedfellows"
10964:. Cambridge University Press. p. 192.
10682:. Princeton University Press. p. 241.
10671:
10609:
10484:
10336:
10334:
10332:
10330:
10020:
9394:
9392:
9390:
9119:
8715:
8204:
7965:. Cambridge University Press. p. 195.
7956:
7954:
7903:
7814:
7775:Morrison, Terri; Conaway, Wayne A. (2006).
7768:
7119:
6131:. Israeli Druze male citizens serve in the
6073:. The tension escalated in 1834 during the
5904:) on earth and the first cosmic principle (
3641:. Other ancient Druze writings include the
2067:Later, the Druze were severely attacked at
1615:argued that he should be the leader of the
1165:The name Druze is derived from the name of
271:
171:
24844:
24385:
24371:
19410:
19396:
18829:
18815:
17923:
17384:
16735:
16358:
16356:
16049:
15927:
15894:Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters (2009).
15860:
15786:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 21.
15758:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 21.
15303:
15228:
14965:
14746:
14644:The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines
14619:The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines
14173:
14074:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 310–314.
13779:
13777:
13775:
13755:. Syracuse University Press. p. 150.
13746:
13744:
13726:
13724:
13603:
13601:
13534:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 48.
13504:
13454:
13366:
13364:
13362:
13314:
13160:
13080:The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines
12683:
12304:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 21.
12299:
11911:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 259–279.
11176:
11174:
11172:
11170:
11168:
11166:
11063:
10890:
10705:
10605:
10603:
10537:. Bar-Ilan University Press. p. 166.
10372:
10370:
10340:
10300:
10264:
10255:(London: Quartet Books, 2013), pp 167–175.
9824:
9822:
9737:
9710:
9683:
9365:
8907:About the Faith of The Mo'wa'he'doon Druze
8785:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 259–279.
8632:
8379:
8377:
8304:
8277:
8183:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1992. p.
7860:
7819:. Michigan University Press. p. 114.
7147:
7054:Carl Skutsch (2013). Skutsch, Carl (ed.).
6679:Druze as a mixture of Western Asian tribes
4940:, and shares many similarities with other
4720:A Druze woman preparing a traditional dish
4196:the posterior): Ali ibn Ahmed as-Samouqi (
3723:The prayer-houses of the Druze are called
3356:The Druzites form a religious minority in
3244:The Druzites form a religious minority in
1957:), overlooking the maritime plain between
1184:. Although the Druze consider ad-Darazī a
1153:
1139:
635:, and others as "mentors" and "prophets".
19064:1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze
18727:British Journal of Sociology of Education
18328:
18318:
18277:
18251:
18177:
18167:
18125:
18094:"Reconstructing Druze population history"
18042:
17907:
17897:
17605:
17547:
17532:"Reshaping Druze Particularism in Israel"
17402:
17186:
17153:
17138:"Reshaping Druze Particularism in Israel"
16638:
16527:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 109.
16367:. Michigan University press. p. 47.
16160:
15431:
15233:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 14.
15073:
15022:
14941:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 132.
14559:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 129.
14529:
14360:
14149:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 132.
13991:. Yale University Press. p. 85-110.
13584:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 129.
13219:
13215:
13213:
13004:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 109.
12970:
12968:
12966:
12964:
12947:. Michigan University press. p. 17.
12545:
12399:
12373:
12371:
12369:
11796:The Israeli Druze Community in Transition
11445:
11138:
10882:
10646:
10644:
10584:
10582:
10580:
10578:
10563:
10559:
10557:
10528:
10526:
10524:
10495:
10493:
9861:Beattie, Andrew; Pepper, Timothy (2001).
9785:
9769:
9767:
9659:
9657:
9655:
9653:
9101:
9099:
9097:
9019:
9015:
9013:
8856:
8823:
8808:"Reshaping Druze Particularism in Israel"
8569:(MA thesis). University of South Florida.
8539:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 109.
8353:
8250:
8241:
8148:. Michigan University press. p. 42.
8026:
8024:
8022:
7640:
7478:
7476:
7405:"Drusentum – Die geheime Religion (2020)"
7351:
7349:
7314:
7312:
7292:
7290:
6398:. Additionally, Two English researchers,
6292:A Druze family of the Lebanon, late 1800s
5970:
5352:In 1959, in an ecumenical move driven by
4183:the anterior): Salama ibn abd al-Wahhab (
3682:
3048:A market in a Lebanese Druze town called
2833:When a local paper in 1945 reported that
2516:
2073:1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze
976:1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze
251:
127:
25128:
21925:
18767:
18674:I, the Divine: A Novel in First Chapters
18546:(2nd, illustrated ed.), McFarland,
18493:Origins of the Druze People and Religion
18303:"The genomic history of the Middle East"
17871:
17869:
17645:
17620:
17562:
17529:
17352:
17135:
17112:(2nd ed.). McFarland. p. 284.
16913:Blood libel: the Damascus affair of 1840
16820:
16712:
16606:
16466:
16417:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 88.
15932:. Harvard University Press. p. 35.
15679:
15629:
15412:
15389:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 37.
15384:
15175:
14779:. Oxford University Press. p. 142.
14554:
13986:
13961:
13621:
13579:
13370:
13032:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 314.
12999:
12979:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 77.
12697:Journal of the American Oriental Society
11991:
11904:
11369:
11293:
11248:CBS Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics
11119:
10791:. Oxford University Press. p. 235.
10710:. Harvard University Press. p. 35.
10677:
10568:. Montserrat Abbey Library. p. 25.
10455:
10453:
10451:
10401:
10327:
10296:
10294:
9693:Origins of the Druze People and Religion
9625:
9623:
9621:
9619:
9387:
9306:Journal of the American Oriental Society
9246:
9244:
9004:
8928:Journal of the American Oriental Society
8899:
8897:
8895:
8893:
8891:
8889:
8805:
8778:
8534:
8514:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 77.
8171:
8169:
8167:
8165:
8143:
8139:
8137:
8135:
8133:
8131:
8060:
8058:
8056:
7951:
7932:
7725:. Syracuse University Press. p. 1.
7712:
7676:
7649:
7567:"Druze – History, Religion, & Facts"
7532:
7530:
7482:
6895:Syria: J 39%, E 29%, R 14%, G 14%, K 4%.
6892:Lebanon: J 58%, K 17%, Q 8%, R 8%, L 8%.
6482:
6429:), dressed in their traditional clothing
6412:
6287:
6095:
5974:
5859:
5820:the forbidding of divorce and remarriage
5699:
5636:members, as well as the Abi-Lamma clan.
5577:
5505:, contrary to the views of the Druze in
5440:
5276:. The persecution of the Druze included
5145:
4919:
4817:
4715:
4478:
4384:
4354:
4220:is color-coded in the following manner:
3984:
3711:
3615:who manifests His Light in the Station (
3232:
3155:, the son of Lebanese independence hero
3038:
3019:
3004:series of gunfights and suicide bombings
2905:
2887:, at others that they were fighting for
2820:
2787:
2736:
2526:
2461:, Talhuq, Imad and Abd al-Malik and the
2453:The Qays were led by Emir Haydar of the
2425:Meeting of Druze and Ottoman leaders in
2420:
2329:
2229:
2118:
2023:by the scholar ibn Taymiyya calling for
1740:
1640:
1572:Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad arrives in Cairo
481:Although the Druze faith developed from
231:
211:
147:
23217:
18518:
18376:
17986:
17984:
17982:
17504:
17312:
17276:
16966:
16916:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 47.
16790:
16575:
16550:
16471:(2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 259.
16441:
16353:
16301:
16291:from the original on 24 September 2015.
16189:
16131:
16094:
16011:. Commentary Magazine. 20 January 1956.
15866:
15812:Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life
15781:
15753:
15715:from the original on 24 September 2015.
15632:"Identity politics, Egypt and the Shia"
15563:. Temple Lodge Publishing. p. 83.
15471:
14954:relationship between Muslims and Druzes
14523:
14411:
14341:
14162:relationship between Muslims and Druzes
14095:Munro, Dane; Haddad, Nour Fara (2019).
13772:
13741:
13721:
13626:(2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 259.
13598:
13359:
13349:"Khalwah the prayer place of the Druze"
13296:
13294:
13274:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 8.
13249:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 8.
13188:
13057:(2nd ed.). McFarland. p. 94.
13052:
12767:
12665:
12663:
12661:
12377:
12330:Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life
12197:
12034:
11959:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
11650:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
11565:
11163:
11094:
10932:
10847:
10761:
10600:
10367:
9973:First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913–1936
9828:
9819:
9806:Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements
9666:First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913–1936
9572:
9302:
8972:
8970:
8968:
8966:
8924:
8738:
8607:
8489:(2nd ed.). McFarland. p. 94.
8484:
8457:
8374:
8317:. BoD – Books on Demand. pp. 80–.
8263:. Library of Alexandria. pp. 27–.
8109:
8013:
7937:(2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 259.
7617:
7615:
7591:
7536:
7487:(2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 259.
7379:
7377:
7256:
7254:
7226:
6115:, the Druze did not embrace the rising
5990:The relationship between the Druze and
5556:. Scholars argue that Druze recite the
5186:, with certain sexual forms considered
4158:) (or Jesus according to other sources)
3996:festival at the tomb of the prophet in
3826:
2547:The relationship between the Druze and
2497:, in a mountainous area today known as
2064:and defense of its practical autonomy.
1561:Muhammad bin Ismail Nashtakin ad-Darazi
1543:was an Ismaili mystic and scholar from
1530:(referred to as al-Muwaḥḥidūn al-Druze)
1167:Muhammad bin Ismail Nashtakin ad-Darazī
107:
14:
25394:
24405:
18464:
18234:Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. (2014).
18200:
17587:
17479:
17168:
16768:
16308:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 170.
16236:from the original on 22 December 2015.
15955:
15837:
15725:
15533:
15359:
15200:
15054:
14887:
14859:
14831:
14450:
14119:
14039:
13933:
13893:
13783:
13210:
12961:
12844:
12792:
12487:The Druze holy book Epistles of Wisdom
12366:
12265:
12263:
12261:
12230:
12228:
12102:
11683:"Israel's Religiously Divided Society"
11351:from the original on 25 September 2019
11267:
11257:from the original on 20 November 2019.
11180:
11113:
11088:
10991:
10951:
10786:
10733:
10641:
10575:
10554:
10521:
10499:
10490:
10376:
10225:. Cambridge University Press. p.
10189:
10177:
10132:
9849:) of the Muwaḥḥidūn was instigated ...
9764:
9750:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 240.
9723:. Yale University Press. p. 131.
9650:
9540:(2d ed.). McFarland. p. 98.
9499:
9469:, Islam Heritage Field, archived from
9094:
9010:
8838:
8503:
8310:
8287:The Druze: realities & perceptions
8283:
8223:
8103:
8019:
7621:
7598:. Duke University Press. p. 135.
7473:
7448:
7386:International Religious Freedom Report
7346:
7309:
7287:
7239:
7056:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities
6699:, were pictured as descendants of the
6091:Jewish community in Safad was attacked
5880:Both faiths give a prominent place to
5430:in Al-Azhar, and the ascension of the
5342:Radd al-Muhtar 'ala al-Durr al-Mukhtar
5065:dish was banned by the Fatimid Caliph
4810:to write their Arabic dialect online.
3590:, the Druze believe in the concept of
3073:. Most of the community supported the
3061:(1975–90), the Druze were in favor of
2699:recognized them in 1959 as one of the
2648:
1976:Certain aspects of the faith, such as
1879:
25117:
24404:
24366:
23216:
22374:
21924:
19429:
19391:
18810:
18747:The Druzes: An Annotated Bibliography
18711:The Druze & Their Faith in Tawhid
18566:
18539:
18489:
18443:
18422:
17866:
17801:
17670:
17509:. Taylor & Francis. p. 201.
17372:
17337:
17206:. Taylor & Francis. p. 369.
17201:
17107:
17076:
17049:
16985:
16522:
16412:
16387:
16322:from the original on 18 January 2016.
16269:from the original on 18 January 2016.
16119:
15809:
15694:
15558:
15538:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 86.
15446:
15415:The Druzes: An Annotated Bibliography
15331:
15098:
14994:
14936:
14803:
14777:The Oxford Handbook of American Islam
14385:
14379:
14255:
14230:
14202:
14144:
14011:
13966:. Yale University Press. p. 92.
13870:Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam
13843:
13750:
13687:. Taylor & Francis. p. 125.
13682:
13670:
13269:
13244:
12974:
12911:. Library of Alexandria. p. 37.
12906:
12627:
12621:
12615:
12606:(a rough translation from the Arabic)
12558:. Sussex Academic Press. p. 38.
12327:
12281:from the original on 22 November 2021
12246:from the original on 15 November 2021
12191:
11985:
11876:
11821:
11069:
10957:
10835:
10823:
10811:
10650:
10588:
10532:
10448:
10420:
10291:
10112:. Taylor & Francis. p. 126.
10107:
10090:
10008:
9958:
9743:
9716:
9630:Westheimer, Ruth; Sedan, Gil (2007).
9616:
9597:
9575:Historical Dictionary of the Ismailis
9530:
9241:
9059:
9034:
8979:The Druzes: An Annotated Bibliography
8976:
8886:
8880:
8750:
8694:
8633:Al-Khalidi, Suleiman (11 June 2015).
8584:. Taylor & Francis. p. 125.
8579:
8509:
8417:
8383:
8162:
8128:
8053:
7920:
7722:The Druze & Their Faith in Tawhid
7718:
7527:
6761:, Mekel-Bobrov et al. found that the
6690:
6517:, which is named after an Arab tribe
6478:
6410:and the mountain-dwelling Aramaeans.
6170:, Druze place less emphasis on their
5760:. The Druze faith shows influence of
5544:) The Druze community does celebrate
5061:For reasons that remain unclear, the
4863:positive relationship with Christians
4857:and Muslim communities, reflecting a
4359:Jethro shrine and temple of Druze in
4129:, but use five colors ("Five Limits"
3963:and the founder of the Druze faith.
2955:and its surrounding areas, including
2234:A modern, artistic representation of
1100:
18713:, Syracuse University Press (2006).
18400:
18201:Lawler, Andrew (28 September 2020).
17979:
17594:Journal of Asian and African Studies
17484:. Taylor & Francis. p. 18.
17175:Journal of Asian and African Studies
16861:. University of Utah Press. p.
16362:
15900:. Infobase Publishing. p. 530.
14642:Farhad Daftary (20 September 2007).
14617:Farhad Daftary (20 September 2007).
14582:
13715:
13291:
13027:
12942:
12658:
12652:
12504:from the original on 23 October 2007
12176:Toro, Francisco (14 February 2017).
12175:
11931:
11855:, The Israel project, archived from
11641:
11521:
11421:
11409:from the original on 23 October 2018
11145:Abdul-Rahman, Muhammed Saed (2003).
10901:
10766:. Infobase Publishing. p. 352.
10426:
10196:. London: I. B. Tauris. p. 15.
9894:
9796:
9560:
9517:, while others like Nissim Dana and
9268:
9186:
9170:
8963:
8903:
8845:Journal of Asian and African Studies
8068:. druze.org.au. 2015. Archived from
7960:
7745:
7612:
7374:
7251:
6141:Arab religious communities in Israel
4813:
3941:, closely associated with al-Hākim.
3439:, and have significantly influenced
3299:The Galilean Druze and Druze of the
3187:. The Druze make up the majority in
2773:, but following wars with Israel in
2749:In Syria, most Druzites live in the
2531:Left to right: Christian woman from
2457:and consisted of the Druze clans of
2437:. The Qaysite party represented the
2246:Fakhr-al-Din was captured, taken to
2150:(the mountain home of the Ma'an) or
102:Regions with significant populations
18570:Historical dictionary of the Druzes
17697:
16287:. Columbia University Press. 2011.
16249:"Christianity: Coptic Christianity"
16229:. World Health Organization. 2007.
16136:. Infobase Publishing. p. 95.
16134:The Encyclopedia of World Religions
15630:Al-Araby, Mohamed (25 April 2013).
15509:(revised ed.). Brill. p.
14939:Historical Dictionary of the Druzes
14890:"The Origins of the Druze Religion"
14147:Historical Dictionary of the Druzes
13753:The Druze and Their Faith in Tawhid
13272:Historical Dictionary of the Druzes
13247:Historical Dictionary of the Druzes
12977:Historical Dictionary of the Druzes
12795:"The Origins of the Druze Religion"
12355:
12258:
12225:
12037:"The impossible partition of Syria"
11685:. Pew Research Center. 8 March 2016
11024:
10937:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 344.
10153:, shaanan, May 2015, archived from
9368:Historical Dictionary of the Druzes
9024:(in Arabic). Egypt: Dār al-Ma'ārif.
8512:Historical Dictionary of the Druzes
8360:. Simon and Schuster. p. 296.
7273:Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
7150:Historical Dictionary of the Druzes
5822:, in addition to the belief in the
5626:Conversion of Druze to Christianity
5589:: Historically; the Druzes and the
5540:
5131:
5122:
5113:
5104:
5082:
4669:sects. Druze philosophy also shows
4545:
4520:
4292:
4277:
4198:
4185:
4172:
4163:
4154:
4131:
4113:
4015:), and witnesses to their message (
3643:Rasa'il al-Hind (Epistles of India)
3253:portion of the Golan Heights. Most
3211:, and around a quarter in both the
2937:government currently ruling Syria.
2801:. Under the military leadership of
2284:Following Mulhim's death, his sons
1637:al-Darazi issues the unitarian call
1588:. In 1017, Hamza began to preach a
1249:
421:
405:
392:
47:
24:
23186:Religions and spiritual traditions
19432:Religious groups and denominations
18595:
18429:. University of California Press.
17854:from the original on 15 April 2005
17808:Peidong Shen; et al. (2004).
15897:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
14342:Kessler, Dana (15 November 2019).
13816:. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 56.
13646:
11294:Kershner, Isabel (23 April 2019).
10862:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1977.tb03313.x
10764:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
9214:
7430:"Cultural diversity: Census, 2021"
6811:populations, as well as the major
6743:Genetic history of the Middle East
5796:mainstream Christian denominations
5794:In terms of religious comparison,
5628:used to be common practice in the
5487:In terms of religious comparison,
3586:, and similar to some branches of
3403:
2539:woman, and a Christian woman from
2429:, about the control of Jebel Druze
478:, and the eternity of the soul.
36:Ethnoreligious group of the Levant
25:
25488:
24950:Attributes of God in Christianity
18802:
15364:. Soft Skull Press. p. 129.
14386:Vered, Ronit (20 November 2022).
14070:Beaurepaire, Pierre-Yves (2017).
13414:Kellner-Heikele, Barbara (2018).
12630:A History of the Druzes, Volume 1
12381:Druze Spirituality and Asceticism
11594:Eli Ashkenazi (3 November 2005).
9904:. Psychology Press. p. 217.
7700:from the original on 12 July 2020
7656:. Berghahn Books. pp. 121–.
7457:Nations, Language and Citizenship
7124:(revised ed.). Hachette UK.
6603:and played a notable role in the
6283:
6255:and other common figures. In the
5851:Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church
5716:man in traditional attire (1873).
4924:Druze women making "Druze pita" (
4232:"the Universal Mind/Intelligence/
3117:Patriarch Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir
2765:, and on the southeast slopes of
2667:
2319:
2316:through female-line inheritance.
2051:, and caused mass destruction of
1965:, and made their headquarters in
1783:. The Druze believe he went into
666:and in the south of Syria around
25432:Ethnic groups in the Middle East
25377:
24346:
24337:
24336:
24150:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
23292:Democratic Republic of the Congo
19372:
19371:
19360:
19069:Druze Power Struggle (1658–1667)
18903:
18869:
18294:
18227:
18085:
18059:
18002:
17745:
17729:
17691:
17664:
17639:
17614:
17581:
17556:
17523:
17498:
17473:
17464:
17411:
17378:
17353:Kossaify, Ephrem (2 July 2018).
17295:
17270:
17195:
17162:
17129:
17101:
17070:
17011:
16960:
16933:
16762:
16678:
16657:
16569:
16544:
16495:Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome (2008).
16488:
16460:
16435:
16406:
16381:
16326:
16183:
16154:
16125:
16088:
16001:
15988:
15974:
15949:
15921:
15831:
15803:
15775:
15747:
15719:
15688:
15654:
15623:
15598:
15589:
15580:
15552:
15527:
15494:
15465:
15440:
15406:
15378:
15353:
15325:
15297:
15279:
15251:
15222:
15194:
15169:
15143:
15117:
15092:
15067:
15041:
15016:
14988:
14959:
14930:
14881:
14853:
14825:
14797:
14768:
14740:
14689:
14660:
14635:
14610:
14588:
14548:
14469:
14444:
14430:
14405:
14354:
14335:
14310:
14249:
14224:
14196:
14167:
14138:
14113:
14088:
14005:
13980:
13955:
13927:
13887:
13862:
13849:
13805:
13676:
13640:
13615:
13573:
13548:
13523:
13498:
13473:
13448:
13433:
13407:
13389:
13341:
13308:
13263:
13238:
13182:
13154:
13125:
13096:
13071:
13046:
13021:
12993:
12786:
12589:
12572:
12516:
12472:Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry
12464:
12349:
12321:
12293:
12198:Padgett, Tim (18 January 2009).
12169:
12150:
12121:
12067:
12049:
12010:
11925:
11897:
11870:
11815:
11787:
11758:
11739:Scott Wilson (30 October 2006).
11709:"The Druze population in Israel"
11701:
11675:
11618:
11559:
11547:
11510:, Meib, May 2003, archived from
11498:
11480:
11464:
11439:
11391:
11363:
11287:
11261:
11233:
11208:
11193:
11045:
10985:
10876:
10841:
10780:
10755:
10727:
10699:
10462:Historical Dictionary of Lebanon
10406:. Brill Publishers. p. 49.
10395:
10341:Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim (2004).
10301:Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim (2004).
10265:Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim (2004).
10258:
10243:
10210:
10183:
10138:
10057:, Druze Heritage, archived from
10014:
9964:
9918:
9888:
9133:; about 50% live in the town of
9125:Jordanian Druze can be found in
8388:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
8311:Conder, Claude Reignier (2018).
8179:The New Encyclopaedia Britannica
7227:Irshaid, Faisal (19 June 2015).
5708:, Christian mountain dweller of
5426:In 2012, due to a drift towards
5232:, most Druze do not identify as
5042:(thick yoghurt) and topped with
4908:. This concealment has led to a
4822:Inside the Maqam Baha al-Din in
4475:Initiates and "ignorant" members
4164:إسماعيل إبن محمد بن حامد التميمي
4089:
3667:
3435:. They settled predominantly in
2899:. Shishakli was assassinated in
2863:(ALM), a progressive party with
2310:Ottoman–Habsburg War (1683–1699)
2108:
1348:
1335:
1120:
985:Druze Power Struggle (1658–1667)
776:
732:
356:
273:
253:
233:
213:
193:
173:
149:
129:
109:
62:
55:
25472:Ethnoreligious groups in Israel
25008:Great Architect of the Universe
22757:Evolutionary origin of religion
18349:
17700:Palestine Exploration Quarterly
14775:Yazbeck Haddad, Yvonne (2014).
13855:Dr. Dekel, N., Prof. Brosh, H.
11268:Melhem, Ahmad (11 April 2019).
9696:. Forgotten Books. p. 31.
9591:
9577:. Scarecrow Press. p. 40.
9566:
9524:
9484:
9457:
9443:
9417:
9359:
9341:
9296:
9262:
9223:
9208:
9180:
9065:
9028:
8918:
8832:
8799:
8771:
8744:
8645:
8626:
8601:
8573:
8556:
8528:
8478:
8451:
8427:
8331:
8083:Abu Izzeddin, Nejla M. (1993).
7979:
7926:
7854:
7836:
7501:
7485:Encyclopedia of Sacred Places,
7434:Australian Bureau of Statistics
7397:
7326:
7013:
5916:), the Messiah of all Nations (
5503:to be married to multiple women
4296:) "the posterior/future/effect/
4170:Third limit: Muhamed ibn Wahb (
3948:), part of first volume of the
3633:Druze sacred texts include the
3571:and the fraternal order of the
3518:, becoming communicants of the
3498:. American Druze are mostly of
3119:toured the predominantly Druze
3085:that was mainly constituted of
2614:, and other towns of Lebanon.
2407:, lying southeast of Damascus.
2399:, son of the viceroy of Egypt,
2201:of Syria and northern Galilee.
2197:in 1613 and 1615 respectively.
1754:of his followers were killed.
1299:University of Nebraska, Lincoln
1180:, "seamster") who was an early
444:' or 'the unitarians'), are an
23108:Separation of church and state
21766:Polytheistic reconstructionism
19044:Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305)
18646:10.1525/jps.2000.29.4.02p00787
17077:Firro, Kais (15 August 2006).
16469:Encyclopedia of Sacred Places
15258:R. Williams, Victoria (2020).
15074:C. Tucker, Spencer C. (2019).
15027:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 364–366.
15023:C. Tucker, Spencer C. (2019).
14557:Historical Dictionary of Syria
14476:R. Williams, Victoria (2020).
14440:. Tabletmag. 20 November 2019.
14124:. Berghahn Books. p. 17.
13812:Brenton Betts, Robert (2013).
13624:Encyclopedia of Sacred Places
13582:Historical Dictionary of Syria
13555:R. Williams, Victoria (2020).
13530:L. Torstrick, Rebecca (2004).
13480:Lampros-Monroe, Chloe (2014).
13163:Lebanon: Cultures of the World
13161:Schmermund, Elizabeth (2017).
11728:The Druze Population of Israel
11220:, Taylor & Francis, 2008,
11099:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
10618:University of California Press
9938:. Lantern Books. p. 128.
9717:Betts, Robert Brenton (1990).
8230:The Journal of Iranian Studies
7935:Encyclopedia of Sacred Places
7626:. Cambridge University Press.
7220:
7199:
7141:
7113:
7079:
7047:
6156:Israeli Ministry of Interior's
5876:: Both religions revere Jesus.
5167:traditional Islamic traditions
5092:Syrian migrants from Argentina
4724:The Druze community maintains
3980:
3745:
3707:
3463:. The early Druze migrants to
3461:Eastern Rite Catholic Churches
1868:to usher in a new Golden Age.
1195:mainly concerning ad-Darazi's
658:, with smaller communities in
638:The Druze faith is one of the
417:
13:
1:
24787:Trinity of the Church Fathers
20764:Traditional Sabahan religions
19283:Abu Mohammad Jawad Walieddine
19264:
17305:Jewish Magic and Superstition
17302:Trachtenberg, Joshua (2021).
17050:Stern, Yoav (23 March 2005).
16667:, vol. 15, 1997, pp. 151–64.
16467:Brockman, Norbert C. (2011).
14966:K. Zartman, Jonathan (2020).
14174:K. Zartman, Jonathan (2020).
13788:. Rough Guides. p. 147.
13532:Culture and Customs of Israel
13030:Entrepreneurship and Religion
11570:. University of Texas Press.
11473:, and Soraya Tremayne. 2012.
11446:Panagakos, Anastasia (2015).
10535:Confrontation and Coexistence
10435:, Beirut: Presses de l'Ifpo,
9020:Al-Najjar, 'Abdullāh (1965).
8563:Radwan, Chad K. (June 2009).
8146:Syria and the New World Order
7748:Entrepreneurship and Religion
7455:Berdichevsky, Norman (2004).
7086:Robert Brenton Betts (1990).
7035:
6925:A 2020 study on remains from
6571:According to Druze historian
6113:British Mandate for Palestine
5689:and the Druze founded modern
5371:in 1958, the Islamic scholar
5236:, and they do not accept the
4351:Prayer houses and holy places
4102:evenings. Druze follow Sunni
3628:
3567:and was known by the name of
3097:. After the assassination of
3009:
2707:due to political reasons, as
2503:Maronite Christian population
1852:Closing of the unitarian call
1524:
25457:Religions derived from Islam
25118:
24392:
19417:
19109:Druze in Mandatory Palestine
18704:Journal of Palestine Studies
18634:Journal of Palestine Studies
18519:Makarim, Sami Nasib (1974).
18490:Hitti, Philip Khūri (1924).
18468:Lebanon: A History, 600-2011
18356:Abu-Izeddin, Nejla (1993) .
17899:10.1371/journal.pone.0002105
17536:Journal of Palestine Studies
17325:. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.
17142:Journal of Palestine Studies
16690:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
15304:Nestorović, Čedomir (2016).
14416:. Lonely Planet. p. 5.
14044:. W. W. Norton. p. 62.
13371:Raudvere, Catharina (2005).
10762:Masters, Bruce Alan (2010).
10566:The Druzes and the Maronites
10021:Khuri Hitti, Philip (1996).
9976:. Brill. 1993. p. 921.
9498:linking God with creation",
9366:Samy Swayd (10 March 2015).
8812:Journal of Palestine Studies
7815:De McLaurin, Ronald (1979).
