Fatimid Caliphate - Knowledge

8153: 2418:. Hasan ibn Ammar, the leader of the Kalbid clan in Egypt, a military veteran, and one of the last remaining members of al-Mu'izz's old guard, initially became regent, but he was soon forced to flee by Barjawan, the eunuch and tutor of the young al-Hakim, who took power in his stead. Barjawan stabilized the internal affairs of the empire but refrained from pursuing al-Aziz's policy of expansion towards Aleppo. In the year 1000, Barjawan was assassinated by al-Hakim, who now took direct and autocratic control of the state. His reign, which lasted until his mysterious disappearance in 1021, is the most controversial in Fatimid history. Traditional narratives have described him as either eccentric or outright insane, but more recent studies have tried to provide more measured explanations based on the political and social circumstances of the time. 1948: 3428:. After the death of Caliph al-Mustansir, a succession crisis resulted in the breakaway of the Nizaris, who supported the claim of his oldest son Nizar, as opposed to the Musta'lis who supported the successful enthronement of al-Musta'li. The Nizaris were also suppressed inside the Caliphate's borders, but continued to be active outside it, mostly in Iran, Iraq, and parts of Syria. After the death of Caliph al-Amir, al-Hafiz, his cousin, successfully claimed the title of Imam-Caliph at the expense of al-Amir's infant son, al-Tayyib. Those who recognized al-Hafiz in Cairo were known as the al-Hafizi branch, but those who opposed this unusual succession and supported the succession of al-Tayyib were known as the al-Tayyibi branch. This particular schism resulted in the loss of Fatimid support in Yemen. 2670:, a scion of the Hamdanids of Aleppo, and Black African troops, while the Berbers shifted alliance between the two sides. The Turkish faction under Nasir al-Dawla seized partial control of Cairo but their leader was not given any official title. In 1067–1068 they plundered the state treasury and then looted any treasures they could find in the palaces. The Turks turned against Nasir al-Dawla in 1069, but he managed to rally Bedouin tribes to his side, took over most of the Nile Delta region, and blocked supplies and food from reaching the capital from this region. Things degenerated further for the general population, especially in the capital, which relied on the countryside for food. Historical sources of this period report extreme hunger and hardship in the city, even to the point of 3749:

al-Mahdiyya is located on a narrow peninsula along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, east of Kairouan and just south of the Gulf of Hammamet, in modern-day Tunisia. The primary concern in the city's construction and locale was defense. With its peninsular topography and the construction of a wall 8.3 m thick, the city became impenetrable by land. This strategic location, together with a navy that the Fatimids had inherited from the conquered Aghlabids, made the city of Al-Mahdiyya a strong military base where ʿAbdullāh al-Mahdī consolidated power and planted the seeds of the Fatimid caliphate for two generations. The city included two royal palaces—one for the caliph and one for his son and successor al-Qāʾim—as well as a mosque, many administrative buildings, and an arsenal.

3029:, a Sunni Muslim, was appointed vizier. When Ridwan began to plot the deposition of al-Hafiz, he was expelled from Cairo and later defeated in battle. He accepted a pardon from the caliph and remained at the palace. Al-Hafiz chose not to appoint another vizier, and instead took direct control of the state until his death in 1149. During this time, the fervor of the Isma'ili religious cause in Egypt had significantly faded, and political challenges to the caliph became more common. Sunni Muslims were also increasingly appointed to high posts. The Fatimid dynasty largely continued to survive due to the established common interests that many factions and elites had in maintaining the current system of government. 2426:("House of Knowledge"), a library for the study of the sciences, which was in line with al-Aziz's previous policy of cultivating this knowledge. For the general population, he was noted for being more accessible and willing to receive petitions in person, as well as for riding out in person among the people in the streets of Fustat. On the other hand, he was also known for his capricious decrees aimed at curbing what he saw as public improprieties. He also unsettled the plurality of Egyptian society by imposing new restrictions on Christians and Jews, particularly on the way they dressed or behaved in public. He ordered or sanctioned the destruction of a number of churches and monasteries (mostly 3813: 6448: 1325:'s cause. Over the next two years Abu Abdallah was able to win over most of the Kutama tribes in the region through either persuasion or coercion. This left much of the countryside under his control, while the major cities remained under Aghlabid control. He established an Isma'ili theocratic state based in Tazrut, operating in a way similar to previous Isma'ili missionary networks in Mesopotamia but adapted to local Kutama tribal structures. He adopted the role of a traditional Islamic ruler at the head of this organization while remaining in frequent contact with Abdallah. He continued to preach to his followers, known as the 11537:, pp. 130–31: "All this and has been variously explained as eccentricity amounting to madness—the verdict of Yahya al-Antaki, who had it from al-Hakim's physician. Such a diagnosis, at such a distance in time and in the absence of any agreed definition of insanity, is unacceptable except as a confession of bafflement, a bafflement which al-Antaki observed in the faithful when they explained his actions as the product of the inscrutable inspiration of the Imam. But it has contributed to the black legend of a murderous maniac which was recounted at the beginning of the twentieth century by Stanley Lane-Poole in his 3481: 1483: 2894: 3794:

based on the Mamluk-era account of al-Maqrīzī. Perhaps the most important of Fatimid monuments outside the palace complex is the mosque of al-Azhar (359–61 AH/970–72 CE) which still stands today, though the building was significantly expanded and modified in later periods. Likewise the important Fatimid mosque of al-Ḥākim, built from 380 to 403 AH/990–1012 CE under two Fatimid caliphs, was significantly rebuilt and renovated in the 1980s. Cairo remained the capital for, including al-Muʿizz, eleven generations of caliphs, after which the Fatimid Caliphate finally fell to Ayyubid forces in 567 AH/1171 CE.

2147: 1761: 1852: 1584: 19225: 3732: 8526: 2568: 2698: 9050: 3033: 522: 1422:, the most fortified town on the old southern Roman road between Ifriqiya and the central Maghreb. The fortress, however, fell to the Kutama without a siege when local notables arranged to have the gates opened to them in May or June 907. This opened a hole in the wider defensive system of Ifriqiya and created panic in Raqqada. Ziyadat Allah III stepped up anti-Fatimid propaganda, recruited volunteers, and took measures to defend the weakly-fortified city of Kairouan. He spent the winter of 907–908 with his army in 2683: 3646: 1344: 3764:

commemoration of the victory of al-Manṣūr over the Khārijite rebel Abū Yazīd at Ṣabra. Construction of the city was not quite finished when al-Manṣūr died in 953, but his son and successor, al-Muʿizz, finished it and completed the city's mosque that same year. Like Baghdad, the plan of the city of Al-Manṣūriyya is round, with the caliphal palace at its center. Due to a plentiful water source, the city grew and expanded a great deal under al-Manṣūr. Archaeological evidence suggests that there were more than 300

5094: 1633:, was conquered by Ibrahim II in 902. However, some Christian or Byzantine resistance continued in some spots in the northeast of Sicily until 967, and the Byzantines still held territories in southern Italy, where the Aghlabids had also campaigned. This ongoing confrontation with the traditional foe of the Islamic world provided the Fatimids with a prime opportunity for propaganda, in a setting where geography gave them the advantage. Sicily itself proved troublesome, and only after a rebellion under 3557: 2486: 7344: 1470:

Kutama horsemen managed to outflank the Aghlabid army and finally caused a rout. When news of the defeat reached Raqqada, Ziyadat Allah III packed his valuable treasures and fled towards Egypt. The population of Kairouan looted the abandoned palaces of Raqqada and resisted Ibn Abi al-Aghlab's calls to organise a last-ditch resistance. Upon hearing of the looting, Abu Abdallah sent an advance force of Kutama horsemen who secured Raqqada on 24 March. On 25 March 909 (Saturday, 1

77: 2111:, the son of Ziri bn Manad (who died in 971), as his viceroy in the Maghreb. This established a dynasty of viceroys, with the title of "amir", who ruled the region on behalf of the Fatimids. Their authority remained disputed in the western Maghreb, where the rivalry with the Umayyads and with local Zenata leaders continued. After Jawhar's successful western expedition, the Umayyads returned to northern Morocco in 973 to reassert their authority. Buluggin launched one last 19028: 17444: 3381: 19038: 8604: 1399: 12303:: "It has been said that the Alid rulers of Egypt became fearful when they saw the strength and power of the Saljuq state, that it had gained control of Syrian lands as far as Gaza, leaving no buffer state between the Saljuqs and Egypt to protect them, and that Aqsis had entered Egypt and blockaded it. They therefore sent to the Franks to invite them to invade Syria, to conquer it and separate them and the Muslims, but God knows best." 19815: 9005: 3769:

merchants and artisans of Kairouan to be transferred to al-Manṣūriyya, which may have helped provoke a revolt in 1016 which damaged the city. In 1057, under pressure from the Banu Hilal invasions, the Zirids abandoned al-Manṣūriyya for Mahdiyya and the city was devastated. Unlike Kairouan, it remained in ruins afterwards and was never revived. The site was pillaged over time. Modern archeological excavations here began in 1921.

3067:(r. 1160–1171), were all children when they came to the throne. Under al-Zafir, an elderly Berber named Ibn Masal was initially vizier, per the instructions left by Al-Hafiz. The army, however, supported a Sunni named Ibn Sallar instead, whose supporters managed to defeat and kill Ibn Masal in battle. After negotiating with the women of the palace, Ibn Sallar was installed as vizier in 1150. In January 1153, the Crusader king 2662:

Traditionally the Kutama element of the army had the strongest sway over political affairs, but as the Turkish element grew more powerful, it began to challenge this. In 1062, the tentative balance between the different ethnic groups within the Fatimid army collapsed and they quarreled constantly or fought each other in the streets. At the same time, Egypt suffered a 7-year period of drought and famine known as the

19048: 17433: 7277: 603: 3408:("Sessions of Wisdom"), lectures and lessons that were delivered in a special hall inside the palaces of Cairo. The doctrine was kept secret from those who were not initiated. Additionally, Isma'ili doctrines were disseminated through the lectures hosted at Al-Azhar Mosque in Cairo, which became an intellectual center hosting teachers and students. Beyond the borders of the Fatimid Caliphate, recruitment to the 2890:, attempted to take the throne after his father's death and organized a rebellion in 1095, but he was defeated and executed that same year. Al-Afdal arranged for his sister to marry al-Musta'li and later for his daughter to marry al-Amir, hoping in this way to merge his family with that of the caliphs. He also attempted to secure the succession of his son to the vizierate as well, but this ultimately failed. 19058: 15760: 1311:(in northwestern Algeria today). However, due to hostility from the local Aghlabid authorities and other Kutuma tribes, he was forced to leave Ikjan and sought the protection of another Kutama tribe, the Banu Ghashman, in Tazrut (two miles southwest of Mila). From there, he began to build support for a new movement. Shortly after, the hostile Kutama tribes and the Arab lords of the nearby cities (Mila, 8537: 2462:, as the Sunni anti-caliph, but the latter's death in 1013 led to their surrender. Despite his policies against Christians and his demolition of the church in Jerusalem, al-Hakim maintained a ten-year truce with the Byzantines that began in 1001. For most of his reign, Aleppo remained a buffer state that paid tribute to Constantinople. This lasted until 1017, when the Fatimid 2587:, who had the longest reign in Fatimid history, serving as caliph from 1036 to 1094. However, he remained largely uninvolved in politics and left the government in the hands of others. He was seven years old at his accession and thus al-Jarjarā'ī continued to serve as vizier and his guardian. When al-Jarjarā'ī died in 1045 a series of court figures ran the government until 3131:

infamously set fire to Fustat in an attempt to deny the Crusaders a base from which to besiege the capital. After forcing the Crusaders to leave Egypt again, Shirkuh finally had Shawar murdered in 1169, with the agreement of Caliph al-Adid. Shirkuh himself was appointed as al-Adid's vizier, but he died unexpectedly two months later. The position passed to his nephew,

