390:
associates, leading to widespread speculation among contemporaries that al-Akhram's heretical ideas were not only approved of, but even originated by, the Caliph. Al-Akhram also tried to win over officials to his cause by sending them letters to that effect. Al-Akhram was murdered in
January/February 1018 (or 1019, according to Halm), while accompanying the Caliph on a horseback ride. Al-Hakim's reaction to the event—the murderer was swiftly executed, and the victim buried in rich clothes brought from the palace—only served to deepen suspicion that he sympathized with al-Akhram's views. However, in the aftermath of the murder, al-Hakim cut off contact with al-Akhram's followers, and the movement he had started became dormant for a while.
1396:, this is probably an echo of the doubts about his legitimacy. This process culminated in the public proclamation of al-Hakim's divinity in 1017/18, the start of Hamza's mission. This event effectively closed the cycle begun by Muhammad, and Muhammad's revelation (the Quran) and law (the Sharia) were thus abrogated both in their outward and inner senses. Hamza denied the existence of both paradise and hell, and promised the imminence of the day when al-Hakim, sword in hand, would judge the world. On that day, all non-believers would be punished, and even the Muslims who did not accept the new creed would be reduced to the status of
211:. According to Hamza, al-Hakim was God made manifest. Despite opposition from the established Isma'ili clergy, Hamza persisted, apparently being tolerated or even patronized by al-Hakim himself, and set up a parallel hierarchy of missionaries in Egypt and Syria. Following al-Hakim's disappearance—or, most likely, assassination—in February 1021, Hamza and his followers were persecuted by the new regime. Hamza himself announced his retirement in his final epistle to his followers, in which he also promised that al-Hakim would soon return and usher the
2331:
474:
by Bryer, and al-Darzi is now considered by historians as a particularly zealous adherent of al-Hakim's divinity, writing letters to senior
Fatimid officials and commanders urging them to join him. Indeed, in his epistles, Hamza is critical of his colleague, both for al-Darzi's disputing Hamza's role as the leader of their movement, as well as for his followers' over-zealous, extremist and provocative actions, which revealed the movement's ideas prematurely and placed it under danger of attack.
408:), and his following quickly grew. According to the medieval chroniclers, he too enjoyed signs of favour from al-Hakim: when he complained to the Caliph that his life was in danger, he was given weapons, which he demonstratively hung on every entrance to the Raydan Mosque. It is unclear when exactly Hamza began his mission. The earliest of his epistles to contain a date comes from July 1017. In the previous, undated fifth epistle, Hamza had declared a new oath (
3269:
1432:) corresponding to the emanations of the Creator-God (al-Hakim), and assigned to each of them a leading figure of the Fatimid establishment as their adversary: Hamza himself was the incarnation of the Universal Intellect, and opposed by al-Hakim's designated successor as caliph, Abd al-Rahim ibn Ilyas; next in line was Isma'il al-Tamimi, the incarnation of the World Soul, opposed by al-Hakim's designated successor as imam, al-Abbas ibn Shu'aib; then the
3258:
2317:
1134:
2801:
746:
434:, nor, astute politician that he was, did he hesitate to withdraw all visible support from the movement in times of real difficulty", and that he "did not wish to be seen to be involved in the movement that was forming until he saw how the majority of the people reacted to it". Indeed, due to the disturbances provoked by the new doctrine, the Caliph forced Hamza to suspend his mission during the following year (409
4337:
1417:. As the historian Daniel De Smet points out, these were simple injunctions "that had no esoteric dimension at all and were thus not subject to interpretation". The aim of the Druze movement was thus to restore the conditions prior to the fall of Adam; Hamza saw himself as a "new Adam", with the task of "wielding the sword of Our Lord" to achieve the return to the lost paradisiac conditions.
2303:
669:, who from 1027 tried to reconstitute the movement by sending his own epistles to the various Druze communities. Al-Muqtana remained the head of the Druze missionary movement until 1042, when he issued his own farewell epistle, announcing his retirement into concealment. In this final epistle, he again reiterated the imminent coming of the end times and the
608:). The new regime quickly reversed many of al-Hakim's controversial policies, instituting a return to Isma'ili orthodoxy. As part of this Isma'ili reaction, the Fatimid authorities launched a severe persecution against the Druze movement, with the result that the seven Islamic years that followed (411–418 AH) are a period of silence in the Druze sources.
555:"). The riots spread, the discipline of the soldiers collapsed, and order was restored only after much of Cairo had been burned down. Chroniclers hostile to al-Hakim, like Yahya of Antioch or later Sunni historians, saw in this a deliberate attempt by the Caliph to punish the Cairenes for opposing the Druze teachings.
570:
silence by Hamza. Nevertheless, Hamza does appear to have played a leading role: even if al-Darzi had his own followers, the sources do suggest that he acknowledged Hamza's leadership on some matters. In any event, with the death of al-Darzi, by 1019 Hamza was the almost undisputed leader of the new movement.
551:
to hold back the attacks of his enemies for a whole day, before a 'miraculous' appearance of al-Hakim forced their attackers to withdraw. Hamza places this miracle on the day of the
Islamic new year (1 Muharram 410 AH/9 May 1019 CE), which thus marked the resumption of the Druze's missionary activity (the "
1206:
and the traditional Sunni religious establishment. As a result, while the terminology and cosmology of his new religion betray their Isma'ili origins, his approach to Isma'ili tenets was highly eclectic: "Like some juggler, Hamza threw up the whole Isma'ili system into the air, catching and reshaping
569:
doctrines current during the later years of al-Hakim's reign were apparently propagated simultaneously and independently by a number of missionaries. Their roles and their mutual relationships are unclear. Al-Akhram for example is assigned a major role by later Sunni historians, but is passed over in
550:
Robbed of their original target, the
Turkish troops turned on Hamza and his followers, attacking the Raydan Mosque and setting its gate on fire. Hamza himself reports in two of his epistles (10 and 19) how, with only twelve followers, of whom five were either too old or too young to fight, he managed
473:
attempted to discern doctrinal differences between the two, positing that al-Darzi was still within the limits of Isma'ilism, while Hamza's teachings about al-Hakim's divinity effectively put his doctrine outside the boundaries not only of Isma'ilism, but of Islam in general. This thesis was rejected
427:
Al-Hakim is generally portrayed in the historical sources to have been favourably disposed towards Hamza's movement. Modern historians are more skeptical about claims—mostly transmitted by hostile Sunni historians—that the Caliph actually instigated the new doctrine himself. The historian David R. W.
389:
continued to condemn such views as heresy in the late 10th century shows their continued currency. Although entirely heretical according to official
Fatimid doctrine, al-Hakim not only appears to have tolerated the propagation of such concepts, but reportedly also counted al-Akhram among his close
1199:
sect of Isma'ilism, but stresses that the ideas espoused by Hamza "are but a logical if extreme development of Isma'ili ideas over the previous century and a half". According to Bryer, the core of Hamza's motivation was the divinity of al-Hakim, and an increasingly pronounced hatred to organized
542:
demurred, and the assembled multitude became incensed, so that they lynched Hamza's followers, dragging their corpses through the city's streets. On the same day, al-Hakim dismissed the police prefects of the capital, and punished the instigators of the lynchings. This only served to provoke the
350:
concepts had been a core component of early Isma'ilism. However, as the
Fatimid regime consolidated itself and the early Isma'ili messianic promise was relegated into the far future, the official doctrine of the Fatimid imam–caliphs had firmly rejected these potentially revolutionary tenets.
543:
populace and the troops: on 29 June, the
Turkish soldiers surrounded al-Darzi's house and, after a brief battle with his followers who had barricaded themselves there, stormed it. Some forty of al-Darzi's supporters were killed, but al-Darzi himself managed to escape and found refuge in the
652:
pilgrims, who demanded his execution. The Sharif hesitated—according to Heinz Halm, likely waiting to see whether the new regime in Egypt would last—but after a series of supposed signs of divine displeasure, he had Hamza and one of his slaves beheaded in front of one of the gates of the
424:). In it, they pledged to abandon every previous allegiance and swear obedience to "our Lord al-Hakim, the One, the Unique, the Sole One" and to place themselves at his disposal body and soul, including all their possessions and even their children.
530:", a name whose meaning is unknown. On that day, some of Hamza's followers entered the Mosque of Amr, loudly proclaiming their beliefs, but encountered the opposition of the locals, who began streaming to the mosque. When the Sunni chief judge (
513:(slave soldiers) of the Fatimid army appear to have been generally opposed to the new teachings. During this time, the followers of the rival leaders engaged in regular brawls in the streets of Cairo, cursing one another as infidels.
547:. The Turks then assembled before the palace gates, demanding that he be delivered to them for punishment; the historical sources are silent on al-Darzi's fate, but Hamza's epistles report that he was executed by al-Hakim.
438:, 1018/19 CE), which is thus not counted in the Druze calendar (which starts with the year 408 AH). It is only from May 1019 (in 410 AH), that Hamza resumed his activity, presumably with the Caliph's permission.
1302:) in order to punish mankind. In a sharp break with both Sunni and Shi'a doctrine, Hamza considered Muhammad as the incarnation of the Devil, whereas the incarnation of the Universal Intellect at the time was
1251:. Hamza adapted this concept by asserting that in each historical cycle, God is made manifest by assuming corporeal form. As a result, during this cycle, the immediate presence of God meant that no
314:), the state religion of the Fatimid Caliphate, was in turmoil due to the emergence of heterodox beliefs. These were propagated by al-Hasan ibn Haydara al-Farghani al-Akhram, an Isma'ili from the
1426:, who incited the people and the army against al-Hakim. Corresponding to his concept of pairs of emanations of God and their adversaries, Hamza established a hierarchy of five cosmic ranks (
4097:
685:
680:
This marked the end of the Druze "divine call", i.e., its active missionary phase. From then to the present day, the Druze have been a closed community, in which neither conversion nor
1259:
a series of lower creations, from the
Universal Intellect on downwards. As the Universal Intellect in its pride considered itself to be God, the Creator also juxtaposed an adversary (
1276:(named Harith ibn Murra). The Devil managed to seduce Adam, Eve, and their offspring, to rebel against al-Bar. God disappeared from the world, inaugurating a cycle of occultation (
593:
On the night of 13 February 1021, Caliph al-Hakim disappeared during one of his usual nightly rides, likely the victim of a palace conspiracy. Power was seized by his sister,
1454:, Ahmad ibn Abi'l-Awamm. The continued opposition by the establishment would finally lead to God shedding his earthly vessel (al-Hakim) on the night of his disappearance.
1268:
During the
Biblical Creation, God was incarnated as al-Bar (from an Arabic or Persian word meaning "Creator" or "God"), while the Universal Intellect was incarnated as
5737:
3105:
7958:
7651:
3460:
3205:
466:). The exact relation between Hamza and al-Darzi is unclear. Yahya of Antioch presents him as a disciple of Hamza, but Ibn Zafir has it the other way round.
4260:
7264:
585:
in Egypt and Syria. He furthermore selected some of his senior disciples and established them in a hierarchy of "ranks", headed by himself (see below).