7040:
6499:rule, with the Buhturids, a
6197:, and both typically do not
5923:Both religions venerate the
5568:Relationship with Christians
5489:Islamic schools and branches
4152:First limit: Hamza Ibn Ali (
3992:dignitaries celebrating the
3898:
3687:The Pact of Time Custodian (
3653:as well as others including
3447:and music. Religiously, the
3345:
3266:Central Bureau of Statistics
3222:
3095:Maronite Christian community
1801:for those who had sworn the
705:
7:
25417:Esoteric schools of thought
25038:Phenomenological definition
22966:National religiosity levels
22191:Nauruan Indigenous religion
21746:Hellenism (modern religion)
19089:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
18407:. Sussex University Press.
17385:Sprengling, Martin (1939).
17357:. rab News Minority Report.
16842:The Druze Massacre of Safed
16499:. OUP Oxford. p. 205.
16132:Ellwood, Robert S. (2008).
16095:Stanton, Andrea L. (2012).
16067:. McFarland. pp. 96–.
15960:. W.W. Norton. p. 62.
15726:Frazee, Charles A. (2006).
15362:Journey to the End of Islam
14888:Bryer, David R. W. (1975).
14696:R. W. Bryer, David (1979).
14365:. ABC-CLIO. p. XXIII.
14361:Ashkenazi, Michael (2020).
13505:L. Stanton, Andrea (2012).
13053:D Nisan, Mordechai (2015).
12845:Bryer, David R. W. (1975).
12793:Bryer, David R. W. (1975).
12772:. Brill. pp. 640–645.
12768:Mallett, Alexander (2010).
12414:, AU: Druze, archived from
12128:Isḥāq Khūrī, Fuʼād (2009).
11971:10.1080/1369183032000170222
11794:Khair Abbas, Randa (2011).
11662:10.1080/1369183032000170222
10883:Churchill, Charles (1862),
10787:Özavcı, Hilmi Ozan (2021).
10591:Near East/South Asia Report
10381:. I.B. Tauris. p. 66.
9867:. Rough Guides. p. 2.
9690:Philip Khūri Hitti (1966).
8485:D Nisan, Mordechai (2015).
8257:Philip Khuri Hitti (1928).
8224:Mahmut, R. İbrahim (2023).
6991:Neoplatonism and Gnosticism
6964:
6736:
6201:. Belief in reincarnation (
5695:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
5171:influence from Christianity
5141:
4794:are Arabic in language and
4762:
4684:, patriotic sacrifice, and
4645:
4634:
4626:
4618:
4610:
4602:
4592:
4584:
4576:
4568:
4556:
4538:
4527:
4513:
4490:
4425:
4417:
4407:
4317:
4311:
4286:
4271:
4256:
4241:
4226:
4216:
4209:
4136:
3883:
3690:
3443:, particularly in terms of
3075:Progressive Socialist Party
2726:
2643:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
2619:General Beaufort d'Hautpoul
2288:and Korkmaz entered into a
2187:Duke Ferdinand I of Tuscany
1799:al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah
1528: 800,000 – 2,000,0000
1284:
1272:
1242:
1234:
1213:
1198:
1175:
508:
485:, Druze do not identify as
428:
411:
398:
312:
10:
25493:
22375:
18901:
18320:10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.013
18169:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.024
17646:J. Cohen, Michael (2020).
17625:. Brill. p. 158-159.
17387:"The Berlin Druze Lexicon"
16890:Louis Finkelstein (1960).
16832:Feldheim Publishers, 1991
16719:Cambridge University Press
16613:Cambridge University Press
16580:. Routledge. p. 140.
16190:Stearns, Peter N. (2008).
15928:al- H̲azīn, Farīd (2000).
15782:Kayyali, Randa A. (2006).
15754:Kayyali, Randa A. (2006).
15332:Roald, Anne Sofie (2011).
15229:D. Grafton, David (2009).
14530:Barceloux, Donald (2012).
14438:"A Taste of Druze Cuisine"
14344:"A Taste of Druze Cuisine"
13622:Brockman, Norbert (2011).
13440:Council of Europe (2010).
13375:. Routledge. p. 163.
13302:"Holy places of the Druze"
12865:10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239
12431:The Encyclopedia Americana
12389:(an abridged rough draft;
12300:A. Kayyali, Randa (2006).
12160:(in Arabic). Aamama. 2013.
12107:. Routledge. p. 352.
11883:. Brill. pp. 9, 171.
11370:Balanche, Fabrice (2017).
11053:"Reforming Islam in Egypt"
10706:al- H̲azīn, Farīd (2000).
10431:, in Roger Heacock (ed.),
9191:. Routledge. p. 109.
9137:, and a smaller number in
9073:"Druze set to visit Syria"
9035:Hitti, Philip K. (2007) .
8757:. Brill. pp. 9, 171.
7933:Brockman, Norbert (2011).
7483:Brockman, Norbert (2011).
7300:(in Arabic). Aamama. 2013.
6740:
6278:
6174:and self-identify more as
5804:transmigration of the soul
5571:
5460:: Both religions venerate
4915:
4711:
4347:and a life of moderation.
3946:Khabar al-Yahud wal Nasara
3914:Excessive citations inline
3875:
3865:Confession of God's unity.
3850:Repudiation of the devil (
3830:
3674:Reincarnation § Druze
3671:
3529:
3349:
3309:Druze of the Golan Heights
3226:
3101:on 16 March 1977, his son
3013:
2730:
2652:
2551:has been characterized by
2520:
2414:
2411:Qaysites and the Yemenites
2384:, and it was he whose aid
2323:
2177:), the ancient capital of
2112:
1599:al-Darazi arrives in Cairo
1330:
28:
25375:
25344:
25306:
25259:
25236:
25124:
25113:
25066:
24942:
24894:
24800:
24727:
24688:
24652:
24589:
24578:
24531:
24426:
24417:
24413:
24400:
24332:
24251:
24168:
24040:
23785:
23510:
23227:
23223:
23212:
23121:
23046:
22822:
22730:
22667:
22385:
22381:
22370:
21933:
21920:
21845:
21668:
21650:Transcendental Meditation
21543:
21530:
21495:
21243:
21220:
21209:
21136:
21099:
20843:
20739:
20721:
20665:
20656:
20573:
20501:
20352:
20343:
20301:
20273:
20231:
20164:
20155:
20146:
20112:
20079:
20051:
20042:
19992:
19859:
19546:
19460:
19451:
19442:
19438:
19425:
19355:
19273:
19237:
19195:
19127:
19031:
19005:
18974:
18953:
18912:
18844:
18836:
18540:Nisan, Mordechai (2002),
17712:10.1179/peq.1988.120.1.26
17677:. Library of Alexandria.
17277:Ibrahim, Ibtisam (2000).
17108:Nisan, Mordechai (2015).
17054:. Haaretz. Archived from
16829:Safed: The Mystical City.
16713:L. Rogan, Eugene (2011).
16607:L. Rogan, Eugene (2011).
16161:Gruenbaum, Ellen (2015).
15838:Granli, Elisabet (2011).
15534:Pintak, Lawrence (2019).
15472:Aburish, Saïd K. (2004).
15451:. Springer. p. 164.
15262:. ABC-CLIO. p. 318.
15078:. ABC-CLIO. p. 364.
14970:. ABC-CLIO. p. 199.
14908:10.1515/islm.1975.52.1.47
14751:. Routledge. p. 33.
14747:J. Stewart, Dona (2008).
14534:. John Wiley & Sons.
14480:. ABC-CLIO. p. 318.
14178:. ABC-CLIO. p. 199.
13987:B. Betts, Robert (1988).
13962:B. Betts, Robert (1988).
13559:. ABC-CLIO. p. 318.
13455:Vloeberghs, Ward (2015).
13220:Massignon, Louis (2019).
13189:Stewart, Dona J. (2008).
12907:Hitti, Philip K. (1928).
12813:10.1515/islm.1975.52.1.47
12674:. Bodley Head. p. ?.
12670:Willi Frischauer (1970).
12035:Khalifa, Mustafa (2013),
11852:Religious Freedoms: Druze
11070:Nisan, Mordechai (2015).
10504:. Routledge. p. 32.
10377:Salibi, Kamal S. (2005).
10190:Reilly, James A. (2016).
9679:– via Google Books.
9646:– via Google Books.
8612:. Routledge. p. 33.
8608:Stewart, Dona J. (2008).
8354:Rosenthal, Donna (2003).
7865:. Routledge. p. 33.
7861:J. Stewart, Dona (2008).
7682:"The Abrahamic religions"
7592:Quigley, John B. (2005).
7074:Total Population: 800,000
6614:notes that Wadi Taym and
5908:), and regards Jesus and
5847:Ethiopian Orthodox Church
5212:Relationship with Muslims
5207:Druze and other religions
5169:, reflects a significant
5157:; wearing religious dress
5074:of any kind to this day.
4877:, historically a popular
4871:Church of Saidet et Tallé
4804:colloquial Arabic dialect
4495:) wearing religious dress
4148:(risalat ash-sham'a) as:
4125:The Druze strictly avoid
3264:According to the Israeli
3149:Lebanese Democratic Party
2851:During the four years of
2825:Druze leaders meeting in
1955:Mount Lebanon Governorate
1932:Mount Lebanon Governorate
1775:Disappearance of Al-Hakim
1520:
1503:
1491:Between 1017 and 1018 CE
1487:
1477:
1463:
1453:
1443:
1420:
1410:
1398:
1388:
1374:
1347:
1342:
325:
320:
305:
300:
295:
290:
270:
250:
230:
210:
190:
170:
146:
126:
106:
101:
94:
89:
84:
79:
54:
24792:Trinitarian universalism
23277:Central African Republic
20311:Vietnamese folk religion
19702:Charismatic Christianity
18930:Bahā'a ad-Dīn al-Muqtana
18739:10.1080/0142569900110406
18465:Harris, William (2012).
17650:. Taylor & Francis.
17607:10.1177/0021909613485700
17549:10.1525/jps.2001.30.3.40
17188:10.1177/0021909613485700
17155:10.1525/jps.2001.30.3.40
16910:Ronald Florence (2004).
16675:. Accessed 22 Nov. 2023.
16578:Muslim-Jewish Encounters
16576:Nettler, Ronald (2014).
16525:The A to Z of the Druzes
16442:Makdisi, Ussama (2000).
16415:The A to Z of the Druzes
16388:Crone, Patricia (2013).
16061:Mordechai Nisan (2002).
15958:Lebanon: A House Divided
15559:Jonas, Margaret (2011).
15387:The A to Z of the Druzes
15360:Knight, Michael (2009).
15308:. Springer. p. 66.
15201:Hunter, Shireen (2010).
14555:W. Lesch, David (2021).
14042:Lebanon: A House Divided
13580:W. Lesch, David (2021).
13140:. pp. 44, 61, 147.
13138:Rowman & Littlefield
13134:The A to Z of the Druzes
13002:The A to Z of the Druzes
11798:. ABC-CLIO. p. 11.
11596:
11488:"Who are the Maronites?"
11450:. ABC-CLIO. p. 99.
11345:The Washington Institute
11149:. AMSA Publication Ltd.
11120:Sorenson, David (2009).
11001:. Belmont Estate Books.
10678:F. Harik, Iliya (2017).
10657:. C. Hurst. p. 10.
10427:Safi, Khaled M. (2008),
10349:. I.B. Tauris. pp.
10273:. I.B. Tauris. pp.
9864:The Rough Guide to Syria
9600:The A to Z of the Druzes
9573:Daftary, Farhad (2011).
9500:Potter, William (2004),
9403:. ABC-CLIO. p. 11.
8858:10.1177/0021909613485700
8825:10.1525/jps.2001.30.3.40
8537:The A to Z of the Druzes
8386:History of Ancient India
8243:10.33201/iranian.1199758
8112:A History of Shi'i Islam
8110:Daftary, Farhad (2013).
8037:Rowman & Littlefield
8033:The A to Z of the Druzes
7783:(illustrated ed.).
7650:Harrison, Simon (2006).
7545:. Merriam-Webster, Inc.
7185:. ABC-CLIO. p. 11.
7006:
6914:and the surroundings of
6908:historic region of Syria
6646:Israeli Druze historian
6147:and holds predominantly
6079:Safed's Jewish community
5994:has been controversial,
5748:and those influenced by
5468:Both religions venerate
4792:Druze citizens of Israel
4777:regional Arabic dialects
3276:, while 19% were in the
2990:in Syria's northwestern
2861:Arab Liberation Movement
2580:Maronite Catholic Church
2349:As early as the days of
29:Not to be confused with
24994:Godhead in Christianity
23171:New religious movements
22809:Theories about religion
22762:Evolutionary psychology
21791:Modern Finnish paganism
19778:Independent Catholicism
19049:Tanukh (Buhtur) dynasty
19023:Ziyarat Al Nabi Shu'ayb
18780:Encyclopædia Britannica
18613:Les Cahiers de l'Orient
18473:Oxford University Press
18447:A History of the Druzes
18444:Firro, Kais M. (2023).
17780:10.1126/science.1116815
17621:M. Firro, Kais (2021).
17530:M. Firro, Kais (2001).
17323:Understanding the Bible
17136:M. Firro, Kais (2001).
16971:. Springer. p. 7.
16896:. Harper. p. 679.
16853:Sherman Lieber (1992).
16665:Quaderni Di Studi Arabi
16639:Stevenson, W.B (1954).
16555:. Springer. p. 7.
16523:Swayd, Samy S. (2009).
16196:Oxford University Press
15956:Mackey, Sandra (2006).
15695:Clark, Malcolm (2003).
15685:Esposito (1998), p. 12.
15501:Rainer Brünner (2004).
15413:S. Swayd, Samy (2009).
15385:S. Swayd, Samy (2009).
15176:M. Firro, Kais (2021).
15099:Zabad, Ibrahim (2017).
14832:Jacobs, Martin (2014).
14412:Isalska, Anita (2018).
14256:Zabad, Ibrahim (2017).
14231:Zabad, Ibrahim (2017).
14040:Mackey, Sandra (2006).
13784:Jacobs, Daniel (1998).
13737:. Refworl. 6 June 2006.
13683:Zabad, Ibrahim (2017).
13651:(in Hebrew), p. 55
13401:Encyclopedia Britannica
13078:Farhad Daftary (2007).
13028:Dana, Léo-Paul (2010).
13000:S. Swayd, Samy (2009).
12585:, UK: BBC, 8 April 2005
12378:Swayd, SDSU, Dr. Samy,
11992:Faulkner, Neil (2016).
11905:Weingrod, Alex (1985).
11566:Barakat, Halim (2011).
11507:Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir
11095:Kayyali, Randa (2006).
10404:A History of the Druzes
10402:El-Firro, Kais (1952).
10309:. I.B. Tauris. p.
10108:Zabad, Ibrahim (2017).
9833:. Springer. p. 2.
9744:Clark, Malcolm (2011).
9432:, Druze, archived from
9219:(in Hebrew), p. 55
8904:Moukarim, Moustafa F.,
8806:M. Firro, Kais (2001).
8779:Weingrod, Alex (1985).
8580:Zabad, Ibrahim (2017).
8535:S. Swayd, Samy (2009).
8384:Kapur, Kamlesh (2010).
8144:Quilliam, Neil (1999).
7752:Edward Elgar Publishing
7746:Dana, Léo-Paul (2010).
7571:Encyclopedia Britannica
7537:Doniger, Wendy (1999).
6834:) (Behar et al. 2010).
6685:Encyclopædia Britannica
6271:shepherd and priest of
6189:and the Druze faith as
6109:establishment of Israel
6045:Deir el Qamar Synagogue
5752:among works from other
5522:Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad
5161:The Druze rejection of
4380:Ziyarat al-Nabi Shu'ayb
4065:Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad
3919:considered for deletion
3904:Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad
3398:withdrawal of the Turks
3340:Arab citizens of Israel
3270:Arab citizens of Israel
3207:, about a third in the
3077:formed by their leader
1978:transmigration of souls
1551:("Unitarian") doctrine.
1541:Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad
1228:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.
962:Tanukh (Buhtur) dynasty
96:Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad
25447:Monotheistic religions
23820:Bosnia and Herzegovina
21806:Erzyan native religion
21655:Unitarian Universalism
21044:Native American Church
19822:Oneness Pentecostalism
19210:Maronite-Druze dualism
19205:Christianity and Druze
19094:Hauran Druze Rebellion
18657:. Paris: L'Harmattan.
18567:Swayd, Samy S (2006).
17884:(5): Table S6, e2105,
17588:Halabi, Rabah (2014).
17563:A. Kheir, Eve (2023).
17505:S. Rowe, Paul (2018).
17480:Hazran, Yusri (2014).
17169:Halabi, Rabah (2014).
16940:Abraham David (2010).
16742:Abraham David (2010).
15810:Hobby, Jeneen (2011).
15661:Sandra Mackey (2009).
15336:. Brill. p. 255.
14995:Layiš, Aharôn (1982).
14804:Cohen, Hillel (2010).
14203:Layiš, Aharôn (1982).
14120:Bowman, Glenn (2012).
14012:Hitti, Philip (2010).
13459:. Brill. p. 285.
13419:. Brill. p. 230.
13132:Samy S. Swayd (2009).
13103:Morgan Clarke (2013).
12384:, Eial, archived from
12328:Hobby, Jeneen (2011).
12042:Arab Reform Initiative
11822:Cohen, Hillel (2015).
11628:Jewish virtual library
11529:"Who's who in Lebanon"
11492:BBC News – Middle East
10933:Yu Chen, Ying (2021).
10734:Salibi, Kamal (1900).
10651:Vocke, Harald (1978).
10533:Artzi, Pinḥas (1984).
10500:Hazran, Yusri (2013).
10217:Stefan Winter (2010).
9454:
9351:. Harvard University.
9187:Held, Colbert (2008).
8839:Halabi, Rabah (2014).
8458:Finegan, Jack (1981).
8284:Sālibī, Kamāl (2005).
8089:. Brill. p. 108.
8031:Samy S. Swayd (2009).
7846:. Harvard University.
7001:Christianity and Druze
6535:Ahmad Faris al-Shidyaq
6504:
6430:
6380:Baha al-Din al-Muqtana
6293:
6104:
6087:Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt
6006:Baha al-Din al-Muqtana
5987:
5971:Relationship with Jews
5877:
5874:As-Suwayda Governorate
5717:
5594:
5574:Christianity and Druze
5562:persecution by Muslims
5465:
5158:
5080:(in Levantine Arabic,
5056:As-Suwayda Governorate
4933:
4879:Marian pilgrimage site
4826:
4721:
4496:
4397:
4389:Druze prayer house in
4367:
4328:
4122:
4004:
3720:
3702:
3683:Pact of Time Custodian
3651:al-Sharia al-Ruhaniyya
3647:al-Munfarid bi-Dhatihi
3626:
3534:
3241:
3067:Palestinian resistance
3053:
3036:
2949:As-Suwayda Governorate
2918:
2830:
2803:Sultan Pasha al-Atrash
2793:
2746:
2743:Sultan Pasha al-Atrash
2655:Hauran Druze Rebellion
2544:
2517:Civil conflict of 1860
2430:
2346:
2334:Druze woman wearing a
2243:
2134:
2045:Sunni Mamluk campaigns
1980:between adherents and
1858:Baha al-Din al-Muqtana
1720:from believers, whose
1652:
1592:(Unitarian) doctrine.
1106:Christianity and Druze
1017:Hauran Druze Rebellion
853:Baha al-Din al-Muqtana
640:major religious groups
25427:Ethnoreligious groups
24820:Fate of the unlearned
24772:Shield of the Trinity
24140:Saint Kitts and Nevis
23437:São Tomé and Príncipe
23297:Republic of the Congo
21503:Aboriginal Australian
20174:Chinese folk religion
19330:List of Israeli Druze
19059:Mount Lebanon Emirate
18920:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
18401:Dana, Nissim (2003).
18313:(18): 4612–4625.e14.
17671:Hitti, P. K. (1966).
17567:. Brill. p. 55.
17202:Rubin, Barry (2015).
16363:Dana, Nissim (2008).
16285:Columbia Encyclopedia
16247:Thomas Riggs (2006).
16099:. Sage. p. 330.
15474:Nasser: the last Arab
15180:. Brill. p. 94.
15047:Taraze Fawaz, Leila.
14860:Hajjar, Lisa (2005).
13509:. Sage. p. 330.
13270:Swayd, Sammy (2015).
13245:Swayd, Sammy (2015).
12943:Dana, Nissim (2008).
12523:Hanna Batatu (2012).
12434:. Grolier Inc. 1996.
12162:: Referring governor
12103:S Rowe, Paul (2018).
11932:Nili, Shmuel (2019).
11374:. Brill. p. 27.
10902:Deeb, Marius (2013).
9449:
7961:Nili, Shmuel (2019).
7680:(23 September 2019).
7622:Chatty, Dawn (2010).
7509:"Definition of druze"
7302:: Referring governor
7214:gulf2000.columbia.edu
6929:(Bronze Age southern
6486:
6416:
6291:
6191:ethnoreligious groups
6158:census registration.
6133:Israel Defense Forces
6099:
5978:
5863:
5762:Christian monasticism
5703:
5581:
5526:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
5444:
5393:, and believe in the
5300:, a prominent Muslim
5248:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
5238:five pillars of Islam
5149:
5067:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
4923:
4821:
4719:
4607:have equal rights to
4482:
4388:
4358:
4327:
4155:حمزة إبن علي إبن أحمد
4146:Epistle of the Candle
4121:
4069:Al-Muqtana Baha'uddin
3988:
3974:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
3925:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
3831:Further information:
3715:
3697:
3608:
3328:Israel Defense Forces
3236:
3047:
3023:
2909:
2842:1948 War in Palestine
2824:
2791:
2740:
2530:
2424:
2378:Amir Bashir Shihab II
2361:at the foot of mount
2333:
2233:
2171:Fakhr-al-Din's castle
2122:
1805:to accept the call.
1749:became incarnated in
1741:al-Darazi is executed
1672:and requirements for
1650:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
1644:
1555:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
830:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
698:, as well as by most
23762:United Arab Emirates
22553:Religious experience
21927:Historical religions
20331:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
19663:Schwenkfelder Church
19347:Persecution of Druze
19310:Druze Arabic dialect
19114:Jaysh al-Muwahhideen
18925:Al-Sayyid al-Tanukhi
18162:(5): 1146–1157.e11.
16967:Parsons, L. (2011).
16686:"Benjamin of Tudela"
16551:Parsons, L. (2011).
16413:Swayd, Samy (2019).
15998:13.1 (1992), 122–135
14999:. Brill. p. 1.
14937:Swayd, Samy (2015).
14207:. Brill. p. 1.
14145:Swayd, Samy (2015).
13751:Ubayd, Anis (2006).
12975:Swayd, Samy (2015).
12628:Firro, Kais (1992).
12552:Nissîm Dānā (2003).
12459:Adventures in Arabia
11877:Firro, Kais (1999).
11859:on 14 September 2012
11403:www.country-data.com
11250:. 31 December 2017.
10958:Rogan, E.L. (2002).
10610:Fawaz, L.T. (1994).
9829:Parsons, L. (2000).
9598:Swayd, Samy (2009).
9473:on 11 September 2019
9426:Luminaries: Al Hakim
8977:Swayd, Samy (1998).
8751:Firro, Kais (1999).
8510:Swayd, Samy (2015).
8072:on 14 February 2016.
7719:Obeid, Anis (2006).
7678:Abulafia, Anna Sapir
7120:Donna Marsh (2015).
6996:Religious syncretism
6976:Jaysh al-Muwahhideen
6791:and has spread from
6765:Druze people of the
6683:The 1911 edition of
6556:, and scholars like
6529:where they had been
6221:Conservative Judaism
6085:against the rule of
6063:Druze power struggle
5806:, unlike the Druze.
5585:and Druze Khalwa in
5361:United Arab Republic
4432:in local languages.
4247:"the Universal Soul/
4199:علي إبن أحمد السموقي
4186:سلامة إبن عبد الوهاب
4011:), their disciples (
3827:Seven Druze precepts
3691:Mithāq Walī al-zamān
2783:Quneitra Governorate
2338:during the 1870s in
1646:Sixth Fatimid caliph
1091:Persecution of Druze
601:Muhammad ibn Isma'il
499:Interfaith marriages
25467:Religion in Lebanon
25407:Abrahamic religions
25354:Slavic Native Faith
24777:Trinitarian formula
24714:Father of Greatness
24597:Abrahamic religions
24155:Trinidad and Tobago
24050:Antigua and Barbuda
23218:Religion by country
22279:Cult of Magna Mater
20801:Philippine Dayawism
20382:Nimbarka Sampradaya
20130:Chinese Manichaeism
19802:Jehovah's Witnesses
19607:Proto-Protestantism
19367:Religion portal
19300:Alam al-Din dynasty
18890:Seven Durzi pillars
18496:. Forgotten Books.
18423:Fawaz, L.T (1994).
18270:10.1038/nature13673
18262:2014Natur.513..409L
18208:National Geographic
18110:2016NatSR...635837M
18027:2015NatSR...514484B
17957:10.1038/nature09103
17949:2010Natur.466..238B
17890:2008PLoSO...3.2105S
17772:2005Sci...309.1720M
17766:(5741): 1720–1722,
17308:. Beyond Books Hub.
17237:The Arabs in Israel
17089:on 24 December 2018
17058:on 10 December 2007
16999:on 3 September 2006
16336:. Routledge. 2013.
15844:(Master's thesis).
14451:Aryain, Ed (2006).
13355:on 3 December 2013.
13315:Kais Firro (1999).
12604:. Vol. Second.
12418:on 14 February 2016
12357:Makarem, Sami Nasib
12182:The Washington Post
11745:The Washington Post
11059:. 18 February 2017.
9797:Erickson, Rebecca.
8437:. Routledge. 2013.
8016:, pp. 188–189.
7391:US State Department
7148:Samy Swayd (2015).
6757:In a 2005 study of
6748:Lebanese Christians
6648:Salman Hamud Fallah
6605:Great Syrian Revolt
6267:' father-in-law, a
6031:On the other hand,
5941:Luke the Evangelist
5843:Coptic Christianity
5839:Christian countries
5602:Abrahamic religions
5417:Al Azhar University
5377:Al Azhar University
4899:acts of persecution
4304:The mind generates
3738:of the Druze is at
3496:Southern California
3153:Prince Talal Arslan
3069:represented by the
2705:Al-Azhar Shia Fatwa
2649:Rebellion in Hauran
2417:Battle of Ain Darra
2392:to maintain power.
2015:Having cleared the
1880:During the Crusades
1580:, Khorasan, in the
1521:Number of followers
1325:Southern California
1127:Religion portal
1031:Jaysh al-Muwahhidin
791:Seven Druze pillars
633:Luke the Evangelist
51:
25477:Religion in Jordan
25412:Arab ethnic groups
25316:Abrahamic prophecy
25246:Ayyavazhi theology
25018:Apophatic theology
24407:Conceptions of God
24090:Dominican Republic
23136:Abrahamic prophets
22230:Proto-Indo-Iranian
20774:Aliran Kepercayaan
19977:Non-denominational
19899:Modernist Salafism
19585:Oriental Orthodoxy
19187:Salman the Persian
19119:Qalb Loze massacre
19074:Battle of Ain Dara
18961:Epistles of Wisdom
18945:Muhammad al-Darazī
18762:Middle East Report
18098:Scientific Reports
18073:. 11 February 2015
18015:Scientific Reports
17829:10.1002/humu.20077
17319:Harris, Stephen L.
15846:University of Oslo
15784:The Arab Americans
15756:The Arab Americans
15447:Ahmad, A. (2009).
12602:Epistles of Wisdom
12302:The Arab Americans
12277:. 27 August 2017.
11774:The New York Times
11300:The New York Times
11097:The Arab Americans
10993:Totten, Michael J.
10564:Churchill (1862).
7991:www.britannica.com
7342:on 14 January 2009
7207:"Syria region map"
7026:Palestinianization
6759:ASPM gene variants
6697:Benjamin of Tudela
6691:Iturean hypothesis
6672:social integration
6505:
6479:Arabian hypothesis
6431:
6326:European Christian
6294:
6227:). Figures in the
6193:, both practicing
6164:Israeli Christians
6129:Islamic radicalism
6105:
6100:Oliphant house in
6033:Benjamin of Tudela
6014:Epistles of Wisdom
6001:Epistles of Wisdom
5988:
5878:
5798:do not believe in
5726:Epistles of Wisdom
5718:
5595:
5533:Epistles of Wisdom
5491:do not believe in
5466:
5432:Muslim Brotherhood
5357:Gamal Abdel Nasser
5354:Egyptian president
5313:People of the Book
5290:Islamic extremists
5159:
4942:Levantine cuisines
4934:
4827:
4722:
4497:
4439:the Druze call it
4398:
4368:
4329:
4123:
4076:Salman the Persian
4005:
3950:Epistles of Wisdom
3721:
3639:Epistles of Wisdom
3573:Brethren of Purity
3485:Tarek William Saab
3441:Venezuelan culture
3242:
3059:Lebanese Civil War
3054:
3037:
3035:region of Lebanon.