8152: 2986:, which was completed in 1125 and has largely survived to the present day. That same year, however, Caliph al-Amir had him arrested, probably due to his failure to resist the Crusaders or due to the caliph's resentment of his wealth and power. Three years later he was executed. Al-Amir then ruled the Caliphate personally, briefly interrupting the long period of 1096:, son of Isma'il and grandson of al-Sadiq. From Muhammad's father, Isma'il, the sect, which gave rise to the Fatimids, receives its name of "Isma'ili". Due to the harsh Abbasid persecution of the Alids, the Ismaili Imams went into hiding and neither Isma'il's nor Muhammad's lives are well known, and after Muhammad's death during the reign of 3505:, followed by Melkite Christians. A large number of Armenian immigrants also arrived in Egypt during the late 11th and early 12th centuries when Armenian viziers like Badr al-Jamali dominated the state, which led to the Armenian church establishing a foothold in the country as well. In addition to churches in towns and cities, Christian 3006:, sidelining the infant al-Ṭayyib and breaking with the tradition of the succession passing directly from father to son. Most of the Fatimid lands acknowledged his succession, but the Sulayhids in Yemen did not and broke away from the Caliphate in Cairo, recognizing al-Ṭayyib as the true Imam. This caused another schism between the 1610:, began in 916. The new city was officially inaugurated on 20 February 921, though construction continued after this. The new capital was removed from the Sunni stronghold of Kairouan, allowing for the establishment of a secure base for the Caliph and his Kutama forces without raising further tensions with the local population. 2795:, patronised by Badr, established itself in the country along with a clerical hierarchy. He commanded a large contingent of Armenian troops, many (if not all) of whom were also Christian. Badr also used his relations and influence with the Coptic Church for political advantage. In particular, he enlisted 1051:. This figure was widely expected – not just among the Shi'a – to be a descendant of Ali. Among Shi'a, however, this belief became a core tenet of their faith, and was applied to several Shi'a leaders who were killed or died; their followers believed that they had gone into " 3793:

and giving us the modern English name "Cairo". Cairo can thus be considered the capital of Fatimid cultural production. Though the original Fatimid palace complex, including administrative buildings and royal residents, no longer exists, modern scholars can glean a good idea of the original structure

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in 961 and conquered Tartus, Al-Masaisah, 'Ain Zarbah, among other areas, gaining complete control of Iraq and the Syrian borders, and earning the sobriquet "The Pale Death of the Saracens". With the Fatimids, however, he proved less successful. After renouncing his payments of tribute to the Fatimid

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It's unclear what number or percentage of the population inside the caliphate were actually Isma'ilis, but they always remained a minority. Historical chronicles report large numbers of enthusiastic converts in Egypt during the reign of al-'Aziz, but this trend dropped significantly around the middle

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besieged Ascalon, the last remaining Fatimid foothold in the Levant. In April, Ibn Sallar was murdered in a plot organized by Abbas, his stepson, and Abbas's son, Nasr. As no relieving force arrived, Ascalon surrendered in August, on the condition that the inhabitants could leave safely for Egypt. It

2049:). Cairo eventually judged him to be a little too popular as governor of Damascus and he was forced to move to Raqqa while Munir, a eunuch in the caliph's household (like Jawhar before him), took direct control in Damascus on behalf of the caliph. Further north, Aleppo remained out of reach and under 1390:

and in the fall of 905, after receiving further reinforcements, set out to march against Abu Abdallah. However, they were surprised by Kutama forces on the first day of their march, which caused a panic and scattered their army. The Aghlabid general fled and the Kutama captured a large booty. Another

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as it is one of the earliest Islamic dynasties for which enough materials survive for a detailed study of their evolution. The stylistic diversity of Fatimid art was also a reflection of the wider cultural environment of the Mediterranean world at this time. The most notable characteristics of their

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built during this period in the city as well as numerous palaces. When al-Manṣūr's successor, al-Mu'izz, moved the caliphate to Cairo he left his deputy, Buluggin ibn Ziri, as regent of Ifriqiya, marking the beginning of the city's Zirid period. In 1014–15 the Zirid ruler Badis ibn al-Mansur ordered

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Christians may have still constituted a majority of the population in Egypt during the Fatimid period, although scholarly estimates on this issue are tentative and vary between authors. The proportion of Christians would have likely been greater in the rural population than in the main cities. Among

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school, which had generally been favoured by the Aghlabids. In Egypt, the majority of Muslims were Sunni and remained so throughout the Fatimid period. Cognizant of this, the Fatimid authorities introduced Shi'a changes to religious rituals only gradually after Jawhar's conquest. It was also in this

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Al-Amir apparently had a son born shortly before his death, known as al-Ṭayyib. One of Al-Amir's cousins (a grandson of al-Mustansir), Abd al-Majid, had himself appointed regent. Under pressure from the army, one of al-Afdal's sons, Abu Ali Ahmad (known as Kutayfāt), was appointed vizier with titles

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Al-Hakim also alarmed his Isma'ili followers in several ways. In 1013 he announced the designation of two great-great-grandsons of al-Mahdi as two separate heirs: one, Abd al-Raḥīm ibn Ilyās, would inherit the title of caliphate as the role of political ruler, and the other, Abbās ibn Shu'ayb, would

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Upon assuming power in Raqqada, Abu Abdallah inherited much of the Aghlabid state's apparatus and allowed its former officials to continue working for the new regime. He established a new, Isma'ili Shi'a regime on behalf of his absent, and for the moment unnamed, master. He then led his army west to

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than hereditary. Members of other branches of Islam, like the Sunnis, were just as likely to be appointed to government posts as Shiites. Tolerance was extended to non-Muslims, such as Christians and Jews, who occupied high levels in government based on ability, and this policy of tolerance ensured

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independent rulers of Ifriqiya, while still officially maintaining their allegiance to the Fatimid caliphs. Caliph al-Aziz accepted this situation for pragmatic reasons to maintain his own formal status as universal ruler. Both dynasties exchanged gifts and the succession of new Zirid rulers to the

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ha-Mizraḥit ha-Yiśreʼelit, Ḥevrah (1988). Asian and African Studies, Volume 22. Jerusalem Academic Press. Muslim historians note the destruction of dozens of churches and the forced conversion of dozens of people to Islam under al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in Egypt ...These events also reflect the Muslim

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Among other things, al-Hakim was known for executing his officials when unsatisfied with them, seemingly without warning, rather than dismissing them from their posts as had been traditional practice. Many of the executions were members of the financial administration, which may mean that this was

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died in late 991. Manjūtakīn, the Turkish Fatimid commander, advanced methodically north along the Orontes valley. He took Homs and Hama in 992 and defeated a combined force from Hamdanid Aleppo and Byzantine-held Antioch. In 993 he took Shayzar and in 994 he began the siege of Aleppo. In May 995,

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in 969 (around the same time as Jawhar was arriving in Egypt), but he was forced to call off the advance in order to face a new threat from the east. The Qarmatis of Bahrayn, responding to the appeal of the recently defeated leaders of Damascus, had organized a large coalition of Arab tribesmen to

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On 25 February 909, Abu Abdallah set out from Ikjan with an army of 200,000 men for a final invasion of Kairouan. The remaining Aghlabid army, led by an Aghlabid prince named Ibrahim Ibn Abi al-Aghlab, met them near al-Aribus on 18 March. The battle lasted until the afternoon, when a contingent of

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Al-Mahdiyya, the first capital of the Fatimid dynasty, was established by its first caliph, 'Abdullāh al-Mahdī (297–322 AH/909–934 CE) in 300 AH/912–913 CE. The caliph had been residing in nearby Raqqada but chose this new and more strategic location in which to establish his dynasty. The city of

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A fundamental change occurred when the Fatimid Caliphate attempted to push into Syria in the latter half of the tenth century. The Fatimids were faced with the now Turkish-dominated forces of the Abbasid Caliphate and began to realize the limits of their current military. Thus during the reign of

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families, were also present in Egypt and welcomed the Fatimids as fellow Shi'as or as blood relatives, but without necessarily converting to Isma'ilism. Many non-Isma'ili Muslims also accepted the Fatimid caliphs as having legitimate rights to lead the Muslim community but did not accept the more

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Fatimid society was highly pluralistic. Isma'ili Shi'ism was the religion of the state and the caliph's court, but most of the population followed different religions or denominations. Most of the Muslim population remained Sunni, and a large part of the population remained Christian. Jews were a

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with his army through Anatolia, forcing Manjūtakīn to lift the siege and return to Damascus. Before another Fatimid expedition could be sent, Basil II negotiated a one-year truce with the caliph, which the Fatimids used to recruit and build new ships for their fleet. In 996 many of the ships were

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Bajkūr, based in Raqqa, made another unsuccessful attempt against Aleppo in 991 which resulted in his capture and execution. That same year, Ibn Killis died and Munir was accused of conducting treasonous correspondence with Baghdad. These difficulties triggered a strong response in Cairo. A major

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Once Egypt was sufficiently pacified and the new capital was ready, Jawhar sent for al-Mu'izz in Ifriqiya. The caliph, his court, and his treasury, departed from al-Mansuriyya in fall 972, traveling by land but shadowed by the Fatimid navy sailing along the coast. After making triumphant stops in

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by attacking and capturing the city of Mila for the first time. This news triggered a serious response from the Aghlabids, who sent a punitive expedition of 12,000 men from Tunis in October of the same year. Abu Abdallah's forces were unable to resist this counterattack and after two defeats they

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when the Fatimids arrived on the scene. It is during the Fatimid period, however, that Coptic religious culture began to be translated into Arabic. By the end of the Fatimid period (12th century), many Coptic Christians could no longer understand the Coptic language, and eventually its usage was

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Isma'ili unity was weakened over time by several schisms after the establishment of the caliphate (in addition to the Qarmatian schism before its establishment). The Druze, who believed in the divinity of Caliph al-Hakim, were suppressed in Egypt and elsewhere, but eventually found a home in the

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amir Jaharkas al-Khalili in 1385 to make way for the construction of a new merchant building (which gave its name to the present-day market). During the demolition, Jaharkas reportedly desecrated the bones of the Fatimid royal family by having them dumped into the rubbish hills east of the city.

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leaders acted as proxies whose formal allegiances oscillated between the Umayyads or the Fatimids depending on the circumstances. As a result of the political instability in the western Maghreb, effective Fatimid control did not extend much beyond the former territory of the Aghlabids. Masala's

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Berbers, the uprising spread through Ifriqiya, taking Kairouan and blockading al-Qa'im at al-Mahdiyya, which was besieged in January–September 945. Al-Qa'im died during the siege, but this was kept secret by his son and successor, Isma'il, until he had defeated Abu Yazid; he then announced his

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Al-Manṣūriyya (also known as Ṣabra al-Manṣūriyya) was established between 334 and 336 AH (945 and 948 CE) by the third Fatimid caliph al-Manṣūr (334–41 AH/946–53 CE) in a settlement known as Ṣabra, located on the outskirts of Kairouan in modern-day Tunisia. The new capital was established in

2666:. Viziers came and went in flurry, the bureaucracy broke down, and the caliph was unable or unwilling to assume responsibilities in their absence. Declining resources accelerated the problems among the different ethnic factions, and outright civil war began, primarily between the Turks under 3130:

Shawar's remaining years continued in chaos as he made shifting alliances with either the King of Jerusalem or with Nur al-Din, depending on circumstances. In 1167 the Crusaders pursued Shirkuh's forces in to Upper Egypt. In 1168 Shawar, worried about the possible Crusader capture of Cairo,

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took power in Tunis. These internal Aghlabid troubles gave Abu Abdallah the opportunity to recapture Mila and then go on to capture Setif, another fortified city, by October or November 904. In 905 the Aghlabids sent a third expedition to try and subdue the Kutama. They based themselves in

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After Ibn Killis became vizier in 979, the Fatimids changed tactics. Ibn Killis was able to subjugate most of Palestine and southern Syria (the former Ikhshidid territories) by paying off the Qarmatis with an annual tribute and making alliances with local tribes and dynasties, such as the

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Events degenerated in Egypt and Syria, however. Starting in 1060, various local leaders began to break away or challenge Fatimid dominion in Syria. While the ethnic-based army was generally successful on the battlefield, it had begun to have negative effects on Fatimid internal politics.

1092:. Another branch believed that Ja'far was followed by a seventh imam, who had gone into occultation and would one day return; hence this party is known as the "Seveners". The exact identity of that seventh imam was disputed, but by the late ninth century had commonly been identified with 1319:) allied together to march against him, but he was able to move quickly and muster enough support from friendly Kutama to defeat them one by one before they were able to unite. This first victory brought Abu Abdallah and his Kutama troops valuable loot and attracted more support to the 11085:

Originally based in Tunisia, the Fatimid Dynasty extended their rule across the Mediterranean coast of Africa and ultimately made Egypt the center of their caliphate. At its height, in addition to Egypt, the caliphate included varying areas of the Maghreb, Sicily, the Levant, and the

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and Twelver sources of course reject any Fatimid descent from the Alids altogether and consider them impostors. Abdallah's claim caused a rift in the Isma'ili movement, as Hamdan Qarmat and other leaders denounced this change and held onto the original doctrine, becoming known as the

1722:. Jawhar and Ziri returned to al-Mansuriyya in 960. The subjugated parts of Morocco, including Fez and Sijilmasa, were left under the control of local vassals while most of the central Maghreb (Algeria), including Tahert, was given to Ziri ibn Manad to govern on the caliph's behalf. 2539:, a former finance official, at their head. Fatimid control in Syria was threatened during the 1020s. In Aleppo, Fatāk, who had declared his independence, was killed and replaced in 1022, but this opened the way for a coalition of Bedouin chiefs from the Banu Kilab, Jarrahids, and 2905:. Although initially both sides intended to reach an agreement and an alliance against the Seljuk Turks, these negotiations would eventually break down. First contact seems to have been established by the crusaders who sent in May or June 1097, on suggestion of Byzantine Emperor 3161:

White was the dynastic colour of the Fatimids, in opposition to Abbasid black, while red and yellow banners were associated with the Fatimid caliph's person. Green is also cited as their dynastic colour, based on a tradition that the Islamic prophet Muhammad wore a green cloak.