3305:
446:
Although Hamza was the real founder of the Druze religion, it received its name by another like-minded propagandist—and soon to become rival—the Turk
2979:
1019:
710:). Of its six books, the first two contain the work of Hamza and others, while the remaining four encompass al-Muqtana's writings. Thirty of the 113
1177:
The doctrine propagated by Hamza in his epistles reflects ideas current among
Iranian Isma'ilis in the 10th century, particularly in the work of
2877:
487:
According to Yahya of Antioch, the chief opponent of the doctrines propagated by Hamza and al-Darzi was the leader of the established Isma'ili
673:
under al-Hakim, where truth would be made manifest, so that his own activity was no longer necessary. Until then, he ordered his followers to
7988:
7948:
5920:
536:) learned of events, he went to the mosque, where Hamza's men tried to have him read out a statement affirming the divinity of al-Hakim. The
3424:
3872:
7706:
3859:
3855:
4371:
3864:
2959:
987:
7983:
6641:
6388:
4127:
6432:
4493:
3441:
3435:
17:
2279:('Epistle of Occultation', written in 1021) is not to be confused with a treatise of the same name written in 1042 by his pupil
5864:
3298:
2724:
1364:
According to Hamza, the establishment of the Fatimid Caliphate inaugurated a new cycle, in which God secretly took human form (
3447:
358:
was at an end, and that God was made manifest in the person of Caliph al-Hakim, who accordingly was the expected messiah, the
5604:
5013:
4503:
4485:
4305:
4132:
2693:
2623:
2509:
7953:
6975:
5614:
4122:
3979:
2964:
996:
402:, and there expounded the view that in al-Hakim, God had become incarnate. He adopted the title of "leader of the adepts" (
330:. According to al-Kirmani, al-Akhram preached the imminence of the end times, when formal religion and religious law (the
4958:
1420:
However, again the Devil and his minions interfered with the divine cause, taking the form of the leaders of the Fatimid
573:
More importantly, it was Hamza who built up the new religion into an organized movement similar to the official Isma'ili
6275:
2660:
2609:
398:
Hamza also followed similar teachings: he established himself at a mosque on the Raydan Canal, outside the city gate of
4340:
4092:
3508:
3484:
3429:
2939:
450:(probably derived from the Persian word for tailor). From him, the followers of Hamza became known as the "Darzites" (
3480:
3291:
2568:
2356:
665:
The leadership of the Druze movement, now scattered and decimated, was taken over by one of Hamza's chief disciples,
7335:
7978:
7963:
7315:
6068:
5813:
2785:
1448:, Ja'far al-Darir; and finally the Left Wing, Baha al-Din al-Muqtana (Hamza's eventual successor), opposed by the
1414:
1265:) to it and to each of the lower creations. Like God, each of these pairs is incarnated in each historical cycle.
802:
7641:
7589:
7203:
6251:
5915:
4803:
4683:
1164:
7993:
7968:
7883:
5631:
5609:
4923:
4888:
4364:
4117:
3361:
1314:, are likewise ranked among the adversaries. Hamza continued to accept the fundamental Isma'ili dogma that the
598:
5758:
5641:
4898:
4718:
4274:
4102:
3652:
3526:
3497:
3178:
1404:; Hamza writes in detail about the distinctive dress and ornaments that would signify their inferior status.
1370:) again, in the persons of the Fatimid imam–caliphs. Notably, Hamza does not count the first Fatimid caliph,
617:, 'Epistle of Occultation'), in which he announced his retirement and al-Hakim's concealment or occultation (
7904:
6944:
6425:
6097:
5943:
5893:
5334:
4778:
4087:
3419:
3336:
3004:
1382:
7572:
6462:
6326:
5674:
4988:
4498:
4475:
4470:
4380:
4077:
3969:
3702:
3637:
3586:
2984:
1224:
355:
5036:
625:). In it, Hamza urged his followers to keep the faith, as the period of trials would soon pass, and the
6981:
6576:
6562:
6301:
6046:
5820:
5302:
4933:
4893:
4628:
4545:
4399:
4279:
4255:
4112:
3877:
3617:
2918:
2717:
1215:
Early Isma'ilism regarded history as a sequence of cycles, each inaugurated by a prophetic figure like
1178:
240:
movement are not entirely clear, as the chief sources about him—the contemporary Christian chronicler
7973:
7894:
6528:
6246:
5897:
5659:
4883:
4788:
4763:
4613:
4357:
4295:
4267:
4035:
3667:
3542:
3466:
3391:
3346:
3331:
2596:
7806:
263:
Egypt, and does not appear to have been active before 1017/18, although he may have been present in
7909:
7899:
7889:
6659:
6179:
5793:
5412:
4983:
4913:
4082:
3824:
2747:
2336:
761:
415:
318:. His teachings are only indirectly known, from the polemic writings refuting them by the Isma'ili
192:
7797:
7761:
5786:
5744:
5599:
5214:
5003:
4908:
4738:
4693:
4559:
4198:
4137:
3323:
1238:
361:
327:
7479:
7433:
6827:
6508:
6003:
5664:
5594:
5554:
5539:
5219:
4973:
4878:
4863:
4854:
4733:
4698:
4623:
3840:
3712:
3657:
3537:
3474:
3376:
3122:
3100:
2999:
2989:
2825:
2280:
1117:
1028:
864:
666:
268:
220:
151:
2647:
684:
is allowed. The 71 epistles of al-Muqtana, together with those of Hamza and another disciple,
7702:
7361:
6533:
6450:
6196:
6166:
5723:
5619:
5166:
4993:
4743:
4653:
4245:
4040:
3897:
3707:
3578:
3531:
3513:
3356:
3225:
2954:
2815:
2710:
841:
637:
544:
280:
223:
resumed Hamza's missionary effort in 1027–1042, finalizing the doctrines of the Druze faith.
208:
7402:
7943:
7148:
6555:
6413:
6338:
6183:
5998:
5846:
5751:
5730:
5589:
5544:
5529:
5078:
4928:
4918:
4903:
4723:
4688:
4678:
4673:
4648:
4300:
4185:
4107:
4045:
4023:
3722:
3717:
3697:
3632:
3596:
3574:
3546:
3242:
3009:
2820:
1102:
919:
869:
517:
274:
428:
Bryer writes that "al-Hakim played no active part in building up what was to be the Druze
8:
7938:
7815:
7582:
7382:
7153:
6884:
6761:
6400:
5700:
5626:
4968:
4618:
4432:
4315:
4235:
3787:
3677:
3366:
3195:
1157:
1042:
657:. The corpses were crucified, and stoned by passers-by; their remains were later burned.
620:
500:
399:
215:. Hamza disappeared thereafter, although one contemporary source claims that he fled to
7746:
6629:
6585:
6330:
6143:
6030:
5804:
5765:
5679:
5514:
5477:
5439:
5361:
5236:
5008:
4793:
4668:
4643:
4465:
4452:
4320:
4210:
4028:
3796:
3782:
3687:
3082:
3014:
2969:
2856:
2600:
2578:
2483:
2440:
2397:
1303:
1047:
1005:
889:
690:
524:(Old Cairo) on 19 June 1019 (12 Ṣafar 410 AH), known in Druze tradition as the "Day of
73:
7722:
2638:
2587:
7772:
7738:
7682:
6925:
6864:
6771:
6479:
6343:
6192:
6138:
6034:
5669:
5636:
5564:
5559:
5519:
5507:
5492:
5472:
5373:
5349:
5175:
4998:
4838:
4773:
4160:
3844:
3816:
3314:
3117:
2994:
2974:
2908:
2887:
2689:
2670:
2619:
2564:
2538:
2530:
2521:
2505:
2487:
2475:
2444:
2432:
2401:
2389:
2352:
1033:
1010:
928:
386:
6930:
2800:
745:
244:, the Muslim historian Ibn Zafir, and Hamza's own epistles—are often contradictory.
6740:
6714:
6417:
6090:
5993:
5834:
5716:
5569:
5549:
5534:
5099:
4758:
4526:
3882:
3812:
3802:
3772:
3692:
3591:
3559:
3502:
3341:
3188:
3145:
3055:
2770:
2633:
2467:
2424:
2381:
2330:
2308:
1442:, Qut Tegin; then the Right Wing, Ali ibn Ahmad ibn al-Daif, opposed by the deputy
1307:
1072:
774:
470:
241:
184:
50:
2755:
2526:
7810:
7697:
7284:
6634:
6619:
6581:
6548:
6523:
6437:
6384:
6285:
6280:
6256:
6170:
6073:
6020:
6015:
5502:
5405:
5400:
5383:
5344:
5284:
5241:
5048:
4978:
4783:
4531:
4220:
3402:
3262:
3215:
3155:
3150:
3112:
2949:
2892:
2751:
2683:
2554:
2499:
2346:
2322:
1407:
Instead of the previous religious law, Hamza now preached a new "spiritual law" (
1371:
1282:). Since God was no longer manifest in the world, he instead sent prophets—Noah,
1181:. Both Hamza and his assistant, Isma'il al-Tamimi, ascribed to and elaborated on
1138:
1082:
1077:
978:
645:
315:
142:
7424:
7832:
7751:
7617:
7594:
7577:
7428:
7353:
7277:
6798:
6704:
6313:
6268:
6263:
6114:
6083:
5988:
5871:
5709:
5462:
5395:
5388:
5378:
5226:
4963:
4824:
4753:
4728:
4588:
4521:
4437:
4250:
3672:
3371:
3351:
3272:
3140:
2882:
2655:
2651:
2604:
2592:
2495:
2428:
1150:
1067:
953:
728:
188:
54:
7792:
7599:
6791:
2385:
1112:
7932:
7756:
7686:
7666:
7628:
7252:
7237:
7001:
Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī
6808:
6733:
6543:
6491:
6466:
6372:
6161:
6133:
6010:
5964:
5882:
5581:
5482:
5467:
5457:
5292:
5254:
5231:
5193:
5104:
4834:
4828:
4818:
4806:
4067:
3988:
3984:
3954:
3907:
3768:
3762:
3554:
3237:
3220:
3210:
2674:
2643:
2542:
2479:
2471:
2436:
2410:
2393:
1463:
1343:
1323:
1248:
1244:
1107:
765:
670:
611:
A few months after al-Hakim's disappearance, Hamza wrote a farewell epistle (
457:
347:
172:
7718:
2367:
7784:
7713:
7501:
Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī
7441:
7419:
7410:
7310:
6787:
6603:
6538:
6231:
6128:
6119:
6025:
5779:
5447:
5366:
5297:
5161:
4658:
4598:
4573:
4554:
4310:
4230:
4225:
3940:
3923:
3647:
3283:
3232:
3060:
2934:
2453:
1256:
594:
435:
354:
The most explosive of al-Akhram's views, however, was that the line of the
267:
already in 1013, as he describes the events surrounding the appointment of
7451:
6949:
6569:
366:. This too, was not new: several Shi'a groups, known as the "extremists" (
7766:
7488:
7456:
7406:
7272:
6970:
6935:
6917:
6709:
6446:
6376:
6056:
5955:
5524:
5497:
5487:
5424:
5329:
5319:
5314:
5146:
5129:
4953:
4868:
4708:
4583:
4240:
4203:
4181:
4155:
4072:
3902:
2913:
2765:
2760:
1337:
1186:
1182:
948:
914:
793:
788:
626:
552:
494:
303:
212:
122:
1328:), corresponding to a literal interpretation of the Quranic revelation (
7415:
7212:
6993:
6939:
6837:
6775:
6726:
6692:
6645:
6566:
6499:
6486:
6404:
6380:
6309:
6214:
6156:
6078:
5981:
5354:
5118:
5114:
4948:
4873:
4849:
4814:
4768:
4703:
4663:
4638:
4593:
4578:
4568:
4006:
3892:
3200:
2582:
2550:
1393:
1252:
836:
688:, that al-Muqtana compiled, form the scripture of the Druze faith, the
343:
5199:
Abū’l-Hūsayn Abdūrrāhīm ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Uthmān al-Hayyāt (Hayyātīyya)
5058:
Abū Abdirrahmān Bishr ibn Ghiyāth ibn Abī Karīma al-Marīsī al-Baghdādī
3160:
7670:
7658:
7636:
7567:
7480:
Abū Abdi’l-Lāh Ahmad ibn Abī Du'ad Faraj ibn Carīr ibn Mâlik al-Iyādī
7471:
7377:
7322:
7247:
6901:
6896:
6822:
6766:
6512:
6367:
6360:
6236:
6147:
6061:
6041:
5886:
5827:
5339:
5307:
5262:
Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī
5150:
5028:
4943:
4938:
4748:
4713:
4608:
4603:
3830:
3792:
3521:
3454:
3183:
2944:
2840:
2780:
2458:
2415:
2372:
1351:
1193:
that had been absorbed by Isma'ili doctrine. Bryer terms the Druze a
973:
855:
779:
677:
and even denounce him by name, if necessary to preserve their cover.