2984:Qalb Loze massacre
2919:
2831:
2794:
2747:
2709:Gamal Abdel Nasser
2565:Christian Maronite
2545:
2444:battle of Ain Dara
2431:
2401:Muhammad Ali Pasha
2347:
2244:
2208:was named Lord of
2135:
1707:Epistles of Wisdom
1653:
1630:Epistles of Wisdom
1405:Epistles of Wisdom
1267:Benjamin of Tudela
1036:Qalb Loze massacre
994:Battle of Ain Dara
878:Epistles of Wisdom
605:Salman the Persian
518:Epistles of Wisdom
502:reunites with the
458:who adhere to the
307:Epistles of Wisdom
85:≈800,000–2,000,000
48:مُوَحِّدونَ دُرُوز
41:
25462:Religion in Syria
25389:
25388:
25371:
25370:
25367:
25366:
25109:
25108:
25105:
25104:
25000:Latter Day Saints
24969:Divine simplicity
24890:
24889:
24747:Consubstantiality
24723:
24722:
24574:
24573:
24518:Theistic finitism
24360:
24359:
24328:
24327:
24324:
24323:
23312:Equatorial Guinea
23208:
23207:
23204:
23203:
22747:Cognitive science
22366:
22365:
22299:Mysteries of Isis
22073:Frankish paganism
21916:
21915:
21912:
21911:
21908:
21907:
21660:White Brotherhood
21526:
21525:
21491:
21490:
20835:Sundanese Wiwitan
20652:
20651:
20648:
20647:
20377:Brahma Sampradaya
20339:
20338:
20142:
20141:
20138:
20137:
20120:Assianism/Uatsdin
20038:
20037:
19807:British Israelism
19793:Nontrinitarianism
19756:Plymouth Brethren
19751:Nondenominational
19685:Congregationalism
19573:Eastern Orthodoxy
19521:Reconstructionist
19385:
19384:
19238:Druze communities
19222:Judaism and Druze
19196:Relationship with
19099:Jabal Druze State
19079:1838 Druze Revolt
19013:Al-Khidr Festival
18992:Khalwat al-Bayada
18913:Important figures
18676:, Norton (2002).
18672:Rabih Alameddine
18664:978-2-296-06536-9
18580:978-0-8108-5332-4
18553:978-0-7864-1375-1
18532:978-0-88206-003-3
18525:. Caravan Books.
18503:978-1-60506-068-2
18414:978-1-903900-36-9
18393:978-0-521-61636-2
18246:(7518): 409–413.
18118:10.1038/srep35837
18035:10.1038/srep14484
17943:(7303): 238–242.
17736:Haber et al. 2013
17684:978-1-4655-4662-3
17246:978-0-85345-377-2
16953:978-0-8173-5643-9
16923:978-0-299-20280-4
16872:978-0-87480-391-4
16838:978-0-873-06566-5
16815:978-0-8173-0572-7
16783:978-0-520-07196-4
16755:978-0-8173-5643-9
16374:978-1-903900-36-9
16315:978-1-118-05396-6
16305:Islam For Dummies
16262:978-0-7876-6612-5
16074:978-0-7864-1375-1
16035:978-90-429-1943-3
15907:978-1-4381-1025-7
15708:978-1-118-05396-6
15698:Islam for Dummies
14653:978-1-139-46578-6
14628:978-1-139-46578-6
14541:978-1-118-10605-1
13948:978-0-520-07196-4
13908:978-0-520-07196-4
13633:978-1-59884-654-6
13323:. Brill. p.
13147:978-0-8108-6836-6
13118:978-0-85745-382-2
13089:978-1-139-46578-6
12639:978-90-04-09437-6
12565:978-1-903900-36-9
12534:978-1-4008-4584-2
12457:Seabrook, W. B.,
12395:on 5 October 2006
12275:Los Angeles Times
12240:Los Angeles Times
12164:Tareck El Aissami
12081:on 6 October 2018
12061:Los Angeles Times
12022:Los Angeles Times
11918:978-2-88124-007-2
11577:978-0-292-73981-9
11471:Inhorn, Marcia C.
11316:on 1 January 2022
11227:978-0-203-89211-4
11131:978-0-313-36579-9
11081:978-0-7864-5133-3
11033:on 1 October 2018
11008:978-0-692-29753-7
10471:978-1-5381-2043-9
10388:978-1-86064-912-7
10360:978-1-86064-856-4
10320:978-1-86064-856-4
10284:978-1-86064-856-4
10236:978-1-139-48681-1
10203:978-1-78672-036-8
10135:, pp. 45–47.
9997:Abu Izzeddin 1993
9945:978-1-59056-102-7
9911:978-0-415-96690-0
9874:978-1-85828-718-8
9781:on 26 April 2012.
9757:978-1-118-05396-6
9747:Islam For Dummies
9730:978-0-300-04810-0
9703:978-1-60506-068-2
9636:. Lantern Books.
9547:978-0-7864-5133-3
9513:978-0-87338-797-2
9439:on 20 August 2008
9410:978-1-4408-4138-5
9377:978-1-4422-4617-1
9258:. 27 August 2017.
9256:Los Angeles Times
9235:Los Angeles Times
9046:978-0-86356-690-5
8988:978-0-9662932-0-3
8792:978-2-88124-007-2
8471:978-0-8028-1869-0
8395:978-81-207-4910-8
8367:978-0-684-86972-8
8324:978-3-7340-3986-7
8297:978-1-904850-06-9
8270:978-1-4655-4662-3
8121:978-0-85773-524-9
8096:978-90-04-09705-6
8046:978-0-8108-6836-6
8039:. p. xxxix.
7944:978-1-59884-654-6
7798:978-1-59337-368-9
7761:978-1-84980-632-9
7732:978-0-8156-5257-1
7663:978-1-57181-680-1
7633:978-0-521-81792-9
7605:978-0-8223-3539-9
7552:978-0-87779-044-0
7466:978-0-7864-2700-0
7304:Tareck El Aissami
7159:978-1-4422-4617-1
7131:978-1-4721-3567-4
7103:978-0-300-04810-0
7069:978-1-135-19388-1
6981:Jabal Druze State
6839:mitochondrial DNA
6662:tribes, with the
6652:Arabian Peninsula
6573:Nejla Abu-Izzedin
6558:Max von Oppenheim
6460:Nejla Abu-Izzedin
6456:Felix von Luschan
6376:Martin Sprengling
6121:Jewish immigrants
6102:Daliyat al-Karmel
5512:and not allowing
5282:forced conversion
5259:Fatimid Caliphate
5030:. In Israel, the
4936:Druze cuisine is
4848:Shrine of Shu'ayb
4835:Nejla Abu-Izzedin
4814:Cultural identity
4808:Hebrew characters
4806:. They often use
4757:Shrine of Shu'ayb
4343:, as a symbol of
4333:five-pointed star
4144:(d. 1030) in the
4114:Religious symbol
3956:, a supporter of
3740:Khalwat al-Bayada
3718:Khalwat al-Bayada
3716:Druze clerics in
3477:Tareck El Aissami
3400:from the region.
3313:Golan Heights Law
3282:Daliyat al-Karmel
3274:Northern District
3157:Emir Majid Arslan
3114:Maronite Catholic
3045:
2992:Idlib Governorate
2977:Idlib Governorate
2857:Adib al-Shishakli
2838:Shukri al-Quwatli
2807:Syrian Revolution
2298:province of Sidon
2240:Beiteddine Palace
2206:Küçük Ahmed Pasha
2037:al-Nasir Muhammad
2031:, Isma'ilis, and
1984:, were viewed as
1534:
1533:
1498:Fatimid Caliphate
1458:Khalwat al-Bayada
1383:Esoteric religion
1356:Shrine of Shu'ayb
1320:Los Angeles Times
1253:"bliss") or from
1163:
1162:
1101:Religious symbols
1049:Druze communities
1022:Jabal Druze State
999:1838 Druze Revolt
908:Shrine of Shu'ayb
818:Important figures
686:that migrated to
676:Islamic extremism
348:
347:
16:(Redirected from
25484:
25422:Ethnic religions
25381:
25126:
25125:
25115:
25114:
25002:
24842:
24841:
24737:Athanasian Creed
24587:
24586:
24424:
24423:
24415:
24414:
24402:
24401:
24387:
24380:
24373:
24364:
24363:
24350:
24340:
24339:
24218:Papua New Guinea
24193:Marshall Islands
24020:Northern Ireland
23225:
23224:
23214:
23213:
23098:Secular theology
23093:Secular humanism
22383:
22382:
22372:
22371:
22247:Ancestral Pueblo
21922:
21921:
21541:
21540:
21218:
21217:
20663:
20662:
20419:Shaiva Siddhanta
20350:
20349:
20283:Korean shamanism
20162:
20161:
20153:
20152:
20049:
20048:
19962:Mahdawi movement
19832:Swedenborgianism
19812:Christadelphians
19458:
19457:
19449:
19448:
19440:
19439:
19427:
19426:
19412:
19405:
19398:
19389:
19388:
19375:
19374:
19365:
19364:
19293:Sultan al-Atrash
19160:John the Baptist
18965:Rasa'il al-Hikma
18907:
18831:
18824:
18817:
18808:
18807:
18784:
18776:
18742:
18709:Dr. Anis Obeid:
18687:B. Destani, ed.
18668:
18649:
18625:Pinhas Inabri –
18591:
18589:
18587:
18563:
18562:
18560:
18536:
18514:
18512:
18510:
18486:
18461:
18440:
18418:
18397:
18373:
18343:
18342:
18332:
18322:
18298:
18292:
18291:
18281:
18255:
18231:
18225:
18224:
18222:
18220:
18211:. Archived from
18198:
18192:
18191:
18181:
18171:
18146:
18140:
18139:
18129:
18089:
18083:
18082:
18080:
18078:
18071:www.newswise.com
18063:
18057:
18056:
18046:
18006:
18000:
17999:
17988:
17977:
17976:
17927:
17921:
17920:
17911:
17901:
17873:
17864:
17863:
17861:
17859:
17853:
17814:
17805:
17799:
17798:
17749:
17743:
17733:
17727:
17726:
17695:
17689:
17688:
17668:
17662:
17661:
17643:
17637:
17636:
17618:
17612:
17611:
17609:
17585:
17579:
17578:
17560:
17554:
17553:
17551:
17527:
17521:
17520:
17502:
17496:
17495:
17477:
17471:
17468:
17462:
17461:, p. 10-11.
17459:Abu-Izeddin 1993
17456:
17450:
17447:Abu-Izeddin 1993
17444:
17435:
17432:Abu-Izeddin 1993
17429:
17418:
17415:
17409:
17408:
17406:
17382:
17376:
17370:
17359:
17358:
17350:
17341:
17335:
17326:
17316:
17310:
17309:
17299:
17293:
17292:
17274:
17268:
17267:
17265:
17257:
17251:
17250:
17229:
17218:
17217:
17199:
17193:
17192:
17190:
17166:
17160:
17159:
17157:
17133:
17127:
17126:
17105:
17099:
17098:
17096:
17094:
17085:. Archived from
17074:
17068:
17067:
17065:
17063:
17047:
17041:
17040:
17038:
17036:
17030:
17024:. Archived from
17023:
17015:
17009:
17008:
17006:
17004:
16995:. Archived from
16989:
16983:
16982:
16964:
16958:
16957:
16937:
16931:
16930:
16907:
16901:
16900:
16887:
16881:
16880:
16860:
16850:
16844:
16824:
16818:
16807:
16801:
16794:
16788:
16787:
16766:
16760:
16759:
16739:
16733:
16732:
16710:
16701:
16700:
16698:
16696:
16682:
16676:
16661:
16655:
16654:
16636:
16627:
16626:
16604:
16595:
16594:
16573:
16567:
16566:
16548:
16542:
16541:
16520:
16511:
16510:
16492:
16486:
16485:
16464:
16458:
16457:
16439:
16433:
16432:
16410:
16404:
16403:
16385:
16379:
16378:
16360:
16351:
16350:
16330:
16324:
16323:
16302:Clark M (2011).
16299:
16293:
16292:
16277:
16271:
16270:
16255:. Thomson Gale.
16244:
16238:
16237:
16235:
16228:
16220:
16214:
16213:
16187:
16181:
16180:
16158:
16152:
16151:
16129:
16123:
16117:
16111:
16110:
16092:
16086:
16085:
16083:
16081:
16058:
16047:
16046:
16044:
16042:
16019:
16013:
16012:
16005:
15999:
15992:
15986:
15985:
15978:
15972:
15971:
15953:
15947:
15946:
15925:
15919:
15918:
15916:
15914:
15891:
15885:
15884:
15864:
15858:
15857:
15835:
15829:
15828:
15807:
15801:
15800:
15779:
15773:
15772:
15751:
15745:
15744:
15723:
15717:
15716:
15692:
15686:
15683:
15677:
15676:
15658:
15652:
15651:
15649:
15647:
15642:on 21 April 2014
15638:. Archived from
15627:
15621:
15620:
15602:
15596:
15593:
15587:
15584:
15578:
15577:
15556:
15550:
15549:
15531:
15525:
15524:
15508:
15498:
15492:
15491:
15469:
15463:
15462:
15444:
15438:
15437:an-Nubala (2011)
15435:
15429:
15428:
15410:
15404:
15403:
15382:
15376:
15375:
15357:
15351:
15350:
15329:
15323:
15322:
15301:
15295:
15294:
15283:
15277:
15276:
15255:
15249:
15248:
15226:
15220:
15219:
15198:
15192:
15191:
15173:
15167:
15166:
15164:
15162:
15147:
15141:
15140:
15138:
15136:
15121:
15115:
15114:
15096:
15090:
15089:
15071:
15065:
15058:
15052:
15045:
15039:
15038:
15020:
15014:
15013:
14992:
14986:
14985:
14963:
14957:
14956:
14934:
14928:
14927:
14885:
14879:
14878:
14857:
14851:
14850:
14829:
14823:
14822:
14801:
14795:
14794:
14772:
14766:
14765:
14744:
14738:
14737:
14735:
14733:
14718:
14712:
14711:
14693:
14687:
14686:
14664:
14658:
14657:
14639:
14633:
14632:
14614:
14608:
14607:
14605:
14603:
14592:
14586:
14580:
14571:
14570:
14552:
14546:
14545:
14527:
14521:
14520:
14518:
14516:
14511:on 12 March 2014
14501:
14492:
14491:
14473:
14467:
14466:
14448:
14442:
14441:
14434:
14428:
14427:
14409:
14403:
14402:
14400:
14398:
14383:
14377:
14376:
14358:
14352:
14351:
14339:
14333:
14332:
14314:
14308:
14307:
14305:
14303:
14297:Prometheus Books
14283:
14272:
14271:
14253:
14247:
14246:
14228:
14222:
14221:
14200:
14194:
14193:
14171:
14165:
14164:
14142:
14136:
14135:
14117:
14111:
14110:
14092:
14086:
14085:
14067:
14056:
14055:
14037:
14028:
14027:
14009:
14003:
14002:
13984:
13978:
13977:
13959:
13953:
13952:
13931:
13925:
13922:Abu-Izeddin 1993
13919:
13913:
13912:
13891:
13885:
13884:, p. 45-67.
13882:Abu-Izeddin 1993
13879:
13873:
13866:
13860:
13853:
13847:
13841:
13832:
13831:
13809:
13803:
13802:
13781:
13770:
13769:
13748:
13739:
13738:
13736:
13728:
13719:
13713:
13702:
13701:
13680:
13674:
13668:
13653:
13652:
13644:
13638:
13637:
13619:
13613:
13612:
13605:
13596:
13595:
13577:
13571:
13570:
13552:
13546:
13545:
13527:
13521:
13520:
13502:
13496:
13495:
13482:A Darkling Plain
13477:
13471:
13470:
13452:
13446:
13445:
13437:
13431:
13430:
13411:
13405:
13404:
13393:
13387:
13386:
13368:
13357:
13356:
13345:
13339:
13338:
13322:
13312:
13306:
13305:
13298:
13289:
13288:
13267:
13261:
13260:
13242:
13236:
13235:
13217:
13208:
13207:
13186:
13180:
13179:
13158:
13152:
13151:
13129:
13123:
13122:
13100:
13094:
13093:
13075:
13069:
13068:
13050:
13044:
13043:
13025:
13019:
13018:
12997:
12991:
12990:
12972:
12959:
12958:
12940:
12923:
12922:
12904:
12885:
12884:
12842:
12833:
12832:
12790:
12784:
12783:
12765:
12759:
12756:
12745:
12742:
12733:
12730:
12721:
12720:
12692:
12681:
12675:
12667:
12656:
12650:
12644:
12643:
12625:
12619:
12613:
12607:
12605:
12593:
12587:
12586:
12576:
12570:
12569:
12549:
12543:
12542:
12520:
12514:
12513:
12511:
12509:
12503:
12492:
12481:
12475:
12468:
12462:
12455:
12446:
12445:
12426:
12420:
12419:
12406:
12397:
12396:
12394:
12375:
12364:
12363:
12353:
12347:
12346:
12325:
12319:
12318:
12297:
12291:
12290:
12288:
12286:
12267:
12256:
12255:
12253:
12251:
12242:. 6 April 2021.
12232:
12223:
12222:
12220:
12218:
12195:
12189:
12188:
12173:
12167:
12161:
12154:
12148:
12147:
12125:
12119:
12118:
12100:
12094:
12093:
12088:
12086:
12071:
12065:
12064:
12053:
12047:
12046:
12032:
12026:
12025:
12014:
12008:
12007:
11989:
11983:
11982:
11954:
11948:
11947:
11929:
11923:
11922:
11901:
11895:
11894:
11874:
11868:
11867:
11866:
11864:
11847:
11841:
11840:
11819:
11813:
11812:
11791:
11785:
11784:
11782:
11780:
11762:
11756:
11755:
11753:
11751:
11736:
11730:
11725:
11716:
11715:
11713:
11705:
11699:
11698:
11692:
11690:
11679:
11673:
11672:
11645:
11639:
11638:
11637:
11635:
11622:
11616:
11615:
11613:
11611:
11591:
11582:
11581:
11563:
11557:
11551:
11545:
11544:
11542:
11540:
11525:
11519:
11518:
11516:
11502:
11496:
11495:
11494:. 6 August 2007.
11484:
11478:
11468:
11462:
11461:
11443:
11437:
11436:
11425:
11419:
11418:
11416:
11414:
11399:"Syria – Sunnis"
11395:
11389:
11388:
11367:
11361:
11360:
11358:
11356:
11337:
11326:
11325:
11323:
11321:
11315:
11310:. Archived from
11291:
11285:
11284:
11282:
11280:
11265:
11259:
11258:
11256:
11245:
11237:
11231:
11230:
11212:
11206:
11205:
11197:
11191:
11190:
11178:
11161:
11160:
11142:
11136:
11135:
11117:
11111:
11110:
11092:
11086:
11085:
11067:
11061:
11060:
11049:
11043:
11042:
11040:
11038:
11029:. Archived from
11022:
11013:
11012:
10989:
10983:
10982:
10980:
10978:
10955:
10949:
10948:
10930:
10921:
10920:
10906:. Hoover Press.
10899:
10888:
10887:
10880:
10874:
10873:
10845:
10839:
10833:
10827:
10826:, p. 79–80.
10821:
10815:
10809:
10803:
10802:
10784:
10778:
10777:
10759:
10753:
10752:
10731:
10725:
10724:
10703:
10697:
10696:
10675:
10669:
10668:
10648:
10639:
10638:
10636:
10634:
10607:
10598:
10597:
10586:
10573:
10572:
10561:
10552:
10551:
10530:
10519:
10518:
10497:
10488:
10485:Abu-Izeddin 1993
10482:
10476:
10475:
10457:
10446:
10445:
10424:
10418:
10417:
10399:
10393:
10392:
10374:
10365:
10364:
10348:
10338:
10325:
10324:
10308:
10298:
10289:
10288:
10272:
10262:
10256:
10247:
10241:
10240:
10224:
10214:
10208:
10207:
10187:
10181:
10175:
10169:
10168:
10167:
10165:
10159:
10152:
10142:
10136:
10130:
10124:
10123:
10105:
10094:
10088:
10063:
10062:
10049:
10040:
10039:
10018:
10012:
10006:
10000:
9994:
9988:
9987:
9968:
9962:
9956:
9950:
9949:
9926:Westheimer, Ruth
9922:
9916:
9915:
9892:
9886:
9885:
9883:
9881:
9858:
9852:
9851:
9826:
9817:
9816:
9814:
9808:. Archived from
9803:
9794:
9783:
9782:
9777:. Archived from
9771:
9762:
9761:
9741:
9735:
9734:
9714:
9708:
9707:
9687:
9681:
9680:
9661:
9648:
9647:
9627:
9614:
9613:
9595:
9589:
9588:
9570:
9564:
9558:
9552:
9551:
9532:Nisan, Mordechai
9528:
9522:
9516:
9496:cosmic intellect
9488:
9482:
9481:
9480:
9478:
9461:
9455:
9447:
9441:
9440:
9438:
9431:
9421:
9415:
9414:
9396:
9385:
9384:
9363:
9357:
9356:
9349:"Druze in Syria"
9345:
9339:
9338:
9300:
9294:
9293:
9266:
9260:
9259:
9248:
9239:
9238:
9227:
9221:
9220:
9212:
9206:
9205:
9184:
9178:
9168:
9162:
9161:
9160:on 14 June 2007.
9159:
9153:. Archived from
9152:
9123:
9117:
9116:
9103:
9092:
9091:
9086:
9084:
9079:. 30 August 2004
9069:
9063:
9057:
9051:
9050:
9032:
9026:
9025:
9017:
9008:
9002:
8993:
8992:
8974:
8961:
8960:
8922:
8916:
8915:
8914:on 26 April 2012
8910:, archived from
8901:
8884:
8878:
8863:
8862:
8860:
8836:
8830:
8829:
8827:
8803:
8797:
8796:
8775:
8769:
8768:
8748:
8742:
8736:
8719:
8716:Abu-Izeddin 1993
8713:
8698:
8692:
8669:
8668:
8666:
8664:
8655:. Archived from
8649:
8643:
8642:
8630:
8624:
8623:
8605:
8599:
8598:
8577:
8571:
8570:
8560:
8554:
8553:
8532:
8526:
8525:
8507:
8501:
8500:
8482:
8476:
8475:
8455:
8449:
8448:
8431:
8425:
8415:
8400:
8399:
8381:
8372:
8371:
8351:
8345:
8344:
8335:
8329:
8328:
8308:
8302:
8301:
8281:
8275:
8274:
8254:
8248:
8247:
8245:
8221:
8202:
8201:
8182:
8173:
8160:
8159:
8141:
8126:
8125:
8107:
8101:
8100:
8080:
8074:
8073:
8062:
8051:
8050:
8028:
8017:
8011:
8002:
8001:
7999:
7997:
7983:
7977:
7976:
7958:
7949:
7948:
7930:
7924:
7923:, p. 19-20.
7918:
7907:
7904:Abu-Izeddin 1993
7901:
7880:
7879:
7858:
7852:
7851:
7844:"Druze in Syria"
7840:
7834:
7833:
7812:
7803:
7802:
7782:
7772:
7766:
7765:
7743:
7737:
7736:
7716:
7710:
7709:
7707:
7705:
7674:
7668:
7667:
7647:
7638:
7637:
7619:
7610:
7609:
7589:
7583:
7582:
7580:
7578:
7563:
7557:
7556:
7544:
7534:
7525:
7524:
7522:
7520:
7505:
7499:
7498:
7480:
7471:
7470:
7452:
7446:
7445:
7443:
7441:
7436:. 10 August 2021
7426:
7420:
7419:
7417:
7415:
7401:
7395:
7394:
7381:
7372:
7371:
7369:
7367:
7353:
7344:
7343:
7335:Druze Traditions
7330:
7324:
7323:
7316:
7307:
7301:
7294:
7285:
7284:
7282:
7280:
7266:
7258:
7249:
7243:
7237:
7236:
7224:
7218:
7217:
7211:
7203:
7197:
7196:
7178:
7167:
7166:
7145:
7139:
7138:
7117:
7111:
7110:
7083:
7077:
7076:
7051:
7029:
7017:
6912:Zagros Mountains
6616:southern Lebanon
6601:Arab nationalism
6515:Southern Lebanon
6225:Orthodox Judaism
6145:Arab nationalism
6117:Arab nationalism
6075:Peasants' Revolt
6010:crucifying Jesus
5929:John the Baptist
5773:divine knowledge
5652:Eastern Orthodox
5583:Christian Church
5543:
5542:
5286:Syrian Civil War
5153:family visiting
5134:
5133:
5125:
5124:
5120:) from a gourd (
5116:
5115:
5107:
5106:
5085:
5084:
4786:
4769:Levantine Arabic
4648:
4640:
4629:
4621:
4613:
4605:
4595:
4587:
4579:
4571:
4561:, a loose white
4559:
4548:
4547:
4541:
4530:
4523:
4522:
4516:
4493:
4430:
4422:may be known as
4420:
4412:
4391:Daliat al-Karmel
4320:
4314:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4261:
4246:
4231:
4219:
4212:
4201:
4200:
4188:
4187:
4175:
4174:
4166:
4165:
4157:
4156:
4142:Ismail at-Tamimi
4139:
4134:
4133:
4049:John the Baptist
3922:
3888:
3693:
3481:Haifa El Aissami
3457:Eastern Orthodox
3449:Arab-Venezuelans
3251:Israeli-occupied
3209:Rashaya District
3137:Cedar Revolution
3112:In August 2001,
3046:
3016:Druze in Lebanon
3002:and initiated a
2945:Syrian civil war
2928:Arab nationalism
2912:Sultan al-Atrash
2382:crypto-Christian
2148:Jabal Bayt-Ma'an
1971:Nur ad-Din Zengi
1747:universal reason
1529:
1526:
1448:Classical Arabic
1352:
1340:
1339:
1311:Levantine Arabic
1275:
1263:Yahya of Antioch
1252:
1251:
1245:
1237:
1218:
1203:
1178:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1125:
1124:
882:Rasa'il al-Hikma
736:
727:
721:
720:
710:
709:
621:John the Baptist
511:
509:al-ʻaql al-kullī
489:. They maintain
431:
424:
423:
419:
414:
408:
407:
401:
394:
384:
379:
378:
375:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
330:Levantine Arabic
315:
313:Rasa'il al-hikma
283:
279:
277:
276:
263:
259:
257:
256:
243:
239:
237:
236:
223:
219:
217:
216:
203:
199:
197:
196:
183:
179:
177:
176:
159:
155:
153:
152:
139:
135:
133:
132:
119:
115:
113:
112:
80:Total population
66:
59:
52:
50:
49:
40:
21:
25492:
25491:
25487:
25486:
25485:
25483:
25482:
25481:
25392:
25391:
25390:
25385:
25383:Religion portal
25363:
25340:
25302:
25283:Holy Scriptures
25255:
25232:
25120:
25101:
25062:
24998:
24974:Divine presence
24938:
24886:
24840:
24796:
24742:Comma Johanneum
24719:
24684:
24648:
24582:
24570:
24527:
24409:
24396:
24391:
24361:
24356:
24320:
24247:
24228:Solomon Islands
24164:
24036:
23940:North Macedonia
23781:
23506:
23219:
23200:
23161:Mass gatherings
23129:
23124:
23117:
23056:
23051:
23042:
22981:Religiocentrism
22961:National church
22829:
22826:
22818:
22733:
22726:
22663:
22585:Bodies of water
22377:
22362:
22147:Jamaican Maroon
21929:
21904:
21841:
21671:
21664:
21535:
21533:
21522:
21487:
21461:Trinidad Orisha
21246:
21239:
21212:
21205:
21132:
21095:
20846:
20839:
20735:
20717:
20644:
20618:Srilankan Vedda
20569:
20497:
20372:Sri Vaishnavism
20335:
20297:
20269:
20227:
20134:
20108:
20075:
20034:
19988:
19913:Twelver Shi'ism
19855:
19717:Neo-charismatic
19690:Presbyterianism
19542:
19434:
19421:
19416:
19386:
19381:
19359:
19351:
19320:Jumblatt family
19275:
19269:
19260:Jordanian Druze
19233:
19217:Islam and Druze
19198:other religions
19197:
19191:
19123:
19027:
19001:
18970:
18949:
18908:
18899:
18840:
18835:
18805:
18787:Dr. Said Hany:
18724:
18665:
18652:
18631:
18598:
18596:Further reading
18585:
18583:
18581:
18558:
18556:
18554:
18533:
18522:The Druze Faith
18508:
18506:
18504:
18483:
18458:
18437:
18415:
18394:
18378:Daftary, Farhad
18370:
18352:
18347:
18346:
18299:
18295:
18232:
18228:
18218:
18216:
18199:
18195:
18147:
18143:
18090:
18086:
18076:
18074:
18065:
18064:
18060:
18007:
18003:
17990:
17989:
17980:
17928:
17924:
17874:
17867:
17857:
17855:
17851:
17812:
17806:
17802:
17750:
17746:
17741:
17739:
17734:
17730:
17696:
17692:
17685:
17669:
17665:
17658:
17644:
17640:
17633:
17619:
17615:
17586:
17582:
17575:
17561:
17557:
17528:
17524:
17517:
17503:
17499:
17492:
17478:
17474:
17469:
17465:
17457:
17453:
17445:
17438:
17430:
17421:
17416:
17412:
17383:
17379:
17371:
17362:
17351:
17344:
17336:
17329:
17317:
17313:
17300:
17296:
17289:
17275:
17271:
17263:
17259:
17258:
17254:
17247:
17230:
17221:
17214:
17200:
17196:
17167:
17163:
17134:
17130:
17120:
17106:
17102:
17092:
17090:
17075:
17071:
17061:
17059:
17048:
17044:
17034:
17032:
17031:on 4 March 2016
17028:
17021:
17017:
17016:
17012:
17002:
17000:
16991:
16990:
16986:
16979:
16965:
16961:
16954:
16938:
16934:
16924:
16908:
16904:
16888:
16884:
16873:
16851:
16847:
16826:Dovid Rossoff,
16825:
16821:
16808:
16804:
16795:
16791:
16784:
16767:
16763:
16756:
16740:
16736:
16729:
16711:
16704:
16694:
16692:
16684:
16683:
16679:
16662:
16658:
16651:
16637:
16630:
16623:
16605:
16598:
16588:
16574:
16570:
16563:
16549:
16545:
16535:
16521:
16514:
16507:
16493:
16489:
16479:
16465:
16461:
16454:
16440:
16436:
16425:
16411:
16407:
16400:
16386:
16382:
16375:
16361:
16354:
16344:
16332:
16331:
16327:
16316:
16300:
16296:
16279:
16278:
16274:
16263:
16245:
16241:
16233:
16226:
16222:
16221:
16217:
16206:
16198:. p. 179.