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Al-Baṭā'iḥī took al-Afdal's place as vizier, but unlike his predecessors he had less support in the army and was ultimately reliant on the caliph for power. In 1124 he lost Tyre to the Crusaders. He was also responsible for constructing a small but notable mosque in Cairo, the

2847:, was also a victory monument commemorating vizier Badr's restoration of order for al-Mustansir. Between 1087 and 1092, the vizier also replaced the mudbrick walls of Cairo with new stone walls and slightly expanded the city. Three of its monumental gates still survive today: 12669:

Nevertheless, the Seljuqs of Syria kept the Crusaders occupied for several years until the reign of the last Fatimid Caliph al-Adid (1160–1171) when, in the face of a Crusade threat, the caliph appointed a warrior of the Seljuq regime by the name of Shirkuh to be his chief

3092:, to help. Tala'i drove out Abbas and Nasr from Cairo and became vizier that same year. Afterwards he also conducted renewed operations against the Crusaders, but he could do little more than harass them by sea. Al-Fa'iz died in 1160 and Tala'i was assassinated in 1161 by 1743:. While al-Mansur was campaigning to suppress the last remnants of the revolt, a new palace city was being constructed for him south of Kairouan. Construction began around 946 and it was only fully completed under al-Mansur's son and successor, al-Mu'izz. It was named 2056:

The incorporation of the Turkish troops into the Fatimid army had long-term consequences. On the one hand, they were a necessary addition to the military in order for the Fatimids to compete militarily with other powers in the region. The Fatimids began to recruit

1872:. In 988 the mosque also became an academic institution that was central in the dissemination of Isma'ili teachings. Until the last years of the Fatimid Caliphate, the economic centre of Egypt remained Fustat, where most of the general population lived and traded. 3002:. The coup did not last long, as Kutayfāt was assassinated in 1131 by al-Amir's followers in the Fatimid establishment. Abd al-Majid was released and resumed his role as regent. In 1132, however, he declared himself to be the new Imam-Caliph, taking the title of 3123:. The Crusaders had already forced Tala'i ibn Ruzzik to pay them a tribute in 1161 and had made an attempt to invade Egypt in 1162. When Shawar was driven out of Cairo by Dirgham in 1163, he sought refuge and help with Nur al-Din. Nur al-Din sent his general, 1230:, became the new head of the movement, and introduced a radical change in the doctrine: no longer was he and his forebears merely the stewards for Muhammad ibn Isma'il, but they were declared to be the rightful imams, and Abdallah himself was the awaited 2771:, a Turkmen of the Nawaki tribe, conquered Jerusalem in 1073 and Damascus in 1076 before attempting to invade even Egypt itself. After defeating him at a battle close to Cairo, Badr was able to start a counter-offensive to secure coastal cities, such as 2510:

inherit the imamate or religious leadership. This was a serious departure from a central purpose of the Fatimid Imam-Caliphs, which was to combine these two functions in one person. In 1015 he also suddenly halted the Isma'ili doctrinal lectures of the

1381:. In early 903 Abdallah II set out on another expedition to destroy Ikjan and the Kutama rebels, but he ended the expedition prematurely due to troubles at home arising from disputes over his succession. On 27 July 903 he was assassinated and his son 2970:. He managed to carry out various administrative reforms and infrastructural projects in the later years of al-Afdal's term, including the construction of an astronomical observatory in 1119. Al-Afdal's was assassinated in 1121, an act blamed on the 2966:, and Sidon falling to them between 1109 and 1110. The Fatimids retained Tyre, Ascalon, and Gaza with the help of their fleet. After 1107, a new rising star rose through the ranks of the regime in the form of Muḥammad ʿAlī bin Fatik, better known as 1836:, into Egypt, seemingly without opposition. The Qarmatis spent time occupying the Nile Delta region, which gave Jawhar time to organize a defense of Fustat and Cairo. The Qarmati advance was halted just north of the city and eventually routed. A 3615:

Religious diversity notwithstanding, the spread of Arabic as the main language of the population had already progressed rapidly before the Fatimid period. In parts of Egypt, Copts and possibly also some Muslim communities were still speaking

3572:

Jewish communities existed across the territories under Fatimid control and also enjoyed a degree of self-governance. Although a smaller minority compared to Christians and Muslims, their history is relatively well-documented thanks to the

9457:... it was at this time that an indigenous Arabic culture was developed in Egypt, and Arab Egypt, so to speak, came of age to the extent that it was able to rival older centres like Baghdad as a seat of learning and intellectual activity. 3676:

and, later, black Africans (even later, other groups such as Armenians were also used). The army units were generally separated along ethnic lines: the Berbers were usually the light cavalry and foot skirmishers, while the Turks were the

2441:

Al-Hakim greatly expanded the recruitment of Black Africans into the army, who subsequently became another powerful faction to balance against the Kutama, Turks, and Daylamis. In 1005, during his early reign, a dangerous uprising led by

2077:(upper Nile valley) were also recruited afterward. In the short term the Kutama warriors remained the most important troops of the Caliph, but resentment and rivalry eventually grew between the different ethnic components of the army. 2514:("sessions of wisdom") which had taken place regularly inside the palace. In 1021, while wandering the desert outside Cairo on one of his nightly excursions, he disappeared. He was purportedly murdered, but his body was never found. 1729:

as well. Nevertheless, by the time of al-Mahdi's death in 934, the Fatimid Caliphate "had become a great power in the Mediterranean". The reign of the second Fatimid imam-caliph, al-Qa'im, was dominated by the Kharijite rebellion of

1832:

attack him. Ja'far chose to confront them in the desert in August 971, but his army was surrounded and defeated and Ja'far himself was killed. A month later the Qarmati imam Hasan al-A'ṣam led the army, with new reinforcements from

1818:

Control of Egypt was secured with relative ease and soon afterward, in 970, Jawhar sent a force to invade Syria and remove the remaining Ikhshidids who had fled there from Egypt. This Fatimid force was led by a Kutama general named

1438:), expecting an attack from the north. However, Abu Abdallah's forces had been unable to capture the northerly city of Constantine and therefore they instead attacked along the southern road from Baghaya in early 908 and captured 3324:, a term which implied both certain restrictions and certain liberties, though the practical circumstances of this status varied from context to context. As elsewhere in the historic Muslim world, they were required to pay the 2790:

Badr made major reforms to the state, updating and simplifying the administration of Egypt. As he was of Armenian background, his term also saw a large influx of Armenian immigrants, both Christian and Muslim, into Egypt. The

3607:'s own loss of influence and to the Jewish community's engagement with the centralizing politics that Badr al-Jamali pursued around this time (which had already resulted in the transfer of the Coptic Patriarchate to Fustat). 3345:

There were exceptions to this general attitude of tolerance, however, most notably by Al-Hakim, though this has been highly debated, with Al-Hakim's reputation among medieval Muslim historians conflated with his role in the

2004:

tribes in Syria and invaded Palestine in the spring of 977. Jawhar, once again called into action, repelled their invasion and besieged Damascus. However he suffered a rout during the winter and was forced to hold out in

4048:

with full authority over Tayyibi religious matters. Tayyibi Isma'ili missionaries (in about 1067 AD (460 AH)) spread their religion to India, leading to the development of various Isma'ili communities, most notably the

2720:. Badr led his troops into Egypt, entered Cairo in January 1074, and successfully suppressed the different groups of the rebelling armies. As a result, Badr was made vizier, becoming one of the first military viziers ( 1686:, captured Fez from the Idrisids again, but in 932 defected to the Umayyads, taking the western Maghreb with him. The Umayyads gained the upper hand again in northern Morocco during the 950s, until the Fatimid general 2649:

as the new sharif and custodian of the holy sites under the suzerainty of the Fatimids. He returned to San'a where he established his family as rulers on behalf of the Fatimid caliphs. His brother founded the city of

2081:

military campaign was prepared to impose Fatimid control over all of Syria. Along the way, Munir was arrested in Damascus and sent back to Cairo. Circumstances were favourable to the Fatimids as the Byzantine emperor

3699:. This ethnic-based army system, along with the partial slave status of many of the imported ethnic fighters, would remain fundamentally unchanged in Egypt for many centuries after the fall of the Fatimid Caliphate. 1918:

trade allowed Fatimids to import other items from various parts of the world. The Fatimids built upon some of the bureaucratic foundations laid by the Ikhshidids and the old Abbasid imperial order. The office of the

1783:, another regional dynasty whose formal allegiance was to the Abbasids. Al-Mu'izz had given Jawhar specific instructions to carry out after the conquest, and one of his first actions was to found a new capital named 11030:

The Fatimid caliphate at its height included Egypt, Syria, the Hejaz, the Yemen, North Africa, and Sicily, and commanded the allegiance of countless followers in the eastern lands still subject to the Abbasids of

1236:. Various genealogies were later put forth by the Fatimids to justify this claim by proving their descent from Isma'il ibn Ja'far, but even in pro-Isma'ili sources, the succession and names of imams differ, while 2929:

with gifts as well as Frankish ambassadors. It is uncertain whether an agreement was reached but it seems that the parties expected to reach a conclusion in Cairo. Al-Afdal took then advantage of the crusader

859:

took on greater importance. Political and ethnic factionalism within the army led to a civil war in the 1060s, which threatened the empire's survival. After a period of revival during the tenure of the vizier

3603:. This official in the Egyptian capital became recognized afterward as the head and representative of the Jewish community in its dealings with the Fatimid state. This shift was likely due to the Jerusalem 3459:, and Maliki schools were beginning to think of themselves collectively, to one extent or another, as Sunni, which undermined the universalism that the Shi'a Isma'ilis promoted. Some Shi'as, including some 3400:) through a hierarchical organization. The Imam-Caliph, as successor to the Prophet Muhammad, was both the political and religious leader. Below the Imam-Caliph, the top of this hierarchy was headed by the 12822:

Den Heijer, Johannes; Immerzeel, Mat; Boutros, Naglaa Hamdi D.; Makhoul, Manhal; Pilette, Perrine; Rooijakkers, Tineke (2018). "Christian Art and Culture". In Melikian-Chirvani, Assadullah Souren (ed.).

2946:

in which al-Afdal was defeated. Nevertheless, the initial negotiations were held against the Fatimids and Ibn al-Athir wrote that it was said that the Fatimids had invited the crusaders to invade Syria.

2563:

and forced Aleppo to recognize his suzerainty. His death in 1034 changed the situation again and in 1036 peace was restored. In 1038 Aleppo was directly annexed by the Fatimids state for the first time.

2598:

In the 1040s (possibly in 1041 or 1044), the Zirids declared their independence from the Fatimids and recognized the Sunni Abbasid caliphs of Baghdad, which led the Fatimids to launch the devastating

836:. Egypt became the political, cultural, and religious centre of the empire and it developed a new and "indigenous Arabic culture". After its initial conquests, the caliphate often allowed a degree of 2099:

destroyed by a fire at al-Maqs, the port on the Nile near Fustat, further delaying the expedition. Finally, in August 996 al-Aziz died and the objective of Aleppo became secondary to other concerns.

1899:. Egypt flourished, and the Fatimids developed an extensive trade network both in the Mediterranean and in the Indian Ocean. Their trade and diplomatic ties, extending all the way to China under the 12711:

Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid, and Mamluk Eras III: Proceedings of the 6th, 7th and 8th International Colloquium Organized at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in May 1997, 1998, and 1999

10428: 1391:

Aghlabid military expedition organized the next year (906) failed when the soldiers mutinied. Around the same time or soon after, Abu Abdallah's forces besieged and captured the fortified cities of

10115:

Anderson, Glaire D.; Fenwick, Corisande; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (2017). "The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: An Introduction". In Anderson, Glaire D.; Fenwick, Corisande; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (eds.).