447:
7661:
7855:
7822:
7677:
7562:
7554:
7348:
6753:
6684:
6607:
6590:
6421:
6408:
6241:
6187:
5969:
5417:
5208:
5041:
4633:
4349:
3820:
3776:
3682:
3642:
3569:
3565:
3491:
3386:
3381:
3257:
3072:
2316:
1220:
1133:
681:
644:, where he was placed under the protection of the local ruler, the
339:
252:
169:
7860:
7840:
7801:
7646:
7493:
Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī
7437:
7394:
7241:
7231:
6956:
6905:
6859:
6697:
6594:
6495:
6474:
6353:
6348:
6223:
6174:
6102:
6051:
5772:
5651:
5324:
5138:
5070:
4460:
3933:
3758:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3627:
3396:
3035:
2790:
1381:), among these incarnations, but starts only with his successor,
1348:) accessible only to a few select initiates through allegorical (
1283:
816:
633:
508:
321:
260:
236:
The life of Hamza ibn Ali and his exact role in the birth of the
204:
414:) to his followers, who were for the first time referred to as "
293:
7865:
7845:
7726:
7690:
6879:
6782:
6719:
6598:
6441:
6395:
5875:
5184:
Abū Mūsā Isā ibn Subeyh (Sabīh) al-Murdār al-Bāsrī (Murdārīyya)
5142:
5089:
4513:
4424:
4336:
4193:
3928:
3887:
3806:
3727:
3050:
2835:
2775:
1399:
1331:
1297:
811:
674:
521:
369:
333:
5049:
Abū Muḥrīz Jahm ibn Ṣafwān ar-Rāsibī as-Samarqāndī at-Tirmidhī
1735:
7850:
6891:
6516:
6317:
6305:
5107:
5082:
5053:
4442:
4215:
4057:
4011:
3974:
3834:
3662:
3067:
3045:
3040:
2733:
1433:
1291:
1287:
1273:
1230:
736:
654:
641:
588:
309:
264:
248:
237:
216:
200:
180:
176:
127:
108:
69:
46:
2348:
The Druzes: A New Study of Their History, Faith, and Society
7544:
Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī
5093:
5088:
Abū Muḥāmmad (Abū’l-Hākem) Heshām ibn Sālem al-Jawālikī al-
5018:
3077:
3030:
1981:
1269:
1216:
1190:
649:
516:
The conflict between the two parties came to a head at the
256:
196:
7504:
Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī
2504:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
338:) would be abolished and replaced with the pure, original
27:
Persian Isma'ili missionary and founder of the Druze faith
5452:
2556:
Die Kalifen von Kairo: Die Fāṭimiden in Ägypten, 973–1074
2121:
2119:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1436:, a certain Muhammad ibn Wahb al-Qurashi, opposed by the
1311:
375:
374:) had tended to deify their imams, starting already with
5194:
Abū Alī Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb ibn Sallām al-Jubbā'ī
2702:
2092:
1957:
1873:
1207:
those aspects he liked, throwing out those he did not".
2244:
2232:
2220:
2191:
2143:
2080:
2053:
2041:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1993:
1945:
1933:
1909:
1897:
1846:
1834:
1810:
1762:
1723:
1696:
1684:
1660:
1648:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2116:
2070:
2068:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
1863:
1861:
1752:
1750:
1713:
1711:
1624:
1612:
1600:
1588:
1576:
1564:
1552:
1533:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
199:), and preached his heterodox strand of Isma'ilism in
5246:
Abū Amr Ḍirār ibn Amr al-Gatafānī al-Kūfī (Ḍirārīyya)
5209:
Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bhār ibn Māhbūb al-Jāhiz al-Kinānī
2561:
The Caliphs of Cairo: The Fatimids in Egypt, 973–1074
2179:
2167:
1969:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
219:, where he was recognized and executed. His disciple
7476:
Abū Sahl Bīshr ibn al-Mu‘tamīr al-Hilālī al-Baghdādī
5079:
Abu’l-Hassan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī
2298:
2274:
2155:
2005:
1822:
1774:
1636:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1427:
1421:
1408:
1397:
1365:
1349:
1341:
1329:
1321:
1315:
1295:
1277:
1260:
1236:
1228:
1227:
and culminating in the appearance of a messiah (the
1201:
1194:
705:
695:
618:
612:
580:
574:
564:
537:
531:
525:
506:
498:
488:
479:
461:
451:
429:
419:
409:
403:
367:
359:
331:
319:
307:
272:
156:
2203:
2131:
2104:
2065:
2022:
1921:
1885:
1858:
1798:
1786:
1747:
1708:
1672:
1255:or law was necessary. In addition, God the Creator
7520:Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī
7468:Abū Amr (Abū Mu‘tamīr) Muāmmar ibn Abbād as-Sūlamī
5187:Hīshām ibn Amr al-Fuwātī ash-Shaybānī (Hīshāmīyya)
2637:
2586:
2520:
2351:(Second ed.). Leiden, New York, Köln: Brill.
1476:
247:According to Ibn Zafir, Hamza ibn Ali was born in
7013:Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam)
2980:1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus
2577:
2411:"The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung)"
2284:
1020:1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus
7930:
5942:
5176:Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni’ an-Nazzām
1359:
1294:, and finally Muhammad—to create religious law (
7340:Abū Abdillāh Mugīre ibn Sāīd al-ʿIjlī el-Bajalī
5190:Abū Sahl Abbād ibn Sulaimān (Salmān) as-Sāymarī
7959:11th-century people from the Fatimid Caliphate
648:. However, he was soon recognized by Egyptian
5921:List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam
5271:Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya)
4365:
3299:
2718:
1158:
385:). The fact that Fatimid theologians such as
3313:
2501:The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines
1200:religion, as expressed in both the Isma'ili
7019:Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh)
2344:
714:(numbers 6 to 35) are attributed to Hamza.
393:
7040:Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī)
4392:
4372:
4358:
3306:
3292:
2725:
2711:
2661:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2610:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1165:
1151:
589:Al-Hakim's disappearance and Hamza's death
3873:Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Baghdadi
2960:1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze
988:1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze
6642:Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah
5181:Abū Bakr Abdurrahmān ibn Kaysān al-Asāmm
2632:
1546:
6865:Nafi ibn al-Azraq al-Hānafī al-Handhalī
2681:
2563:] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck.
2518:
2494:
2125:
1975:
1963:
1527:
477:
14:
7931:
6222:
5865:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
2408:
2365:
2238:
2197:
2185:
2173:
2161:
2149:
2016:
1999:
1987:
1939:
1903:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1780:
1768:
1729:
1666:
1642:
1630:
1594:
1570:
175:missionary and founding leader of the
5941:
5014:Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar
4391:
4353:
4306:Muhammad ibn Hani al-Andalusi al-Azdi
3287:
2706:
2451:
441:
85:Decapitation (according to one claim)
7989:People from Razavi Khorasan province
7949:11th-century Arabic-language writers
4379:
2669:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 154.
2618:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 544.
2549:
2250:
2226:
2214:
2137:
2110:
2098:
2086:
2074:
2059:
2047:
2035:
1951:
1927:
1915:
1891:
1879:
1867:
1852:
1804:
1792:
1756:
1741:
1717:
1702:
1690:
1678:
1654:
1618:
1606:
1582:
1558:
6653:ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Hārb ibn al-Kindi
2454:"The Origins of the Druze Religion"
2368:"The Origins of the Druze Religion"
146:
24:
505:), Qut Tegin. Indeed, the Turkish
25:
8005:
7025:Muhājirīyya (Ibrāhīm ibn Muhājir)
7043:Tūnīyya (Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh)
5265:Abū Amr (Abū Yahyā) Hāfs al-Fard
5137:Abū Marwān Gaylān ibn Mūslīm ad-
4815:Abū Ḥanīfah al-Nu'mān ibn Thābit
4335:
3268:
3267:
3256:
2965:Druze Power Struggle (1658–1667)
2799:
2529:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
2329:
2315:
2301:
1132:
997:Druze Power Struggle (1658–1667)
744:
640:, Hamza fled the persecution to
597:, as regent for al-Hakim's son,
7984:People executed by decapitation
7590:United Submitters International
6874:Abu Bayhas al-Hāytham ibn Jābir
6252:Alid dynasties of northern Iran
5605:Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
4133:al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
2267:
1387:
1376:
603:
380:
285:
7884:Sunni schools of jurisprudence
6902:Abū Yazīd Mukhallad ibn Kayrād
5615:Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub
5610:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi
5268:Muḥāmmad ibn ʿĪsā (Burgūsīyya)
4889:Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari
4123:Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub
4118:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi
2940:Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305)
2537:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
1392:); according to the historian
686:Isma'il ibn Muhammad al-Tamimi
632:According to the contemporary
558:
168:–c. 1021) was an 11th-century
13:
1:
7316:al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi
5642:Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid
4275:Minbar of the Ibrahimi Mosque
3527:Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya
3487:Qarmatian invasions (971–974)
3420:Conquest of Aghlabid Ifriqiya
3179:Abu Mohammad Jawad Walieddine
2285:Kratschkowsky & Halm 1993
1469:
1360:Al-Hakim and the new religion
162:
93:
7004:ʿĀbidīyya (ʿUthmān al-ʿĀbid)
6945:Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi
6926:'Abdullāh ibn Ibāḍ al-Tamimi
5944:Islamic schools and branches
4779:Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad
4684:Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam
4088:Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Nasafi
3592:End of the Fatimid Caliphate
3005:Druze in Mandatory Palestine
2682:Makarim, Sami Nasib (1974).