16188:
16184:
16173:
16159:
16155:
16144:
16130:
16126:
16118:
16114:
16107:
16093:
16089:
16079:
16077:
16075:
16059:
16050:
16040:
16038:
16036:
16020:
16016:
16007:
16006:
16002:
15993:
15989:
15980:
15979:
15975:
15968:
15954:
15950:
15940:
15926:
15922:
15912:
15910:
15908:
15892:
15888:
15881:
15865:
15861:
15836:
15832:
15822:
15808:
15804:
15794:
15780:
15776:
15766:
15752:
15748:
15738:
15724:
15720:
15709:
15693:
15689:
15684:
15680:
15673:
15659:
15655:
15645:
15643:
15636:Al-Ahram Weekly
15628:
15624:
15617:
15603:
15599:
15594:
15590:
15585:
15581:
15571:
15557:
15553:
15546:
15532:
15528:
15521:
15499:
15495:
15484:
15470:
15466:
15459:
15445:
15441:
15436:
15432:
15425:
15411:
15407:
15397:
15383:
15379:
15372:
15358:
15354:
15344:
15330:
15326:
15316:
15302:
15298:
15285:
15284:
15280:
15270:
15256:
15252:
15241:
15227:
15223:
15213:
15199:
15195:
15188:
15174:
15170:
15160:
15158:
15149:
15148:
15144:
15134:
15132:
15123:
15122:
15118:
15111:
15097:
15093:
15086:
15072:
15068:
15059:
15055:
15046:
15042:
15035:
15021:
15017:
15007:
14993:
14989:
14978:
14964:
14960:
14949:
14935:
14931:
14886:
14882:
14872:
14858:
14854:
14844:
14830:
14826:
14816:
14802:
14798:
14787:
14773:
14769:
14759:
14745:
14741:
14731:
14729:
14728:. 8 August 2018
14720:
14719:
14715:
14708:
14694:
14690:
14679:
14665:
14661:
14654:
14640:
14636:
14629:
14615:
14611:
14601:
14599:
14594:
14593:
14589:
14581:
14574:
14567:
14553:
14549:
14542:
14528:
14524:
14514:
14512:
14503:
14502:
14495:
14488:
14474:
14470:
14463:
14449:
14445:
14436:
14435:
14431:
14424:
14410:
14406:
14396:
14394:
14384:
14380:
14373:
14359:
14355:
14348:Tablet Magazine
14340:
14336:
14329:
14315:
14311:
14301:
14299:
14284:
14275:
14268:
14254:
14250:
14243:
14229:
14225:
14215:
14201:
14197:
14186:
14172:
14168:
14157:
14143:
14139:
14132:
14118:
14114:
14107:
14093:
14089:
14082:
14068:
14059:
14052:
14038:
14031:
14024:
14010:
14006:
13999:
13985:
13981:
13974:
13960:
13956:
13949:
13932:
13928:
13920:
13916:
13909:
13892:
13888:
13880:
13876:
13867:
13863:
13854:
13850:
13842:
13835:
13824:
13810:
13806:
13796:
13782:
13773:
13763:
13749:
13742:
13734:
13730:
13729:
13722:
13714:
13705:
13695:
13681:
13677:
13669:
13656:
13647:Halabi, Rabah,
13645:
13641:
13634:
13620:
13616:
13607:
13606:
13599:
13592:
13578:
13574:
13567:
13553:
13549:
13542:
13528:
13524:
13517:
13503:
13499:
13492:
13478:
13474:
13467:
13453:
13449:
13438:
13434:
13427:
13412:
13408:
13395:
13394:
13390:
13383:
13369:
13360:
13347:
13346:
13342:
13335:
13313:
13309:
13300:
13299:
13292:
13282:
13268:
13264:
13257:
13243:
13239:
13232:
13218:
13211:
13201:
13187:
13183:
13173:
13159:
13155:
13148:
13130:
13126:
13119:
13101:
13097:
13090:
13076:
13072:
13065:
13051:
13047:
13040:
13026:
13022:
13012:
12998:
12994:
12987:
12973:
12962:
12955:
12941:
12926:
12919:
12905:
12888:
12843:
12836:
12791:
12787:
12780:
12766:
12762:
12757:
12748:
12743:
12736:
12731:
12724:
12693:
12684:
12668:
12659:
12651:
12647:
12640:
12626:
12622:
12614:
12610:
12595:
12594:
12590:
12578:
12577:
12573:
12566:
12550:
12546:
12535:
12521:
12517:
12507:
12505:
12501:
12495:Christoph Heger
12490:
12482:
12478:
12469:
12465:
12456:
12449:
12442:
12428:
12427:
12423:
12408:
12407:
12400:
12388:
12376:
12367:
12361:The Druze Faith
12354:
12350:
12340:
12326:
12322:
12312:
12298:
12294:
12284:
12282:
12269:
12268:
12259:
12249:
12247:
12234:
12233:
12226:
12216:
12214:
12196:
12192:
12174:
12170:
12156:
12155:
12151:
12140:
12126:
12122:
12115:
12101:
12097:
12084:
12082:
12073:
12072:
12068:
12063:. 6 April 2021.
12055:
12054:
12050:
12033:
12029:
12024:. 6 April 2021.
12016:
12015:
12011:
12004:
11990:
11986:
11955:
11951:
11944:
11930:
11926:
11919:
11902:
11898:
11891:
11875:
11871:
11862:
11860:
11849:
11848:
11844:
11834:
11820:
11816:
11806:
11792:
11788:
11778:
11776:
11768:(22 May 2011).
11766:Isabel Kershner
11763:
11759:
11749:
11747:
11737:
11733:
11726:
11719:
11711:
11707:
11706:
11702:
11688:
11686:
11681:
11680:
11676:
11646:
11642:
11633:
11631:
11624:
11623:
11619:
11609:
11607:
11598:
11592:
11585:
11578:
11564:
11560:
11552:
11548:
11538:
11536:
11535:. 14 March 2005
11527:
11526:
11522:
11517:on 11 June 2003
11514:
11504:
11503:
11499:
11486:
11485:
11481:
11469:
11465:
11458:
11444:
11440:
11435:. 30 July 2018.
11427:
11426:
11422:
11412:
11410:
11397:
11396:
11392:
11382:
11368:
11364:
11354:
11352:
11339:
11338:
11329:
11319:
11317:
11292:
11288:
11278:
11276:
11266:
11262:
11254:
11243:
11239:
11238:
11234:
11228:
11214:
11213:
11209:
11199:
11198:
11194:
11179:
11164:
11157:
11143:
11139:
11132:
11118:
11114:
11107:
11093:
11089:
11082:
11068:
11064:
11051:
11050:
11046:
11036:
11034:
11025:Kjeilen, Tore.
11023:
11016:
11009:
10990:
10986:
10976:
10974:
10972:
10956:
10952:
10945:
10931:
10924:
10914:
10900:
10891:
10881:
10877:
10846:
10842:
10834:
10830:
10822:
10818:
10810:
10806:
10799:
10785:
10781:
10774:
10760:
10756:
10746:
10732:
10728:
10718:
10704:
10700:
10690:
10676:
10672:
10665:
10649:
10642:
10632:
10630:
10628:
10608:
10601:
10587:
10576:
10562:
10555:
10545:
10531:
10522:
10512:
10498:
10491:
10483:
10479:
10472:
10458:
10449:
10443:
10425:
10421:
10414:
10400:
10396:
10389:
10375:
10368:
10361:
10339:
10328:
10321:
10299:
10292:
10285:
10263:
10259:
10248:
10244:
10237:
10215:
10211:
10204:
10188:
10184:
10176:
10172:
10163:
10161:
10160:on 4 March 2016
10157:
10150:
10144:
10143:
10139:
10131:
10127:
10120:
10106:
10097:
10089:
10066:
10061:on 3 March 2016
10051:
10050:
10043:
10033:
10019:
10015:
10007:
10003:
9995:
9991:
9984:
9970:
9969:
9965:
9957:
9953:
9946:
9923:
9919:
9912:
9893:
9889:
9879:
9877:
9875:
9859:
9855:
9841:
9827:
9820:
9815:on 18 May 2015.
9812:
9801:
9795:
9786:
9773:
9772:
9765:
9758:
9742:
9738:
9731:
9715:
9711:
9704:
9688:
9684:
9677:
9669:. Brill. 1993.
9663:
9662:
9651:
9644:
9628:
9617:
9610:
9596:
9592:
9585:
9571:
9567:
9559:
9555:
9548:
9529:
9525:
9519:Mordechai Nisan
9514:
9489:
9485:
9476:
9474:
9463:
9462:
9458:
9448:
9444:
9436:
9429:
9423:
9422:
9418:
9411:
9397:
9388:
9378:
9364:
9360:
9347:
9346:
9342:
9301:
9297:
9290:
9267:
9263:
9250:
9249:
9242:
9237:. 6 April 2021.
9229:
9228:
9224:
9215:Halabi, Rabah,
9213:
9209:
9199:
9185:
9181:
9169:
9165:
9157:
9150:
9146:
9124:
9120:
9115:on 17 June 2006
9105:
9104:
9095:
9082:
9080:
9071:
9070:
9066:
9058:
9054:
9047:
9033:
9029:
9018:
9011:
9003:
8996:
8989:
8975:
8964:
8923:
8919:
8902:
8887:
8879:
8866:
8837:
8833:
8804:
8800:
8793:
8776:
8772:
8765:
8749:
8745:
8737:
8722:
8714:
8701:
8693:
8672:
8662:
8660:
8651:
8650:
8646:
8631:
8627:
8620:
8606:
8602:
8592:
8578:
8574:
8561:
8557:
8547:
8533:
8529:
8522:
8508:
8504:
8497:
8483:
8479:
8472:
8456:
8452:
8445:
8433:
8432:
8428:
8416:
8403:
8396:
8382:
8375:
8368:
8352:
8348:
8337:
8336:
8332:
8325:
8309:
8305:
8298:
8282:
8278:
8271:
8255:
8251:
8222:
8205:
8195:
8175:
8174:
8163:
8156:
8142:
8129:
8122:
8114:. I.B. Tauris.
8108:
8104:
8097:
8081:
8077:
8064:
8063:
8054:
8047:
8029:
8020:
8012:
8005:
7995:
7993:
7985:
7984:
7980:
7973:
7959:
7952:
7945:
7931:
7927:
7919:
7910:
7902:
7883:
7873:
7859:
7855:
7842:
7841:
7837:
7827:
7813:
7806:
7799:
7773:
7769:
7762:
7754:. p. 314.
7744:
7740:
7733:
7717:
7713:
7703:
7701:
7694:British Library
7675:
7671:
7664:
7648:
7641:
7634:
7620:
7613:
7606:
7590:
7586:
7576:
7574:
7565:
7564:
7560:
7553:
7535:
7528:
7518:
7516:
7507:
7506:
7502:
7495:
7481:
7474:
7467:
7453:
7449:
7439:
7437:
7428:
7427:
7423:
7413:
7411:
7409:Deutschlandfunk
7403:
7402:
7398:
7383:
7382:
7375:
7365:
7363:
7355:
7354:
7347:
7332:
7331:
7327:
7318:
7317:
7310:
7296:
7295:
7288:
7278:
7276:
7275:. 17 April 2019
7264:
7260:
7259:
7252:
7244:
7240:
7225:
7221:
7209:
7205:
7204:
7200:
7193:
7179:
7170:
7160:
7146:
7142:
7132:
7118:
7114:
7104:
7084:
7080:
7070:
7062:. p. 410.
7052:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7032:
7018:
7014:
7009:
6971:Sword Battalion
6967:
6871:, 183 from the
6862:Shroud of Turin
6745:
6739:
6693:
6681:
6624:Maarat al-Numan
6581:Muslim conquest
6552:Travelers like
6481:
6449:Druze in Israel
6408:Southern Arabia
6286:
6281:
6213:Hasidic Judaism
6125:state of Israel
6052:Fakhr-al-Din II
6026:Day of Judgment
5973:
5914:al-Masih al-Haq
5855:rite of passage
5766:early Christian
5576:
5570:
5537:rasail al-hikma
5214:
5209:
5144:
4918:
4816:
4765:
4726:Arabic language
4714:
4551:mountain people
4477:
4445:and if it is a
4374:, dedicated to
4353:
4116:
4092:
3983:
3907:
3901:
3878:
3835:
3829:
3769:The obvious or
3748:
3728:khalwa, khilwat
3710:
3685:
3676:
3670:
3631:
3537:
3532:
3406:
3404:In the diaspora
3354:
3352:Druze in Jordan
3348:
3231:
3229:Druze in Israel
3225:
3039:
3018:
3012:
2973:Jabal al-Summaq
2872:, and the tail
2755:Harim Mountains
2735:
2729:
2670:
2657:
2651:
2576:Maronite Church
2525:
2519:
2419:
2413:
2344:Ottoman Lebanon
2328:
2322:
2236:Fakhr-al-Dīn II
2163:Fakhr-al-Dīn II
2117:
2111:
1882:
1854:
1777:
1743:
1639:
1601:
1586:Al-Hakim Mosque
1574:
1527:
1492:
1379:Ethnic religion
1370:
1338:
1333:
1287:
1159:
1119:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1085:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1071:Jordanian Druze
1050:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1026:
1012:
1003:
989:
980:
971:
956:
948:
947:
946:
931:
923:
922:
921:
912:
897:
889:
888:
887:
872:
864:
863:
862:
848:
834:
819:
811:
810:
809:
795:
786:
772:
758:
744:
723:
722:
714:
713:
708:
700:Druze in Israel
564:The Druze hold
491:Arabic language
452:religious group
442:the monotheists
435:call themselves
382:
359:
355:
344:
309:
274:
272:
254:
252:
234:
232:
214:
212:
194:
192:
174:
172:
150:
148:
130:
128:
110:
108:
75:
61:
60:
45:
43:
37:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
25490:
25480:
25479:
25474:
25469:
25464:
25459:
25454:
25449:
25444:
25439:
25434:
25429:
25424:
25419:
25414:
25409:
25404:
25387:
25386:
25376:
25373:
25372:
25369:
25368:
25365:
25364:
25362:
25361:
25356:
25350:
25348:
25342:
25341:
25339:
25338:
25333:
25328:
25323:
25318:
25312:
25310:
25304:
25303:
25301:
25300:
25295:
25293:Predestination
25290:
25285:
25280:
25275:
25265:
25263:
25257:
25256:
25254:
25253:
25248:
25242:
25240:
25234:
25233:
25231:
25230:
25225:
25220:
25215:
25210:
25205:
25200:
25195:
25190:
25185:
25180:
25175:
25170:
25165:
25160:
25155:
25150:
25148:Biblical canon
25145:
25140:
25134:
25132:
25122:
25121:
25111:
25110:
25107:
25106:
25103:
25102:
25100:
25099:
25094:
25089:
25084:
25079:
25073:
25071:
25064:
25063:
25061:
25060:
25055:
25050:
25045:
25040:
25035:
25030:
25025:
25020:
25015:
25010:
25005:
25004:
25003:
24991:
24986:
24981:
24976:
24971:
24966:
24961:
24956:
24946:
24944:
24943:Other concepts
24940:
24939:
24937:
24936:
24931:
24926:
24921:
24916:
24911:
24906:
24900:
24898:
24892:
24891:
24888:
24887:
24885:
24884:
24879:
24874:
24869:
24864:
24859:
24854:
24848:
24846:
24839:
24838:
24829:
24828:
24827:
24817:
24815:Apocalypticism
24812:
24806:
24804:
24798:
24797:
24795:
24794:
24789:
24784:
24779:
24774:
24769:
24764:
24759:
24754:
24749:
24744:
24739:
24733:
24731:
24729:Trinitarianism
24725:
24724:
24721:
24720:
24718:
24717:
24703:
24698:
24692:
24690:
24686:
24685:
24683:
24682:
24677:
24672:
24667:
24662:
24656:
24654:
24650:
24649:
24647:
24646:
24644:Zoroastrianism
24641:
24636:
24631:
24626:
24621:
24620:
24619:
24614:
24609:
24604:
24593:
24591:
24584:
24576:
24575:
24572:
24571:
24569:
24568:
24563:
24562:
24561:
24548:
24543:
24538:
24535:
24533:
24529:
24528:
24526:
24525:
24520:
24515:
24510:
24505:
24500:
24495:
24490:
24485:
24480:
24479:
24478:
24476:Urmonotheismus
24468:
24463:
24458:
24453:
24448:
24443:
24438:
24433:
24430:
24428:
24421:
24411:
24410:
24398:
24397:
24390:
24389:
24382:
24375:
24367:
24358:
24357:
24355:
24354:
24344:
24333:
24330:
24329:
24326:
24325:
24322:
24321:
24319:
24318:
24313:
24308:
24303:
24298:
24293:
24288:
24283:
24278:
24273:
24268:
24263:
24257:
24255:
24249:
24248:
24246:
24245:
24240:
24235:
24230:
24225:
24220:
24215:
24210:
24205:
24200:
24195:
24190:
24185:
24180:
24174:
24172:
24166:
24165:
24163:
24162:
24157:
24152:
24147:
24142:
24137:
24132:
24127:
24122:
24117:
24112:
24107:
24102:
24097:
24092:
24087:
24082:
24077:
24072:
24067:
24062:
24057:
24052:
24046:
24044:
24038:
24037:
24035:
24034:
24033:
24032:
24027:
24022:
24017:
24010:United Kingdom
24007:
24002:
23997:
23992:
23987:
23982:
23977:
23972:
23967:
23962:
23957:
23952:
23947:
23942:
23937:
23932:
23927:
23922:
23917:
23912:
23907:
23902:
23897:
23892:
23887:
23882:
23877:
23872:
23867:
23862:
23857:
23852:
23847:
23842:
23837:
23832:
23827:
23822:
23817:
23812:
23807:
23802:
23797:
23791:
23789:
23783:
23782:
23780:
23779:
23774:
23769:
23764:
23759:
23754:
23749:
23744:
23739:
23734:
23729:
23724:
23719:
23714:
23709:
23704:
23699:
23694:
23689:
23684:
23679:
23674:
23669:
23664:
23659:
23654:
23649:
23644:
23639:
23638:
23637:
23632:
23622:
23617:
23612:
23607:
23602:
23597:
23592:
23587:
23582:
23577:
23572:
23567:
23562:
23557:
23552:
23547:
23542:
23537:
23532:
23527:
23522:
23516:
23514:
23508:
23507:
23505:
23504:
23499:
23494:
23489:
23484:
23479:
23474:
23469:
23464:
23459:
23454:
23449:
23444:
23439:
23434:
23429:
23424:
23419:
23414:
23409:
23404:
23399:
23394:
23389:
23384:
23379:
23374:
23369:
23364:
23359:
23354:
23349:
23344:
23339:
23334:
23329:
23324:
23319:
23314:
23309:
23304:
23299:
23294:
23289:
23284:
23279:
23274:
23269:
23264:
23259:
23254:
23249:
23244:
23239:
23233:
23231:
23221:
23220:
23210:
23209:
23206:
23205:
23202:
23201:
23199:
23198:
23193:
23188:
23183:
23178:
23173:
23168:
23163:
23158:
23153:
23148:
23143:
23138:
23132:
23130:
23122:
23119:
23118:
23116:
23115:
23110:
23105:
23103:Secularization
23100:
23095:
23090:
23085:
23083:Deconstruction
23080:
23075:
23070:
23065:
23059:
23057:
23047:
23044:
23043:
23041:
23040:
23035:
23034:
23033:
23028:
23023:
23013:
23008:
23003:
22998:
22993:
22988:
22983:
22978:
22973:
22968:
22963:
22958:
22953:
22948:
22943:
22938:
22936:Fundamentalism
22933:
22932:
22931:
22926:
22921:
22916:
22906:
22901:
22896:
22891:
22890:
22889:
22884:
22879:
22869:
22868:
22867:
22862:
22857:
22843:
22838:
22832:
22830:
22823:
22820:
22819:
22817:
22816:
22811:
22806:
22801:
22800:
22799:
22789:
22784:
22779:
22774:
22769:
22764:
22759:
22754:
22749:
22744:
22738:
22736:
22728:
22727:
22725:
22724:
22719:
22714:
22709:
22704:
22699:
22694:
22689:
22684:
22679:
22673:
22671:
22665:
22664:
22662:
22661:
22660:
22659:
22654:
22649:
22639:
22634:
22629:
22624:
22619:
22614:
22609:
22604:
22603:
22602:
22597:
22592:
22587:
22577:
22576:
22575:
22570:
22565:
22555:
22550:
22545:
22540:
22535:
22530:
22525:
22520:
22515:
22510:
22509:
22508:
22503:
22498:
22488:
22483:
22478:
22473:
22468:
22463:
22458:
22453:
22448:
22443:
22438:
22433:
22428:
22423:
22414:
22412:Call to prayer
22409:
22404:
22399:
22397:Disaffiliation
22389:
22387:
22379:
22378:
22368:
22367:
22364:
22363:
22361:
22360:
22355:
22350:
22345:
22340:
22335:
22330:
22325:
22324:
22323:
22318:
22313:
22303:
22302:
22301:
22296:
22291:
22286:
22281:
22271:
22266:
22265:
22264:
22259:
22254:
22244:
22243:
22242:
22237:
22227:
22226:
22225:
22220:
22215:
22210:
22200:
22195:
22194:
22193:
22183:
22182:
22181:
22176:
22166:
22161:
22160:
22159:
22149:
22144:
22139:
22134:
22129:
22124:
22119:
22114:
22113:
22112:
22107:
22102:
22097:
22095:Greco-Buddhism
22092:
22082:
22081:
22080:
22075:
22070:
22065:
22055:
22050:
22049:
22048:
22038:
22033:
22028:
22027:
22026:
22016:
22011:
22006:
22005:
22004:
21999:
21989:
21984:
21983:
21982:
21977:
21972:
21962:
21957:
21952:
21947:
21946:
21945:
21934:
21931:
21930:
21918:
21917:
21914:
21913:
21910:
21909:
21906:
21905:
21903:
21902:
21901:
21900:
21890:
21885:
21880:
21875:
21870:
21865:
21860:
21855:
21849:
21847:
21843:
21842:
21840:
21839:
21838:
21837:
21825:
21820:
21819:
21818:
21813:
21808:
21803:
21798:
21793:
21788:
21778:
21773:
21768:
21763:
21758:
21753:
21748:
21743:
21738:
21737:
21736:
21726:
21725:
21724:
21719:
21709:
21708:
21707:
21702:
21692:
21687:
21686:
21685:
21676:
21674:
21666:
21665:
21663:
21662:
21657:
21652:
21647:
21646:
21645:
21640:
21630:
21625:
21620:
21615:
21610:
21609:
21608:
21598:
21593:
21588:
21583:
21578:
21573:
21568:
21563:
21558:
21553:
21547:
21545:
21538:
21528:
21527:
21524:
21523:
21521:
21520:
21515:
21510:
21505:
21499:
21497:
21493:
21492:
21489:
21488:
21486:
21485:
21484:
21483:
21478:
21473:
21468:
21463:
21458:
21456:Tambor de Mina
21453:
21448:
21443:
21438:
21433:
21428:
21423:
21418:
21413:
21412:
21411:
21406:
21401:
21382:
21381:
21380:
21379:
21369:
21364:
21359:
21354:
21349:
21344:
21339:
21334:
21329:
21324:
21319:
21314:
21309:
21304:
21299:
21294:
21289:
21284:
21283:
21282:
21277:
21267:
21262:
21257:
21251:
21249:
21241:
21240:
21238:
21237:
21236:
21235:
21233:Guanche church
21224:
21222:
21215:
21207:
21206:
21204:
21203:
21198:
21193:
21188:
21183:
21178:
21173:
21168:
21163:
21158:
21153:
21148:
21142:
21140:
21138:Tibeto-Burmese
21134:
21133:
21131:
21130:
21125:
21120:
21115:
21109:
21107:
21097:
21096:
21094:
21093:
21088:
21083:
21078:
21077:
21076:
21071:
21061:
21056:
21054:Nuu-chah-nulth
21051:
21046:
21041:
21036:
21035:
21034:
21029:
21024:
21019:
21009:
21004:
20999:
20998:
20997:
20987:
20982:
20977:
20976:
20975:
20970:
20965:
20963:Muscogee Creek
20960:
20955:
20945:
20940:
20935:
20930:
20921:
20916:
20911:
20906:
20901:
20900:
20899:
20894:
20889:
20879:
20874:
20869:
20868:
20867:
20857:
20851:
20849:
20841:
20840:
20838:
20837:
20832:
20830:Sumbese Marapu
20827:
20826:
20825:
20820:
20810:
20809:
20808:
20798:
20793:
20788:
20783:
20782:
20781:
20776:
20768:
20767:
20766:
20761:
20751:
20749:Batak Parmalim
20745:
20743:
20737:
20736:
20734:
20733:
20727:
20725:
20719:
20718:
20716:
20715:
20714:
20713:
20708:
20698:
20697:
20696:
20691:
20686:
20671:
20669:
20660:
20654:
20653:
20650:
20649:
20646:
20645:
20643:
20642:
20641:
20640:
20635:
20625:
20620:
20615:
20610:
20605:
20604:
20603:
20598:
20588:
20583:
20577:
20575:
20571:
20570:
20568:
20567:
20560:
20555:
20554:
20553:
20543:
20542:
20541:
20536:
20531:
20513:
20507:
20505:
20499:
20498:
20496:
20495:
20488:
20483:
20478:
20473:
20468:
20463:
20458:
20457:
20456:
20451:
20446:
20441:
20436:
20431:
20426:
20421:
20411:
20410:
20409:
20404:
20399:
20394:
20389:
20384:
20379:
20374:
20369:
20358:
20356:
20347:
20341:
20340:
20337:
20336:
20334:
20333:
20328:
20323:
20318:
20313:
20307:
20305:
20299:
20298:
20296:
20295:
20290:
20285:
20279:
20277:
20271:
20270:
20268:
20267:
20262:
20257:
20252:
20251:
20250:
20237:
20235:
20229:
20228:
20226:
20225:
20224:
20223:
20218:
20208:
20207:
20206:
20201:
20191:
20186:
20181:
20176:
20170:
20168:
20159:
20150:
20144:
20143:
20140:
20139:
20136:
20135:
20133:
20132:
20127:
20122:
20116:
20114:
20110:
20109:
20107:
20106:
20101:
20096:
20091:
20085:
20083:
20077:
20076:
20074:
20073:
20068:
20063:
20061:Ilm-e-Khshnoom
20057:
20055:
20046:
20040:
20039:
20036:
20035:
20033:
20032:
20027:
20022:
20017:
20012:
20007:
20002:
19996:
19994:
19990:
19989:
19987:
19986:
19979:
19974:
19969:
19964:
19959:
19954:
19949:
19948:
19947:
19937:
19932:
19931:
19930:
19925:
19920:
19915:
19905:
19904:
19903:
19902:
19901:
19896:
19886:
19881:
19876:
19865:
19863:
19857:
19856:
19854:
19853:
19846:
19845:
19844:
19839:
19834:
19829:
19824:
19819:
19814:
19809:
19804:
19798:Bible Students
19790:
19785:
19780:
19775:
19770:
19768:Restorationism
19765:
19764:
19763:
19758:
19753:
19748:
19747:
19746:
19736:
19731:
19726:
19724:Evangelicalism
19721:
19720:
19719:
19714:
19709:
19699:
19698:
19697:
19692:
19687:
19677:
19672:
19667:
19666:
19665:
19660:
19655:
19650:
19645:
19635:
19625:
19624:
19623:
19618:
19604:
19603:
19602:
19597:
19587:
19582:
19581:
19580:
19570:
19569:
19568:
19563:
19552:
19550:
19544:
19543:
19541:
19540:
19533:
19528:
19523:
19518:
19513:
19508:
19503:
19498:
19497:
19496:
19495:
19494:
19484:
19483:
19482:
19466:
19464:
19455:
19446:
19436:
19435:
19423:
19422:
19415:
19414:
19407:
19400:
19392:
19383:
19382:
19380:
19379:
19369:
19356:
19353:
19352:
19350:
19349:
19344:
19339:
19334:
19333:
19332:
19322:
19317:
19312:
19307:
19302:
19297:
19296:
19295:
19288:Al-Atrash clan
19285:
19279:
19277:
19271:
19270:
19268:
19267:
19265:Druze diaspora
19262:
19257:
19252:
19250:Lebanese Druze
19247:
19241:
19239:
19235:
19234:
19232:
19231:
19230:
19229:
19219:
19214:
19213:
19212:
19201:
19199:
19193:
19192:
19190:
19189:
19184:
19179:
19174:
19169:
19168:
19167:
19162:
19157:
19147:
19142:
19137:
19131:
19129:
19125:
19124:
19122:
19121:
19116:
19111:
19106:
19101:
19096:
19091:
19086:
19081:
19076:
19071:
19066:
19061:
19056:
19051:
19046:
19041:
19035:
19033:
19029:
19028:
19026:
19025:
19020:
19015:
19009:
19007:
19003:
19002:
19000:
18999:
18994:
18989:
18987:Jabal al-Druze
18984:
18978:
18976:
18972:
18971:
18969:
18968:
18957:
18955:
18951:
18950:
18948:
18947:
18942:
18937:
18932:
18927:
18922:
18916:
18914:
18910:
18909:
18902:
18900:
18898:
18897:
18892:
18887:
18882:
18877:
18872:
18867:
18862:
18848:
18846:
18842:
18841:
18834:
18833:
18826:
18819:
18811:
18804:
18803:External links
18801:
18800:
18799:
18798:
18797:
18794:
18791:
18785:
18774:"Druses"
18771:, ed. (1911).