9331: 3777:

Cairo was established by the fourth Fatimid caliph, al-Mu'izz, in 359 AH/970 CE and remained the capital of the Fatimid caliphate for the duration of the dynasty. The city was officially named

3536:) during the patriarchate of Cyril II (1078–1092), due to the demands of Badr al-Jamali, who wished for the Coptic pope to stay close to the capital. The Church of the Virgin, now known as the 1414:, in response to the growing threat. He fortified Raqqada in 907. In early 907 another Aghlabid army marched eastwards again against Abu Abdallah, accompanied by Berber reinforcements from the 751:

imam. The Fatimids were acknowledged as the rightful imams by different Isma'ili communities as well as by denominations in many other Muslim lands and adjacent regions. Originating during the

13044:

Al Hakim Bi-Amr Allah (r. 996–1021), however, who became the greatest persecutor of Copts.... within the church that also appears to coincide with a period of forced rapid conversion to Islam

3412:

continued to be performed in secret as it had been before the caliphate's establishment, though the many missionaries maintained contact with the leadership in Ifriqiya or Egypt. Some of the

3599:

of Jerusalem with responsibilities as representative of the community. By 1100, however, a new position was established by Egyptian Jews in Fustat, known as the "Head of the Jews" or as the

15520: 13301:

Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk Eras IV: Proceedings of the 9th and 10th International Colloquium Organized at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in May 2000 and May 2001

8079: 1552:, the capital of the Fatimids' Abbasid rivals. The ambition to carry the revolution eastward had to be postponed after the failure of two successive invasions of Egypt, led by al-Qa'im, in 9711:

In the course of the later eleventh and twelfth century, however, the Fatimid caliphate declined rapidly, and in 1171 the caliphate was dissolved and the Fatimid dynasty was overthrown by

3298:

market. The remains of the early Fatimid caliphs in Ifriqiya were also transferred here when al-Mu'izz moved his capital to Cairo. However, the mausoleum was completely demolished by the

3524:

Within the Christian communities, and especially among Copts, there emerged a relatively affluent class of notables who served as scribes or administrators in the Fatimid regime. These

12656: 1939:. The office of the vizier became progressively more important over the years, as the vizier became the intermediary between the caliph and the large bureaucratic state that he ruled. 1864:

major cities along the way, the caliph arrived in Cairo on 10 June 973. Like other royal capitals before it, Cairo was constructed as an administrative and palatine city, housing the

1706:. Jawhar took Sijilmasa in September or October 958 and then, with the help of Ziri, his forces took Fez in November 959. He was unable, however, to dislodge the Umayyad garrisons in 12754:

Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2018). "The Fatimid Dream of a New Capital: Dynastic Patronage and Its Imprint on the Architectural Setting". In Melikian-Chirvani, Assadullah Souren (ed.).

9444: 864:, the Fatimid caliphate declined rapidly during the late eleventh and twelfth centuries. In addition to internal difficulties, the caliphate was weakened by the encroachment of the 3873:

exist in both Egypt and present-day Tunisia, particularly in the former capitals of Mahdia (al-Mahdiyya) and Cairo (al-Qahira). At Mahdia, the most important surviving monument is

1033:, whom their followers considered as the true representatives of God on earth. At the same time, there was a widespread messianic tradition in Islam concerning the appearance of a 3528:

used their wealth to patronize, and in turn influence, their churches. The state also had influence on the church, as demonstrated by the transfer of the Coptic Patriarchate from

2925:

of Jerusalem as well as stressing their friendly attitude towards Christians. The Fatimid embassy stayed for a month with the crusading forces before returning via the harbour of

2000:

refugee who had fled an unsuccessful rebellion in Baghdad with his own contingent of Turkish soldiers, became the protector of Damascus. He allied with the Qarmatis and with Arab

840:

towards non-Shia sects of Islam, as well as to Jews and Christians. However, its leaders made little headway in persuading the Egyptian population to adopt its religious beliefs.

3084:. The next year (1154), Nasr murdered al-Zafir, and Abbas, now vizier, declared his 5-year-old son 'Isa (al-Fa'iz) the new caliph. The women of the palace intervened, calling on 12071: 11541:. Since then the effort has gone into finding more plausible explanations in the political and religious circumstances in which al-Hakim took charge of the dynasty's fortunes." 3719:, but was forced by defeats on land and sea to evacuate the island completely. In 967, he made peace with the Fatimids and turned to defend himself against their common enemy, 18877: 6408: 9075:

The mostly hostile Sunni sources call him with the diminutive "Ubayd Allah", probably intended to be pejorative; and his dynasty is hence often called the "Ubaydid" dynasty (

2115:

that reestablished his authority in the region temporarily, until a final decisive Umayyad intervention in 984–985 put an end to further efforts. In 978 the caliph also gave

2009:

against Aftakin. When his Kutama soldiers mutinied in April 978, Caliph al-Aziz himself led an army to relieve him. Instead of returning to Damascus, Aftakin and his Turkish

17910: 15794: 3983:

and Al-Musta'li both claimed the right to rule, leading to a split into the Nizari and Musta'li factions respectively. Nizar's successors eventually came to be known as the

1823:. This invasion was successful at first and many cities, including Damascus, were occupied that same year. Ja'far's next step was to attack the Byzantines, who had captured 1914:. The Fatimid focus on agriculture further increased their riches and allowed the dynasty and the Egyptians to flourish. The use of cash crops and the propagation of the 1665:, which they subjugated on both occasions. Fez and Sijilmasa were also captured in 921. These two expeditions were led by Masala ibn Habus, who had been made governor of 2994:

similar to al-Adal and Badr al-Jamali. Kutayfāt attempted to depose the Fatimid dynasty by imprisoning Abd al-Majid and by declaring himself to be the representative of

1072:

as his successor, but Isma'il died before his father, and when al-Sadiq himself died in 765, the succession was left open. Most of his followers followed al-Sadiq's son

14386:

The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh. Part 1: The Years 491–541/1097–1146: The Coming of the Franks and the Muslim Response

17905: 17900: 9249: 485: 471: 457: 443: 429: 415: 401: 387: 362: 348: 334: 320: 2747:'commander of the armies') who would dominate late Fatimid politics. In 1078 al-Mustansir formally abdicated responsibility for all state affairs to him. His 1249:. The large-scale Abbasid reaction it precipitated and the attention it brought on him, forced Abdallah to abandon Salamiya for Palestine, Egypt, and finally for the 13725: 13686: 13006: 12964: 11072: 11017: 971:

movement "which was at the same time political and religious, philosophical and social," and which originally proclaimed nothing less than the arrival of an Islamic

2751:

rule initiated a temporary and limited revival of the Fatimid state, although it was now faced with serious challenges. Badr reestablished Fatimid authority in the

17193: 10470: 2938:

in April 1099 where an impasse was reached in regard to the question of ownership over Jerusalem. Following this, the crusaders crossed into Fatimid territory and

17075: 21844: 16443: 14883: 12732: 7726: 1086:. This branch is hence known as the "Twelvers". Others followed other sons, or even refused to believe that al-Sadiq had died, and expected his return as the 3866:

workshop. A vast collection of different luxury objects once existed within the caliph's palaces, but few examples of them have survived to the present day.

2602:

invasions of North Africa. Fatimid suzerainty over Sicily also faded as the Muslim polity there fragmented and external attacks increased. By 1060, when the

1364:

evacuated Tazrut (which was largely unfortified) and fled to Ikjan, leaving Mila to be retaken. Ikjan became the new center of the Fatimid movement and the

10412: 17060: 15683: 7791: 2934:

to reconquer Jerusalem in August 1098, possibly to be in a better position in the negotiations with the crusaders. The next time both parties met was at

12545: 11797: 11453: 9325: 21849: 14728: 9227: 6401: 11099: 3135:(known in the West as Saladin). Salah ad-Din was openly pro-Sunni and suppressed the Shi'a call to prayer, ended the Isma'ili doctrinal lectures (the 19918: 18432: 15787: 19326: 17159: 10271: 3702:

The Fatimids focused their military on the defence of the empire as threats presented, which they were able to repel. In the mid-10th century, the

2841:'the Mosque of the Armies'), was commissioned by Badr and completed in 1085 under the patronage of the caliph. The mosque, identified as a 13127: 12627: 3548:), both churches were residences of the Coptic pope and served as venues for the consecrations of new popes and other important religious events. 2871:

system also ate into Fatimid central authority, as more and more the military officers at the further ends of the empire became semi-independent.

1466:

and taking control of the region. The Aghlabids responded by besieging Baghaya soon afterward in the same winter, but they were quickly repelled.

1442:(present-day Haïdra). An indecisive battle subsequently occurred between the Aghalabid and Kutama armies near Dar Madyan (probably a site between 17679: 10770: 8919: 7973: 7866: 2674:. The depredations in the Nile Delta may have also been a turning point that accelerated the long-term decline of the Coptic community in Egypt. 13298:

Brett, Michael (2005). "Population and Conversion to Islam in Egypt in the Mediaeval Period". In Vermeulen, Urbain; Steenbergen, J. Van (eds.).

21814: 19923: 20613: 12181: 2954:

as a new regional rival and although many crusaders returned to Europe, having fulfilled their vows, the remaining forces, often aided by the

2033:, Bajkūr, who appointed governor of Damascus at this time. That same year he tried and failed to take Aleppo, but he was soon able to conquer 18301: 12650: 8007: 6394: 1580:

describes the early Fatimid state as being, in essence, "a hegemony of the Kutama and Sanhaja Berbers over the eastern and central Maghrib".

14847: 8454: 3660:

tribesmen brought along on the march to Egypt, and they remained an important part of the military even after Ifriqiya began to break away.

21804: 19972: 15780: 15295: 8565: 8114: 8073: 8012: 2909:, an embassy to al-Afdal. In return the Fatimids dispatched an embassy to the crusading forces which arrived in February 1098 during their 2867:

As the military viziers effectively became heads of state, the Caliph himself was reduced to the role of a figurehead. The reliance on the

2146: 1606:

In 912, al-Mahdi began looking for the site of a new capital along the Mediterranean shore. Construction of the new fortified palace city,

1505:

Sijilmasa, whence he led Abdallah in triumph to Raqqada, which he entered on 15 January 910. There Abdallah publicly proclaimed himself as

1129:, "invitation, calling"), and prepare his return. The head of this secret network was the living proof of the imam's existence, or "seal" ( 9123: 3330:

tax. Scholars generally agree that, on the whole, Fatimid rule was highly tolerant and inclusive towards different religious communities.

1807:, "The Subduer", rising in the sky at the time when the construction of the city started. The city was located several miles northeast of 1121:

Muhammad ibn Isma'il remained hidden, however, he would need to be represented by agents, who would gather the faithful, spread the word (

17090: 15282: 15278: 13545:

Bloom, Jonathan M. "Fāṭimid art and architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

7929: 7856: 3127:, to seize Egypt and reinstall Shawar as vizier. The accomplished this task in the summer of 1164, when Dirgham was defeated and killed. 14088: 9723:

and established Ayyubid suzerainty not only over Egypt and Syria but, as mentioned above, temporarily over northern Mesopotamia as well.

9405: 9297: 17927: 17895: 15287: 9033: 3143:. He finally and officially deposed al-Adid, the last Fatimid caliph, in September 1171. This ended the Fatimid dynasty and began the 19311: 18756: 18284: 17766: 17164: 17080: 8464: 3545: 3096:, a sister of al-Zafir. Tala'i's son, Ruzzīk ibn Ṭalā'i', held the office of vizier until 1163, when he was overthrown and killed by 2767:

who had conquered much of the Middle East and had become the guardians of the Abbasid Caliphs as well as independent Turkmen groups.

13461: 3055:

Al-Hafiz was the last Fatimid caliph to rule directly and the last one to ascend to the throne as an adult. The last three caliphs,

1657:, which had been briefly captured by Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i in 909, had to be retaken by the Fatimid general Masala ibn Habus of the 1395:

and Bilizma. The capture of Tubna was significant as it was the first major commercial center to come under Abu Abdallah's control.

18768: 18159: 17181: 15550: 10504:

Metcalfe, Alex. "Italy, Islam in premodern". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

7010: 6447: 2399: 1245:", while other communities remained loyal to Salamiya. Shortly after, in 902–903, pro-Fatimid loyalists began a great uprising in 18203: 17937: 17144: 17065: 14864: 14858: 13775:

The Rise of the Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Fourth Century of the Hijra, Tenth Century CE

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and then accepted as the Imam of the movement, becoming the first Caliph and founder of the dynasty in 909. In 921, the city of

21774: 19896: 19618: 19192: 19094: 17480: 17085: 16033: 14721: 12055: 7886: 7120: 3541: 2609:

began his conquest of the island (completed in 1091), the Kalbid dynasty, along with any Fatimid authority, were already gone.

1947: 1927:), which existed under the Ikhshidids, was soon revived under the Fatimids. The first to be appointed to this position was the 14870: 1572:, so that the real power base of Fatimids in Ifriqiya was quite narrow, resting on the Kutama soldiery, later extended by the 21819: 21566: 20948: 20189: 19005: 17095: 17052: 15728: 15555: 14373: 14318: 14108: 14078: 13978: 13956: 13929: 13905: 13802: 13639: 13471: 13309: 13072:

By late 1012 the persecution had moved into high gear with demolitions of churches and the forced conversion of Christian ...

13000: 12958: 12709:

Lev, Y. 2001. "Aspects of the Egyptian Society in the Fatimid Period". In Vermeulen, Urbain & J. van Steenbergen (eds.).