2345:Abu-Izeddin, Nejla (1993) .
1210:
717:
660:
7:
7954:11th-century Iranian people
6936:Abu Qudama Yazid ibn Fandin
5632:Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam
4989:Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi
4924:Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi
4078:Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani
3587:Crusader invasions of Egypt
3362:al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah
2985:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
2452:Bryer, David R. W. (1976).
2409:Bryer, David R. W. (1975).
2366:Bryer, David R. W. (1975).
2275:
1457:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1428:
1422:
1409:
1398:
1366:
1350:
1342:
1330:
1322:
1320:had both an outer meaning (
1316:
1296:
1278:
1272:, and its adversary as the
1261:
1237:
1229:
1202:
1195:
706:
696:
619:
613:
581:
575:
565:
538:
532:
526:
507:
499:
489:
480:
462:
452:
430:
420:
410:
404:
368:
360:
332:
320:
308:
273:
157:
10:
8010:
7687:Bandagi Mian Syed Khundmir
7132:Muhammad ibn Ziyād al-Kūfī
6885:Najdah ibn 'Amir al-Hānafī
6563:Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani
6047:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
5303:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
4934:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
4894:Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi
4719:Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi
4256:Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya
4103:Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman
3878:Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi
3653:Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i
2797:
2429:10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239
2294:
675:hide their true allegiance
7878:
7831:
7783:
7737:
7627:
7614:
7553:
7450:
7393:
7376:
7263:
7211:
7202:
7141:
7058:
6992:
6969:
6916:
6836:
6821:
6751:
6618:
6461:
6325:
6300:
6276:Extinct Zaydi Shi'a sects
6213:
6113:
5963:
5954:
5950:
5937:
5911:
5856:
5803:
5699:
5692:
5650:
5620:Tayyibi Ismā'īlī doctrine
5580:
5438:
5335:Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i
5283:
5253:
5160:
5128:
5069:
5027:
4848:
4802:
4789:Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki
4764:Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi
4614:Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani
4553:
4544:
4512:
4484:
4451:
4423:
4416:
4412:
4387:
4333:
4296:Ali ibn Muhammad al-Iyadi
4288:
4180:
4173:
4146:
4056:
3999:
3962:
3953:
3916:
3854:
3751:
3668:Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan
3616:
3607:
3514:Bedouin alliance uprising
3412:
3322:
3251:
3169:
3133:
3091:
3023:
2927:
2901:
2870:
2849:
2808:
2740:
2732:
2386:10.1515/islm.1975.52.1.47
1744:, p. 456 (note 457).
456:) and "Druzes" (from the
294:Background: the Isma'ili
279:) by the Fatimid caliph,
231:
158:Ḥamza ibn ‘Alī ibn ʾAḥmad
115:
103:
89:
81:
62:
39:
32:
7305:Umayr ibn Bayān al-ʿIjlī
6180:Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi
5794:The Moderation in Belief
5675:Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya
5413:Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi
4984:Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri
4914:Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi
2826:Bahā'a ad-Dīn al-Muqtana
2519:De Smet, Daniel (2017).
2472:10.1515/islm.1976.53.1.5
2337:Fatimid Caliphate portal
2260:
579:, by appointing his own
416:The People of Monotheism
394:Start of Hamza's mission
259:-maker. He emigrated to
203:during the reign of the
193:Razavi Khorasan Province
76:(according to one claim)
7979:Medieval letter writers
7964:Druze religious leaders
7762:Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani
7158:Hammād ibn Abū Sūlaimān
7076:Yūnus ibn Awn an-Namīrī
6848:Abd al-Karīm ibn Adjrād
5787:Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi
5745:Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah
5600:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
5004:Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi
4909:Akmal al-Din al-Babarti
4899:'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari
4739:Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani
4694:Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi
4629:Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini
4289:Literature and learning
4280:Shrine of Husayn's Head
4199:Great Mosque of Mahdiya
4138:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
4113:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
3467:Conquest of Egypt (969)
2945:Tanukh (Buhtur) dynasty
2919:Ziyarat Al Nabi Shu'ayb
1410:al-sharīʿa al-rūḥāniyya
1243:) who would usher in a
1179:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
974:Tanukh (Buhtur) dynasty
328:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
255:, and was originally a
226:
139:Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad
34:Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad
18:Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad
7434:Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu
7016:Hīdīyya (Hīd ibn Saif)
6509:Baha al-Din al-Muqtana
6004:Khwaja Abdullah Ansari
5665:Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd
5660:Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani
5595:Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani
5555:Agha Zia ol Din Araghi
5540:Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi
5220:Abu al-Husayn al-Basri
5215:Al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar
4974:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
4884:Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi
4879:Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi
4864:Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi
4734:Jalal al-Din al-Dawani
4699:Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati
4624:Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi
4268:Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque
4000:Branches and offshoots
3713:Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh
3658:Abu Muhammad al-Yazuri
3392:al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah
3377:al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah
3347:al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah
3106:Maronite-Druze dualism
3101:Christianity and Druze
2990:Hauran Druze Rebellion
2535:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2281:Baha al-Din al-Muqtana
1415:seven moral principles
1118:Christianity and Druze
1029:Hauran Druze Rebellion
865:Baha al-Din al-Muqtana
667:Baha al-Din al-Muqtana
269:Abd al-Rahim ibn Ilyas
221:Baha al-Din al-Muqtana
7994:11th-century Ismailis
7969:Founders of religions
7703:Wallace Fard Muhammad
6660:Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya
6167:Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi
5916:Early Muslim scholars
5724:Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq
4994:Rahmatullah Kairanawi
4744:Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi
4654:Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi
4246:Fatimid Great Palaces
4083:Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i
3898:Anushtakin al-Dizbari
3708:al-Adil ibn al-Sallar
3703:al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi
3532:Mustansirite Hardship
3471:Expansion into Syria
3442:2nd invasion of Egypt
3436:1st invasion of Egypt
3387:al-Zafir bi-Amr Allah
3382:al-Hafiz li-Din Allah
3357:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
3337:al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah
3226:List of Israeli Druze
2955:Mount Lebanon Emirate
2816:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
1990:, pp. 73, 75–76.
842:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
638:al-Khatib al-Baghdadi
469:The modern historian
342:worship of God. Such
281:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
275:walī ʿahd al-muslimīn
209:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
7354:‘Ulyanīyya/'Alyaīyya
7149:Al-Harith ibn Surayj
6339:Theology of Twelvers
6184:Rashid Ahmad Gangohi
5731:Al-Milal wa al-Nihal
5530:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
4929:Siraj al-Din al-Ushi
4919:Nur al-Din al-Sabuni
4904:Al-Sharif al-Jurjani
4724:Ibn Hajar al-Haytami
4689:Taqi al-Din al-Subki
4679:Sayf al-Din al-Amidi
4674:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
4649:Abu al-Walid al-Baji
3698:Ridwan ibn Walakhshi
3597:Battle of the Blacks
3397:al-Adid li-Din Allah
3243:Persecution of Druze
3206:Druze Arabic dialect
3010:Jaysh al-Muwahhideen
2821:Al-Sayyid al-Tanukhi
2101:, pp. 329, 330.
1882:, pp. 288, 289.
1223:, followed by seven
1103:Persecution of Druze
518:Amr ibn al-As Mosque
189:Samanid-ruled Persia
7583:Ghulam Ahmed Pervez
7330:Abū Mānsūr al-ʿIjlī
7302:ʿIjlīyya/Umayrīyya
7100:Abū Sawbān al-Murjī
6762:An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah
6069:Other Salafi trends
5898:Musta'li Isma'ilism
5814:Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya
5205:Ja'far ibn Mūbassīr
4969:Anwar Shah Kashmiri
4619:Zakariyya al-Ansari
4316:al-Azhar University
3678:al-Afdal Shahanshah
3509:Muffarij b. Daghfal
3461:Conquest of Morocco
3448:2nd Sicilian revolt
3430:1st Sicilian revolt
3367:al-Mustansir Billah
3263:Religion portal
3196:Alam al-Din dynasty
2786:Seven Durzi pillars
2253:, pp. 295–296.
2229:, pp. 293–294.
2089:, pp. 326–327.
2062:, pp. 324–326.
2050:, pp. 294–309.
1954:, pp. 290–291.
1918:, pp. 289–290.
1855:, pp. 288–289.
1705:, pp. 286–287.
1693:, pp. 285–286.
1657:, pp. 284–285.
1621:, pp. 281–282.
1609:, pp. 282–284.
1585:, pp. 282–285.
1561:, pp. 279–280.
1191:universal intellect
1139:Religion portal
1043:Jaysh al-Muwahhidin
803:Seven Druze pillars
707:al-Ḥikma al-Sharīfa
147:حمزة بن علي بن أحمد
82:Cause of death
7882:Other scholars of
7773:Islamic modernists
7747:Modernist Salafism
7403:Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar
7362:Abdullah ibn Saba'
7297:Muʿāmmar ibn Ahmar
7182:Ibrāhim ibn Yousūf
7170:Mūsā ibn Abū Kasīr
7161:Muhārīb ibn Dithār
7092:Abū Muāz at-Tūmanī
6414:Astarabadi (Naimi)
6144:Abdullah al-Harari
6098:Muhammad bin Dawud
6031:Syed Nazeer Husain
5766:Tabsirat al-Adilla
5680:Al-Mansur al-Qasim
5515:Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid
5362:Syed Nazeer Husain
5285:Salafi Theologians
5037:Al-Ja'd ibn Dirham
5009:Muhammad Abu Zahra
4794:Ahmad Zayni Dahlan
4644:Abdul Qadir Gilani
4321:House of Knowledge
3688:Hasan ibn al-Hafiz
3372:al-Musta'li Billah
3083:Salman the Persian
3015:Qalb Loze massacre
2970:Battle of Ain Dara
2857:Epistles of Wisdom
2841:Muhammad al-Darazī
2525:. In Fleet, Kate;
1356:) interpretation.