18769:Chisholm, Hugh
18765:
18758:
18743:
18733:(4): 449–463.
18722:
18707:
18700:
18685:
18670:
18663:
18650:
18629:
18623:
18616:
18609:
18607:978-1689584821
18597:
18594:
18593:
18592:
18579:
18564:
18552:
18537:
18531:
18516:
18502:
18487:
18481:
18462:
18456:
18441:
18435:
18420:
18413:
18398:
18392:
18374:
18368:
18351:
18348:
18345:
18344:
18293:
18226:
18215:on 2 June 2020
18193:
18141:
18084:
18058:
18001:
17978:
17922:
17865:
17823:(3): 248–260.
17817:Human Mutation
17800:
17744:
17728:
17690:
17683:
17663:
17656:
17638:
17631:
17613:
17600:(3): 267–281.
17580:
17573:
17555:
17522:
17515:
17497:
17490:
17472:
17463:
17451:
17436:
17419:
17410:
17404:10.1086/370557
17397:(4): 388–414.
17377:
17360:
17342:
17327:
17311:
17294:
17287:
17269:
17252:
17245:
17219:
17212:
17194:
17181:(3): 267–281.
17161:
17128:
17118:
17100:
17069:
17042:
17010:
16984:
16977:
16959:
16952:
16932:
16922:
16902:
16882:
16871:
16845:
16819:
16802:
16789:
16782:
16761:
16754:
16734:
16727:
16721:. p. 71.
16702:
16677:
16656:
16649:
16628:
16621:
16615:. p. 73.
16596:
16586:
16568:
16561:
16543:
16533:
16512:
16505:
16487:
16477:
16459:
16453:978-0520218468
16452:
16434:
16423:
16405:
16398:
16380:
16373:
16352:
16342:
16325:
16314:
16294:
16281:"Circumcision"
16272:
16261:
16239:
16215:
16204:
16182:
16171:
16153:
16142:
16124:
16112:
16105:
16087:
16073:
16048:
16034:
16014:
16000:
15987:
15973:
15966:
15948:
15938:
15920:
15906:
15886:
15879:
15859:
15830:
15820:
15802:
15792:
15774:
15764:
15746:
15736:
15718:
15707:
15687:
15678:
15671:
15653:
15622:
15615:
15597:
15588:
15579:
15569:
15551:
15544:
15526:
15519:
15493:
15482:
15464:
15457:
15439:
15430:
15423:
15405:
15395:
15377:
15370:
15352:
15342:
15324:
15314:
15296:
15278:
15268:
15250:
15239:
15221:
15211:
15193:
15186:
15168:
15157:. 11 June 2015
15142:
15131:. 11 June 2015
15116:
15109:
15091:
15084:
15066:
15053:
15040:
15033:
15015:
15005:
14987:
14976:
14958:
14947:
14929:
14880:
14870:
14852:
14842:
14824:
14814:
14796:
14785:
14767:
14757:
14739:
14713:
14706:
14688:
14677:
14659:
14652:
14634:
14627:
14609:
14587:
14572:
14565:
14547:
14540:
14522:
14493:
14486:
14468:
14461:
14443:
14429:
14422:
14404:
14378:
14371:
14353:
14334:
14327:
14309:
14273:
14266:
14248:
14241:
14223:
14213:
14195:
14184:
14166:
14155:
14137:
14130:
14112:
14105:
14087:
14080:
14057:
14050:
14029:
14022:
14004:
13998:978-0300041002
13997:
13979:
13973:978-0300041002
13972:
13954:
13947:
13926:
13924:, p. 145.
13914:
13907:
13886:
13874:
13861:
13848:
13833:
13822:
13804:
13794:
13771:
13761:
13740:
13720:
13703:
13693:
13675:
13654:
13639:
13632:
13614:
13597:
13590:
13572:
13565:
13547:
13540:
13522:
13515:
13497:
13490:
13472:
13465:
13447:
13444:. p. 214.
13432:
13425:
13406:
13403:. 12 May 2023.
13388:
13381:
13358:
13340:
13333:
13307:
13290:
13280:
13262:
13255:
13237:
13230:
13209:
13199:
13181:
13171:
13153:
13146:
13124:
13117:
13111:. p. 17.
13109:Berghahn Books
13095:
13088:
13070:
13063:
13045:
13038:
13020:
13010:
12992:
12986:978-1442246171
12985:
12960:
12953:
12924:
12917:
12886:
12859:(2): 239–262.
12834:
12785:
12778:
12760:
12746:
12734:
12722:
12709:10.2307/605981
12682:
12657:
12645:
12638:
12620:
12608:
12588:
12571:
12564:
12544:
12533:
12515:
12497:. p. 47.
12476:
12463:
12447:
12440:
12421:
12398:
12365:
12348:
12338:
12320:
12310:
12292:
12257:
12224:
12190:
12168:
12149:
12138:
12120:
12113:
12095:
12066:
12048:
12027:
12009:
12002:
11984:
11949:
11942:
11924:
11917:
11896:
11889:
11869:
11842:
11832:
11814:
11804:
11786:
11757:
11731:
11717:
11700:
11674:
11640:
11617:
11583:
11576:
11558:
11546:
11520:
11497:
11479:
11463:
11456:
11438:
11420:
11390:
11380:
11362:
11327:
11286:
11260:
11232:
11226:
11207:
11202:Syrian History
11192:
11162:
11155:
11137:
11130:
11112:
11105:
11087:
11080:
11062:
11044:
11014:
11007:
10984:
10970:
10950:
10943:
10922:
10912:
10889:
10875:
10840:
10828:
10816:
10804:
10797:
10779:
10772:
10754:
10744:
10726:
10716:
10698:
10688:
10670:
10663:
10640:
10626:
10599:
10589:Hobby (1985).
10574:
10553:
10543:
10520:
10510:
10489:
10487:, p. 202.
10477:
10470:
10447:
10441:
10419:
10412:
10394:
10387:
10366:
10359:
10326:
10319:
10290:
10283:
10257:
10242:
10235:
10209:
10202:
10182:
10170:
10137:
10125:
10118:
10095:
10064:
10041:
10031:
10013:
10001:
9989:
9982:
9963:
9951:
9944:
9917:
9910:
9896:Meri, Josef W.
9887:
9873:
9853:
9839:
9818:
9784:
9763:
9756:
9736:
9729:
9709:
9702:
9682:
9675:
9649:
9642:
9615:
9608:
9590:
9583:
9565:
9553:
9546:
9523:
9512:
9483:
9456:
9442:
9416:
9409:
9386:
9376:
9358:
9340:
9319:10.2307/595974
9295:
9288:
9261:
9240:
9222:
9207:
9197:
9179:
9163:
9118:
9093:
9064:
9062:, p. 283.
9052:
9045:
9027:
9009:
9007:, p. 605.
8994:
8987:
8962:
8941:10.2307/595974
8917:
8885:
8864:
8851:(3): 267–281.
8831:
8798:
8791:
8770:
8763:
8743:
8741:, p. 2-3.
8720:
8699:
8670:
8659:on 20 May 2015
8644:
8625:
8618:
8600:
8590:
8572:
8555:
8545:
8527:
8521:978-1442246171
8520:
8502:
8495:
8477:
8470:
8450:
8443:
8426:
8401:
8394:
8373:
8366:
8346:
8330:
8323:
8303:
8296:
8276:
8269:
8249:
8203:
8193:
8161:
8154:
8127:
8120:
8102:
8095:
8075:
8052:
8045:
8018:
8003:
7978:
7971:
7950:
7943:
7925:
7908:
7881:
7871:
7853:
7835:
7825:
7804:
7797:
7767:
7760:
7738:
7731:
7711:
7669:
7662:
7639:
7632:
7611:
7604:
7584:
7573:. 20 July 1998
7558:
7551:
7526:
7515:. 18 July 2013
7513:Dictionary.com
7500:
7493:
7472:
7465:
7447:
7421:
7396:
7373:
7345:
7325:
7308:
7286:
7250:
7238:
7219:
7198:
7192:978-1440841385
7191:
7168:
7158:
7140:
7130:
7112:
7102:
7078:
7068:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7031:
7030:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7004:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6966:
6963:
6943:Ashkenazi Jews
6900:
6899:
6896:
6893:
6890:
6887:
6884:
6875:, and 35 from
6858:oral tradition
6795:into southern
6738:
6735:
6692:
6689:
6680:
6677:
6610:Druze scholar
6590:Additionally,
6480:
6477:
6396:Aramaic origin
6392:southern Arabs
6285:
6284:Ethnic origins
6282:
6280:
6277:
6217:Reform Judaism
6059:Ottoman period
5972:
5969:
5894:four disciples
5824:oneness of God
5781:Christianizing
5714:Lebanese Druze
5668:Jabal al-Druze
5634:Shihab dynasty
5600:and Druze are
5572:Main article:
5569:
5566:
5482:prophet of God
5373:Mahmud Shaltut
5333:Ottoman Empire
5270:Ottoman Empire
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5143:
5140:
5096:South American
4917:
4914:
4891:warrior saints
4887:Prophet Elijah
4815:
4812:
4764:
4761:
4713:
4710:
4688:. They reject
4646:Shaykh al-ʻAql
4476:
4473:
4352:
4349:
4302:
4301:
4282:
4267:
4252:
4237:
4204:
4203:
4190:
4179:Fourth limit (
4177:
4168:
4159:
4115:
4112:
4091:
4088:
4080:reincarnations
3982:
3979:
3900:
3897:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3828:
3825:
3809:
3808:
3799:
3783:The hidden or
3781:
3747:
3744:
3734:. The primary
3709:
3706:
3684:
3681:
3669:
3666:
3630:
3627:
3577:Ikhwan al-Ṣafa
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3453:Roman Catholic
3405:
3402:
3396:following the
3390:Jabal al-Druze
3378:Umm Al-Quttein
3350:Main article:
3347:
3344:
3278:Haifa District
3227:Main article:
3224:
3221:
3217:Matn Districts
3103:Walid Jumblatt
3099:Kamal Jumblatt
3083:Lebanese Front
3079:Kamal Jumblatt
3014:Main article:
3011:
3008:
2965:Jdeidat Artouz
2853:Adib Shishakli
2827:Jebel al-Druze
2811:Jebel al-Druze
2751:Jebel al-Druze
2733:Druze in Syria
2731:Main article:
2728:
2725:
2669:
2668:Modern history
2666:
2653:Main article:
2650:
2647:
2641:system in the
2627:Ottoman Empire
2596:anti-Christian
2572:Shehab dynasty
2537:Lebanese Druze
2521:Main article:
2518:
2515:
2507:Greek Orthodox
2499:Jabal al-Druze
2455:Shihab dynasty
2415:Main article:
2412:
2409:
2390:Shehab dynasty
2324:Main article:
2321:
2320:Shihab Dynasty
2318:
2302:power struggle
2290:power struggle
2183:Constantinople
2152:Jabal al-Druze
2139:Sultan Selim I
2113:Main article:
2110:
2107:
2057:Lebanese Sunni
1912:Mamluk sultans
1881:
1878:
1853:
1850:
1811:soteriological
1796:Fatimid caliph
1776:
1773:
1742:
1739:
1638:
1635:
1622:metempsychosis
1600:
1597:
1582:Samanid Empire
1573:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1558:
1552:
1532:
1531:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1507:
1505:Separated from
1501:
1500:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1468:Jabal al-Druze
1465:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1439:, and disapora
1422:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1389:Classification
1386:
1385:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1286:
1283:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:Related topics
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1061:Lebanese Druze
1058:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1004:
1002:
1001:
996:
990:
988:
987:
981:
979:
978:
972:
970:
969:
964:
958:
957:
954:
953:
950:
949:
945:
944:
939:
933:
932:
929:
928:
925:
924:
920:
919:
913:
911:
910:
905:
899:
898:
895:
894:
891:
890:
886:
885:
874:
873:
870:
869:
866:
865:
861:
860:
855:
849:
847:
846:
841:
835:
833:
832:
827:
821:
820:
817:
816:
813:
812:
808:
807:
802:
796:
794:
793:
787:
785:
784:
779:
773:
771:
770:
765:
759:
757:
756:
746:
745:
742:
741:
738:
737:
729:
728:
707:
704:
668:Jabal al-Druze
572:. They regard
551:Pythagoreanism
543:Zoroastrianism
346:
345:
343:
342:
332:
326:
323:
322:
318:
317:
303:
302:
298:
297:
293:
292:
288:
287:
284:
268:
267:
264:
248:
247:
244:
228:
227:
224:
208:
207:
204:
188:
187:
184:
168:
167:
164:
144:
143:
140:
124:
123:
120:
104:
103:
99:
98:
92:
91:
87:
86:
82:
81:
77:
76:
67:
44:Al-Muwaḥḥidūn
35:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
25489:
25478:
25475:
25473:
25470:
25468:
25465:
25463:
25460:
25458:
25455:
25453:
25450:
25448:
25445:
25443:
25440:
25438:
25435:
25433:
25430:
25428:
25425:
25423:
25420:
25418:
25415:
25413:
25410:
25408:
25405:
25403:
25400:
25399:
25397:
25384:
25380:
25374:
25360:
25357:
25355:
25352:
25351:
25349:
25347:
25343:
25337:
25334:
25332:
25329:
25327:
25326:Denominations
25324:
25322:
25319:
25317:
25314:
25313:
25311:
25309:
25305:
25299:
25298:Last Judgment
25296:
25294:
25291:
25289:
25286:
25284:
25281:
25279:
25276:
25274:
25270:
25267:
25266:
25264:
25262:
25258:
25252:
25249:
25247:
25244:
25243:
25241:
25239:
25235:
25229:
25226:
25224:
25221:
25219:
25216:
25214:
25211:
25209:
25206:
25204:
25201:
25199:
25196:
25194:
25191:
25189:
25186:
25184:
25181:
25179:
25176:
25174:
25171:
25169:
25166:
25164:
25161:
25159:
25156:
25154:
25151:
25149:
25146:
25144:
25141:
25139:
25136:
25135:
25133:
25131:
25127:
25123:
25116:
25112:
25098:
25095:
25093:
25090:
25088:
25085:
25083:
25080:
25078:
25075:
25074:
25072:
25069:
25065:
25059:
25058:Unmoved mover
25056:
25054:
25051:
25049:
25046:
25044:
25041:
25039:
25036:
25034:
25031:
25029:
25026:
25024:
25021:
25019:
25016:
25014:
25011:
25009:
25006:
25001:
24997:
24996:
24995:
24992:
24990:
24987:
24985:
24982:
24980:
24977:
24975:
24972:
24970:
24967:
24965:
24962:
24960:
24959:Binitarianism
24957:
24955:
24951:
24948:
24947:
24945:
24941:
24935:
24932:
24930:
24927:
24925:
24922:
24920:
24917:
24915:
24912:
24910:
24907:
24905:
24902:
24901:
24899:
24897:
24893:
24883:
24880:
24878:
24875:
24873:
24870:
24868:
24865:
24863:
24860:
24858:
24855:
24853:
24850:
24849:
24847:
24843:
24837:
24833:
24830:
24826:
24823:
24822:
24821:
24818:
24816:
24813:
24811:
24808:
24807:
24805:
24803:
24799:
24793:
24790:
24788:
24785:
24783:
24780:
24778:
24775:
24773:
24770:
24768:
24765:
24763:
24760:
24758:
24755:
24753:
24750:
24748:
24745:
24743:
24740:
24738:
24735:
24734:
24732:
24730:
24726:
24715:
24711:
24707:
24704:
24702:
24699:
24697:
24694:
24693:
24691:
24687:
24681:
24680:Supreme Being
24678:
24676:
24673:
24671:
24668:
24666:
24663:
24661:
24658:
24657:
24655:
24651:
24645:
24642:
24640:
24637:
24635:
24632:
24630:
24627:
24625:
24622:
24618:
24615:
24613:
24610:
24608:
24605:
24603:
24600:
24599:
24598:
24595:
24594:
24592:
24588:
24585:
24581:
24577:
24567:
24564:
24560:
24557:
24556:
24555:
24552:
24551:Gender of God
24549:
24547:
24544:
24542:
24539:
24537:
24536:
24534:
24530:
24524:
24521:
24519:
24516:
24514:
24511:
24509:
24506:
24504:
24501:
24499:
24496:
24494:
24491:
24489:
24486:
24484:
24481:
24477:
24474:
24473:
24472:
24469:
24467:
24464:
24462:
24459:
24457:
24456:Kathenotheism
24454:
24452:
24449:
24447:
24444:
24442:
24439:
24437:
24434:
24432:
24431:
24429:
24425:
24422:
24420:
24416:
24412:
24408:
24403:
24399:
24395:
24388:
24383:
24381:
24376:
24374:
24369:
24368:
24365:
24353:
24349:
24345:
24343:
24335:
24334:
24331:
24317:
24314:
24312:
24309:
24307:
24304:
24302:
24299:
24297:
24294:
24292:
24289:
24287:
24284:
24282:
24279:
24277:
24274:
24272:
24269:
24267:
24264:
24262:
24259:
24258:
24256:
24254:
24253:South America
24250:
24244:
24241:
24239:
24236:
24234:
24231:
24229:
24226:
24224:
24221:
24219:
24216:
24214:
24211:
24209:
24206:
24204:
24201:
24199:
24196:
24194:
24191:
24189:
24186:
24184:
24181:
24179:
24176:
24175:
24173:
24171:
24167:
24161:
24160:United States
24158:
24156:
24153:
24151:
24148:
24146:
24143:
24141:
24138:
24136:
24133:
24131:
24128:
24126:
24123:
24121:
24118:
24116:
24113:
24111:
24108:
24106:
24103:
24101:
24098:
24096:
24093:
24091:
24088:
24086:
24083:
24081:
24078:
24076:
24073:
24071:
24068:
24066:
24063:
24061:
24058:
24056:
24053:
24051:
24048:
24047:
24045:
24043:
24042:North America
24039:
24031:
24028:
24026:
24023:
24021:
24018:
24016:
24013:
24012:
24011:
24008:
24006:
24003:
24001:
23998:
23996:
23993:
23991:
23988:
23986:
23983:
23981:
23978:
23976:
23973:
23971:
23968:
23966:
23963:
23961:
23958:
23956:
23953:
23951:
23948:
23946:
23943:
23941:
23938:
23936:
23933:
23931:
23928:
23926:
23923:
23921:
23918:
23916:
23913:
23911:
23908:
23906:
23903:
23901:
23900:Liechtenstein
23898:
23896:
23893:
23891:
23888:
23886:
23883:
23881:
23878:
23876:
23873:
23871:
23868:
23866:
23863:
23861:
23858:
23856:
23853:
23851:
23848:
23846:
23843:
23841:
23838:
23836:
23833:
23831:
23828:
23826:
23823:
23821:
23818:
23816:
23813:
23811:
23808:
23806:
23803:
23801:
23798:
23796:
23793:
23792:
23790:
23788:
23784:
23778:
23775:
23773:
23770:
23768:
23765:
23763:
23760:
23758:
23755:
23753:
23750:
23748:
23745:
23743:
23740:
23738:
23735:
23733:
23730:
23728:
23725:
23723:
23720:
23718:
23715:
23713:
23710:
23708:
23705:
23703:
23700:
23698:
23695:
23693:
23690:
23688:
23685:
23683:
23680:
23678:
23675:
23673:
23670:
23668:
23665:
23663:
23660:
23658:
23655:
23653:
23650:
23648:
23645:
23643:
23640:
23636:
23633:
23631:
23628:
23627:
23626:
23623:
23621:
23618:
23616:
23613:
23611:
23608:
23606:
23603:
23601:
23598:
23596:
23593:
23591:
23588:
23586:
23583:
23581:
23578:
23576:
23573:
23571:
23568:
23566:
23563:
23561:
23558:
23556:
23553:
23551:
23548:
23546:
23543:
23541:
23538:
23536:
23533:
23531:
23528:
23526:
23523:
23521:
23518:
23517:
23515:
23513:
23509:
23503:
23500:
23498:
23495:
23493:
23490:
23488:
23485:
23483:
23480:
23478:
23475:
23473:
23470:
23468:
23465:
23463:
23460:
23458:
23455:
23453:
23450:
23448:
23445:
23443:
23440:
23438:
23435:
23433:
23430:
23428:
23425:
23423:
23420:
23418:
23415:
23413:
23410:
23408:
23405:
23403:
23400:
23398:
23395:
23393:
23390:
23388:
23385:
23383:
23380:
23378:
23375:
23373:
23370:
23368:
23365:
23363:
23360:
23358:
23355:
23353:
23352:Guinea-Bissau
23350:
23348:
23345:
23343:
23340:
23338:
23335:
23333:
23330:
23328:
23325:
23323:
23320:
23318:
23315:
23313:
23310:
23308:
23305:
23303:
23300:
23298:
23295:
23293:
23290:
23288:
23285:
23283:
23280:
23278:
23275:
23273:
23270:
23268:
23265:
23263:
23260:
23258:
23255:
23253:
23250:
23248:
23245:
23243:
23240:
23238:
23235:
23234:
23232:
23230:
23226:
23222:
23215:
23211:
23197:
23194:
23192:
23189:
23187:
23184:
23182:
23179:
23177:
23176:Organizations
23174:
23172:
23169:
23167:
23164:
23162:
23159:
23157:
23154:
23152:
23149:
23147:
23144:
23142:
23139:
23137:
23134:
23133:
23131:
23128:
23120:
23114:
23111:
23109:
23106:
23104:
23101:
23099:
23096:
23094:
23091:
23089:
23086:
23084:
23081:
23079:
23076:
23074:
23071:
23069:
23066:
23064:
23061:
23060:
23058:
23055:
23050:
23045:
23039:
23036:
23032:
23029:
23027:
23024:
23022:
23019:
23018:
23017:
23014:
23012:
23009:
23007:
23006:Vegetarianism
23004:
23002:
22999:
22997:
22994:
22992:
22989:
22987:
22984:
22982:
22979:
22977:
22974:
22972:
22969:
22967:
22964:
22962:
22959:
22957:
22954:
22952:
22951:Homosexuality
22949:
22947:
22944:
22942:
22939:
22937:
22934:
22930:
22927:
22925:
22922:
22920:
22917:
22915:
22912:
22911:
22910:
22907:
22905:
22902:
22900:
22897:
22895:
22892:
22888:
22885:
22883:
22880:
22878:
22875:
22874:
22873:
22870:
22866:
22863:
22861:
22858:
22856:
22853:
22852:
22851:
22847:
22844:
22842:
22839:
22837:
22834:
22833:
22831:
22828:
22821:
22815:
22812:
22810:
22807:
22805:
22802:
22798:
22795:
22794:
22793:
22790:
22788:
22785:
22783:
22780:
22778:
22775:
22773:
22772:Neurotheology
22770:
22768:
22765:
22763:
22760:
22758:
22755:
22753:
22750:
22748:
22745:
22743:
22740:
22739:
22737:
22735:
22729:
22723:
22720:
22718:
22715:
22713:
22710:
22708:
22705:
22703:
22700:
22698:
22695:
22693:
22690:
22688:
22685:
22683:
22680:
22678:
22675:
22674:
22672:
22670:
22666:
22658:
22655:
22653:
22650:
22648:
22645:
22644:
22643:
22640:
22638:
22635:
22633:
22630:
22628:
22625:
22623:
22620:
22618:
22615:
22613:
22610:
22608:
22605:
22601:
22598:
22596:
22593:
22591:
22588:
22586:
22583:
22582:
22581:
22578:
22574:
22571:
22569:
22566:
22564:
22561:
22560:
22559:
22556:
22554:
22551:
22549:
22546:
22544:
22541:
22539:
22536:
22534:
22531:
22529:
22526:
22524:
22521:
22519:
22516:
22514:
22511:
22507:
22504:
22502:
22499:
22497:
22494:
22493:
22492:
22489:
22487:
22484:
22482:
22479:
22477:
22474:
22472:
22469:
22467:
22466:Folk religion
22464:
22462:
22459:
22457:
22454:
22452:
22449:
22447:
22444:
22442:
22439:
22437:
22434:
22432:
22429:
22427:
22424:
22422:
22418:
22415:
22413:
22410:
22408:
22405:
22403:
22400:
22398:
22394:
22391:
22390:
22388:
22384:
22380:
22373:
22369:
22359:
22356:
22354:
22351:
22349:
22346:
22344:
22341:
22339:
22336:
22334:
22331:
22329:
22326:
22322:
22319:
22317:
22314:
22312:
22309:
22308:
22307:
22304:
22300:
22297:
22295:
22292:
22290:
22289:Imperial cult
22287:
22285:
22282:
22280:
22277:
22276:
22275:
22272:
22270:
22267:
22263:
22260:
22258:
22255:
22253:
22250:
22249:
22248:
22245:
22241:
22238:
22236:
22233:
22232:
22231:
22228:
22224:
22221:
22219:
22216:
22214:
22211:
22209:
22206:
22205:
22204:
22201:
22199:
22196:
22192:
22189:
22188:
22187:
22184:
22180:
22177:
22175:
22172:
22171:
22170:
22167:
22165:
22162:
22158:
22155:
22154:
22153:
22150:
22148:
22145:
22143:
22140:
22138:
22135:
22133:
22130:
22128:
22125:
22123:
22120:
22118:
22115:
22111:
22108:
22106:
22103:
22101:
22098:
22096:
22093:
22091:
22088:
22087:
22086:
22083:
22079:
22076:
22074:
22071:
22069:
22066:
22064:
22061:
22060:
22059:
22056:
22054:
22051:
22047:
22044:
22043:
22042:
22039:
22037:
22034:
22032:
22029:
22025:
22022:
22021:
22020:
22017:
22015:
22012:
22010:
22007:
22003:
22000:
21998:
21995:
21994:
21993:
21990:
21988:
21985:
21981:
21978:
21976:
21973:
21971:
21968:
21967:
21966:
21963:
21961:
21958:
21956:
21953:
21951:
21948:
21944:
21941:
21940:
21939:
21936:
21935:
21932:
21928:
21923:
21919:
21899:
21896:
21895:
21894:
21891:
21889:
21886:
21884:
21881:
21879:
21876:
21874:
21871:
21869:
21866:
21864:
21861:
21859:
21858:Discordianism
21856:
21854:
21853:Anthroposophy
21851:
21850:
21848:
21844:
21836:
21835:
21831:
21830:
21829:
21826:
21824:
21821:
21817:
21814:
21812:
21809:
21807:
21804:
21802:
21801:Mari religion
21799:
21797:
21794:
21792:
21789:
21787:
21784:
21783:
21782:
21779:
21777:
21774:
21772:
21769:
21767:
21764:
21762:
21759:
21757:
21754:
21752:
21749:
21747:
21744:
21742:
21739:
21735:
21732:
21731:
21730:
21727:
21723:
21720:
21718:
21715:
21714:
21713:
21710:
21706:
21703:
21701:
21698:
21697:
21696:
21693:
21691:
21688:
21684:
21681:
21680:
21678:
21677:
21675:
21673:
21667:
21661:
21658:
21656:
21653:
21651:
21648:
21644:
21641:
21639:
21638:Neo-Theosophy
21636:
21635:
21634:
21631:
21629:
21626:
21624:
21621:
21619:
21616:
21614:
21611:
21607:
21604:
21603:
21602:
21599:
21597:
21594:
21592:
21589:
21587:
21584:
21582:
21579:
21577:
21576:New Acropolis
21574:
21572:
21569:
21567:
21564:
21562:
21559:
21557:
21554:
21552:
21549:
21548:
21546:
21542:
21539:
21537:
21529:
21519:
21516:
21514:
21511:
21509:
21506:
21504:
21501:
21500:
21498:
21494:
21482:
21479:
21477:
21474:
21472:
21469:
21467:
21464:
21462:
21459:
21457:
21454:
21452:
21449:
21447:
21444:
21442:
21439:
21437:
21434:
21432:
21429:
21427:
21424:
21422:
21419:
21417:
21414:
21410:
21407:
21405:
21402:
21400:
21397:
21396:
21395:
21392:
21391:
21390:
21388:
21384:
21383:
21378:
21375:
21374:
21373:
21370:
21368:
21365:
21363:
21360:
21358:
21355:
21353:
21350:
21348:
21345:
21343:
21340:
21338:
21335:
21333:
21330:
21328:
21325:
21323:
21320:
21318:
21315:
21313:
21310:
21308:
21305:
21303:
21300:
21298:
21295:
21293:
21290:
21288:
21285:
21281:
21278:
21276:
21273:
21272:
21271:
21268:
21266:
21263:
21261:
21258:
21256:
21253:
21252:
21250:
21248:
21242:
21234:
21231:
21230:
21229:
21226:
21225:
21223:
21221:North African
21219:
21216:
21214:
21208:
21202:
21199:
21197:
21194:
21192:
21189:
21187:
21184:
21182:
21179:
21177:
21174:
21172:
21169:
21167:
21164:
21162:
21159:
21157:
21154:
21152:
21149:
21147:
21144:
21143:
21141:
21139:
21135:
21129:
21126:
21124:
21121:
21119:
21116:
21114:
21111:
21110:
21108:
21106:
21102:
21098:
21092:
21089:
21087:
21084:
21082:
21079:
21075:
21072:
21070:
21067:
21066:
21065:
21062:
21060:
21057:
21055:
21052:
21050:
21047:
21045:
21042:
21040:
21037:
21033:
21030:
21028:
21025:
21023:
21020:
21018:
21015:
21014:
21013:
21010:
21008:
21005:
21003:
21000:
20996:
20993:
20992:
20991:
20988:
20986:
20985:Kwakwakaʼwakw
20983:
20981:
20978:
20974:
20971:
20969:
20966:
20964:
20961:
20959:
20956:
20954:
20951:
20950:
20949:
20946:
20944:
20941:
20939:
20936:
20934:
20931:
20929:
20925:
20922:
20920:
20917:
20915:
20912:
20910:
20907:
20905:
20902:
20898:
20895:
20893:
20890:
20888:
20885:
20884:
20883:
20880:
20878:
20875:
20873:
20870:
20866:
20863:
20862:
20861:
20858:
20856:
20853:
20852:
20850:
20848:
20842:
20836:
20833:
20831:
20828:
20824:
20821:
20819:
20816:
20815:
20814:
20811:
20807:
20804:
20803:
20802:
20799:
20797:
20794:
20792:
20789:
20787:
20784:
20780:
20777:
20775:
20772:
20771:
20769:
20765:
20762:
20760:
20757:
20756:
20755:
20752:
20750:
20747:
20746:
20744:
20742:
20738:
20732:
20729:
20728:
20726:
20724:
20723:Austroasiatic
20720:
20712:
20709:
20707:
20704:
20703:
20702:
20699:
20695:
20694:Vattisen Yaly
20692:
20690:
20687:
20685:
20682:
20681:
20680:
20676:
20673:
20672:
20670:
20668:
20664:
20661:
20659:
20655:
20639:
20636:
20634:
20631:
20630:
20629:
20626:
20624:
20621:
20619:
20616:
20614:
20613:Kirat Mundhum
20611:
20609:
20606:
20602:
20599:
20597:
20594:
20593:
20592:
20589:
20587:
20584:
20582:
20579:
20578:
20576:
20572:
20566:
20565:
20561:
20559:
20556:
20552:
20549:
20548:
20547:
20544:
20540:
20537:
20535:
20532:
20530:
20526:
20522:
20519:
20518:
20517:
20514:
20512:
20509:
20508:
20506:
20504:
20500:
20494:
20493:
20489:
20487:
20484:
20482:
20479:
20477:
20474:
20472:
20469:
20467:
20464:
20462:
20459:
20455:
20452:
20450:
20447:
20445:
20442:
20440:
20437:
20435:
20432:
20430:
20427:
20425:
20422:
20420:
20417:
20416:
20415:
20412:
20408:
20405:
20403:
20400:
20398:
20395:
20393:
20390:
20388:
20385:
20383:
20380:
20378:
20375:
20373:
20370:
20368:
20365:
20364:
20363:
20360:
20359:
20357:
20355:
20351:
20348:
20346:
20342:
20332:
20329:
20327:
20324:
20322:
20319:
20317:
20314:
20312:
20309:
20308:
20306:
20304:
20300:
20294:
20291:
20289:
20286:
20284:
20281:
20280:
20278:
20276:
20272:
20266:
20263:
20261:
20258:
20256:
20253:
20249:
20248:
20244:
20243:
20242:
20239:
20238:
20236:
20234:
20230:
20222:
20219:
20217:
20214:
20213:
20212:
20209:
20205:
20202:
20200:
20197:
20196:
20195:
20192:
20190:
20187:
20185:
20182:
20180:
20177:
20175:
20172:
20171:
20169:
20167:
20163:
20160:
20158:
20154:
20151:
20149:
20145:
20131:
20128:
20126:
20123:
20121:
20118:
20117:
20115:
20111:
20105:
20102:
20100:
20097:
20095:
20092:
20090:
20087:
20086:
20084:
20082:
20078:
20072:
20069:
20067:
20064:
20062:
20059:
20058:
20056:
20054:
20050:
20047:
20045:
20041:
20031:
20028:
20026:
20023:
20021:
20018:
20016:
20013:
20011:
20008:
20006:
20003:
20001:
19998:
19997:
19995:
19991:
19985:
19984:
19980:
19978:
19975:
19973:
19972:Milah Abraham
19970:
19968:
19965:
19963:
19960:
19958:
19955:
19953:
19950:
19946:
19943:
19942:
19941:
19938:
19936:
19933:
19929:
19926:
19924:
19921:
19919:
19916:
19914:
19911:
19910:
19909:
19906:
19900:
19897:
19895:
19892:
19891:
19890:
19887:
19885:
19882:
19880:
19877:
19875:
19872:
19871:
19870:
19867:
19866:
19864:
19862:
19858:
19852:
19851:
19847:
19843:
19840:
19838:
19835:
19833:
19830:
19828:
19825:
19823:
19820:
19818:
19815:
19813:
19810:
19808:
19805:
19803:
19799:
19796:
19795:
19794:
19791:
19789:
19786:
19784:
19781:
19779:
19776:
19774:
19771:
19769:
19766:
19762:
19759:
19757:
19754:
19752:
19749:
19745:
19742:
19741:
19740:
19737:
19735:
19732:
19730:
19727:
19725:
19722:
19718:
19715:
19713:
19710:
19708:
19705:
19704:
19703:
19700:
19696:
19693:
19691:
19688:
19686:
19683:
19682:
19681:
19678:
19676:
19673:
19671:
19668:
19664:
19661:
19659:
19656:
19654:
19651:
19649:
19646:
19644:
19641:
19640:
19639:
19636:
19634:
19631:
19630:
19629:
19628:Protestantism
19626:
19622:
19619:
19617:
19613:
19610:
19609:
19608:
19605:
19601:
19598:
19596:
19593:
19592:
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19345:
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19342:Mowafaq Tarif
19340:
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19326:
19325:List of Druze
19323:
19321:
19318:
19316:
19315:Druze cuisine
19313:
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19255:Israeli Druze
19253:
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18959:
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18935:Hamza ibn Ali
18933:
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18911:
18906:
18896:
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18875:Reincarnation
18873:
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18860:Ahl at-Tawhīd
18857:
18853:
18852:Al-Muwahhidūn
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17998:, 12 May 2008
17997:
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17512:
17508:
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17493:
17491:9781317931737
17487:
17483:
17476:
17467:
17460:
17455:
17449:, p. 12.