12065: 11608: 11223: 11066: 11011: 10920: 10464: 10126: 9503: 9478: 9438: 9367: 9291: 6849: 6549: 3961: 3595:

of Jerusalem, who appointed judges and other Jewish community officials across the region. The Fatimids formally charged the

2459: 2112: 2029:

Bultakīn finally succeeded in occupying the city for the Fatimids in 983, demonstrating the value of this new force. Another

1661:

tribe. The first Fatimid expeditions to what is now northern Morocco occurred in 917 and 921 and were primarily aimed at the

13276: 12584: 10679:"Sabra Al-Mansuriyya And Her Neighbors During The First Half Of The Eleventh Century: Investigations Into Stucco Decoration" 9698: 9373: 9253: 8234: 3913:, near Khan el-Khalili. Parts of the city walls constructed by Badr al-Jamali—most notably three of its gates—also survive. 21794: 21784: 19353: 19338: 18829: 18483: 18427: 18383: 18196: 17870: 17860: 17820: 15803: 15545: 15402: 12608:"The symbolism of the Arab flag in modern Arab states: between commonality and uniqueness*: The Symbolism of the Arab Flag" 8444: 6472: 21472: 18677: 15921: 12213: 21769: 18488: 18228: 18114: 14570: 8689: 7861: 7784: 7305: 3294:("the Saffron Tomb"), located at the southern end of the eastern Fatimid palace in Cairo on the site now occupied by the 1541:, which was suppressed. At the same time, al-Mahdi repudiated the millenarian hopes of his followers and curtailed their 631: 14304: 14255: 14206: 13891: 13835: 10604:

Eustache, D. (2012). "Idrīsids". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).

8484: 21834: 21789: 21618: 20618: 19950: 19797: 19130: 18941: 18872: 18751: 18373: 18250: 17917: 17798: 17725: 17713: 17674: 15763: 15515: 14931: 14907: 14852: 14501: 14394: 14340: 13783: 13389: 13270: 13103: 13065: 13037: 12864: 12832: 12578: 12539: 12113: 11962: 11791: 11447: 10972: 10422: 9692: 9221: 9179: 8956: 8909: 8709: 8669: 7968: 7918: 6936: 3496:(partly visible behind the screen here) dating from the late 12th or 13th century, before the church's later renovation 2800: 1450:), with neither side gaining the upper hand. During the winter of 908–909 Abu Abdallah campaigned in the region around 2942:

in July 1099 while al-Afdal was leading a relief army trying to reach the city. The two forces finally clashed in the

2535:. She served as his regent until her death in 1023, at which point an alliance of courtiers and officials ruled, with 1875:

Under the Fatimids, Egypt became the centre of an empire that included at its peak parts of North Africa, Sicily, the

21824: 21764: 20262: 18476: 18005: 16947: 16901: 16561: 16555: 14903: 14714: 14555: 14513: 14480: 14457: 14434: 14118: 13110:

With the succession of al-Zahir to the Fatimid caliphate a mass persecution (known by the Druze as the period of the

11213: 10910: 10816: 9776: 3540:, became the new seat of the Patriarchate, along with an alternative church compound built on the upper floor of the 2646: 2527:

After al-Hakim's death his two designated heirs were killed, putting an end to his succession scheme, and his sister

1653:

and were hostile to the Fatimids' pretensions—in an effort to establish domination over the western Maghreb. In 911,

13259:

Gabra, Gawdat; van Loon, Gertrud J.M.; Reif, Stefan; Swelim, Tarek (2013). Ludwig, Carolyn; Jackson, Morris (eds.).

12724: 21809: 19965: 19363: 19212: 19202: 18609: 18272: 17995: 16818: 16674: 16209: 16105: 8558: 8284: 8107: 7578: 7385: 7353: 6909: 5078: 3901:, was named in honour of Fatimah (the daughter of Muhammad from whom the Fatimids claimed descent), who was called 3640: 897: 3521:, were also present in Fustat and Alexandria, moving goods between Egypt and the rest of the Mediterranean world. 3416:

s (missionaries) abroad sometimes came to Cairo and became important figures in the state, as with the example of

2130:(central Algeria) to the former Fatimid capital al-Mansuriyya, cementing the status of the Zirids as more or less 21749: 21244: 20215: 19930: 19699: 19631: 19571: 19348: 18968: 18936: 18689: 18415: 17825: 17545: 17302: 17118: 9154: 8622: 8249: 8026: 7992: 7523: 5360: 3366:

faced a mass persecution, which included large massacres against the Druze in Antioch, Aleppo, and other cities.

3025:, a Christian Armenian, to the office of vizier. Opposition from Muslim troops forced him to leave in 1137, when 2196: 20406: 10887: 8474: 7934: 4743: 1161:, with Abdallah al-Akbar being succeeded by his son and grandson as the secret "grand masters" of the movement. 21839: 20028: 19865: 19760: 19182: 18537: 18331: 18294: 17367: 16925: 16823: 15540: 14784: 14000: 13762: 13719: 13680: 11100:"The Nile: Its Role in the Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Fatimid Dynasty During its Rule of Egypt (969–1171)" 9026: 8066: 7987: 7166: 6854: 6040: 4568: 3812: 3217: 2532: 1535:. The elimination of Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i and his brother led to an uprising among the Kutama, led by a child- 1017:

caliphates, whom they considered usurpers. Instead, they believed in the exclusive right of the descendants of

924: 76: 21682: 19792: 19358: 19333: 19255: 19150: 18824: 18619: 18025: 17550: 17533: 16735: 16494: 16229: 15697: 15525: 15075: 14949: 14920: 12529: 11781: 11437: 10963:

Daftary, Farhad (2018). "The Fatimid Caliphs: Rise and Fall". In Melikian-Chirvani, Assadullah Souren (ed.).

8649: 7389: 7030: 6884: 6814: 2914: 2547:

to take the city in 1024 or 1025 and to begin imposing their control on the rest of Syria. Al-Jarjarā'ī sent

2536: 1695: 1382: 767:

the center of the caliphate. At its height, the caliphate included—in addition to Egypt—varying areas of the

18736: 9211: 5605: 3238:(1101–1130). The Fatimid rulers of Egypt after him are not recognized as Imams by Mustaali/Taiyabi Ismailis. 21677: 21561: 19343: 18800: 18604: 18572: 18388: 18020: 17890: 17813: 17287: 17264: 16884: 16740: 16730: 16636: 16347: 15510: 14842: 14759: 11130: 8719: 8207: 8036: 7141: 6834: 4865: 4178: 4038:

and then Yahya ibn Lamak worked for the cause of the Fatimids. After At-Tayyib's disappearance, Arwa named

3183: 2435: 2434:), which was unprecedented, and in 1009, for reasons that remain unclear, he ordered the demolition of the 1592: 1520: 13382:

Jewish Self-Government in Medieval Egypt: The Origins of the Office of the Head of the Jews, ca. 1065–1126

7835: 2990:

rule by the caliph's viziers. Al-Amir himself was assassinated in 1130, probably by the Nizari Assassins.

2446:

was successfully put down but had come within striking distance of Cairo. In 1012 the leaders of the Arab

1959:. Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo, inv. no. 13703. Attribution to the Fatimid period is sometimes questioned. 21799: 21687: 20724: 20023: 19860: 19652: 19647: 19265: 19051: 18963: 18805: 18547: 18437: 18260: 18055: 17922: 17865: 17761: 17636: 17389: 17254: 17070: 16838: 16631: 16066: 15500: 15392: 15125: 15060: 15009: 14328: 13860:(2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol I, pp. 187–91. 9766: 8986: 8551: 8341: 8132: 8100: 8060: 7323: 6809: 6621: 6477: 4100: 2967: 2796: 2422:

al-Hakim's way of trying to impose discipline in an institution rife with corruption. He also opened the

1207: 1179: 903:. The dynasty legitimized its claim through descent from Muhammad by way of his daughter and her husband 10263: 5535: 3819:

Plate with Bird Motif, 11th century. Archaeological digs have found many kilns and ceramic fragments in

3585:. Traditionally, up until the late 11th century, the most powerful head of the Jewish community was the 2414:

After al-Aziz's unexpected death, his young son al-Mansur, 11 years old, was installed on the throne as

21759: 21744: 19913: 19750: 19611: 19421: 19321: 19087: 18958: 18763: 18660: 18643: 18626: 18567: 18393: 18348: 18279: 18218: 18191: 17835: 17694: 17473: 17149: 17032: 16549: 16026: 15702: 15678: 15535: 15300: 15040: 13138: 12855:

Sanders, Paula (2018). "Jewish Books in Fatimid Egypt". In Melikian-Chirvani, Assadullah Souren (ed.).

12607: 7779: 7216: 7185: 6839: 6572: 3999: 3967: 3890: 2955: 975:. The origins of that movement and of the dynasty itself, are obscure prior to the late ninth century. 14416:

The History of the Crusades Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem

10780: 7825: 21779: 21645: 20793: 20357: 20169: 20047: 19855: 19782: 19672: 19245: 18924: 18867: 18834: 18599: 18509: 18471: 18466: 18454: 18353: 18045: 18015: 18000: 17752: 17229: 16930: 16759: 16455: 16235: 16198: 15718: 15690: 15458: 15090: 14965: 14889: 14814: 14769: 14754: 14291: 14238: 13878: 12771:

Le Khan al-Khalili et ses environs: Un centre commercial et artisanal au Caire du XIIIe au XXe siècle

9019: 8583: 8435: 7151: 7112: 6914: 6654: 6633: 6617: 4334: 3894: 3355: 3253: 3195: 3060: 3036: 2939: 2792: 2667: 1776: 1691: 1618: 1560:. In addition, the Fatimid regime was as yet unstable. The local population were mostly adherents of 1303:

Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i first settled among the Banu Saktan tribe (part of the larger Kutama tribe) in

829: 825: 255: 13574: 10533: 3827:

The Fatimids were known for their exquisite arts. The Fatimid period is important in the history of

3823:, and it was likely an important production location for Islamic ceramics during the Fatimid period. 2552: 21603: 21578: 21428: 21087: 21082: 20179: 19755: 19711: 19520: 19444: 19000: 18980: 18788: 18614: 18410: 18398: 18235: 18213: 17880: 17830: 17771: 17730: 17606: 17601: 17567: 17528: 17384: 17113: 16937: 16710: 16248: 15505: 15247: 12177: 9055: 8792: 8640: 8171: 7194: 7136: 7102: 7005: 6284: 4956: 4003: 3931: 3177: 3068: 2931: 1812: 1259: 1227: 1069: 1026: 987: 908: 805: 793: 203: 1482: 1262:

had made great headway in converting the Kutama Berbers to the Isma'ili cause. Unable to join his

21670: 21551: 21092: 21045: 20988: 20687: 20631: 20379: 19960: 19940: 19845: 19835: 19733: 19416: 19250: 19207: 18909: 18532: 18267: 18119: 18092: 18077: 18072: 17808: 17708: 17247: 16121: 15621: 15560: 14746: 14070:

The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century

8947: 8679: 8212: 8086: 7982: 7808: 7796: 7571: 7483: 7479: 7298: 7146: 7107: 6844: 6819: 6030: 4256: 3949: 3922: 3874: 3736: 3417: 3189: 3171: 2479: 2294: 1740: 1683: 1378: 1093: 979: 624: 184: 17: 16275: 12899:

Yarbrough, Luke (2019). "Medieval Sunni historians on Fatimid policy and non-Muslim influence".

12827:. Toronto; Munich: Aga Khan Museum; The Institute of Ismaili Studies; Hirmer. pp. 190–217. 7507: 3446:. The Maliki school had become predominant here during the eighth century at the expense of the 1725:

All this warfare in the Maghreb and Sicily necessitated the maintenance of a strong army, and a

1646: 569: 21692: 21593: 21588: 21276: 21224: 21144: 21077: 20981: 20966: 20859: 20626: 20580: 20421: 20308: 19689: 19177: 19125: 19061: 18990: 18919: 18741: 18709: 18403: 18341: 18336: 18050: 17515: 17399: 17328: 17297: 17237: 16219: 16214: 16132: 15879: 15263: 15135: 15080: 14960: 14897: 14799: 14100: 13490:, 2nd ed., Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. 13438:, 2nd ed., Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. 13420:, 2nd ed., edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. 12859:. Toronto; Munich: Aga Khan Museum; The Institute of Ismaili Studies; Hirmer. pp. 218–29. 9103: 8238: 8002: 7876: 7803: 7176: 6767: 6559: 6544: 6135: 6080: 5073: 3937: 3281:, wife of the seventh caliph Ali al-Zahir and mother of the eighth caliph al-Mustansir bi-llāh. 3235: 2893: 2887: 2883: 2730: 2634: 2588: 2427: 1352: 880:, which incorporated Egypt back into the nominal sphere of authority of the Abbasid Caliphate. 697: 14468: 14445: 14193: 14043:

Hofer, Nathan (2017). "Sufism in Fatimid Egypt and The Problem of Historiographical Inertia".