1338:hidden inner truth
1304:Salman the Persian
1048:Qalb Loze massacre
1006:Battle of Ain Dara
890:Epistles of Wisdom
712:Epistles of Wisdom
691:Epistles of Wisdom
497:chief missionary (
442:Hamza and al-Darzi
405:hādi al-mustajībīn
302:At that time, the
271:as heir-apparent (
74:Sharifate of Mecca
7926:
7925:
7922:
7921:
7918:
7917:
7874:
7873:
7683:Muhammad Jaunpuri
7610:
7609:
7536:Sumāma ibn Ashras
7372:
7371:
7223:Dāwūd al-Jawāribî
7198:
7197:
7068:Gaylān ibn Marwān
6965:
6964:
6817:
6816:
6480:Abdallah al-Aftah
6296:
6295:
6209:
6208:
6193:Necmettin Erbakan
6035:Siddiq Hasan Khan
5999:Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la
5933:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5907:
5906:
5847:Tajrid al-I'tiqad
5841:Tashih al-I'tiqad
5752:Al-Sawad al-A'zam
5688:
5687:
5670:Al-Qasim al-Rassi
5637:Idris Imad al-Din
5590:Al-Qadi al-Nu'man
5565:Ruhollah Khomeini
5545:Zurarah ibn A'yan
5520:Sharif al-Murtaza
5508:Muhammad al-Mahdi
5493:Muhammad al-Jawad
5473:Muhammad al-Baqir
5374:Siddiq Hasan Khan
5350:Rabee al-Madkhali
4999:Murtada al-Zabidi
4774:Ibrahim al-Bajuri
4540:
4539:
4347:
4346:
4329:
4328:
4301:al-Qadi al-Nu'man
4169:
4168:
4161:Baghdad Manifesto
4108:al-Qadi al-Nu'man
4093:Abu Hatim al-Razi
3949:
3948:
3788:Sharifs of Medina
3723:Ruzzik ibn Tala'i
3718:Tala'i ibn Ruzzik
3633:Ya'qub ibn Killis
3568:and accession of
3315:Fatimid Caliphate
3281:
3280:
3134:Druze communities
3118:Judaism and Druze
3092:Relationship with
2995:Jabal Druze State
2975:1838 Druze Revolt
2909:Al-Khidr Festival
2888:Khalwat al-Bayada
2809:Important figures
2695:978-0-88206-003-3
2688:. Caravan Books.
2634:Madelung, Wilferd
2625:978-90-04-09419-2
2579:Kratschkowsky, I.
2511:978-0-521-61636-2
2276:Risālat al-Ghayba
2241:, pp. 54–55.
2200:, pp. 52–53.
2152:, pp. 57–58.
2002:, pp. 79–80.
1966:, pp. 20–22.
1942:, pp. 70–71.
1906:, pp. 72–73.
1843:, pp. 69–71.
1819:, pp. 82–83.
1771:, pp. 78–79.
1732:, pp. 75–78.
1669:, pp. 64–66.
1633:, pp. 59–61.
1597:, pp. 66–68.
1573:, pp. 66–69.
1253:revealed religion
1175:
1174:
1113:Religious symbols
1061:Druze communities
1034:Jabal Druze State
1011:1838 Druze Revolt
920:Shrine of Shu'ayb
830:Important figures
614:Risālat al-Ghayba
179:. He was born in
155:
136:
135:
90:Years active
16:(Redirected from
8001:
7974:Iranian Ismailis
7625:
7624:
7391:
7390:
7209:
7208:
7185:Nusayr ibn Yahyā
7167:Awn ibn Abdullāh
7154:Sa'id ibn Jubayr
7124:Ubayd al-Mūktaib
6990:
6989:
6834:
6833:
6803:ʿAjlan ibn Nawus
6772:Maḥmūd Pasīkhānī
6741:Khashabiyya Shia
6677:Bayān ibn Sam‘ān
6635:Abū ʿAmra Kaysān
6418:Imadaddin Nasimi
6323:
6322:
6220:
6219:
6091:Salafi Modernism
5994:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
5961:
5960:
5952:
5951:
5939:
5938:
5835:Awail Al Maqalat
5717:Al-Baz al-Ashhab
5697:
5696:
5627:Dhu'ayb ibn Musa
5582:Isma'ili Shi'ism
5570:Wilayat al-faqih
5550:Hisham ibn Hakam
5535:Allamah Al-Hilli
4759:Muhammad Mayyara
4551:
4550:
4421:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4389:
4388:
4381:Islamic theology
4374:
4367:
4360:
4351:
4350:
4339:
4178:
4177:
3960:
3959:
3783:Sharifs of Mecca
3752:Vassal dynasties
3693:Bahram al-Armani
3614:
3613:
3560:Siege of Ascalon
3342:al-Mansur Billah
3308:
3301:
3294:
3285:
3284:
3271:
3270:
3261:
3260:
3189:Sultan al-Atrash
3056:John the Baptist
2861:Rasa'il al-Hikma
2803:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2678:
2641:
2629:
2601:Heinrichs, W. P.
2590:
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2515:
2491:
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2334:
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2320:
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2311:
2309:Biography portal
2306:
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2288:
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2273:Hamza ibn Ali's
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1391:
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1378:
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1355:
1347:
1336:), as well as a
1335:
1327:
1319:
1308:Rashidun caliphs
1301:
1281:
1264:
1242:
1234:
1205:
1198:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1137:
1136:
894:Rasa'il al-Hikma
748:
739:
733:
732:
722:
721:
709:
699:
697:Rasāʾil al-Ḥikma
624:
616:
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606: 1021–1036
605:
584:
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541:
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471:Marshall Hodgson
465:
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242:Yahya of Antioch
185:Greater Khorasan
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7798:Ahmed Raza Khan
7779:
7733:
7723:Fethullah Gülen
7698:Nation of Islam
7619:
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7606:
7549:
7526:Ahmad ibn Hābīt
7454:
7446:
7384:
7380:
7368:
7289:Bāzīgh ibn Mūsā
7259:
7194:
7179:Hālaf ibn Ayyūb
7137:
7054:
6983:
6980:
6977:
6973:
6961:
6912:
6825:
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6747:
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6614:
6582:Hassan-i Sabbah
6465:
6457:
6329:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6292:
6257:Hasan al-Utrush
6205:
6171:Ahmed Raza Khan
6117:
6109:
6016:Dawud al-Zahiri
5967:
5946:
5925:
5903:
5852:
5799:
5759:Kitab al-Tawhid
5684:
5646:
5576:
5503:Hasan al-Askari
5478:Ja'far al-Sadiq
5440:Twelver Shi'ism
5434:
5406:Salafi Jihadism
5401:Osama bin Laden
5384:Safar Al-Hawali
5345:Saleh Al-Fawzan
5279:
5249:
5242:Sahib ibn Abbad
5237:Ibn Abi'l-Hadid
5202:Ja'far ibn Harb
5167:Wasil ibn 'Ata'
5164:
5156:
5124:
5085:ī (Muqātilīyya)
5065:
5023:
4979:Shah Abdul Aziz
4852:
4844:
4798:
4784:Ahmad al-Dardir
4669:Ahmad al-Rifa'i
4557:
4536:
4508:
4480:
4447:
4408:
4407:
4383:
4378:
4348:
4343:
4325:
4284:
4261:Portable mihrab
4221:Al-Hakim Mosque
4165:
4148:
4142:
4061:and theologians
4060:
4052:
3995:
3945:
3912:
3862:
3850:
3747:
3620:
3609:
3603:
3408:
3332:al-Mahdi Billah
3318:
3312:
3282:
3277:
3255:
3247:
3216:Jumblatt family
3171:
3165:
3156:Jordanian Druze
3129:
3113:Islam and Druze
3094:other religions
3093:
3087:
3019:
2923:
2897:
2866:
2845:
2804:
2795:
2736:
2731:
2696:
2685:The Druze Faith
2639:"Ḥamza b. ʿAlī"
2626:
2593:Bosworth, C. E.
2571:
2531:Rowson, Everett
2522:"Ḥamza b. ʿAlī"
2512:
2496:Daftary, Farhad
2359:
2335:
2328:
2323:Religion portal
2321:
2314:
2307:
2302:
2300:
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2292:
2291:
2287:, p. 544).
2283:(on which, see
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2015:
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1372:al-Mahdi Billah
1362:
1213:
1171:
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1123:
1122:
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1083:Jordanian Druze
1062:
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316:Farghana Valley
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107:Founder of the
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7752:Muhammad Abduh
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7578:Muhammad Iqbal
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7191:Amr ibn Murrah
7189:
7188:Ahmad ibn Hārb
7186:
7183:
7180:
7177:
7176:Salm ibn Sālem
7174:
7171:
7168:
7165:
7162:
7159:
7156:
7151:
7145:
7143:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7135:
7134:
7133:
7127:
7126:
7125:
7119:
7118:
7117:
7111:
7110:
7109:
7108:Sāleh ibn Umar
7103:
7102:
7101:
7095:
7094:
7093:
7087:
7086:
7085:
7084:Gassān al-Kūfī
7079:
7078:
7077:
7071:
7070:
7069:
7062:
7060:
7056:
7055:
7053:
7052:
7051:
7050:
7047:
7044:
7041:
7038:
7035:
7032:
7029:
7026:
7023:
7020:
7017:
7014:
7011:
7008:
7005:
6998:
6996:
6987:
6967:
6966:
6963:
6962:
6960:
6959:
6954:
6953:
6952:
6942:
6933:
6931:Jābir ibn Zayd
6928:
6922:
6920:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6909:
6908:
6899:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6877:
6876:
6875:
6869:
6868:
6867:
6857:
6856:
6855:
6852:
6849:
6842:
6840:
6831:
6819:
6818:
6815:
6814:
6812:
6811:
6806:
6805:
6804:
6799:Tawussite Shia
6796:
6795:
6794:
6780:
6779:
6778:
6764:
6758:
6756:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6745:
6744:
6743:
6738:
6737:
6736:
6731:
6730:
6729:
6724:
6723:
6722:
6717:
6702:
6701:
6700:
6682:
6681:
6680:
6679:
6678:
6672:
6671:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6665:
6662:
6654:
6639:
6638:
6637:
6626:
6624:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6601:
6588:
6574:
6573:
6572:
6560:
6559:
6558:
6553:
6552:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6502:
6484:
6483:
6482:
6471:
6469:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6453:
6444:
6430:
6429:
6428:
6411:
6393:
6392:
6391:
6365:
6364:
6363:
6358:
6357:
6356:
6351:
6335:
6333:
6320:
6298:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6289:
6288:
6283:
6273:
6272:
6271:
6269:Imams of Yemen
6266:
6264:Yahya ibn Umar
6261:
6260:
6259:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6228:
6226:
6217:
6211:
6210:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6203:
6202:
6201:
6200:
6199:
6190:
6177:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6151:
6150:
6136:
6125:
6123:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6107:
6106:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6094:
6093:
6088:
6087:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6066:
6065:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6039:
6038:
6037:
6018:
6008:
6007:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5975:
5973:
5958:
5948:
5947:
5935:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5923:
5918:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5890:
5879:
5872:Kitab al-Majmu
5868:
5860:
5858:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5843:
5838:
5831:
5824:
5817:
5809:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5790:
5783:
5776:
5769:
5762:
5755:
5748:
5741:
5734:
5727:
5720:
5713:
5710:Asas al-Taqdis
5705:
5703:
5694:
5690:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5656:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5586:
5584:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5572:
5562:
5560:Ja'far Sobhani
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5463:Husayn ibn Ali
5460:
5455:
5444:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5410:
5409:
5408:
5398:
5396:Salman al-Ouda
5393:
5392:
5391:
5389:Sahwa movement
5381:
5379:Zubair Ali Zai
5376:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5300:
5295:
5289:
5287:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5266:
5259:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5227:Al-Zamakhshari
5224:
5223:
5222:
5212:
5206:
5203:
5200:
5197:
5191:
5188:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5172:
5170:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5134:
5132:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5122:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5102:
5086:
5075:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5046:
5045:
5044:
5033:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4964:Ahmad Sirhindi
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4860:
4858:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4832:
4825:Malik ibn Anas
4822:
4811:
4809:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4589:Al-Shahrastani
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4565:
4563:
4548:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4518:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4490:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4457:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4429:
4427:
4418:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4397:
4393:
4385:
4384:
4377:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4354:
4345:
4344:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4253:
4251:Juyushi Mosque
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4213:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4190:
4188:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4152:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4064:
4062:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4009:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3977:
3972:
3966:
3964:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3869:
3867:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3838:
3828:
3810:
3800:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3766:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3673:Badr al-Jamali
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3624:
3622:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3589:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:Struggle with
3488:
3478:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3352:al-Aziz Billah
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3311:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3288:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3265:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3184:Al-Atrash clan
3181:
3175:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3161:Druze diaspora
3158:
3153:
3148:
3146:Lebanese Druze
3143:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3115:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3097:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2883:Jabal al-Druze
2880:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2730:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2694:
2679:
2630:
2624:
2597:van Donzel, E.