17448:
17443:
17441:
17434:, p. 11.
17433:
17428:
17426:
17424:
17414:
17405:
17400:
17396:
17392:
17388:
17381:
17375:, p. 18.
17374:
17369:
17367:
17365:
17356:
17349:
17347:
17340:, p. 17.
17339:
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17288:9789651905889
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17213:9781317455783
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16806:
16799:
16796:Joel Rappel.
16793:
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16172:9780812292510
16168:
16164:
16157:
16150:
16145:
16143:9781438110387
16139:
16135:
16128:
16122:, p. 95.
16121:
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16102:
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15520:9789004125483
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15112:
15110:9781317096726
15106:
15103:. Routledge.
15102:
15095:
15087:
15085:9781440853531
15081:
15077:
15070:
15063:
15060:Goren, Haim.
15057:
15050:
15044:
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15034:9781440853531
15030:
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15006:9789004064126
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14674:
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14597:
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14585:, p. 60.
14584:
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14562:
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14293:
14288:
14282:
14280:
14278:
14269:
14267:9781317096726
14263:
14260:. Routledge.
14259:
14252:
14244:
14242:9781317096726
14238:
14235:. Routledge.
14234:
14227:
14220:
14216:
14214:9789004064126
14210:
14206:
14199:
14192:
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13819:
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13762:9780815630975
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13718:, p. 56.
13717:
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13694:9781317096733
13690:
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13214:
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13196:
13193:. Routledge.
13192:
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12779:9789004129382
12775:
12771:
12764:
12755:
12753:
12751:
12741:
12739:
12729:
12727:
12718:
12714:
12710:
12706:
12702:
12698:
12691:
12689:
12687:
12679:
12673:
12672:The Aga Khans
12666:
12664:
12662:
12655:, p. 18.
12654:
12649:
12641:
12635:
12631:
12624:
12618:, p. 51.
12617:
12612:
12603:
12599:
12592:
12584:
12583:
12579:"The Druze",
12575:
12567:
12561:
12557:
12556:
12548:
12541:
12536:
12530:
12526:
12519:
12500:
12496:
12489:
12488:
12480:
12473:
12467:
12460:
12454:
12452:
12443:
12441:9780717201303
12437:
12433:
12432:
12425:
12417:
12413:
12412:
12405:
12403:
12392:
12387:
12383:
12382:
12374:
12372:
12370:
12362:
12358:
12352:
12345:
12341:
12339:9781414448916
12335:
12331:
12324:
12317:
12313:
12311:9780313332197
12307:
12303:
12296:
12280:
12276:
12272:
12266:
12264:
12262:
12245:
12241:
12237:
12231:
12229:
12213:
12209:
12205:
12201:
12194:
12187:
12183:
12179:
12172:
12165:
12159:
12153:
12146:
12141:
12139:9781904850014
12135:
12131:
12130:Being a Druze
12124:
12116:
12114:9781317233794
12110:
12106:
12099:
12092:
12080:
12076:
12070:
12062:
12058:
12052:
12044:
12043:
12038:
12031:
12023:
12019:
12013:
12005:
12003:9780300226393
11999:
11995:
11988:
11980:
11976:
11972:
11968:
11964:
11960:
11953:
11945:
11943:9781108480925
11939:
11935:
11928:
11920:
11914:
11910:
11909:
11900:
11892:
11890:90-04-11251-0
11886:
11882:
11881:
11873:
11858:
11854:
11853:
11846:
11839:
11835:
11833:9780520944886
11829:
11825:
11818:
11811:
11807:
11805:9781527567399
11801:
11797:
11790:
11775:
11771:
11767:
11761:
11746:
11742:
11735:
11729:
11724:
11722:
11710:
11704:
11697:
11696:"Druze-Arab."
11684:
11678:
11671:
11667:
11663:
11659:
11655:
11651:
11644:
11630:
11629:
11625:"The Druze",
11621:
11605:
11604:
11599:
11590:
11588:
11579:
11573:
11569:
11562:
11555:
11550:
11534:
11530:
11524:
11513:
11509:
11508:
11501:
11493:
11489:
11483:
11476:
11472:
11467:
11459:
11457:9781440833328
11453:
11449:
11442:
11434:
11430:
11424:
11408:
11404:
11400:
11394:
11387:
11383:
11381:9789004345188
11377:
11373:
11366:
11350:
11346:
11342:
11336:
11334:
11332:
11314:
11309:
11305:
11301:
11297:
11290:
11275:
11271:
11264:
11253:
11249:
11242:
11236:
11229:
11223:
11219:
11218:
11211:
11204:
11203:
11196:
11188:
11184:
11177:
11175:
11173:
11171:
11169:
11167:
11158:
11156:5-551-29049-2
11152:
11148:
11141:
11133:
11127:
11123:
11116:
11108:
11106:0-313-33219-3
11102:
11098:
11091:
11083:
11077:
11074:. McFarland.
11073:
11066:
11058:
11054:
11048:
11032:
11028:
11021:
11019:
11010:
11004:
11000:
10999:
10994:
10988:
10973:
10971:9780521892230
10967:
10963:
10962:
10954:
10946:
10944:9783643911001
10940:
10936:
10929:
10927:
10919:
10915:
10913:9780817916664
10909:
10905:
10898:
10896:
10894:
10886:
10879:
10871:
10867:
10863:
10859:
10856:(2): 91–105.
10855:
10851:
10844:
10838:, p. 58.
10837:
10832:
10825:
10820:
10814:, p. 81.
10813:
10808:
10800:
10798:9780198852964
10794:
10790:
10783:
10775:
10773:9781438110257
10769:
10765:
10758:
10751:
10747:
10745:9780520071964
10741:
10737:
10730:
10723:
10719:
10717:9780674081055
10713:
10709:
10702:
10695:
10691:
10689:9781400886869
10685:
10681:
10674:
10666:
10664:0-903983-92-3
10660:
10656:
10655:
10647:
10645:
10629:
10627:9780520087828
10623:
10619:
10615:
10614:
10606:
10604:
10596:
10592:
10585:
10583:
10581:
10579:
10571:
10567:
10560:
10558:
10550:
10546:
10544:9789652260499
10540:
10536:
10529:
10527:
10525:
10517:
10513:
10511:9781317931737
10507:
10503:
10496:
10494:
10486:
10481:
10473:
10467:
10463:
10456:
10454:
10452:
10444:
10442:9782351592656
10438:
10434:
10430:
10423:
10415:
10413:9789004094376
10409:
10405:
10398:
10390:
10384:
10380:
10373:
10371:
10362:
10356:
10352:
10347:
10346:
10337:
10335:
10333:
10331:
10322:
10316:
10312:
10307:
10306:
10297:
10295:
10286:
10280:
10276:
10271:
10270:
10261:
10254:
10253:
10246:
10238:
10232:
10228:
10223:
10222:
10213:
10205:
10199:
10195:
10194:
10186:
10180:, p. 71.
10179:
10174:
10156:
10149:
10148:
10141:
10134:
10129:
10121:
10119:9781317096733
10115:
10111:
10104:
10102:
10100:
10092:
10087:
10085:
10083:
10081:
10079:
10077:
10075:
10073:
10071:
10069:
10060:
10056:
10055:
10048:
10046:
10038:
10034:
10032:9781538124185
10028:
10024:
10017:
10011:, p. 21.
10010:
10005:
9999:, p. 12.
9998:
9993:
9985:
9983:90-04-09796-1
9979:
9975:
9974:
9967:
9960:
9955:
9947:
9941:
9937:
9936:
9931:
9927:
9921:
9913:
9907:
9903:
9902:
9897:
9891:
9876:
9870:
9866:
9865:
9857:
9850:
9848:
9842:
9840:9780230595989
9836:
9832:
9825:
9823:
9811:
9807:
9800:
9793:
9791:
9789:
9780:
9776:
9770:
9768:
9759:
9753:
9749:
9748:
9740:
9732:
9726:
9722:
9721:
9713:
9705:
9699:
9695:
9694:
9686:
9678:
9672:
9668:
9667:
9660:
9658:
9656:
9654:
9645:
9643:9781590561027
9639:
9635:
9634:
9626:
9624:
9622:
9620:
9611:
9609:9780810870024
9605:
9601:
9594:
9586:
9584:9780810879706
9580:
9576:
9569:
9562:
9557:
9549:
9543:
9539:
9538:
9533:
9527:
9520:
9515:
9509:
9505:
9504:
9497:
9493:
9492:John Esposito
9487:
9472:
9468:
9467:
9460:
9453:
9446:
9435:
9428:
9427:
9420:
9412:
9406:
9402:
9395:
9393:
9391:
9383:
9379:
9373:
9369:
9362:
9355:
9350:
9344:
9336:
9332:
9328:
9324:
9320:
9316:
9312:
9308:
9307:
9299:
9291:
9289:3-406-48654-1
9285:
9281:
9277:
9276:
9271:
9265:
9257:
9253:
9247:
9245:
9236:
9232:
9226:
9218:
9211:
9204:
9200:
9198:9780429962004
9194:
9190:
9183:
9176:
9172:
9167:
9156:
9149:
9144:
9140:
9136:
9132:
9128:
9122:
9114:
9110:
9109:
9102:
9100:
9098:
9090:
9078:
9074:
9068:
9061:
9056:
9048:
9042:
9038:
9031:
9023:
9016:
9014:
9006:
9005:Chisholm 1911
9001:
8999:
8990:
8984:
8980:
8973:
8971:
8969:
8967:
8958:
8954:
8950:
8946:
8942:
8938:
8934:
8930:
8929:
8921:
8913:
8909:
8908:
8900:
8898:
8896:
8894:
8892:
8890:
8883:, p. 20.
8882:
8877:
8875:
8873:
8871:
8869:
8859:
8854:
8850:
8846:
8842:
8835:
8826:
8821:
8817:
8813:
8809:
8802:
8794:
8788:
8784:
8783:
8774:
8766:
8764:90-04-11251-0
8760:
8756:
8755:
8747:
8740:
8735:
8733:
8731:
8729:
8727:
8725:
8718:, p. 10.
8717:
8712:
8710:
8708:
8706:
8704:
8697:, p. 19.
8696:
8691:
8689:
8687:
8685:
8683:
8681:
8679:
8677:
8675:
8658:
8654:
8648:
8640:
8636:
8629:
8621:
8619:9781135980795
8615:
8611:
8604:
8597:
8593:
8591:9781317096733
8587:
8583:
8576:
8568:
8567:
8559:
8552:
8548:
8546:9780810868366
8542:
8538:
8531:
8523:
8517:
8513:
8506:
8498:
8496:9780786451333
8492:
8488:
8481:
8473:
8467:
8463:
8462:
8454:
8446:
8444:9781135355616
8440:
8436:
8430:
8423:
8419:
8414:
8412:
8410:
8408:
8406:
8397:
8391:
8387:
8380:
8378:
8369:
8363:
8359:
8358:
8350:
8342:
8341:
8334:
8326:
8320:
8316:
8315:
8307:
8299:
8293:
8289:
8288:
8280:
8272:
8266:
8262:
8261:
8253:
8244:
8239:
8235:
8231:
8227:
8220:
8218:
8216:
8214:
8212:
8210:
8208:
8200:
8196:
8194:9780852295533
8190:
8186:
8181:
8180:
8172:
8170:
8168:
8166:
8157:
8155:9780863722493
8151:
8147:
8140:
8138:
8136:
8134:
8132:
8123:
8117:
8113:
8106:
8098:
8092:
8088:
8087:
8079:
8071:
8067:
8061:
8059:
8057:
8048:
8042:
8038:
8034:
8027:
8025:
8023:
8015:
8010:
8008:
7992:
7988:
7982:
7974:
7972:9781108480925
7968:
7964:
7957:
7955:
7946:
7940:
7936:
7929:
7922:
7917:
7915:
7913:
7906:, p. 14.
7905:
7900:
7898:
7896:
7894:
7892:
7890:
7888:
7886:
7878:
7874:
7872:9781135980795
7868:
7864:
7857:
7850:
7845:
7839:
7832:
7828:
7826:9780030525964
7822:
7818:
7811:
7809:
7800:
7794:
7790:
7786:
7781:
7780:
7771:
7763:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7742:
7734:
7728:
7724:
7723:
7715:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7687:
7683:
7679:
7673:
7665:
7659:
7655:
7654:
7646:
7644:
7635:
7629:
7625:
7618:
7616:
7607:
7601:
7597:
7596:
7588:
7572:
7568:
7562:
7554:
7548:
7543:
7542:
7533:
7531:
7514:
7510:
7504:
7496:
7494:9781598846546
7490:
7486:
7479:
7477:
7468:
7462:
7459:. McFarland.
7458:
7451:
7435:
7431:
7425:
7410:
7406:
7400:
7392:
7388:
7387:
7380:
7378:
7362:
7358:
7352:
7350:
7341:
7337:
7336:
7329:
7321:
7315:
7313:
7305:
7299:
7293:
7291:
7274:
7270:
7263:
7257:
7255:
7247:
7242:
7234:
7230:
7223:
7215:
7208:
7202:
7194:
7188:
7184:
7177:
7175:
7173:
7165:
7161:
7155:
7151:
7144:
7137:
7133:
7127:
7123:
7116:
7109:
7105:
7099:
7095:
7091:
7090:
7082:
7075:
7071:
7065:
7061:
7057:
7050:
7046:
7027:
7023:
7016:
7012:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6986:List of Druze
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6968:
6962:
6958:
6956:
6952:
6951:Maghrebi Jews
6948:
6944:
6940:
6939:Sephardi Jews
6936:
6932:
6928:
6923:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6904:
6897:
6894:
6891:
6888:
6885:
6882:
6881:
6880:
6878:
6874:
6870:
6869:Golan Heights
6865:
6863:
6859:
6854:
6852:
6848:
6843:
6840:
6835:
6833:
6832:Moroccan Jews
6829:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6800:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6787:
6783:
6780:
6779:Y-chromosomal
6776:
6771:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6755:
6753:
6752:Islamic world
6749:
6744:
6734:
6732:
6731:Golan Heights
6728:
6727:Mount Lebanon
6723:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6712:Golan plateau
6709:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6688:
6686:
6676:
6673:
6667:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6644:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6608:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6569:
6565:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6550:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6531:Christianized
6528:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6511:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6493:Mount Lebanon
6490:
6485:
6476:
6474:
6473:Greater Syria
6469:
6463:
6461:
6457:
6452:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6437:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6415:
6411:
6409:
6405:
6404:David Hogarth
6401:
6400:Gertrude Bell
6397:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6344:
6340:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6290:
6276:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6205:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6183:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6172:Arab identity
6169:
6165:
6161:
6160:Israeli Druze
6157:
6152:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6103:
6098:
6094:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6037:Deir al-Qamar
6034:
6029:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
6002:
5997:
5993:
5986:
5982:
5977:
5968:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5921:
5919:
5918:Masih al-Umam
5915:
5911:
5910:Hamza ibn Ali
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5862:
5858:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5831:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5818:, as well as
5817:
5814:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5800:reincarnation
5797:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5777:reincarnation
5774:
5770:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5742:philosophical
5739:
5735:
5734:New Testament
5731:
5730:Old Testament
5727:
5723:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5702:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5685:
5681:
5680:Golan Heights
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5660:Mount Lebanon
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5644:Mount Lebanon
5641:
5637:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5616:and peaceful
5615:
5611:
5608:and are both
5607:
5603:
5599:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5575:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5538:
5534:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5493:reincarnation
5490:
5485:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5452:) grave near
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5424:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5413:
5409:as a form of
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5355:
5350:
5348:
5344:
5343:
5339:, whose work
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5303:
5299:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5257:
5252:
5249:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5230:Ismaili Islam
5227:
5223:
5219:
5204:
5201:
5197:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5156:
5152:
5151:Israeli Druze
5148:
5139:
5137:
5128:
5119:
5110:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5079:
5075:
5073:
5068:
5064:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4988:
4987:Kibbeh nayyeh
4983:
4982:
4981:baba ghanoush
4977:
4976:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4931:
4927:
4922:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4906:
4900:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4875:Deir el Qamar
4872:
4868:
4867:Mount Lebanon
4864:
4860:
4856:
4851:
4849:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4831:Arab heritage
4825:
4820:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4788:
4784:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4749:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4736:
4731:
4727:
4718:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4702:reincarnation
4700:, believe in
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4674:
4673:influences.
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4630:
4628:
4622:
4620:
4614:
4612:
4606:
4604:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4588:
4586:
4580:
4578:
4572:
4570:
4564:
4560:
4558:
4552:
4542:
4540:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4517:
4515:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4494:
4492:
4486:
4481:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4449:they call it
4448:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4421:
4419:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4392:
4387:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4366:
4362:
4357:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4313:
4307:
4299:
4288:
4283:
4273:
4268:
4265:
4260:
4259:
4253:
4250:
4245:
4244:
4238:
4235:
4230:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4213:
4211:
4195:
4192:Fifth limit (
4191:
4182:
4178:
4169:
4160:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4128:
4120:
4111:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4090:Other beliefs
4087:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4053:Saint Matthew
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3954:Hamza ibn Ali
3951:
3947:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3933:Hamza ibn Ali
3930:
3926:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3815:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3719:
3714:
3705:
3701:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3680:
3675:
3668:Reincarnation
3665:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3516:Protestantism
3514:converted to
3513:
3512:United States
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3492:United States
3488:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3473:Arab identity
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3423:provinces of
3422:
3418:
3417:Syria's Druze
3414:
3410:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3305:Golan Heights
3302:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3261:" movements.
3260:
3256:
3255:Israeli Druze
3252:
3247:
3239:
3238:Israeli Druze
3235:
3230:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3205:Aley District
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3125:Mount Lebanon
3122:
3118:
3115:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3051:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2931:
2929:
2924:
2917:
2913:
2910:Sculpture of
2908:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2829:, Syria, 1926
2828:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2790:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2771:Golan Heights
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2724:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2701:Islamic sects
2698:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2646:
2644:
2639:
2636:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2608:Deir al-Qamar
2605:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2491:Mount Lebanon
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2397:Ibrahim Pasha
2393:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2326:Shihab family
2317:
2315:
2314:Shihab family
2311:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2141:in 1516, the
2140:
2132:
2131:Deir al-Qamar
2128:
2127:
2121:
2116:
2109:Ma'an dynasty
2106:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2062:Mount Lebanon
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2033:Twelver Shi'a
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1951:al-Mustarshid
1948:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1928:Aley District
1925:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1866:Last Judgment
1863:
1859:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1482:Hamza ibn Ali
1480:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:Early history
1328:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1279:reincarnation
1276:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1193:Hamza bin Ali
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1096:List of Druze
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1080:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1066:Israeli Druze
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1045:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
991:
986:
983:
982:
977:
974:
973:
968:
965:
963:
960:
959:
952:
951:
943:
940:
938:
935:
934:
927:
926:
918:
915:
914:
909:
906:
904:
901:
900:
893:
892:
883:
879:
876:
875:
868:
867:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
845:
842:
840:
839:Hamza ibn Ali
837:
836:
831:
828:
826:
823:
822:
815:
814:
806:
803:
801:
798:
797:
792:
789:
788:
783:
780:
778:
775:
774:
769:
766:
764:
763:Reincarnation
761:
760:
755:
754:Ahl at-Tawhid
751:
750:Al-Muwahhidun
748:
747:
740:
739:
735:
731:
730:
726:
718:
712:
711:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
664:Mount Lebanon
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
599:
598:Isma'ili Imam
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
560:
559:reincarnation
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
525:(a branch of
524:
520:
519:
513:
510:
505:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
476:reincarnation
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
450:
447:
443:
439:
438:al-Muwaḥḥidūn
436:
432:
430:
415:
413:
402:
400:
390:
386:
385:
377:
353:
340:
336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
324:
319:
314:
308:
304:
299:
294:
289:
285:
282:
269:
265:
262:
249:
245:
242:
229:
225:
222:
209:
205:
202:
201:United States
189:
185:
182:
169:
165:
163:
162:Golan Heights
158:
145:
141:
138:
125:
121:
118:
105:
100:
97:
93:
88:
83:
78:
74:
70:
65:
58:
53:
39:
32:
27:
19:
25193:Hamartiology
25178:Ecclesiology
25168:Pneumatology
25077:Christianity
25068:Names of God
25043:Philo's view
25033:Personal god
25013:Great Spirit
24952: /
24909:Christianity
24767:Perichoresis
24670:Emanationism
24612:Christianity
24602:Baháʼí Faith
24580:Singular god
24553:
24513:Spiritualism
23757:Turkmenistan
23717:Saudi Arabia
23462:South Africa
23452:Sierra Leone
23257:Burkina Faso
23166:Names of God
23113:Unaffiliated
23068:Antireligion
22929:Universalism
22877:Assimilation
22742:Anthropology
22617:Supernatural
22612:Spirituality
22580:Sacred space
22568:Purification
22441:Denomination
22395: /
22203:Paleo-Balkan
22169:Mesopotamian
22009:Cook Islands
21980:Old Prussian
21893:UFO religion
21832:
21828:Zalmoxianism
21756:Neoshamanism
21613:Spiritualism
21496:Other ethnic
21385:
21211:Traditional
21171:Bongthingism
21069:Acoma Pueblo
21012:Mesoamerican
20741:Austronesian
20562:
20558:Neo-Buddhism
20490:
20486:Neo-Hinduism
20407:Swaminarayan
20245:
20194:Salvationist
20179:Confucianism
20030:Samaritanism
20014:
20000:Ali-Illahism
19981:
19848:
19842:Unitarianism
19783:Old Catholic
19590:Nestorianism
19548:Christianity
19535:
19501:Conservative
19337:Majid Arslan
19245:Syrian Druze
19165:Saint George
19104:Mountain War
19054:Ma'n dynasty
19039:Wadi al-Taym
18997:Nabi Shu'ayb
18982:Druze Khalwa
18964:
18837:
18778:
18761:
18746:
18730:
18726:
18710:
18703:
18688:
18673:
18654:
18637:
18633:
18619:
18612:
18584:. Retrieved
18569:
18557:, retrieved
18542:
18521:
18507:. Retrieved
18492:
18467:
18446:
18425:
18403:
18382:
18358:
18350:Bibliography
18310:
18306:
18296:
18243:
18239:
18229:
18217:. Retrieved
18213:the original
18206:
18196:
18159:
18155:
18144:
18101:
18097:
18087:
18075:. Retrieved
18070:
18061:
18021:(1): 14484.