13709: 13670: 13629: 13262:

The History and Religious Heritage of Old Cairo: Its Fortress, Churches, Synagogue, and Mosque

12990: 12948: 11056: 11001: 3333:

Unlike western European governments of the era, advancement in Fatimid state offices was more

3119:, who was now in control of Damascus and a large part of Syria, and of the King of Jerusalem, 2025:. Following another failed attempt by a Kutama general, Salman, to take Damascus, the Turkish 1896: 786:

Between 902 and 909, the foundation of the Fatimid state was realized under the leadership of

21623: 21583: 21396: 21271: 20335: 20325: 20284: 20255: 20127: 20112: 20069: 20059: 19998: 19903: 19891: 19777: 19743: 19721: 19694: 19604: 19538: 19485: 19449: 19411: 19373: 19280: 19080: 18995: 18887: 18857: 18746: 18726: 18672: 18584: 18223: 18181: 18176: 18154: 17962: 17952: 17737: 17616: 17584: 17466: 17345: 17323: 16142: 16019: 15975: 15668: 15463: 15320: 15130: 15001: 14954: 14936: 14779: 14363: 12933:

Robert Ousterhout, "Rebuilding the Temple: Constantine Monomachus and the Holy Sepulchre" in

12758:. Toronto; Munich: Aga Khan Museum; The Institute of Ismaili Studies; Hirmer. pp. 44–67. 9428: 9399: 9281: 7733: 7424: 7161: 7065: 6641: 6125: 6095: 4490: 3906: 3669: 3480: 3207: 3015: 3011: 2663: 2560: 2548: 2498: 2415: 1865: 1848:, was retaken by the Fatimids in May 972, but otherwise the progress in Syria had been lost. 1583: 848: 21511: 13752: 10454: 3789:), which can be translated as the "Victorious City of al-Mu'izz", known afterward simply as 3731: 3723:, who had proclaimed himself Roman Emperor and had attacked Byzantine possessions in Italy. 3317:

smaller minority. As in other Islamic societies of the time, non-Muslims were classified as

1135:). It is this role that the ancestors of the Fatimids are first documented. The first known 21716: 21546: 21516: 21391: 21322: 21293: 21212: 20546: 20384: 20374: 20079: 20013: 19935: 19765: 19738: 19439: 19406: 19378: 19224: 19155: 19145: 18862: 18812: 18682: 17786: 17776: 17012: 16919: 16864: 15987: 15723: 15608: 15530: 15468: 15446: 15145: 15140: 15120: 15055: 15019: 14997: 14969: 14690: 8699: 8659: 7851: 7542: 7213: 6990: 6824: 6787: 6717: 6707: 6529: 6269: 6150: 4738: 3980: 3943: 3870: 3832: 3807: 3707: 3351: 3120: 3111:. The internal disorder of the Caliphate attracted the attention and meddling of the Sunni 3085: 3072: 3040: 3026: 3007: 2971: 2951: 1932: 1833: 1820: 1491: 1387: 21496: 11593:

L'Eurasie autour de l'an 1000. Cultures, religions et sociétés d'un monde en développement

10967:. Toronto; Munich: Aga Khan Museum; The Institute of Ismaili Studies; Hirmer. p. 27. 1760: 1047:("He Who Arises"), who would restore true Islamic government and justice and usher in the 8: 21754: 21408: 21288: 21254: 21156: 20976: 20971: 20783: 20502: 20438: 20313: 20298: 20174: 20074: 19945: 19368: 19140: 18973: 18953: 18773: 18721: 18716: 18655: 18557: 18240: 18171: 18166: 17885: 17589: 17242: 17123: 17017: 16833: 16330: 16127: 15738: 15658: 15210: 15100: 14789: 14092: 13864: 13515:

Mason, Robert B.; Keall, Edward J. (1990). "Petrography of Islamic pottery from Fustat".

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Islamic History of the Middle East: Backgrounds, Development, and Fall of the Arab Empire

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The Aghlabids and their Neighbors: Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century North Africa

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Badr al-Jamali died in 1094 (along with Caliph al-Mustansir that same year) and his son

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The new regime regarded its presence in Ifriqiya as only temporary: the real target was

21829: 21521: 21501: 21484: 21435: 21300: 21109: 21060: 20993: 20911: 20852: 20847: 20842: 20798: 20768: 20660: 20558: 20426: 20401: 20159: 20084: 20064: 20033: 19955: 19908: 19823: 19772: 19490: 19459: 19316: 19275: 19260: 19233: 18783: 18694: 18594: 18461: 18289: 18255: 18208: 18186: 18082: 17984: 17855: 17742: 17689: 17404: 17318: 17169: 17105: 16913: 16889: 16566: 16544: 16504: 16394: 16307: 16258: 16224: 16115: 15819: 15743: 15633: 15451: 15219: 15205: 15110: 14146: 14138: 13797:. The Edinburgh History of the Islamic Empires. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 13562: 13520: 13359: 12916: 12026: 12018: 10775: 10700: 10521: 9427:

Julia Ashtiany; T.M. Johnstone; J.D. Latham; R.B. Serjeant; G. Rex Smith, eds. (1990).

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in 958 and spent two years subjugating most of northern Morocco. He was accompanied by

1171: 1065: 817: 617: 536: 478: 242: 105: 15772: 14282: 14233: 14184: 13869: 13817: 5655: 2482:. After a year or two, however, Fatāk made himself effectively independent in Aleppo. 1645:

For a large part of the tenth century the Fatimids also engaged in a rivalry with the

1415: 21630: 21526: 21462: 21457: 21386: 21283: 20998: 20926: 20921: 20763: 20692: 20670: 20665: 20465: 20416: 20094: 20018: 19879: 19728: 19706: 19533: 19525: 19505: 19299: 19285: 19160: 19037: 18931: 18731: 18638: 18589: 18542: 18527: 18442: 18358: 18245: 18143: 18124: 17957: 17626: 17557: 17540: 17523: 17379: 17374: 17279: 17269: 17259: 16942: 16828: 16780: 16623: 16534: 16295: 16285: 16270: 16265: 16098: 15861: 15831: 15825: 15583: 15267: 15239: 14637: 14530: 14497: 14476: 14453: 14430: 14390: 14369: 14336: 14314: 14265: 14216: 14167: 14150: 14104: 14074: 14031: 14023: 14014: 13996: 13974: 13952: 13925: 13901: 13845: 13798: 13779: 13758: 13715: 13676: 13635: 13550: 13467: 13385: 13363: 13305: 13266: 13099: 13061: 13033: 12996: 12954: 12920: 12882:

Medieval Encounters: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Culture in Confluence and Dialogue

12860: 12828: 12623: 12574: 12535: 12109: 12061: 12030: 11958: 11787: 11604: 11588: 11443: 11262: 11219: 11180: 11122: 11062: 11007: 10968: 10916: 10812: 10509: 10460: 10418: 10122: 9772: 9688: 9499: 9474: 9434: 9363: 9287: 9217: 9115: 8841: 8821: 8811: 8754: 8613: 8370: 8360: 8303: 8293: 7757: 7674: 7666: 7586: 7515: 7397: 7242: 7232: 7092: 7041: 6995: 6782: 6175: 6020: 5625: 5255: 5245: 5130: 4044: 3359: 3081: 3048: 2995: 2943: 2843: 2671: 2606: 2316: 2254: 2108: 1780: 1614: 1077: 1001:, who converted to the Fatimid cause early and made up its original military forces. 752: 728: 579: 551: 546: 541: 422: 394: 367: 353: 325: 229: 18793: 9426: 3452: 3080:

was allegedly brought from Ascalon to Cairo, where it was housed in what is now the

2763:

were able to hold on in Yemen. Syria, however, saw the advance of the Sunni-aligned

2119:

to Buluggin to govern, though Zirid authority there was later replaced by the local

1182:

of their leadership and the recent disappearance of the twelfth imam. Missionaries (

21479: 21266: 21261: 21217: 21204: 21134: 21102: 21097: 20961: 20956: 20938: 20899: 20832: 20815: 20756: 20746: 20741: 20682: 20638: 20608: 20568: 20551: 20534: 20497: 20248: 20208: 20154: 20117: 20104: 19986: 19850: 19840: 19662: 19639: 19564: 19473: 19454: 19394: 19187: 19112: 18892: 18849: 18819: 18667: 18449: 18378: 18320: 18035: 18030: 18010: 17932: 17747: 17648: 17579: 17562: 17503: 17409: 17394: 17154: 16859: 16581: 16519: 16509: 16499: 16484: 16290: 16193: 16165: 16053: 15891: 15873: 15843: 15305: 15235: 15225: 15195: 15115: 15014: 14982: 14925: 14764: 14602: 14518: 14277: 14228: 14179: 14130: 14052: 13351: 12908: 12619: 12010: 11596: 11252: 11192: 11114: 10690: 9163: 9049: 8976: 8871: 8592: 8197: 7955: 7698: 7610: 7552: 7449: 7260: 7025: 6772: 6517: 6329: 6325: 6314: 6295: 5960: 5940: 5920: 5840: 5635: 5515: 5440: 5430: 5380: 5310: 5210: 5160: 4066: 3897:. Al-Azhar Mosque, which was also a center of learning and teaching known today as 3848:

inscriptions. Among the best-known art forms that flourished are a type of ceramic

3711: 3703: 3578: 3404:

or "supreme missionary". Newcomers to the doctrine were initiated by attending the

3299: 3116: 3032: 3022: 2959: 2918: 2910: 2901:

During al-Afdal's tenure (1094–1121) the Fatimids faced a new external threat: the

2760: 2544: 2471: 2376: 2090: 2050: 1964: 1911: 1687: 1662: 1622: 1496: 950:), after the diminutive form Ubayd Allah for the name of the first Fatimid caliph. 716: 655: 584: 450: 339: 269: 133: 18704: 14019: 13355: 12912: 12880:

Fierro, Maribel (2015). "Dhimmīs in Fatimid Egypt: A View from the Islamic West".

10414:

Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800

7881: 3338:

the flow of money from non-Muslims in order to finance the Caliphs' large army of

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In 988 Buluggin's son and successor al-Mansur moved the Zirid dynasty's base from

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succeeded him in power as vizier. After al-Mustansir, the Caliphate passed on to

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in Yemen built a fortress and recruited tribes with which he was able to capture

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Map of Abu Abdallah's campaigns and battles during the overthrow of the Aghlabids

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forces paved the way for the establishment of the Caliphate. After the conquest,

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Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God

521: 27:"Fatimids" redirects here. For the ruling dynasty of the Fatimid Caliphate, see 21640: 21635: 21598: 21573: 21556: 21467: 21452: 21423: 21381: 21229: 21189: 21184: 21139: 21065: 21025: 21015: 21005: 20820: 20699: 20593: 20460: 20342: 20224: 20184: 20164: 20089: 19804: 19667: 19580: 19545: 19515: 19510: 19031: 18985: 18839: 18778: 18562: 18363: 17875: 17803: 17662: 17596: 17447: 17174: 17027: 16869: 16571: 15981: 15969: 15957: 15909: 15673: 15095: 14794: 14774: 14583: 14522: 14299: 14287: 14250: 14246: 14201: 14197: 13915: 13886: 13874: 13830: 13826: 12204: 9720: 9404:. Washington, D.C.: Department of Defense, Department of the Army. p. 15. 9149: 9145: 8774: 8744: 8541: 8380: 8224: 7813: 7770: 7690: 7491: 7470: 7368: 7180: 7156: 7082: 6971: 6956: 6879: 6662: 6340: 6250: 6194: 5970: 5860: 5790: 5490: 4759: 4412: 4062: 4014:) claimed Al-Amir died without an heir. The supporters of At-Tayyib became the 3837: 3692: 3673: 3665: 3537: 3510: 3485: 3229: 3201: 3077: 3044: 2879: 2823: 2768: 2713: 2705: 2686: 2618: 2494: 2216: 2174: 1980: 1976: 1968: 1936: 1840:

relief force arriving by sea secured the expulsion of the Qarmatis from Egypt.

1699: 1542: 1459: 1374: 1359:, Abu Abdallah struck the first significant blow against Aghlabid authority in 1343: 1246: 998: 865: 861: 844: 763:). They extended their rule across the Mediterranean coast and ultimately made 162: 14134: 11257: 11240: 11197: 10695: 10678: 6492: 3556: 3021:

In 1135 al-Hafiz was pressured by the Fatimid Armenian troops into appointing

2061:

much as the Abbasids had done before them. They were soon joined by recruited

1747:(also known as Sabra al-Mansuriyya) and became the new seat of the caliphate. 855:

entrenched a regime in which the caliph remained aloof from state affairs and

832:, and in 973, the caliphate was moved to the newly founded Fatimid capital of 21738: 21721: 21608: 21403: 21376: 21349: 21327: 21305: 21072: 21055: 21040: 20884: 20837: 20825: 20751: 20643: 20517: 20512: 20487: 20369: 20149: 20132: 19500: 19270: 19165: 19120: 18914: 18902: 18897: 18577: 17667: 17350: 17187: 17037: 16576: 16539: 16514: 16399: 15951: 15939: 15927: 15903: 15490: 15439: 15411: 15407: 15377: 15330: 15191: 15185: 14977: 14620: 14534: 14295: 14269: 14242: 14220: 14189: 14171: 14035: 13882: 13849: 13822: 13812: 13554: 12986: 12570:

A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen

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By 1072, in a desperate attempt to save Egypt, al-Mustansir recalled general

2595:

of Palestinian origin, took and kept the office of vizier from 1050 to 1058.