2575:
2569:
2547:
2527:Krämer, Gudrun
2516:
2510:
2492:
2449:
2423:(2): 239–262.
2406:
2363:
2357:
2341:
2340:
2326:
2312:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2243:
2231:
2219:
2217:, p. 293.
2202:
2190:
2188:, p. 241.
2178:
2176:, p. 239.
2166:
2154:
2142:
2140:, p. 326.
2130:
2128:, p. 189.
2115:
2113:, p. 329.
2103:
2091:
2079:
2077:, p. 324.
2064:
2052:
2040:
2038:, p. 294.
2021:
2004:
1992:
1980:
1968:
1956:
1944:
1932:
1930:, p. 290.
1920:
1908:
1896:
1894:, p. 289.
1884:
1872:
1870:, p. 291.
1857:
1845:
1833:
1821:
1809:
1807:, p. 288.
1797:
1795:, p. 286.
1785:
1773:
1761:
1759:, p. 292.
1746:
1734:
1722:
1720:, p. 287.
1707:
1695:
1683:
1681:, p. 285.
1671:
1659:
1647:
1635:
1623:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1549:, p. 154.
1532:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1390: 934–946
1379: 909–934
1361:
1358:
1212:
1209:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1096:Related topics
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1073:Lebanese Druze
1070:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1002:
1000:
999:
993:
991:
990:
984:
982:
981:
976:
970:
969:
966:
965:
962:
961:
957:
956:
951:
945:
944:
941:
940:
937:
936:
932:
931:
925:
923:
922:
917:
911:
910:
907:
906:
903:
902:
898:
897:
886:
885:
882:
881:
878:
877:
873:
872:
867:
861:
859:
858:
853:
847:
845:
844:
839:
833:
832:
829:
828:
825:
824:
820:
819:
814:
808:
806:
805:
799:
797:
796:
791:
785:
783:
782:
777:
771:
769:
768:
758:
757:
754:
753:
750:
749:
741:
740:
719:
716:
702:Exalted Wisdom
662:
659:
629:would arrive.
590:
587:
560:
557:
484:
476:
443:
440:
395:
392:
387:Qadi al-Nu'man
383: 656–661
299:
298:under al-Hakim
292:
233:
230:
228:
225:
191:(modern Khaf,
134:
133:
131:
130:
125:
119:
117:
113:
112:
105:
104:Known for
101:
100:
91:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
68:
64:
60:
59:
55:Samanid Empire
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8006:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7936:
7934:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7885:
7881:
7880:
7877:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7838:
7836:
7834:
7833:Other beliefs
7830:
7824:
7821:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7808:
7807:Hilmi Tunahan
7805:
7803:
7799:
7796:
7795:
7794:
7791:
7790:
7788:
7786:
7782:
7774:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7757:Muhammad Asad
7755:
7753:
7750:
7749:
7748:
7745:
7744:
7742:
7740:
7736:
7728:
7724:
7720:
7717:
7716:
7715:
7712:
7708:
7704:
7701:
7700:
7699:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7681:
7680:
7679:
7676:
7672:
7668:
7667:Sabbatai Zevi
7665:
7664:
7663:
7660:
7657:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7639:
7638:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7630:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7613:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7592:
7591:
7588:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7575:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7556:
7552:
7543:
7542:
7540:
7535:
7534:
7532:
7525:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:Ali al-Aswarī
7516:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7503:
7502:
7500:
7499:
7497:
7492:
7491:
7490:
7487:
7481:
7478:
7475:
7474:
7473:
7470:
7467:
7466:
7464:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7453:
7449:
7443:
7439:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7408:
7404:
7401:
7400:
7398:
7396:
7392:
7389:
7386:
7379:
7375:
7363:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7344:
7339:
7338:
7337:
7334:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7317:
7314:
7313:
7312:
7309:
7304:
7303:
7301:
7296:
7295:
7294:Muʿāmmarīyya
7293:
7288:
7287:
7286:
7283:
7279:
7276:
7275:
7274:
7271:
7270:
7268:
7266:
7262:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7243:
7239:
7235:
7234:
7233:
7230:
7227:
7222:
7221:
7219:
7218:
7216:
7214:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7201:
7190:
7187:
7184:
7181:
7178:
7175:
7172:
7169:
7166:
7163:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7140:
7131:
7130:
7128:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7099:
7098:
7096:
7091:
7090:
7088:
7083:
7082:
7080:
7075:
7074:
7072:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7057:
7048:
7045:
7042:
7039:
7036:
7033:
7030:
7027:
7024:
7021:
7018:
7015:
7012:
7009:
7006:
7003:
7002:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6995:
6991:
6988:
6985:
6979:
6972:
6968:
6958:
6955:
6951:
6948:
6947:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6919:
6915:
6907:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6893:
6890:
6886:
6883:
6882:
6881:
6878:
6873:
6872:
6870:
6866:
6863:
6862:
6861:
6858:
6853:
6850:
6847:
6846:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6839:
6835:
6832:
6829:
6824:
6820:
6810:
6809:Waqifite Shia
6807:
6802:
6801:
6800:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6786:
6785:
6784:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6770:
6769:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6759:
6757:
6755:
6750:
6742:
6739:
6735:
6734:Ishaq al-Turk
6732:
6728:
6725:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6712:
6711:
6708:
6707:
6706:
6703:
6699:
6696:
6695:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6687:
6686:
6683:
6676:
6675:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6648:
6647:
6643:
6640:
6636:
6633:
6632:
6631:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6623:
6617:
6609:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6578:
6575:
6571:
6568:
6564:
6561:
6557:
6554:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6536:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6525:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6492:Hamdan Qarmat
6490:
6489:
6488:
6485:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6452:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6394:
6390:
6389:Safavid Islam
6386:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6373:Sheikh Haydar
6371:
6370:
6369:
6366:
6362:
6359:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6278:
6277:
6274:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6225:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6212:
6198:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6158:
6155:
6149:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6116:
6112:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6092:
6089:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6070:
6067:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6043:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6012:
6009:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5990:
5987:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5966:
5965:Ahl al-Hadith
5962:
5959:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5940:
5936:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5910:
5900:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5855:
5849:
5848:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5830:
5829:
5825:
5823:
5822:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5796:
5795:
5791:
5789:
5788:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5756:
5754:
5753:
5749:
5747:
5746:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5698:
5695:
5691:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5653:
5652:Zaydi Shi'ism
5649:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5579:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5483:Musa al-Kazim
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5468:Ali al-Sajjad
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5458:Hasan ibn Ali
5456:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5429:Post-Salafism
5428:
5427:
5426:
5423:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5411:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5363:
5360:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5293:Ibn Taymiyyah
5291:
5290:
5288:
5286:
5282:
5274:Mustadrakīyya
5273:
5270:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5252:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5232:Amr ibn Ubayd
5230:
5228:
5225:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5213:
5210:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5186:
5183:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5163:
5159:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5120:
5116:
5113:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5047:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4851:
4847:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4801:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4375:
4370:
4368:
4363:
4361:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4342:
4338:
4332:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4068:Hamdan Qarmat
4066:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4017:Hamza ibn Ali
4015:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3908:Qadi al-Fadil
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3606:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3555:First Crusade
3553:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:Uprisings of
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:Rebellion of
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3425:Establishment
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3309:
3304:
3302:
3297:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3274:
3266:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3238:Mowafaq Tarif
3236:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3221:List of Druze
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3211:Druze cuisine
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3151:Israeli Druze
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3124:
3123:Druze Zionism
3121:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:Hamza ibn Ali
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:Reincarnation
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2756:Ahl at-Tawhīd
2753:
2749:
2748:Al-Muwahhidūn
2746:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2697:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2648:Ménage, V. L.
2645:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2570:3-406-48654-1
2566:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2358:90-04-09705-8
2354:
2350:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2327:
2324:
2318:
2313:
2310:
2299:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2270:
2266:
2252:
2247:
2240:
2235:
2228:
2223:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2182:
2175:
2170:
2164:, p. 50.
2163:
2158:
2151:
2146:
2139:
2134:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2112:
2107:
2100:
2095:
2088:
2083:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2061:
2056:
2049:
2044:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2019:, p. 80.
2018:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2001:
1996:
1989:
1984:
1978:, p. 22.
1977:
1972:
1965:
1960:
1953:
1948:
1941:
1936:
1929:
1924:
1917:
1912:
1905:
1900:
1893:
1888:
1881:
1876:
1869:
1864:
1862:
1854:
1849:
1842:
1837:
1831:, p. 83.
1830:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1789:
1783:, p. 48.
1782:
1777:
1770:
1765:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1743:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1704:
1699:
1692:
1687:
1680:
1675:
1668:
1663:
1656:
1651:
1645:, p. 68.