18018:
18014:
18004:
17996:ScienceDaily
17995:
17940:
17936:
17925:
17881:
17877:
17856:. Retrieved
17820:
17816:
17803:
17763:
17757:
17747:
17731:
17723:
17706:(1): 26–44.
17703:
17699:
17693:
17673:
17666:
17647:
17641:
17622:
17616:
17597:
17593:
17583:
17564:
17558:
17542:(3): 40–53.
17539:
17535:
17525:
17506:
17500:
17481:
17475:
17466:
17454:
17413:
17394:
17390:
17380:
17322:
17314:
17304:
17297:
17278:
17272:
17255:
17236:
17233:Sabri Jiryis
17203:
17197:
17178:
17174:
17164:
17148:(3): 40–53.
17145:
17141:
17131:
17123:
17109:
17103:
17091:. Retrieved
17087:the original
17072:
17060:. Retrieved
17056:the original
17045:
17033:. Retrieved
17026:the original
17013:
17001:. Retrieved
16997:the original
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16078:. Retrieved
16063:
16039:. Retrieved
16024:
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15911:. Retrieved
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15644:. Retrieved
15640:the original
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15159:. Retrieved
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15133:. Retrieved
15128:
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14799:
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14748:
14742:
14730:. Retrieved
14726:Arab America
14725:
14716:
14697:
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14682:
14668:
14662:
14643:
14637:
14618:
14612:
14600:. Retrieved
14590:
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14525:
14513:. Retrieved
14509:the original
14477:
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14407:
14395:. Retrieved
14391:
14381:
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14300:. Retrieved
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13353:the original
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12807:(1): 52–65.
12804:
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12769:
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12611:
12601:
12597:
12591:
12581:
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12554:
12547:
12538:
12524:
12518:
12506:. Retrieved
12486:
12479:
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12466:
12458:
12430:
12424:
12416:the original
12410:
12386:the original
12380:
12360:
12351:
12343:
12329:
12323:
12315:
12301:
12295:
12283:. Retrieved
12274:
12248:. Retrieved
12239:
12215:. Retrieved
12203:
12193:
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12104:
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12079:the original
12069:
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11987:
11962:
11958:
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11927:
11907:
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11857:the original
11851:
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11837:
11823:
11817:
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11795:
11789:
11777:. Retrieved
11773:
11760:
11748:. Retrieved
11744:
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11694:
11687:. Retrieved
11677:
11653:
11649:
11643:
11632:, retrieved
11627:
11620:
11608:. Retrieved
11601:
11567:
11561:
11549:
11537:. Retrieved
11532:
11523:
11512:the original
11506:
11500:
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11441:
11432:
11423:
11411:. Retrieved
11402:
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11353:. Retrieved
11344:
11318:. Retrieved
11313:the original
11299:
11289:
11277:. Retrieved
11273:
11263:
11247:
11235:
11216:
11210:
11201:
11195:
11186:
11146:
11140:
11124:. ABC-CLIO.
11121:
11115:
11096:
11090:
11071:
11065:
11056:
11047:
11035:. Retrieved
11031:the original
10997:
10987:
10975:. Retrieved
10960:
10953:
10934:
10917:
10903:
10884:
10878:
10853:
10850:Muslim World
10849:
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10831:
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10763:
10757:
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10735:
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10721:
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10673:
10653:
10631:. Retrieved
10612:
10594:
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10245:
10220:
10212:
10192:
10185:
10173:
10162:, retrieved
10155:the original
10146:
10140:
10128:
10109:
10059:the original
10053:
10036:
10022:
10016:
10004:
9992:
9972:
9966:
9954:
9934:
9920:
9900:
9890:
9878:. Retrieved
9863:
9856:
9846:
9844:
9830:
9810:the original
9805:
9779:the original
9746:
9739:
9719:
9712:
9692:
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9665:
9632:
9599:
9593:
9574:
9568:
9556:
9536:
9526:
9502:
9486:
9475:, retrieved
9471:the original
9465:
9459:
9450:
9445:
9434:the original
9425:
9419:
9400:
9381:
9367:
9361:
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9343:
9310:
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9298:
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9210:
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9188:
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9166:
9155:the original
9121:
9113:the original
9107:
9088:
9081:. Retrieved
9076:
9067:
9055:
9036:
9030:
9021:
8978:
8932:
8926:
8920:
8912:the original
8906:
8848:
8844:
8834:
8818:(3): 40–53.
8815:
8811:
8801:
8781:
8773:
8753:
8746:
8739:Makarim 1974
8661:. Retrieved
8657:the original
8647:
8638:
8628:
8609:
8603:
8595:
8581:
8575:
8565:
8558:
8550:
8536:
8530:
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8480:
8464:. Eerdmans.
8460:
8453:
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8429:
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8286:
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8236:(1): 83–99.
8233:
8229:
8198:
8178:
8145:
8111:
8105:
8085:
8078:
8070:the original
8032:
8014:Daftary 2007
7994:. Retrieved
7990:
7981:
7962:
7934:
7928:
7876:
7862:
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7847:
7838:
7830:
7816:
7778:
7770:
7747:
7741:
7721:
7714:
7702:. Retrieved
7685:
7672:
7652:
7623:
7594:
7587:
7575:. Retrieved
7570:
7561:
7540:
7517:. Retrieved
7512:
7503:
7484:
7456:
7450:
7438:. Retrieved
7433:
7424:
7412:. Retrieved
7399:
7385:
7364:. Retrieved
7360:
7340:the original
7334:
7328:
7277:. Retrieved
7269:CBS – Israel
7268:
7241:
7232:
7222:
7213:
7201:
7182:
7163:
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7143:
7135:
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7088:
7081:
7073:
7055:
7049:
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6959:
6947:Mizrahi Jews
6935:Palestinians
6924:
6905:
6901:
6877:Mount Carmel
6866:
6855:
6847:X haplogroup
6844:
6836:
6801:
6782:haplogroup L
6772:
6767:Mount Carmel
6756:
6746:
6724:
6719:
6715:
6694:
6682:
6668:
6645:
6612:Sami Makarem
6609:
6597:Arab history
6589:
6570:
6566:
6551:
6539:Persian Gulf
6510:Wadi al-Taym
6508:
6506:
6464:
6453:
6432:
6348:Philip Hitti
6345:
6341:
6333:Acre in 1291
6295:
6257:Hebrew Bible
6229:Hebrew Bible
6202:
6184:
6153:
6149:anti-Zionist
6136:
6106:
6083:Druze revolt
6056:
6030:
5999:
5989:
5933:Saint George
5922:
5917:
5913:
5905:
5901:
5879:
5835:circumcision
5832:
5793:
5758:philosophers
5719:
5676:Mount Carmel
5638:
5610:monotheistic
5598:Christianity
5596:
5557:
5553:
5541:رسائل الحكمة
5536:
5530:
5496:
5486:
5467:
5425:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5388:
5384:
5351:
5340:
5298:Ibn Taymiyya
5294:
5274:Egypt Eyalet
5253:
5241:
5215:
5192:
5184:reproduction
5165:, unlike in
5160:
5135:
5126:
5117:
5108:
5076:
5060:
5038:filled with
4985:
4979:
4973:
4967:
4961:
4946:whole grains
4938:Arab cuisine
4935:
4903:
4895:
4883:Saint George
4852:
4844:
4839:Kamal Salibi
4833:. Historian
4828:
4789:
4766:
4750:
4745:Circumcision
4743:
4739:
4733:life in the
4723:
4678:filial piety
4675:
4659:Neo-Platonic
4652:
4643:
4632:
4624:
4616:
4608:
4600:
4599:
4590:
4582:
4574:
4566:
4554:
4536:
4534:
4525:
4511:
4509:
4504:
4500:
4498:
4488:
4451:
4441:
4434:
4423:
4415:
4405:
4401:
4399:
4372:Nabi Shu'ayb
4369:
4337:golden ratio
4330:
4303:
4207:
4205:
4193:
4180:
4173:محمد إبن وهب
4145:
4124:
4108:
4093:
4084:monotheistic
4073:
4045:Jesus Christ
4021:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4006:
3994:Nabi Shu'ayb
3967:
3965:
3945:
3943:
3936:
3912:
3902:
3881:
3879:
3855:
3836:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3802:
3787:
3773:
3764:
3749:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3703:
3698:
3688:
3686:
3677:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3632:
3609:
3599:
3591:
3583:
3581:
3576:
3562:
3555:
3553:
3545:transcendent
3538:
3520:Presbyterian
3489:
3407:
3355:
3336:Palestinians
3332:
3321:
3298:
3263:
3243:
3161:
3127:and visited
3121:Chouf region
3111:
3107:Mountain War
3055:
3029:Niha village
2981:
2969:Mount Hermon
2942:
2939:
2932:
2920:
2916:Majdal Shams
2891:against the
2882:
2859:created the
2850:
2832:
2795:
2767:Mount Hermon
2748:
2717:
2690:
2671:
2658:
2632:
2623:Nahr al-Kalb
2616:
2592:
2586:and allowed
2569:
2546:
2452:
2432:
2404:
2394:
2375:
2367:Wadi al-Taym
2366:
2359:Wadi al-Taym
2348:
2307:
2283:
2268:
2263:
2256:
2245:
2221:Wadi al-Taym
2218:
2203:
2199:
2160:
2151:
2147:
2136:
2124:
2096:
2089:
2080:
2066:
2048:
2014:
2002:ibn Taymiyya
1998:proto-Salafi
1975:
1944:
1930:of southern
1917:
1902:against the
1893:
1885:Wadi al-Taym
1883:
1873:Sami Makarem
1870:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1828:ranged from
1826:
1824:their Imam.
1822:
1818:
1807:
1789:
1781:Sitt al-Mulk
1778:
1765:
1758:
1756:
1744:
1714:missionaries
1711:
1706:
1654:
1628:
1626:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1594:
1589:
1575:
1548:
1535:
1472:Wadi al-Taym
1454:Headquarters
1415:Monotheistic
1318:
1305:Outside the
1304:
1295:
1288:
1270:
1258:
1240:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1224:supporters.
1222:
1211:
1196:
1190:
1173:
1164:
1056:Syrian Druze
967:Ma'n dynasty
881:
724:
680:
637:
625:Saint George
563:
539:Neoplatonism
531:Christianity
516:
514:
480:
468:monotheistic
459:
437:
426:
409:
396:
351:
349:
38:
26:
25442:Hermeticism
25251:Krishnology
25228:Soteriology
25183:Eschatology
25163:Christology
25028:Open theism
24984:Exotheology
24882:Zoroastrian
24845:By religion
24802:Eschatology
24757:Homoiousian
24710:Ahura Mazda
24488:Panentheism
24451:Hermeticism
24208:New Zealand
24145:Saint Lucia
24095:El Salvador
24000:Switzerland
23935:Netherlands
23707:Philippines
23635:South Korea
23630:North Korea
23520:Afghanistan
23467:South Sudan
23357:Ivory Coast
23141:Deification
23088:Objectivism
23063:Agnosticism
23021:Persecution
23011:Video games
22976:Populations
22887:Proselytism
22855:Monasticism
22846:Clericalism
22836:Agriculture
22827:and society
22792:Soteriology
22752:Comparative
22722:Transtheism
22707:Panentheism
22491:Monasticism
22284:Gallo-Roman
22186:Micronesian
22152:Manichaeism
22100:Hermeticism
22068:Continental
22063:Anglo-Saxon
21943:Paleolithic
21938:Prehistoric
21888:Scientology
21751:Italo-Roman
21606:Radha Soami
21586:New Thought
21426:Espiritismo
21367:Waaqeffanna
21307:Fon and Ewe
21245:Sub-Saharan
21128:Satsana Phi
20924:Ghost Dance
20882:Californian
20860:Anishinaabe
20791:Karo Pemena
20770:Indonesian
20444:Lingayatism
20392:Mahanubhava
20362:Vaishnavism
20293:Jeungsanism
20216:Folk Taoism
20199:Xiantiandao
20053:Zoroastrian
19712:Charismatic
19707:Pentecostal
19670:Anglicanism
19621:Waldensians
19556:Catholicism
19018:Eid Al Adha
18975:Holy places
18870:Esotericism
18865:Divine call
18745:Samy Swayd
18640:(4): 5–36.
18620:Les Cahiers
17083:Arutz Sheva
16840:pp. 149ff:
16028:. Peeters.
15854:10852/16181
15155:thestar.com
14287:James Lewis
12678:Which page?
12474:, pp. 29–53
12285:22 November
12250:22 November
12145:Catholicism
11965:: 175–193.
11656:: 175–193,
11606:(in Hebrew)
10977:1 September
10249:TJ Gorton,
10178:Harris 2012
10133:Harris 2012
9799:"The Druze"
9313:(1): 5–20.
9270:Halm, Heinz
9083:8 September
8935:(1): 5–20.
7996:13 November
7785:Adams Media
7022:Arabization
6918:in eastern
6786:prehistoric
6607:of 1920's.
6592:Abu-Izzedin
6577:Arab tribes
6547:Mesopotamia
6491:domains in
6487:Map of the
6423:Jabal Druze
6360:Persianized
6199:proselytize
6057:During the
5996:Antisemitic
5925:Virgin Mary
5618:coexistence
5606:Middle East
5546:Eid al-Adha
5321:polytheists
5203:community.
5179:monasticism
5012:kusa mahshi
4706:Eid al-Adha
4363:, northern
4254:Yellow for
4249:Anima mundi
4137:khams ḥudūd
4127:iconography
3981:Prophethood
3858:, meaning "
3760:allegorical
3746:Esotericism
3708:Sanctuaries
3604:incarnation
3582:Unlike the
3469:Catholicism
3445:Arabic food
3093:within the
3063:Pan-Arabism
3025:Prophet Job
2943:Before the
2865:pan-Arabist
2846:Syrian army
2557:coexistence
2471:Alam al-Din
2371:Sunni Islam
2308:During the
2271:Mulhim Ma'n
2259:Florentines
2173:at Tadmur (
2115:Maan family
1982:incarnation
1947:Maan family
1862:proselytism
1785:Occultation
1768:incarnation
1688:, charity,
1657:divine call
1307:Middle East
937:Eid al-Adha
903:Mount Druze
896:Holy places
782:Divine Call
777:Esotericism
684:Arab tribes
672:persecution
611:(whom they
547:Manichaeism
504:Cosmic Mind
460:Druze faith
18:Druze Faith
25396:Categories
25336:Philosophy
25223:Sophiology
25203:Philosophy
25198:Messianism
25158:Paterology
24762:Hypostasis
24752:Homoousian
24583:theologies
24523:Theopanism
24508:Polytheism
24471:Monotheism
24446:Henotheism
24198:Micronesia
24075:Costa Rica
23970:San Marino
23930:Montenegro
23910:Luxembourg
23767:Uzbekistan
23742:Tajikistan
23647:Kyrgyzstan
23620:Kazakhstan
23570:East Timor
23540:Bangladesh
23530:Azerbaijan
23447:Seychelles
23412:Mozambique
23397:Mauritania
23382:Madagascar
23272:Cape Verde
23054:irreligion
23049:Secularism
22956:Minorities
22924:Toleration
22919:Syncretism
22904:Fanaticism
22894:Disability
22882:Missionary
22872:Conversion
22860:Ordination
22782:Psychology
22777:Philosophy
22717:Polytheism
22697:Monotheism
22692:Henotheism
22533:Orthopraxy
22523:Ordination
22486:Meditation
22481:Indigenous
22446:Entheogens
22431:Conversion
22257:Pueblo III
22174:Babylonian
22164:Melanesian
22090:Gnosticism
21975:Lithuanian
21868:Fourth Way
21722:Circassian
21700:Dievturība
21623:Tensegrity
21556:Falun Gong
21201:Sanamahism
21181:Donyi-Polo
20813:Polynesian
20759:Kaharingan
20684:Burkhanism
20623:Ravidassia
20601:Śvetāmbara
20387:Pushtimarg
20367:Krishnaism
20303:Vietnamese
20288:Cheondoism
20221:Yao Taoism
20157:East Asian
19923:Isma'ilism
19879:Maturidism
19658:Mennonites
19653:Hutterites
19638:Anabaptism
19531:Humanistic
19305:Amin Tarif
17858:2 December
17373:Firro 2023
17338:Firro 2023
17035:9 February
16770:Salibi, K.
16695:5 November
16211:countries.
16178:Christians
16120:Nisan 2002
15064:pp. 95–96.
13935:Salibi, K.
13895:Salibi, K.
13859:June 2013.
13844:Firro 2023
13671:Swayd 2006
13334:9004112510
12703:(3): 542.
12616:Hitti 1924
12598:(batinids)
12085:15 January
11863:23 January
11779:23 January
11689:8 December
11634:23 January
11610:14 October
11274:Al-Monitor
10836:Fawaz 1994
10824:Fawaz 1994
10812:Fawaz 1994
10091:Hitti 1924
10009:Hitti 1966
9959:Swayd 2006
9930:Sedan, Gil
9676:9004097961
9173:, p.
9060:Nisan 2002
8881:Firro 2023
8695:Firro 2023
8420:, p.
8418:Nisan 2002
8340:Al-Rāfidān
7921:Firro 2023
7787:. p.
7361:www.cbc.ca
7036:References
6927:Canaanaite
6789:South Asia
6741:See also:
6620:Jabal Amel
6519:Taym Allah
6388:Taym Allah
6211:, such as
6137:brit damim
5985:Kafr Yasif
5892:" and his
5868:Al-Masih (
5864:The Druze
5849:, and the
5813:monogamous
5808:Evangelism
5591:Christians
5507:monogamous
5476:: Shuaib (
5436:1959 fatwa
5421:Arab world
5399:monotheism
5337:Ibn Abidin
5218:Isma'ilism
5100:yerba mate
5072:Mulukhiyah
5063:Mulukhiyah
5016:shishbarak
4966:including
4954:vegetables
4686:monotheism
4665:and other
4345:temperance
4284:White for
4262:"the Word/
4224:Green for
4061:Saint Luke
4057:Saint Mark
4041:Empedocles
4037:Parmenides
4025:Pythagoras
3958:al-Hakim's
3672:See also:
3629:Scriptures
3594:(meaning "
3526:churches.
3413:As-Suwayda
3290:Christians
3087:Christians
3027:shrine in
3010:In Lebanon
3000:As-Suwayda
2885:Hashimites
2761:suburb of
2713:Arab world
2588:Protestant
2570:After the
2549:Christians
1994:infidelity
1834:Alexandria
1727:Golden Age
1674:pilgrimage
1668:, law and
1662:monotheism
1590:Muwaḥḥidūn
1549:Muwaḥḥidūn
1514:Isma'ilism
1259:Muwaḥḥidūn
1207:incarnated
858:Al-Tanukhi
596:, and the
535:Gnosticism
527:Shia Islam
523:Isma'ilism
483:Isma'ilism
301:Scriptures
73:Druze flag
69:Druze star
25452:Mysticism
25213:Practical
25208:Political
25173:Cosmology
25130:Christian
24989:Holocaust
24979:Egotheism
24934:Goddesses
24929:Mormonism
24857:Christian
24810:Afterlife
24696:Sustainer
24503:Polydeism
24498:Pantheism
24483:Mysticism
24466:Monolatry
24461:Nontheism
24441:Dystheism
24316:Venezuela
24261:Argentina
24178:Australia
24130:Nicaragua
24105:Guatemala
23905:Lithuania
23727:Sri Lanka
23722:Singapore
23702:Palestine
23590:Indonesia
23580:Hong Kong
23402:Mauritius
23123:Overviews
23078:Criticism
23026:Terrorism
23001:Theocracy
22946:Happiness
22914:Pluralism
22899:Education
22825:Religion
22797:Salvation
22787:Sociology
22732:Religious
22712:Pantheism
22702:Nontheism
22595:Mountains
22573:Sacrifice
22528:Orthodoxy
22518:Mythology
22513:Mysticism
22402:Behaviour
22311:Canaanite
22294:Mithraism
22262:Pueblo IV
22252:Pueblo II
22157:Mazdakism
22132:Hungarian
22105:Mysteries
22014:Dravidian
21796:Hungarian
21712:Caucasian
21683:Godianism
21643:Agni Yoga
21633:Theosophy
21596:Rastafari
21571:Modekngei
21551:Brahmoism
21544:Syncretic
21536:movements
21534:religious
21446:Quimbanda
21394:Candomblé
21387:Diasporic
21166:Bathouism
21156:Benzhuism
21081:Tsimshian
21032:Purépecha
20953:Longhouse
20928:Sun Dance
20877:Blackfoot
20796:Malaysian
20786:Kapitayan
20596:Digambara
20581:Ayyavazhi
20546:Vajrayana
20511:Theravada
20424:Ganapatya
20397:Ramanandi
20326:Hoahaoism
20204:Yiguandao
20099:Yarsanism
20094:Shabakism
20081:Yazdânism
20071:Zurvanism
20066:Mazdaznan
20025:Rastafari
20020:Mandaeism
19894:Wahhabism
19874:Ash'arism
19837:Tolstoyan
19827:Spiritual
19817:Mormonism
19788:Judaizers
19761:Quakerism
19739:Methodist
19729:Irvingism
19680:Calvinism
19633:Adventism
19616:Moravians
19453:Abrahamic
19006:Holy days
18885:Theophany
18450:. Brill.
18253:1312.6639
18104:: 35837.
18077:20 August
17720:0031-0328
17235:(1969) .
17093:15 August
17062:7 January
16430:forgives.
14924:201807131
14916:1613-0928
14895:Der Islam
14583:Dana 2003
14397:10 August
13989:The Druze
13964:The Druze
13716:Dana 2003
13304:. Aamama.
12881:162363556
12873:1613-0928
12852:Der Islam
12829:201807131
12821:1613-0928
12800:Der Islam
12653:Dana 2003
12632:. Brill.
12212:0040-781X
11979:144424824
11670:144424824
11539:13 August
11515:(dossier)
11477:. p. 238.
11308:0362-4331
11057:Economist
10870:0027-4909
9880:2 October
9720:The Druze
9561:Dana 2003
9327:0003-0279
9171:Dana 2003
8949:0003-0279
8314:Palestine
7686:www.bl.uk
7519:26 August
7414:5 January
7089:The Druze
7060:Routledge
7041:Citations
6931:Levantine
6851:Near East
6820:Ashkenazi
6816:divisions
6720:Dogziyin,
6705:Ismaelite
6664:Tanukhids
6543:Tanukhids
6527:Euphrates
6523:al-Tabari
6384:Tanukhids
6329:crusaders
6314:Armenians
6300:, Arabs,
6018:Jerusalem
5979:Maqam Al-
5828:theophany
5754:religions
5744:works by
5648:Maronites
5640:Christian
5518:theophany
5329:apostates
5317:mushrikin
5305:muhaddith
5278:massacres
5200:apostates
5044:olive oil
5032:Saj bread
5024:mujaddara
5020:muhammara
4969:tabbouleh
4926:Saj bread
4910:synthesis
4859:synthesis
4855:Christian
4824:Beit Jann
4773:Venezuela
4619:al-ʻuqqāl
4611:al-Juhhāl
4603:Al-ʻuqqāl
4569:al-mandīl
4557:al-mandīl
4539:al-ʻUqqāl
4514:al-Juhhāl
4437:mausoleum
4298:Immanence
4287:al-llahiq
4269:Blue for
4194:al-llahiq
4033:Aristotle
3929:ad-Darazi
3917:is being
3899:Theophany
3892:Ismailism
3860:despotism
3736:sanctuary
3662:treatises
3619:) of the
3596:theophany
3584:Mu'tazila
3569:Mu'tazila
3565:Al-Ma'mun
3524:Methodist
3465:Venezuela
3433:Palestine
3409:Venezuela
3346:In Jordan
3223:In Israel
3181:Marjeyoun
3133:Maronites
2988:Qalb Loze
2835:President
2661:al-Atrash
2638:Catholics
2435:Yemenites
2279:Beylerbey
2204:In 1632,
2017:Holy Land
2006:apostates
1986:heretical
1856:In 1043,
1763:in 1018.
1737:for all.
1682:holy days
1609:al-Darazi
1464:Territory
1400:Scripture
1393:Abrahamic
930:Holy days
844:Al-Darazi
768:Theophany
706:Etymology
555:theophany
472:syncretic
464:Abrahamic
456:West Asia
321:Languages
291:Religions
281:Australia
181:Venezuela
25437:Gnostics
25331:Kabbalah
25278:Prophets
25153:Glossary
25119:By faith
25082:Hinduism
24964:Demiurge
24954:in Islam
24914:Hinduism
24904:Buddhism
24896:Feminist
24852:Buddhist
24660:Absolute
24653:Concepts
24629:Hinduism
24624:Buddhism
24590:By faith
24554:and gods
24546:Divinity
24532:Concepts
24493:Pandeism
24394:Theology
24342:Category
24306:Suriname
24296:Paraguay
24281:Colombia
24188:Kiribati
24115:Honduras
24085:Dominica
24060:Barbados
24025:Scotland
23985:Slovenia
23980:Slovakia
23955:Portugal
23825:Bulgaria
23747:Thailand
23697:Pakistan
23677:Mongolia
23672:Maldives
23667:Malaysia
23555:Cambodia
23502:Zimbabwe
23477:Tanzania
23327:Ethiopia
23322:Eswatini
23302:Djibouti
23267:Cameroon
23252:Botswana
23196:Timeline
23191:Scholars
23151:Founders
23016:Violence
22971:Politics
22841:Business
22804:Theology
22548:Prophecy
22538:Paganism
22426:Covenant
22393:Apostasy
22328:Scythian
22269:Rapa Nui
22223:Thracian
22218:Illyrian
22208:Albanian
22179:Sumerian
22122:Harappan
22058:Germanic
22053:Georgian
22046:Selk'nam
22031:Etruscan
22019:Egyptian
21997:Druidism
21960:Armenian
21883:Satanism
21863:Eckankar
21786:Estonian
21771:Romanian
21761:Ossetian
21741:Germanic
21690:Armenian
21679:African
21672:paganism
21601:Sant Mat
21591:Rajneesh
21566:Meivazhi
21561:Japanese
21518:Siberian
21451:Santería
21421:Convince
21287:Bushongo
21191:Kiratism
21118:Hmongism
20995:Wocekiye
20980:Jivaroan
20948:Iroquois
20943:Ho-Chunk
20904:Cherokee
20847:American
20818:Hawaiian
20731:Sarnaism
20701:Tungusic
20689:Tengrism
20679:Mongolic
20608:Sarnaism
20539:Nichiren
20516:Mahayana
20503:Buddhism
20481:Sant Mat
20471:Sauraism
20466:Smartism
20461:Shaktism
20454:Balinese
20439:Kaumaram
20434:Kapalika
20429:Kashmiri
20414:Shaivism
20354:Hinduism
20321:Caodaism
20265:Ryukyuan
20260:Tenrikyo
20255:Shugendō
20233:Japanese
20104:Yazidism
20089:Ishikism
19967:Quranism
19940:Khawarij
19889:Salafism
19884:Atharism
19773:Esoteric
19744:Holiness
19734:Lutheran
19695:Reformed
19675:Baptists
19648:Brethren
19612:Hussites
19600:Assyrian
19516:Haymanot
19470:Orthodox
19419:Religion
19377:Category
19276:Features
19177:Muhammad
19128:Prophets
18856:Mowahhid
18380:(2007).
18339:34352227
18288:25230663
18188:32470400
18179:10212583
18136:27848937
18053:26434580
17965:20531471
17918:18461126
17878:PLOS ONE
17849:Archived
17837:15300852
17796:30403575
17788:16151010
17003:22 April
16772:(1988).
16673:25802822
16320:Archived
16289:Archived
16267:Archived
16231:Archived
16149:America.