2502: 2485: 2467: 2338: 2013:

joined the Fatimid army and became a useful instrument in the Syrian effort.

1997: 1845: 1703: 1600: 1316: 1191: 1152: 1140: 1073: 983: 964: 436: 151: 21149: 21129: 14097:

Alliances and Treaties between Frankish and Muslim Rulers in the Middle East

10264:"Rock Crystal Ewer from the Keir Collection | DMA Content Management System" 9167: 5093: 2654:, while the city of Aden became an important hub of trade between Egypt and 1808: 1080:

who supposedly went into occultation in 874 and would one day return as the

1064:

These traditions manifested themselves in the succession of the sixth imam,

21613: 21354: 21344: 21310: 21239: 21234: 21161: 20951: 20933: 20894: 20889: 20869: 20864: 20736: 20729: 20719: 20714: 20709: 20603: 20541: 20522: 20507: 20443: 20229: 20142: 19787: 19679: 19585: 19426: 19041: 18631: 18040: 17699: 17437: 17362: 17022: 16874: 16752: 16468: 16372: 16360: 16074: 15733: 15653: 15648: 15363: 15346: 15070: 14706: 12788:(7th ed.). Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 211. 9009: 7842: 7281: 7020: 6894: 6667: 6539: 6502: 6224: 5695: 5450: 3886: 3634: 3574: 3565: 2983: 2852: 2717: 2701: 2682: 2603: 2528: 2356: 2347: 2327: 2274: 2207: 2120: 2116: 2095: 2070: 1900: 1755: 1726: 1427: 1360: 720: 607: 14548: 11600: 9150:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" 7343: 6864: 1285:

Prior to the Fatimid rise to power, a large part of the Maghreb including

21332: 21317: 21166: 20879: 20788: 20778: 20704: 20352: 20347: 18060: 17791: 17781: 17574: 16999: 16489: 16428: 16355: 16242: 15663: 15626: 15604: 15578: 15495: 15325: 14056: 12769:

Denoix, Sylvie; Depaule, Jean-Charles; Tuchscherer, Michel, eds. (1999).

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from 1078 to 1092) to secure the allegiance of the Christian kingdoms of

2305: 1892: 1718:, and this marked the only time that the Fatimid army was present at the 1338: 1308: 1195: 1175: 813: 14158:

Lev, Yaacov (1995). "The Fatimids and Byzantium, tenth–12th Centuries".

14121:(1987). "Army, Regime, and Society in Fatimid Egypt, 358–487/968–1094". 13524: 11181:"Talking Hats: What Documents and Textiles Can Tell Us about Each Other" 10704: 9397: 2625:

in 1048. In 1060 he began a campaign to conquer all of Yemen, capturing

1979:, thus staving off the Byzantine threat to the Fatimids. Meanwhile, the 711:

extant from the tenth to the twelfth centuries CE under the rule of the

21359: 21176: 21050: 21010: 20943: 18109: 18067: 17292: 16389: 16364: 15999: 15993: 15429: 15315: 13966: 12992:

Heresy and the Politics of Community: The Jews of the Fatimid Caliphate

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African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century

9175: 7462: 6966: 6829: 6728: 6370: 6010: 5980: 5810: 5615: 5180: 3849: 3816: 3529: 3396:

of al-Hakim's reign. The Fatimid state promoted Isma'ili doctrine (the

3380: 2599: 2572: 2263: 2074: 2062: 2022: 1650: 1634: 1626: 1577: 1474:

296), Abu Abdallah himself entered Raqqada and took up residence here.

1242: 14142: 13466:. I.B. Tauris (in association with the Institute of Ismaili Studies). 12022: 11998: 3107:

As vizier, Shawar came into conflict with his rival, the Arab general

2551:, a Turkish commander, with a force that defeated them in 1029 at the 1803:), meaning "the Vanquisher" or "the Conqueror", referenced the planet 1529:

over-powerful, but he demanded proof that the new caliph was the true

1293:, an Arab dynasty who ruled nominally on behalf the Abbasids but were 816:

was established as the capital. In 948, they shifted their capital to

735:

in the east. The Fatimids trace their ancestry to the Islamic prophet

21249: 21020: 20904: 20874: 20655: 20529: 20320: 19657: 18948: 18420: 17007: 16438: 16253: 15867: 15849: 15253: 15215: 14944: 14877: 14676: 14660: 12057:

The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 5, Eastern Christianity

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The Fatimid dynasty continued and flourished under Al-Musta'li until

3820: 3533: 3506: 3489: 3464: 2772: 2540: 2463: 2443: 2227: 2185: 2042: 2018: 1972: 1859:, 11th century CE (pre-1168 CE). Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo, 12880. 1856: 1731: 1565: 1447: 1423: 1290: 1269: 1144: 1030: 809: 724: 708: 504: 464: 177: 13951:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 423–26. 11997:

ben Joseph Ha-Kohen, Solomon; Greenstone, Julius H. (January 1906).

10999: 9498:(3rd ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. p. 338. 9102:

Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006).

2531:

arranged to have his 15-year-old son Ali installed on the throne as

1625:

starting in 827. The conquest was generally completed when the last

1439: 1398: 1025:, to lead the Muslim community. This manifested itself in a line of 20650: 20433: 20391: 20330: 17621: 17340: 16846: 16704: 16656: 16450: 16404: 16368: 16093: 15933: 15897: 15837: 15243: 15199: 15105: 15065: 14992: 14988: 14914: 14809: 14804: 14610: 12014: 9719:. He restored Egypt as a political power, reincorporated it in the 8831: 7642: 7634: 7557: 7547: 7190: 6899: 6777: 6738: 6139: 5910: 5870: 5820: 5780: 5685: 5340: 5290: 5190: 4943: 4848: 4765: 4007: 3985: 3460: 3247: 3241: 3056: 3003: 2812: 2690: 2082: 2038: 1993: 1951:

Image of two standing soldiers. 11th century, Fatimid period, from

1630: 1411: 1286: 1178:, as well as from dissatisfaction among Twelver adherents with the 1170:

spread widely, profiting from the collapse of Abbasid power in the

1148: 1124: 968: 900: 869: 821: 797: 756: 736: 154: 12531:

The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual

11783:

The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual

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The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual

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Where Three Worlds Met: Sicily in the Early Medieval Mediterranean

9200:

Daftary, 1990, pp. 144–273, 615–59; Canard, "Fatimids", pp. 850–62

3436:

In Ifriqiya, the Sunni Muslims of the cities largely followed the

3226:(1036–1094). Quarrels over his succession led to the Nizari split. 1935:, who was elevated to this office in 979 by al-Mu'izz's successor 1312: 20563: 20492: 20448: 20303: 19596: 17355: 16961: 16649: 16529: 16421: 16414: 16409: 16151: 15807: 15356: 15181: 15165: 15160: 15155: 15050: 14819: 14473:

The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 1: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517

14450:

The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 1: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517

13606:. London: The Institute of Ismaili Studies and I.B. Tauris. 1997. 12927: 12821: 10612: 9835: 9712: 9213:

Ibn Khaldun: The Birth of History and the Past of the Third World

8504: 7454: 7360: 7229: 7037: 6951: 6931: 6757: 6723: 6579: 6512: 6497: 6299: 6209: 6179: 6114: 5950: 5930: 5890: 5800: 5735: 5525: 5140: 5036: 5026: 4961: 4015: 3691:). The black Africans, Syrians, and Arabs generally acted as the 3687: 3591: 3469: 3456: 3442: 3339: 3259: 3132: 3124: 3108: 3064: 2926: 2808: 2638: 2637:'s death in 1061 provided an excuse. Along the way he forced the 2612:

There was more success in the east, however. In 1047 the Fatimid

2431: 2236: 2163: 2086: 2006: 2001: 1984: 1910:), eventually determined the economic course of Egypt during the 1884: 1880: 1837: 1824: 1715: 1678: 1658: 1573: 1569: 1549: 1443: 1407: 1329:('Friends of God'), and to initiate them into Isma'ili doctrine. 1250: 1215: 1185: 1022: 1014: 1010: 994: 972: 893: 873: 788: 768: 760: 732: 380: 215: 93: 20364: 13514: 1707: 1523:. Al-Mahdi quickly fell out with Abu Abdallah: not only was the 20396: 20271: 17653: 17611: 17458: 16879: 16853: 16812: 16773: 16690: 16603: 16524: 16379: 16325: 16320: 16087: 16011: 15759: 15616: 15351: 15310: 15229: 15150: 10883:

Social Fabrics: Inscribed Textiles from Medieval Egyptian Tombs

9745: 9743: 7415: 7405: 7015: 6534: 6374: 6254: 6110: 5120: 4854: 4011: 3853: 3845: 3765: 3720: 3716: 3696: 3654: 3518: 3493: 3447: 3437: 3385: 3318: 3112: 3097: 2963: 2784: 2756: 2387: 2285: 1952: 1924: 1876: 1828: 1735: 1674: 1666: 1654: 1637:

was subdued, was Fatimid authority on the island consolidated.

1607: 1596: 1588: 1561: 1506: 1455: 1435: 1431: 1419: 1418:. They were again scattered by Kutama cavalry and retreated to 1356: 1211: 1107:), the history of the early Isma'ili movement becomes obscure. 991: 856: 801: 776: 772: 740: 291: 128: 99: 13030:

The Cave Church of Paul the Hermit at the Monastery of St. Pau

12480: 11436:

Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004). "The Zirids and Hammadids".

4022:, Queen of Yemen. In 1084, Al-Mustansir had Arwa designated a 3989:, while Musta'li's followers eventually came to be called the 3244:(1130–1149). The Hafizi sect is founded with Al-Hafiz as Imam. 1061:) and would return (or be resurrected) at the appointed time. 21030: 19814: 19627: 19197: 19103: 17684: 17489: 17128: 16953: 16907: 16895: 16697: 16683: 16642: 16315: 16172: 16158: 16079: 16042: 15963: 15638: 15480: 15434: 15397: 15257: 15085: 12086: 11996: 11907: 11905: 11812: 11665: 7898: 6926: 6904: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6522: 6507: 6462: 6431: 6344: 6099: 6069: 3862: 3857: 3841: 3525: 3502: 3363: 3347: 3326: 3278: 3211: 3047:(the head ended up being interred instead at the present-day 2804: 2780: 2752: 2642: 2630: 2622: 2592: 2455: 2245: 2127: 2094:

however, Basil II unexpectedly arrived in the region after a

2046: 2034: 1956: 1888: 1841: 1788: 1768: 1711: 1510: 1471: 1463: 1392: 1304: 1237: 1203: 1036: 941: 934:

descent, the dynasty named itself simply the 'Alid dynasty' (

833: 780: 764: 287: 157: 111: 14493:

Exploring an Islamic Empire: Fatimid History and its Sources

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Isma'ilis. At-Tayyib's claim to the imamate was endorsed by

1004: 20003: 18097: 16794: 16766: 16716: 16663: 16608: 16179: 13778:. The Medieval Mediterranean. Vol. 30. Leiden: Brill. 11761: 11416: 11414: 11148: 10752: 10750: 10572: 10570: 9859: 9847: 6604: 6599: 6239: 3140: 2935: 2868: 2651: 2626: 2447: 2066: 1928: 1915: 1804: 1775:

In 969 Jawhar launched a carefully-prepared and successful

1406:

Meanwhile, Ziyadat Allah III moved his court from Tunis to

1199: 931: 748: 20240: 14475:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 120–50. 14452:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 151–74. 13924:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 13498: 13496: 13486:

Rogers, J.M., J.M. Rogers and J. Jomier, "al-Ḳāhira", in:

11902: 11853: 11851: 11544: 11218:. London : Thames and Hudson. p. 71, Figure 52. 10915:. London : Thames and Hudson. p. 71, Figure 51. 10629: 10627: 10169: 10167: 10165: 10114: 10011: 10009: 9250:"Governance and Pluralism under the Fatimids (909–996 CE)" 2882:, and after his death in 1101 it passed to the 5-year-old 1519:, and presented his son and heir, with the regnal name of 13609: 13342:

Rustow, Marina (2021). "Jews and the Fāṭimid Caliphate".

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Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life: Africa

7072: 3544:. Until the 14th century (when the seat was moved to the 3101: 2677: 2135:

throne was officially sanctioned by the caliph in Cairo.