1644:
1639:
1632:
1627:
1620:
1615:
1608:
1603:
1596:
1591:
1584:
1579:
1572:
1567:
1560:
1555:
1548:
1547:Madelung 1971
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1475:
1465:
1464:List of Druze
1462:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1451:qāḍī al-quḍāt
1446:
1445:dāʿī al-duʿāt
1440:
1439:dāʿī al-duʿāt
1435:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1416:
1413:) founded on
1411:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1395:
1384:
1373:
1368:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1345:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1299:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:last judgment
1246:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1185:ideas on the
1184:
1180:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1108:List of Druze
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1078:Israeli Druze
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1057:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
998:
995:
994:
989:
986:
985:
980:
977:
975:
972:
971:
964:
963:
955:
952:
950:
947:
946:
939:
938:
930:
927:
926:
921:
918:
916:
913:
912:
905:
904:
895:
891:
888:
887:
880:
879:
871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
857:
854:
852:
851:Hamza ibn Ali
849:
848:
843:
840:
838:
835:
834:
827:
826:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
804:
801:
800:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
781:
778:
776:
775:Reincarnation
773:
772:
767:
766:Ahl at-Tawhid
763:
762:Al-Muwahhidun
760:
759:
752:
751:
747:
743:
742:
738:
730:
724:
723:
715:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
692:
687:
683:
678:
676:
672:
671:Last Judgment
668:
658:
656:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
630:
628:
623:
622:
615:
609:
600:
596:
586:
583:
577:
571:
567:
556:
554:
548:
546:
540:
534:
533:qāḍī al-quḍāt
528:
523:
519:
514:
511:
510:
503:
502:
501:dāʿī al-duʿāt
496:
491:
482:
475:
472:
467:
464:
459:
458:broken plural
454:
449:
439:
437:
432:
425:
422:
421:al-Muwaḥḥidun
417:
412:
406:
401:
391:
388:
377:
372:
371:
364:
363:
357:
352:
349:
348:millennialist
345:
341:
336:
335:
329:
324:
323:
317:
312:
311:
305:
297:
291:
282:
277:
276:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
171:
159:
153:
144:
140:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
92:
88:
84:
80:
75:
71:
65:
61:
56:
52:
48:
42:
38:
31:
19:
7816:Other orders
7721: /
7714:Nur movement
7685: /
7642:Mirza Ghulam
7573:Tolu-e-Islam
7442:Galibi Order
7440: /
7425:Balım Sultan
7420:Babai revolt
7411:Qalandariyya
7409: /
7311:Mufaḍḍaliyya
7220:Jawārībīyya
7173:Umar ibn Zar
7142:Other Murjīs
6871:Bayhasīyyah
6788:Nuqta-yi Ula
6604:Pir Sadardin
6597: /
6511: /
6507: /
6504:
6424: /
6416: /
6403: /
6383: /
6379: /
6375: /
6232:Zayd ibn Ali
6182: /
6169: /
6120:Ilm al-Kalam
6033: /
6026:Ahl-i Hadith
5894:Umm al-kitab
5892:
5881:
5870:
5863:
5845:
5840:
5833:
5826:
5819:
5812:
5792:
5785:
5780:Fihi Ma Fihi
5778:
5771:
5764:
5757:
5750:
5743:
5736:
5729:
5722:
5715:
5708:
5448:Twelve Imams
5367:Ahl-i Hadith
5298:Ibnul Qayyim
5178:(Nazzāmīyya)
4659:Ibn al-Jawzi
4599:Al-Taftazani
4574:Al-Baqillani
4311:al-Musabbihi
4231:Bab al-Futuh
4226:Aqmar Mosque
4186:architecture
4147:Anti-Fatimid
4058:Missionaries
4016:
3941:Fatimid navy
3924:Fatimid army
3648:Sitt al-Mulk
3610:and military
3475:Alexandretta
3401:
3324:Imam-Caliphs
3233:Majid Arslan
3141:Syrian Druze
3061:Saint George
3000:Mountain War
2950:Ma'n dynasty
2935:Wadi al-Taym
2893:Nabi Shu'ayb
2878:Druze Khalwa
2860:
2830:
2684:
2666:
2659:
2615:
2608:
2588:"al-Muḳtanā"
2560:
2555:
2534:
2500:
2463:
2457:
2420:
2414:
2380:(1): 47–84.
2377:
2371:
2347:
2269:
2246:
2234:
2222:
2193:
2181:
2169:
2157:
2145:
2133:
2126:Daftary 2007
2106:
2094:
2082:
2055:
2043:
1995:
1983:
1976:Makarim 1974
1971:
1964:Makarim 1974
1959:
1947:
1935:
1923:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1875:
1848:
1836:
1824:
1812:
1800:
1788:
1776:
1764:
1737:
1725:
1698:
1686:
1674:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1626:
1614:
1602:
1590:
1578:
1566:
1554:
1528:De Smet 2017
1419:
1406:
1363:
1310:, including
1279:dawr al-satr
1267:
1214:
1176:
1068:Syrian Druze
979:Ma'n dynasty
893:
850:
711:
701:
689:
679:
664:
631:
610:
595:Sitt al-Mulk
592:
572:
562:
549:
515:
486:
468:
445:
426:
397:
353:
301:
295:
246:
235:
138:
137:
7944:1021 deaths
7767:Rashid Rida
7615:Independent
7600:Edip Yüksel
7563:Ahle Qur'an
7514:Nazzāmīyya
7511:Ikhshīdiyya
7498:Huzaylīyya
7489:Bahshamiyya
7465:Mā’marīyya
7457:Rationalism
7407:Malamatiyya
7327:Mānsūrīyya
7273:Khaṭṭābiyya
7204:Mu'shabbiha
7164:Sābit Kutna
7097:Sawbānīyya
7081:Gassānīyya
7065:Gaylānīyya
7059:Other sects
6854:Sa'labīyyah
6851:Maymunīyyah
6828:Arbitration
6710:Khurramites
6674:Sam‘ānīyya
6447:Bābā Rexheb
6377:Shah Ismail
6197:Millî Görüş
6115:Ahl ar-Ra'y
6057:Al-Uthaymin
5978:Kullabiyya
5956:Sunni Islam
5857:Independent
5701:Sunni books
5525:Shaykh Tusi
5498:Ali al-Hadi
5488:Ali al-Rida
5425:Yasir Qadhi
5330:Al-Uthaymin
5320:Rashid Rida
5315:Al-Shawkani
5211:(Jāhizīyya)
5196:(Jubbāīyya)
5100:Jawālikīyya
4954:Ali al-Qari
4869:Al-Sarakhsi
4855:Al-Maturidi
4729:Al-Sha'rani
4709:Ibn Khaldun
4584:Al-Qushayri
4546:Theologians
4527:Metaphysics
4433:Eschatology
4400:Theologians
4241:Bab Zuweila
4236:Bab al-Nasr
4204:Skifa Kahla
4156:Akhu Muhsin
4073:Ibn Hawshab
3980:Esotericism
3903:al-Basasiri
3621:and regents
2914:Eid Al Adha
2871:Holy places
2766:Esotericism
2761:Divine call
2665:Volume III:
2656:Schacht, J.
2652:Pellat, Ch.
2614:Volume VII:
2605:Pellat, Ch.
2583:Halm, Heinz
2551:Halm, Heinz
2466:(1): 5–27.
2239:Bryer 1975a
2198:Bryer 1975a
2186:Bryer 1975b
2174:Bryer 1975b
2162:Bryer 1975a
2150:Bryer 1975a
2017:Bryer 1975a
2000:Bryer 1975a
1988:Bryer 1975a
1940:Bryer 1975a
1904:Bryer 1975a
1841:Bryer 1975a
1829:Bryer 1975a
1817:Bryer 1975a
1781:Bryer 1975a
1769:Bryer 1975a
1730:Bryer 1975a
1667:Bryer 1975a
1643:Bryer 1975a
1631:Bryer 1975a
1595:Bryer 1975a
1571:Bryer 1975a
1306:. All four
1183:neoplatonic
949:Eid al-Adha
915:Mount Druze
908:Holy places
794:Divine Call
789:Esotericism
636:chronicler
559:Final years
553:divine call
478:The Day of
400:Bab al-Nasr
340:paradisical
97: 1017
7939:985 births
7933:Categories
7811:Süleymancı
7719:Said Nursî
7678:Mahdavīyya
7629:Messianism
7533:Sumamīyya
7523:Hābītīyya
7416:Baba Ishak
7358:Saba'īyya
7345:Mukhāmmīsa
7336:Mughīrīyya
7323:Ghurābīyya
7285:Bāzīghiyya
7253:Bārāq Bābā
7232:Hulmānīyya
7129:Ziyādīyya
7121:Ubaydīyya
7113:Shamrīyya
7105:Sālehīyya
7089:Tūmanīyya
7073:Yūnusīyya
7034:Sauwāqīyya
7010:Hakāiqīyya
6994:Karrāmīyya
6984:Hanafiyyah
6838:Kharijites
6776:Nuktawiyya
6727:al-Muqanna
6705:Muḥammirah
6693:Abu Muslim
6689:Rezāmīyya
6664:Hārithīyya
6656:Janāhiyya
6646:Hashimiyya
6620:Kaysanites
6567:Badakhshan
6500:Qarmatians
6487:Batiniyyah
6467:Isma'ilism
6438:Demir Bābā
6433:Baktāshism
6426:Bektashism
6405:ibn Nusayr
6401:al-Khaṣībī
6385:Kul Nesîmî
6381:Pir Sultan
6286:Khalafiyya
6281:Dukayniyya
6215:Shia Islam
6157:Maturidism
6079:Madkhalism
5982:Ibn Kullab
5805:Shia books
5355:Madkhalism
5255:Najjārīyya
5145:al-Qībtī (
5119:Karramiyya
5115:Ibn Karram
5071:Mu'jassimā
4959:Al-Maydani
4949:Ali Qushji
4874:Al-Bazdawi
4850:Maturidism
4835:Al-Shafi'i
4704:Al-Baydawi
4664:Qadi Ayyad
4639:Ibn Tumart
4594:Al-Ghazali
4579:Al-Juwayni
4569:Al-Bayhaqi
4560:al-Ash'ari
4532:Philosophy
4453:Philosophy
4098:Abu Tammam
4007:Qarmatians
3955:Isma'ilism
3893:Manjutakin
3608:Government
3564:Regime of
3536:Revolt of
3520:Revolt of
3201:Amin Tarif
1470:References
1394:Heinz Halm
1245:golden age
1187:world soul
870:Al-Tanukhi
344:antinomian
306:movement (
166: 985
7739:Modernism
7671:Sabbatean
7659:Kabbalist
7637:Ahmadiyya
7568:Kala Kato
7541:Kā‘bīyya
7472:Bishriyya
7452:Muʿtazila
7385:al-Juhani
7378:Qadariyah
7248:Kalandars
7228:Hāshwīyya
7116:Abū Shamr
7049:Zarībīyya
7046:Wāhidīyya
7037:Sūramīyya
7031:Razīnīyya
7007:Dhīmmīyya
6976:Hasan ibn
6950:Wahbiyyah
6897:Abu Qurra
6823:Muhakkima
6767:Hurufiyya
6754:Mahdiists
6669:Riyāhīyya
6650:Hārbīyya
6591:Aga Khans
6586:Assassins
6549:Sulaymani
6513:ad-Darazi
6451:Hārābātīs
6368:Qizilbash
6361:Shaykhism
6237:Jarudiyya
6148:Al-Ahbash
6129:Ash'arism
6062:Al-Albani
6042:Wahhabism
5887:Ahmadiyya
5828:Al-Khisal
5738:Al-Irshad
5693:Key books
5340:Al-Albani
5308:Wahhabism
5162:Mu'tazila
5151:Qadariyah
5029:Mu'attila
4944:Ibn Kemal
4939:Khidr Bey
4819:Hanafiyah
4754:Al-Bahūtī
4749:Ibn Ashir
4714:Ibn Arafa
4609:Ibn Furak
4604:Al-Maziri
4555:Ash'arism
4522:Cosmology
4499:Cosmology
4494:Astronomy
4466:Education
4211:Mansuriya
4029:Assassins
3963:Doctrines
3860:governors
3856:Officials
3831:Banu Kanz
3817:Hamdanids
3813:Sulayhids
3803:Mirdasids
3797:Palestine
3793:Jarrahids
3773:Hammadids
3638:Ibn Ammar
3522:Abu Rakwa
3494:(974–978)
3463:(958–960)
3457:(943–947)
3455:Abu Yazid
3450:(937–941)
3444:(919–921)
3438:(914–915)
3432:(913–917)
2902:Holy days
2781:Theophany
2675:495469525
2644:Lewis, B.