16080:17 March
16041:17 March
15713:Archived
15646:20 April
15246:Yazidis.
15129:BBC News
15051:. p. 63.
14732:13 April
14515:11 March
14289:(2002).
13937:(1988).
13897:(1988).
13829:children
12508:18 March
12499:Archived
12411:Religion
12279:Archived
12244:Archived
11533:BBC News
11433:CBS News
11407:Archived
11349:Archived
11252:Archived
10995:(2014).
10633:16 April
9932:(2007).
9898:(2006).
9534:(2015).
9272:(2003).
9077:BBC News
7698:Archived
7233:BBC News
6965:See also
6920:Anatolia
6916:Lake Van
6824:Sephardi
6809:Lebanese
6803:general
6793:Pakistan
6737:Genetics
6701:Itureans
6489:Buhturid
6436:endogamy
6364:Persians
6352:Persians
6318:Persians
6306:Cuthites
6302:Itureans
6298:Arameans
6231:such as
6209:Kabbalah
6195:endogamy
6071:Tiberias
5816:marriage
5750:Socrates
5712:, and a
5687:Catholic
5684:Maronite
5674:region,
5510:marriage
5474:Muhammad
5428:Salafism
5363:between
5196:apostasy
5163:polygamy
5142:Marriage
5118:maṣṣāṣah
5054:region (
5000:shawarma
4956:, fresh
4932:, Israel
4885:and the
4763:Language
4698:polygamy
4690:nicotine
4682:altruism
4667:esoteric
4655:theology
4239:Red for
4181:as-Sabiq
4132:خمس حدود
4100:Thursday
4096:Apostasy
3961:divinity
3910:template
3796:exegesis
3785:esoteric
3771:exoteric
3756:symbolic
3752:esoteric
3655:didactic
3637:and the
3549:immanent
3543:is both
3508:endogamy
3500:Lebanese
3374:Russiefa
3193:Baakleen
3141:Damascus
3129:Mukhtara
2957:Jaramana
2953:Damascus
2763:Jaramana
2759:Damascus
2727:In Syria
2693:Al Azhar
2635:Maronite
2600:Damascus
2487:Damascus
2465:clan of
2463:Maronite
2459:Jumblatt
2427:Damascus
2386:Napoleon
2252:Istanbul
2248:Istanbul
2214:Murad IV
2210:Damascus
2093:nahiyahs
2053:Maronite
2041:Keserwan
2029:Alawites
2010:enslaved
2000:thinker
1922:and the
1904:Crusades
1900:Damascus
1814:divinity
1792:apostasy
1702:Khalwats
1690:devotion
1545:Khorasan
1444:Language
1411:Theology
1285:Location
1273:Dogziyin
1182:preacher
717:a series
715:Part of
613:identify
594:Muhammad
449:esoteric
406:دُرْزِيّ
393:دَرْزِيّ
160:and the
25321:Aggadah
25269:Oneness
25261:Islamic
25143:Outline
25138:History
25097:Judaism
25092:Jainism
25048:Process
25023:Olelbis
24924:Judaism
24867:Islamic
24782:Trinity
24665:Brahman
24639:Sikhism
24634:Jainism
24607:Judaism
24559:Goddess
24311:Uruguay
24286:Ecuador
24266:Bolivia
24243:Vanuatu
24170:Oceania
24120:Jamaica
24100:Grenada
24055:Bahamas
24015:England
24005:Ukraine
23960:Romania
23920:Moldova
23880:Ireland
23875:Iceland
23870:Hungary
23860:Germany
23850:Finland
23845:Estonia
23840:Denmark
23835:Czechia
23830:Croatia
23815:Belgium
23810:Belarus
23805:Austria
23800:Andorra
23795:Albania
23772:Vietnam
23682:Myanmar
23657:Lebanon
23575:Georgia
23535:Bahrain
23525:Armenia
23487:Tunisia
23457:Somalia
23442:Senegal
23427:Nigeria
23417:Namibia
23407:Morocco
23372:Liberia
23367:Lesotho
23317:Eritrea
23287:Comoros
23262:Burundi
23237:Algeria
23181:Outline
23146:Deities
23073:Atheism
22991:Science
22909:Freedom
22767:History
22734:studies
22687:Dualism
22677:Animism
22642:Worship
22622:Symbols
22563:Liturgy
22476:Goddess
22436:Deities
22417:Laicism
22407:Beliefs
22386:Aspects
22358:Zapotec
22353:Vainakh
22321:Yahwism
22306:Semitic
22235:Iranian
22137:Hurrian
22127:Hittite
22117:Guanche
22110:Orphism
22041:Fuegian
22036:Finnish
22024:Atenism
21970:Latvian
21955:Arabian
21898:Raëlism
21878:Jediism
21873:Goddess
21846:De novo
21734:Druidry
21628:Thelema
21581:New Age
21466:Umbanda
21357:Tumbuka
21342:Odinala
21327:Lugbara
21247:African
21213:African
21161:Bimoism
21151:Burmese
21007:Mapuche
20973:Wyandot
20933:Guarani
20914:Choctaw
20909:Chilote
20855:Abenaki
20806:Tagalog
20779:Kejawèn
20628:Sikhism
20591:Jainism
20551:Tibetan
20534:Amidism
20402:Warkari
20316:Đạo Mẫu
20166:Chinese
20148:Eastern
20125:Roshani
20044:Iranian
19952:Alevism
19945:Ibadism
19918:Zaydism
19595:Ancient
19566:Eastern
19526:Renewal
19511:Karaite
19492:Zionist
19480:Hasidic
19462:Judaism
19444:Western
19140:Abraham
19032:History
18895:Walayah
18845:Beliefs
18586:4 April
18559:4 April
18509:4 April
18330:8445022
18279:4170574
18258:Bibcode
18127:5111078
18106:Bibcode
18044:4593049
18023:Bibcode
17973:4307824
17945:Bibcode
17909:2324201
17886:Bibcode
17845:1571356
17768:Bibcode
17759:Science
16878:beaten.
15161:27 July
15135:27 July
14392:Haaretz
11603:Haaretz
11027:"Druze"
10054:History
9466:Ismaili
8639:Reuters
8066:"Druze"
7704:9 March
7577:21 June
7024:" and "
6873:Galilee
6773:A 2004
6763:Israeli
6716:Druzes,
6554:Niebuhr
6441:Lebanon
6419:Kanawat
6372:Persian
6368:Persian
6337:Mamluks
6310:Hivites
6279:Origins
6241:Abraham
6187:Judaism
6176:Israeli
6168:Muslims
6151:views.
6077:, when
6041:Peki'in
5957:Abraham
5802:or the
5769:Gnostic
5710:Zgharta
5691:Lebanon
5672:Galilee
5656:Melkite
5614:harmony
5558:Shahada
5554:Shahada
5514:divorce
5407:Shahada
5390:Shahada
5325:Infidel
5302:scholar
5234:Muslims
5175:Quranic
5132:قَرْعَة
5109:bambīja
5048:za’atar
4992:falafel
4916:Cuisine
4796:culture
4753:ziyarat
4730:culture
4712:Culture
4694:alcohol
4663:gnostic
4638:al-ʻAql
4623:become
4585:shirwal
4465:Lebanon
4457:shrines
4418:khalwat
4409:khalwat
4082:of the
3923:
3885:taqiyya
3876:Taqiyya
3856:Toghyan
3814:taharah
3804:anagoge
3732:khalwat
3725:khilwa,
3659:polemic
3600:Tajalli
3592:Tajalli
3530:Beliefs
3437:Caracas
3425:Lebanon
3421:Ottoman
3392:for al-
3294:Muslims
3259:Zionist
3201:Rashaya
3197:Hasbaya
3169:Rashaya
3165:Hasbaya
3151:led by
3050:Hasbaya
3031:in the
2961:Sahnaya
2923:Alawite
2878:Bedouin
2815:British
2745:in 1925
2703:in the
2674:Lebanon
2612:Hasbaya
2584:Britain
2553:harmony
2541:Zgharta
2511:Melkite
2439:Bedouin
2405:al-Laja
2351:Saladin
2336:tantour
2294:sanjaks
2275:Iltizam
2238:in the
2225:Jezzine
2191:Tuscany
2179:Zenobia
2175:Palmyra
2098:iltizam
2085:Turkish
2077:Tripoli
2071:in the
2069:Saoufar
2049:khilwat
1967:Baaqlin
1924:Arslans
1920:Tanukhs
1889:Lebanon
1830:Antioch
1731:justice
1678:fasting
1605:Bukhara
1565:Bukhara
1478:Founder
1429:Lebanon
1364:Galilee
1362:in the
1343:Druzism
1331:History
1235:dārisah
1200:ghuluww
1186:heretic
1171:Persian
955:History
917:Khalwat
825:Shu'ayb
805:Walayah
743:Beliefs
696:Lebanon
648:Lebanon
642:in the
582:Abraham
495:culture
487:Muslims
440:(lit. '
433:), who
296:Druzism
261:Germany
166:143,000
142:250,000
137:Lebanon
122:600,000
90:Founder
25359:Wiccan
25308:Jewish
25288:Angels
25218:Public
25188:Ethics
24877:Taoist
24872:Jewish
24832:Heaven
24689:God as
24419:Theism
24352:Portal
24291:Guyana
24271:Brazil
24238:Tuvalu
24135:Panama
24125:Mexico
24070:Canada
24065:Belize
23995:Sweden
23975:Serbia
23965:Russia
23950:Poland
23945:Norway
23925:Monaco
23895:Latvia
23890:Kosovo
23865:Greece
23855:France
23787:Europe
23752:Turkey
23737:Taiwan
23642:Kuwait
23615:Jordan
23605:Israel
23565:Cyprus
23550:Brunei
23545:Bhutan
23497:Zambia
23492:Uganda
23432:Rwanda
23387:Malawi
23347:Guinea
23337:Gambia
23242:Angola
23229:Africa
23038:Wealth
22986:Schism
22941:Growth
22865:Priest
22850:Clergy
22669:Theism
22652:Nature
22647:Astral
22590:Groves
22558:Ritual
22543:Prayer
22501:Novice
22451:Ethnic
22376:Topics
22348:Urartu
22343:Tongan
22338:Somali
22333:Slavic
22213:Dacian
21992:Celtic
21987:Basque
21965:Baltic
21816:Udmurt
21781:Uralic
21776:Slavic
21729:Celtic
21717:Abkhaz
21705:Romuva
21695:Baltic
21670:Modern
21513:Papuan
21476:Voodoo
21431:Kumina
21372:Yoruba
21362:Urhobo
21332:Maasai
21317:Lotuko
21265:Baluba
21255:Akamba
21228:Berber
21186:Heraka
21176:Dongba
21064:Pueblo
21059:Pawnee
21049:Navajo
21039:Muisca
21002:Lenape
20990:Lakota
20968:Seneca
20958:Mohawk
20892:Ohlone
20872:Apache
20865:Ojibwe
20845:Native
20711:Manchu
20706:Evenki
20667:Altaic
20658:Ethnic
20633:Khalsa
20586:Kalash
20476:Śrauta
20345:Indian
20275:Korean
20241:Shinto
20211:Taoism
20184:Luoism
20010:Baháʼí
20005:Bábism
19957:Ahmadi
19935:Sufism
19928:Alawis
19578:Church
19506:Reform
19487:Modern
19475:Haredi
19155:Elijah
18940:Shuaib
18880:Taqiya
18753:
18717:
18695:
18680:
18661:
18605:
18577:
18550:
18529:
18500:
18479:
18454:
18433:
18411:
18390:
18366:
18337:
18327:
18286:
18276:
18240:Nature
18219:28 May
18186:
18176:
18134:
18124:
18051:
18041:
17971:
17963:
17937:Nature
17916:
17906:
17843:
17835:
17794:
17786:
17718:
17681:
17654:
17629:
17571:
17513:
17488:
17285:
17243:
17210:
17116:
16975:
16950:
16920:
16869:
16836:
16817:p. 149
16813:
16780:
16752:
16725:
16671:
16647:
16619:
16584:
16559:
16531:
16503:
16475:
16450:
16421:
16396:
16371:
16340:
16312:
16259:
16202:
16169:
16140:
16103:
16071:
16032:
15964:
15936:
15913:25 May
15904:
15877:
15818:
15790:
15762:
15734:
15705:
15669:
15613:
15567:
15542:
15517:
15480:
15455:
15421:
15393:
15368:
15340:
15312:
15266:
15237:
15209:
15184:
15107:
15082:
15031:
15003:
14974:
14945:
14922:
14914:
14868:
14840:
14812:
14783:
14755:
14704:
14684:Shīʿa.
14675:
14650:
14625:
14563:
14538:
14484:
14459:
14420:
14369:
14325:
14302:13 May
14264:
14239:
14211:
14182:
14153:
14128:
14103:
14078:
14048:
14020:
13995:
13970:
13945:
13905:
13820:
13792:
13759:
13691:
13630:
13588:
13563:
13538:
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13488:
13463:
13423:
13379:
13331:
13278:
13253:
13228:
13197:
13169:
13144:
13115:
13086:
13061:
13036:
13008:
12983:
12951:
12915:
12879:
12871:
12827:
12819:
12776:
12717:605981
12715:
12636:
12562:
12531:
12438:
12336:
12308:
12210:
12136:
12111:
12000:
11977:
11940:
11915:
11887:
11830:
11802:
11668:
11574:
11454:
11413:12 May
11378:
11306:
11224:
11153:
11128:
11103:
11078:
11037:31 May
11005:
10968:
10941:
10910:
10868:
10795:
10770:
10742:
10714:
10686:
10661:
10624:
10541:
10508:
10468:
10439:
10410:
10385:
10357:
10317:
10281:
10233:
10200:
10164:12 May
10116:
10029:
9980:
9942:
9908:
9871:
9837:
9754:
9727:
9700:
9673:
9640:
9606:
9581:
9544:
9510:
9477:5 June
9407:
9374:
9354:Islam.
9335:595974
9333:
9325:
9286:
9195:
9108:Druzes
9043:
8985:
8957:595974
8955:
8947:
8789:
8761:
8663:12 May
8616:
8588:
8543:
8518:
8493:
8468:
8441:
8392:
8364:
8321:
8294:
8267:
8191:
8152:
8118:
8093:
8043:
7969:
7941:
7869:
7849:Islam.
7823:
7795:
7758:
7729:
7690:London
7660:
7630:
7602:
7549:
7491:
7463:
7440:30 May
7393:, 2005
7189:
7156:
7128:
7100:
7066:
6949:, and
6830:, and
6813:Jewish
6805:Syrian
6660:Yamani
6633:Yamani
6629:Levant
6501:Tanukh
6497:Mamluk
6495:under
6427:Hauran
6358:, and
6356:Iraqis
6320:, and
6273:Midian
6269:Kenite
6261:Jethro
6249:Elijah
6243:, and
6204:Gilgul
6089:, the
6043:. The
5965:Jethro
5963:, and
5937:Elijah
5898:Reason
5886:Joseph
5845:, the
5736:, the
5732:, the
5722:Gospel
5682:. The
5678:, and
5670:, the
5630:Levant
5550:Sharia
5478:Jethro
5470:Shuaib
5462:Shuaib
5458:Israel
5454:Hittin
5450:Jethro
5446:Shuaib
5412:taqiya
5395:Qur'an
5347:Hanafi
5331:. The
5315:) nor
5272:, and
5263:Mamluk
5243:ghulat
5188:sinful
5136:qarʻah
5127:finjān
5105:بمبيجة
5098:plant
5088:Levant
5052:Hauran
5040:labneh
5028:Knafeh
5022:, and
5008:kibbeh
4975:hummus
4950:fruits
4930:Isfiya
4905:taqiya
4800:Hebrew
4735:Levant
4657:has a
4636:Shaykh
4627:Ajawīd
4593:ʻuqqāl
4577:ʻuqqāl
4528:ʻuqqāl
4505:juhhāl
4501:ʿuqqāl
4491:ʻuqqāl
4485:sheikh
4483:Druze
4469:Israel
4447:shrine
4427:majlis
4402:khilwa
4395:Israel
4376:Jethro
4365:Israel
4361:Hittin
4306:qualia
4293:اللاحق
4278:السابق
4258:Kalima
4104:Hanafi
4086:idea.
4059:, and
4039:, and
4017:hujjah
4002:Israel
3998:Hittin
3969:ghulat
3617:Maqaam
3588:Sufism
3557:tanzīh
3504:Syrian
3431:, and
3386:Mafraq
3358:Jordan
3324:Arabic
3317:Syrian
3246:Israel
3185:Beirut
3091:elites
3052:, 1967
2963:, and
2935:Ba'ath
2901:Brazil
2889:Israel
2874:Aleppo
2799:French
2757:, the
2721:Levant
2686:Jordan
2684:, and
2682:Israel
2543:(1873)
2495:Hauran
2475:Arslan
2467:Khazen
2448:Hauran
2363:Hermon
2195:Naples
2161:Under
2156:Hawran
2143:Ma'ans
1959:Beirut
1936:Franks
1908:Beirut
1842:Aleppo
1760:daʻwah
1698:Sharia
1686:prayer
1666:ritual
1617:daʻwah
1488:Origin
1437:Jordan
1433:Israel
1421:Region
1368:Israel
1360:Hittin
1315:Levant
1291:Levant
1255:Shaykh
1243:Darazo
1215:ghulat
1169:(from
942:Ziyara
800:Taqiya
660:Jordan
656:Israel
654:, and
644:Levant
617:Elijah
570:Jethro
566:Shuaib
470:, and
422:دُرُوز
389:Arabic
335:Hebrew
278:
266:10,000
258:
246:20,000
241:Jordan
238:
226:25,000
221:Canada
218:
206:50,000
198:
186:60,000
178:
157:Israel
154:
134:
114:
42:Druze
25402:Druze
25346:Pagan
25238:Hindu
25087:Islam
24919:Islam
24862:Hindu
24825:Fitra
24675:Logos
24617:Islam
24566:Numen
24541:Deity
24436:Deism
24427:Forms
24276:Chile
24233:Tonga
24223:Samoa
24213:Palau
24203:Nauru
24110:Haiti
24030:Wales
23990:Spain
23915:Malta
23885:Italy
23777:Yemen
23732:Syria
23712:Qatar
23687:Nepal
23662:Macau
23625:Korea
23610:Japan
23585:India
23560:China
23472:Sudan
23422:Niger
23377:Libya
23362:Kenya
23342:Ghana
23332:Gabon
23307:Egypt
23247:Benin
23156:Index
23127:lists
22996:State
22814:Women
22682:Deism
22657:Place
22637:Water
22632:Truth
22600:Trees
22456:Faith
22421:Laity
22316:Punic
22274:Roman
22240:Vedic
22198:Olmec
22085:Greek
22078:Norse
22002:Irish
21823:Wicca
21618:Subud
21508:Inuit
21481:Winti
21471:Vodou
21436:Obeah
21416:Comfa
21399:Bantu
21352:Serer
21337:Mbuti
21297:Dogon
21292:Dinka
21275:Kongo
21270:Bantu
21196:Qiang
21027:Olmec
21017:Aztec
20938:Haida
20887:Miwok
20823:Māori
20754:Dayak
20675:Turko
20638:Sects
20574:Other
20529:Thiền
20113:Other
20015:Druze
19993:Other
19869:Sunni
19861:Islam
19643:Amish
19561:Latin
19274:Other
19172:Moses
19150:Khidr
19145:Jesus
18954:Texts
18838:Druze
18248:arXiv
17969:S2CID
17852:(PDF)
17841:S2CID
17813:(PDF)
17792:S2CID
17264:(PDF)
17029:(PDF)
17022:(PDF)
16669:JSTOR
16234:(PDF)
16227:(PDF)
14983:more.
14920:S2CID
14602:1 May
14598:. CBC
14191:more.
13735:(PDF)
12877:S2CID
12825:S2CID
12713:JSTOR
12502:(PDF)
12491:(PDF)
12217:3 May
12045:: 6–7
11975:S2CID
11750:6 May
11712:(PDF)
11666:S2CID
11355:4 May
11320:9 May
11279:9 May
11255:(PDF)
11244:(PDF)
10353:–23.
10277:–22.
10158:(PDF)
10151:(PDF)
9847:mihna
9813:(PDF)
9802:(PDF)
9437:(PDF)
9430:(PDF)
9331:JSTOR
9278:[
9158:(PDF)
9151:(PDF)
9143:Aqaba
9139:Irbid
9135:Azraq
9131:Zarka
9127:Amman
8953:JSTOR
7366:1 May
7279:8 May
7265:(PDF)
7210:(PNG)
7007:Notes
6955:atDNA
6828:Iraqi
6703:, an
6656:Yemen
6641:Syria
6637:Qaysi
6585:Syria
6562:Arabs
6468:Egypt
6445:Syria
6322:Turks
6265:Moses
6245:Moses
6067:Safad
5981:Khidr
5961:Moses
5882:Jesus
5872:) in
5870:Jesus
5866:Maqam
5853:as a
5789:Bible
5785:Mahdi
5746:Plato
5738:Quran
5706:Zahlé
5664:Chouf
5498:dawah
5403:fatwa
5385:fatwa
5381:Cairo
5369:Syria
5365:Egypt
5309:fatwa
5267:Sunni
5222:Sunni
5155:Gamla
5123:فنجان
5114:مصاصة
5004:dolma
4996:sfiha
4928:) in
4461:Syria
4452:maqām
4442:mazār
4312:Sābiq
4272:Sābiq
4264:Logos
4029:Plato
4009:natiq
3990:Druze
3908:‹The
3852:Iblis
3820:salat
3790:batin
3776:zahir
3635:Quran
3621:Nasut
3613:Lahut
3429:Syria
3394:Azraq
3382:Aqaba
3370:Zarqa
3366:Azraq
3362:Amman
3301:Haifa
3286:Yirka
3213:Chouf
3173:Chouf
3033:Chouf
2897:Egypt
2893:Arabs
2697:Egypt
2678:Syria
2604:Zahlé
2533:Zahlé
2483:Sidon
2479:Sawaf
2355:Hijaz
2340:Chouf
2286:Ahmad
2167:Safad
2126:saray
2103:amirs
2081:Durzi
2025:jihad
2021:fatwa
1963:Sidon
1940:Sunni
1896:Chouf
1887:, in
1876:Ali.
1838:mihna
1735:peace
1722:souls
1694:creed
1670:dogma
1578:Zozan
1510:Islam
1494:Cairo
1425:Syria
1358:near
1176:darzi
871:Texts
725:Druze
692:Syria
688:Syria
652:Syria
615:with
609:Khidr
607:, al-
590:Jesus
586:Moses
462:, an
454:from
429:durūz
412:durzī
399:darzī
383:DROOZ
352:Druze
286:4,268
117:Syria
31:Druse
25053:Tian
24836:Hell
24706:Good
24701:Time
24301:Peru
24183:Fiji
24080:Cuba
23692:Oman
23652:Laos
23600:Iraq
23595:Iran
23512:Asia
23482:Togo
23392:Mali
23282:Chad
23125:and
23052:and
22627:Text
22607:Soul
22496:Monk
22461:Fire
22142:Inca
21950:Ainu
21834:list
21811:Sámi
21441:Palo
21409:Ketu
21404:Jejé
21322:Lozi
21302:Efik
21280:Zulu
21260:Akan
21113:Ahom
21105:Miao
21103:and
21091:Zuni
21074:Hopi
21022:Maya
20919:Crow
20897:Pomo
20564:list
20521:Chan
20492:list
20449:Nath
20247:list
19983:list
19908:Shia
19850:list
19537:list
19182:Noah
19135:Adam
18751:ISBN
18715:ISBN
18693:ISBN
18678:ISBN
18659:ISBN
18603:ISBN
18588:2012
18575:ISBN
18561:2012
18548:ISBN
18527:ISBN
18511:2012
18498:ISBN
18477:ISBN
18452:ISBN
18431:ISBN
18409:ISBN
18388:ISBN
18364:ISBN
18335:PMID
18307:Cell
18284:PMID
18221:2020
18184:PMID
18156:Cell
18132:PMID
18079:2022
18049:PMID
17961:PMID
17914:PMID
17860:2016
17833:PMID
17784:PMID
17716:ISSN
17679:ISBN
17652:ISBN
17627:ISBN
17569:ISBN
17511:ISBN
17486:ISBN
17283:ISBN
17241:ISBN
17208:ISBN
17114:ISBN
17095:2006
17064:2006
17037:2022
17005:2009
16973:ISBN
16948:ISBN
16918:ISBN
16867:ISBN
16834:ISBN
16811:ISBN
16778:ISBN
16750:ISBN
16723:ISBN
16697:2017
16645:ISBN
16617:ISBN
16582:ISBN
16557:ISBN
16529:ISBN
16501:ISBN
16473:ISBN
16448:ISBN
16419:ISBN
16394:ISBN
16369:ISBN
16338:ISBN
16310:ISBN
16257:ISBN
16200:ISBN
16167:ISBN
16138:ISBN
16101:ISBN
16082:2011
16069:ISBN
16043:2011
16030:ISBN
15962:ISBN
15934:ISBN
15915:2013
15902:ISBN
15875:ISBN
15816:ISBN
15788:ISBN
15760:ISBN
15732:ISBN
15703:ISBN
15667:ISBN
15648:2014
15611:ISBN
15565:ISBN
15540:ISBN
15515:ISBN
15478:ISBN
15453:ISBN
15419:ISBN
15391:ISBN
15366:ISBN
15338:ISBN
15310:ISBN
15264:ISBN
15235:ISBN
15207:ISBN
15182:ISBN
15163:2015
15137:2015
15105:ISBN
15080:ISBN
15029:ISBN
15001:ISBN
14972:ISBN
14943:ISBN
14912:ISSN
14866:ISBN
14838:ISBN
14810:ISBN
14781:ISBN
14753:ISBN
14734:2020
14702:ISBN
14673:ISBN
14648:ISBN
14623:ISBN
14604:2019
14561:ISBN
14536:ISBN
14517:2014
14482:ISBN
14457:ISBN
14418:ISBN
14399:2024
14367:ISBN
14323:ISBN
14304:2015
14262:ISBN
14237:ISBN
14209:ISBN
14180:ISBN
14151:ISBN
14126:ISBN
14101:ISBN
14076:ISBN
14046:ISBN
14018:ISBN
13993:ISBN
13968:ISBN
13943:ISBN
13903:ISBN
13818:ISBN
13790:ISBN
13757:ISBN
13689:ISBN
13628:ISBN
13586:ISBN
13561:ISBN
13536:ISBN
13511:ISBN
13486:ISBN
13461:ISBN
13421:ISBN
13417:1995
13377:ISBN
13329:ISBN
13276:ISBN
13251:ISBN
13226:ISBN
13195:ISBN
13167:ISBN
13142:ISBN
13113:ISBN
13084:ISBN
13059:ISBN
13034:ISBN
13006:ISBN
12981:ISBN
12949:ISBN
12913:ISBN
12869:ISSN
12817:ISSN
12774:ISBN
12634:ISBN
12582:h2g2
12560:ISBN
12529:ISBN
12510:2011
12436:ISBN
12334:ISBN
12306:ISBN
12287:2021
12252:2021
12219:2019
12208:ISSN
12204:Time
12134:ISBN
12109:ISBN
12087:2017
11998:ISBN
11938:ISBN
11913:ISBN
11885:ISBN
11865:2012
11828:ISBN
11800:ISBN
11781:2012
11752:2007
11691:2017
11636:2012
11612:2014
11572:ISBN
11541:2011
11452:ISBN
11415:2020
11376:ISBN
11357:2023
11322:2019
11304:ISSN
11281:2019
11222:ISBN
11151:ISBN
11126:ISBN
11101:ISBN
11076:ISBN
11039:2007
11003:ISBN
10979:2013
10966:ISBN
10939:ISBN
10908:ISBN
10866:ISSN
10793:ISBN
10768:ISBN
10740:ISBN
10712:ISBN
10684:ISBN
10659:ISBN
10635:2015
10622:ISBN
10539:ISBN
10506:ISBN
10466:ISBN
10437:ISBN
10408:ISBN
10383:ISBN
10355:ISBN
10315:ISBN
10279:ISBN
10231:ISBN
10198:ISBN
10166:2015
10114:ISBN
10027:ISBN
9978:ISBN
9940:ISBN
9906:ISBN
9882:2012
9869:ISBN
9835:ISBN
9752:ISBN
9725:ISBN
9698:ISBN
9671:ISBN
9638:ISBN
9604:ISBN
9579:ISBN
9542:ISBN
9508:ISBN
9479:2008
9405:ISBN
9372:ISBN
9323:ISSN
9284:ISBN
9193:ISBN
9141:and
9129:and
9085:2006
9041:ISBN
8983:ISBN
8945:ISSN
8787:ISBN
8759:ISBN
8665:2015
8614:ISBN
8586:ISBN
8541:ISBN
8516:ISBN
8491:ISBN
8466:ISBN
8439:ISBN
8390:ISBN
8362:ISBN
8319:ISBN
8292:ISBN
8265:ISBN
8189:ISBN
8150:ISBN
8116:ISBN
8091:ISBN
8041:ISBN
7998:2022
7967:ISBN
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