2543:1873-9830
2488:162266101
2480:1613-0928
2459:Der Islam
2445:162363556
2437:1613-0928
2416:Der Islam
2402:201807131
2394:1613-0928
2373:Der Islam
2251:Halm 2003
2227:Halm 2003
2215:Halm 2003
2138:Halm 2003
2111:Halm 2003
2099:Halm 2003
2087:Halm 2003
2075:Halm 2003
2060:Halm 2003
2048:Halm 2003
2036:Halm 2003
1952:Halm 2003
1928:Halm 2003
1916:Halm 2003
1892:Halm 2003
1880:Halm 2003
1868:Halm 2003
1853:Halm 2003
1805:Halm 2003
1793:Halm 2003
1757:Halm 2003
1742:Halm 2003
1718:Halm 2003
1703:Halm 2003
1691:Halm 2003
1679:Halm 2003
1655:Halm 2003
1619:Halm 2003
1607:Halm 2003
1583:Halm 2003
1559:Halm 2003
1211:Cosmology
942:Holy days
856:Al-Darazi
780:Theophany
718:Teachings
661:Aftermath
627:end times
527:al-Kāʾina
481:al-Kāʾina
448:al-Darazi
213:end times
152:romanized
123:Isma'ilis
116:Opponents
7856:Tawakkul
7823:Tawassul
7785:Taṣawwuf
7707:doctrine
7555:Quranism
7349:Namiriya
6978:Muḥāmmad
6971:Murji'ah
6685:Rawendis
6608:Satpanth
6529:Musta'li
6524:Fatimids
6422:Hurufism
6409:Alawites
6314:Sects in
6306:Mahdiist
6242:Batriyya
6188:Deobandi
6139:Shafi'is
6074:Jihadism
6021:Salafism
5989:Hanbalis
5970:Atharism
5883:Malfūzāt
5821:Al-Amali
5418:Hazimism
5130:Murji'ah
5054:Jahmīyya
5042:Mu'jbira
4634:Ibn Aqil
4149:movement
4128:Abdallah
4036:Musta'li
3917:Military
3865:generals
3821:Zurayids
3777:Ifriqiya
3683:Kutayfat
3643:Barjawan
3570:al-Hafiz
3566:Kutayfat
3543:Musta'li
3492:Alptakin
3273:Category
3172:Features
3073:Muhammad
3024:Prophets
2752:Mowahhid
2658:(eds.).
2636:(1971).
2607:(eds.).
2585:(1993).
2553:(2003).
2533:(eds.).
2498:(2007).
1458:See also
1383:al-Qa'im
1257:emanated
1239:al-Qāʾim
1221:Muhammad
1189:and the
729:a series
727:Part of
682:apostasy
634:Baghdadi
599:al-Zahir
362:al-Qāʾim
304:Isma'ili
253:Khurasan
173:Ismai'li
111:religion
51:Khurasan
7905:Shafi'i
7895:Hanbali
7861:Tewafuq
7841:Sadaqah
7802:Barelvi
7793:Ṭarīqah
7647:Qadiani
7620:beliefs
7395:Alevism
7242:Dimashq
7028:Nūnīyya
7022:Maʿīyya
6982:ibn al-
6957:Azzabas
6918:Ibadism
6906:Nukkari
6860:Azariqa
6845:Ajardi
6792:Bábīyya
6698:Sunpadh
6630:Mukhtār
6595:Nizaris
6570:Alevism
6544:Dawoodi
6534:Tayyibi
6496:Sevener
6475:Fathite
6349:Akhbari
6344:Ja'fari
6331:Twelver
6310:Shi'ite
6247:Imamate
6224:Zaydism
6175:Barelvi
6162:Hanafis
6134:Malikis
6103:Maqrizi
6052:Ibn Baz
6011:Zahiris
5773:Masnavi
5325:Ibn Baz
5139:Dimashq
4839:Shafi‘i
4769:'Illish
4504:Physics
4486:Science
4194:Mahdiya
4174:Culture
4041:Tayyibi
3970:Imamate
3934:Ghilman
3759:Kalbids
3743:Saladin
3738:Shirkuh
3733:Dirgham
3628:Jawdhar
3618:Viziers
3579:Tayyibi
3413:History
3403:Dynasty
3036:Abraham
2928:History
2791:Walayah
2741:Beliefs
2616:Mif–Naz
2295:Sources
1317:sharīʿa
1298:sharīʿa
1284:Abraham
1247:or the
967:History
929:Khalwat
837:Shu'ayb
817:Walayah
755:Beliefs
509:ghilmān
495:Turkish
453:darzīya
334:sharīʿa
261:Fatimid
207:caliph
205:Fatimid
170:Persian
154::
7910:Zahiri
7900:Maliki
7890:Hanafi
7866:Thawab
7846:Sunnah
7771:Other
7727:Hizmet
7691:Zikris
7662:Dönmes
7652:Lahori
7618:Muslim
7438:Rifa`i
7383:Ma'bad
7265:Tajsīm
7213:Tamsīl
6940:Ifrani
6880:Najdat
6783:Shayki
6752:Other
6720:Mazyar
6599:Khojas
6577:Nizari
6556:Hafizi
6517:Druzes
6498:
6442:Alians
6396:Ghulat
5876:Alawis
5143:Nabati
5108:Abdals
5090:Juzjan
4829:Maliki
4514:Sufism
4438:Ethics
4425:Aqidah
4417:Fields
4396:Fields
4046:Hafizi
4024:Nizari
3929:Kutama
3888:Bakjur
3883:Jawhar
3845:Multan
3819:, and
3807:Aleppo
3769:Zirids
3763:Sicily
3728:Shawar
3581:schism
3575:Hafizi
3549:schism
3547:Nizari
3503:Apamea
3498:Aleppo
3317:topics
3051:Elijah
2836:Shuaib
2776:Taqiya
2692:
2673:
2667:H–Iram
2654:&
2622:
2603:&
2581:&
2567:
2541:
2508:
2486:
2478:
2443:
2435:
2400:
2392:
2355:
1400:dhimmī
1352:taʾwīl
1332:tanzīl
1196:ghulāt
954:Ziyara
812:Taqiya
621:ghayba
566:ghulāt
522:Fustat
493:, the
370:ghulāt
232:Origin
143:Arabic
128:Sunnis
7851:Taqwa
7240:ī ad-
7238:Fāris
6892:Sufri
6715:Babak
6539:Alavi
6505:Hamza
6463:Imami
6354:Usuli
6327:Imami
6318:Islam
6302:Imami
6084:Sahwa
5147:Murjī
5141:ī an-
5092:ī al-
5083:Balkh
4807:Sunni
4804:Early
4476:Peace
4471:Logic
4443:Kalam
4404:Books
4341:Media
4216:Cairo
4012:Druze
3989:Zahir
3985:Batin
3975:Hujja
3835:Nubia
3825:Yemen
3663:Rasad
3538:Nizar
3477:(971)
3170:Other
3068:Moses
3046:Khidr
3041:Jesus
2850:Texts
2734:Druze
2642:. In
2591:. In
2559:[
2484:S2CID
2441:S2CID
2398:S2CID
2261:Notes
1429:ḥudūd
1423:daʿwa
1367:nāsūt
1344:bāṭin
1324:ẓāhir
1292:Jesus
1288:Moses
1274:Devil
1231:Mahdī
1225:imams
1203:daʿwa
883:Texts
737:Druze
700:) or
655:Kaaba
642:Mecca
582:dāʿīs
576:daʿwa
490:daʿwa
463:durūz
460:form
431:daʿwa
411:mīṭāq
356:imams
310:daʿwa
296:daʿwa
265:Cairo
249:Zuzan
238:Druze
217:Mecca
201:Cairo
181:Zuzan
177:Druze
109:Druze
99:–1021
70:Mecca
47:Zuzan
6622:Shia
5019:Rumi
4461:‘Aql
4184:and
3987:and
3863:and
3841:Lodi
3771:and
3483:and
3078:Noah
3031:Adam
2690:ISBN
2671:OCLC
2620:ISBN
2565:ISBN
2539:ISSN
2506:ISBN
2476:ISSN
2433:ISSN
2390:ISSN
2353:ISBN
1434:Word
1270:Adam
1262:ḍidd
1217:Noah
731:on
650:Hajj
563:The
539:qāḍī
346:and
322:dāʿī
257:felt
227:Life
197:Iran
66:1021
63:Died
40:Born
7705:'s
6938:al-
6904:al-
5896:of
5885:of
5874:of
5453:Ali
5105:Rum
5094:Kūf
5081:al-
4182:Art
3485:2nd
3481:1st
2468:doi
2425:doi
2382:doi
1312:Ali
1235:or
1219:or
520:at
418:" (
376:Ali
290:).
251:in
187:in
183:in
43:985
7935::
7809:–
7800:–
7725:–
7689:–
7669:–
7436:–
7427:–
7418:–
7405:–
6790:–
6774:–
6644:–
6606:–
6593:–
6584:–
6565:–
6515:–
6494:–
6449:–
6440:–
6420:–
6407:–
6387:–
6195:–
6186:–
6173:–
6146:–
5096:ī
3858:,
3815:,
2663:.
2650:;
2646:;
2612:.
2599:;
2595:;
2482:.
2474:.
2464:53
2462:.
2456:.
2439:.
2431:.
2421:52
2419:.
2413:.
2396:.
2388:.
2378:52
2376:.
2370:.
2205:^
2118:^
2067:^
2024:^
2007:^
1860:^
1749:^
1710:^
1535:^
1478:^
1388:r.
1377:r.
1290:,
1286:,
604:r.
436:AH
381:r.
326:,
286:r.
195:,
163:c.
161:;
149:,
145::
94:c.
72:,
49:,
7886::
7459:)
7455:(
7387:)
7381:(
7244:ī
6986:)
6974:(
6830:)
6826:(
6122:)
6118:(
5972:)
5968:(
5169:)
5165:(
5153:)
5149:-
5121:)
5117:(
4857:)
4853:(
4841:)
4837:(
4831:)
4827:(
4821:)
4817:(
4562:)
4558:(
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3843:(
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3809:)
3805:(
3799:)
3795:(
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3775:(
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3761:(
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1385:(
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