1739:

father's death and proclaimed himself imam and caliph as

1221: 1018: 904: 744: 676: 670: 664: 19072: 14073:(2nd ed.). Abingdon, Oxon and New York: Routledge. 13659:, By: Asgharali Engineer, Vikas Pub. House, pp. 109, 101 13634:. Vol. 1. Asian Educational Services. p. 199. 12768: 12470: 12468: 12453: 12429: 12417: 12405: 12335: 12333: 12306: 12282: 12270: 12246: 12236: 12234: 12158: 12060:. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. p. 375. 11978: 11917: 11890: 11868: 11866: 11824: 11737: 11725: 11653: 11568: 11504: 11492: 11480: 11468: 11411: 11399: 11387: 11377: 11375: 11360: 10981: 10747: 10723: 10651: 10567: 10557: 10555: 10057: 9934: 9922: 9898: 9825: 9823: 9806: 9804: 9802: 9800: 9798: 9796: 9794: 9792: 9790: 9788: 4002:'s death in 1130. Leadership was then contested between 3290:

The Fatimid caliphs were buried in a mausoleum known as

1756:

Conquest of Egypt and transfer of the Caliphate to Cairo

15802: 13493: 13398: 13258: 11848: 11326: 11324: 11322: 11309: 11307: 11305: 11303: 11288: 11278: 11276: 10941: 10624: 10162: 10006: 9660: 9658: 2913:, witnessing and congratulating the crusaders on their 13265:. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 80–93. 13232: 13217: 13187: 13175: 13160: 13084:

attitude toward forced conversion and toward converts.

12935:

The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians

12688: 12345: 11929: 11589:"Droit et messianisme chez les Fatimides de l'an 1000" 11036: 10861: 10837: 10639: 10582: 10485: 10385: 10373: 10361: 10351: 10349: 10322: 10310: 10298: 10244: 10220: 10210: 10208: 10206: 10179: 10152: 10150: 10093: 9994: 9982: 9876: 9874: 3362:

to Islam. With the succession of Caliph al-Zahir, the

2645:

into submission. Upon arriving in Mecca, he installed

2555:

near Lake Tiberias. In 1030 the new Byzantine emperor

1280: 12465: 12393: 12381: 12369: 12357: 12330: 12318: 12258: 12231: 12146: 11878: 11863: 11836: 11749: 11713: 11701: 11677: 11641: 11629: 11556: 11516: 11372: 11348: 10929: 10811:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. pp. 84–86. 10711: 10552: 10540: 10045: 9970: 9958: 9946: 9910: 9886: 9820: 9785: 9420: 4026:(a holy, pious lady), the highest rank in the Yemeni 3043:

in 1160 and originally intended to house the head of

1613:

The Fatimids also inherited the Aghlabid province of

1370:

reestablished his network of missionaries and spies.

1164:

In the last third of the ninth century, the Isma'ili

661: 14565: 13949:

Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IX/4: Fārs II–Fauna III

13441: 12946: 11319: 11300: 11273: 9728: 9655: 9645: 9643: 9641: 9639: 9637: 9635: 9633: 9631: 9629: 9627: 9625: 9623: 9621: 9619: 9617: 9615: 9613: 9611: 9609: 9607: 9605: 9603: 9601: 9599: 9597: 9595: 9593: 9591: 9589: 9587: 9585: 9583: 9581: 9579: 9577: 9575: 9573: 9571: 9569: 9567: 9565: 9563: 9561: 9559: 9557: 9555: 9553: 9551: 9549: 9547: 9076: 9045: 2735: 2613: 2583:

Al-Zahir died in 1036 and was succeeded by his son,

1640: 1536: 1530: 1524: 1514: 1365: 1320: 1298: 1263: 1254: 1231: 1183: 1165: 1156: 1130: 1122: 1116: 1087: 1081: 1056: 1042: 1034: 990:. The caliphate's establishment was accomplished by 982:

were Arab in origin, starting with its founder, the

963:

The Fatimid dynasty came to power as the leaders of

945: 935: 702: 679: 667: 60: 12773:. Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale. 11241:"Painting in the Fatimid Period: A Reconsideration" 11160: 10849: 10825: 10735: 10346: 10334: 10286: 10232: 10203: 10191: 10147: 10135: 9871: 9545: 9543: 9541: 9539: 9537: 9535: 9533: 9531: 9529: 9527: 2522: 1971:in Fatimid control. He aimed to eventually capture 673: 658: 14512: 14281: 14232: 14183: 14013: 13868: 13816: 12528:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004). "The Fatimids". 12206:Men-at-arms series 171 – Saladin and the saracens 11990: 11003:A History of the Crusades: The First Hundred Years 10021: 9252:. The Institute of Ismaili Studies. Archived from 2107:Before leaving for Egypt, al-Mu'izz had installed 13993:The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids 13587: 11780:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004). "The Kalbids". 10993: 9512: 9398:American University Foreign Area Studies (1979). 9393: 9391: 9275: 9273: 9271: 4065:went to Dongaon to look after southern India and 1967:retook most of Palestine and Syria, leaving only 1477: 21736: 13517:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 12753: 12648: 11185:Journal of Material Cultures in the Muslim World 10879: 9761: 9524: 9101: 3568:copied in Cairo/Fustat in the early 11th century 3509:also dotted the countryside. Some regions, like 3342:brought in from Circassia by Genoese merchants. 3242:Abu'l-Maymūn ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Ḥāfiẓ li-Dīn Allāh 1332: 1143:("Abdallah the Elder"), a wealthy merchant from 14426:Ritual, Politics, and the City in Fatimid Cairo 13971:Das Reich des Mahdi: Der Aufstieg der Fatimiden 12786:Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide 11957:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 409–12. 11054: 11000:Kenneth M. Setton; Marshall W. Baldwin (1969). 10676: 3856:. The dynasty also sponsored the production of 3354:in particular were persecuted by Al-Hakim; the 3198:(953–975). Egypt is conquered during his reign. 2470:finally occupied Aleppo at the invitation of a 1895:, with its most remote territorial reach being 1198:spread the network of agents to the area round 1147:, who established himself at the small town of 868:into Syria in the 1070s and the arrival of the 14469:"The Ismā'īlī Da'wa and the Fātimid caliphate" 14429:. Albany: State University of New York Press. 13754:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period 13590:Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction 13096:The Druze between Palestine and Israel 1947–49 12729:Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers 12681:Delia Cortese and Simonetta Calderini (2006), 9388: 9319: 9317: 9315: 9268: 9144: 3653:The Fatimid military was based largely on the 3358:included closing and demolishing churches and 2403:The Fatimid Caliphate and main Asian polities 21845:States and territories disestablished in 1171 20256: 19612: 19088: 17474: 16027: 15788: 14722: 13604:The Fatimids and their Traditions of Learning 13463:The Fatimids: 1 – The Rise of a Muslim Empire 13058:The Coptic Papacy in Islamic Egypt (641–1517) 12985: 12940: 11048: 10459:. Cornell University Press. pp. 119–20. 9104:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" 9027: 8559: 8108: 7299: 6402: 3468:absolute Shi'a beliefs in the concept of the 2897:Fatimid horseman on a plate, 12th century CE. 2501:in 1013 (later renovated in the 1980s by the 1155:. Salamiya became the centre of the Isma'ili 876:abolished the dynasty's rule and founded the 625: 21713:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 14736: 14123:International Journal of Middle East Studies 13921:The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines 13675:. University of Chicago Press. p. 139. 13125: 13060:. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 54. 12683:Women and the Fatimids in the World of Islam 10677:Barrucand, Marianne; Rammah, Mourad (2009). 10452: 3852:and the crafting of objects carved in solid 3840:motifs and the use of an angular, floriated 3260:Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallāh al-ʿĀḍid li-Dīn Allāh 3218:Abū'l-Ḥasan ʿAlī al-Ẓāhir li-Iʿzāz Dīn Allāh 2102: 1811:, the older regional capital founded by the 1226:In 899, Abdallah al-Akbar's great-grandson, 944:sources only refer to them as the Ubaydids ( 508: 46: 13714:. Cambridge University Press. p. 299. 12995:. Cornell University Press. pp. 219–. 12979: 11211: 10908: 10806: 9312: 3877:. In Cairo, prominent examples include the 3672:, the Caliph began incorporating armies of 2978:, though the truth of this is unconfirmed. 2958:, overran much of the coastal Levant, with 1855:Architectural fragment from a bathhouse in 1771:, built by the Fatimids between 970 and 972 20263: 20249: 19619: 19605: 19095: 19081: 17481: 17467: 16034: 16020: 15795: 15781: 14729: 14715: 14327: 14305:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 14256:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 14207:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 13892:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 13836:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 13711:The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines 13540: 13538: 13536: 13534: 13502: 13154: 13055: 12447: 12128: 12092: 11911: 11695: 9433:. Cambridge University Press. p. 13. 9034: 9020: 8566: 8552: 8115: 8101: 7306: 7292: 6409: 6395: 3546:Church of the Virgin Mary in Harat Zuwayla 3184:Abū'l-Qāsim Muḥammad al-Qā'im bi-Amr Allāh 2708:'s reconstruction of the city walls (1987) 1779:, which had been under the control of the 632: 618: 75: 21850:States and territories established in 909 19919:Ministry for Foreign and European Affairs 15296:Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Baghdadi 14313:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1230–38. 14264:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 198–206. 14215:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1163–69. 13900:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1242–44. 13863: 13757:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 13750: 13434:Talbi, M., "Ṣabra or al-Manṣūriyya", in: 13119: 12937:, Vol. 48, No. 1 (March, 1989), pp. 66–78 12898: 12817: 12815: 11767: 11474: 11420: 11256: 11196: 10880:McWilliams, Mary; Sokoly, Jochen (2021). 10802: 10800: 10798: 10694: 10633: 10618: 10417:. Yale University Press. pp. 47–51. 10173: 9765:(1970). "A Shi'ite Caliphate- Fatimids". 9749: 9473:. London: Rough Guides. pp. 136–37. 9355: 3649:Men hunting, on ivory panel, 11th century 3190:Abū Ṭāhir Ismāʿil al-Manṣūr bi-Naṣr Allāh 3180:(909–934), founder of the Fatimid dynasty 1005:Early Shi'ism and the roots of Isma'ilism 14566:The Institute of Ismaili Studies, London 14410: 14382: 14276: 14227: 14178: 13995:. Translated by Bonner, Michael. Brill. 13844:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 850–62. 13627: 12813: 12811: 12809: 12807: 12805: 12803: 12801: 12799: 12797: 12795: 12783: 12566: 12527: 12312: 12300: 12288: 12252: 11941: 11779: 11435: 11178: 11006:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 104. 10958: 10956: 10769:Beeson, Irene (September–October 1969). 10603: 10599: 10597: 10015: 9865: 9853: 9841: 9356:Gall, Timothy L.; Hobby, Jeneen (2009). 9209: 3811: 3730: 3644: 3555: 3479: 3379: 3311: 3248:Abū Manṣūr Ismāʿil al-Zāfir bi-Amr Allāh 3214:religion is founded during his lifetime. 3208:Abū ʿAlī al-Manṣūr al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh 3031: 2892: 2704:, one of the gates of Cairo dating from 2696: 2681: 2566: 2484: 2138: 1992:, meaning soldiers recruited as slaves) 1975:, but he died in 976 on his way back to 1946: 1850: 1759: 1582: 1481: 1397: 1373:Ibrahim II died in October 902 while in 1342: 21537: 14443: 14422: 14361: 14349: 14063: 13938: 13914: 13707: 13615: 13531: 13404: 13254: 13252: 13226: 13135:Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements 13093: 12854: 12850: 12848: 12846: 12844: 12697: 12523: 12521: 12519: 12517: 12515: 12486: 12351: 12202: 12140: 11935: 11857: 11586: 11097: 11042: 10987: 10962: 10935: 10831: 10756: 10729: 10717: 10491: 10087: 10075: 10039: 10000: 9988: 9940: 9928: 9904: 9892: 9279: 3797: 3501:Christians, the largest community were 3254:Abū'l-Qāsim ʿĪsā al-Fā'iz bi-Naṣr Allāh 3196:Abū Tamīm Maʿadd al-Muʿizz li-Dīn Allāh 3178:Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallāh al-Mahdī bi'llāh 2689:, Cairo, overlooking the city from the 14: 21737: 14510: 14489: 14466: 14335:. American University of Cairo Press. 14087: 13811: 13728:from the original on 16 September 2024 13689:from the original on 16 September 2024 13430: 13428: 13426: 13375: 13373: 13341: 13337: 13335: 13333: 13279:from the original on 16 September 2024 13243: 13211: 13196: 13181: 13169: 13114:) of the Muwaḥḥidūn was instigated ... 13027: 13009:from the original on 16 September 2024 12879: 12735:from the original on 16 September 2024 12630:from the original on 16 September 2024 12513: 12511: 12509: 12507: 12505: 12503: 12501: 12499: 12497: 12495: 12276: 12264: 12240: 12219:from the original on 16 September 2024 12184:from the original on 16 September 2024 12106:al Juyushi: A Vision of the Fatemiyeen 12053: 12049: 12047: 11431: 11429: 11166: 11075:from the original on 16 September 2024 11020:from the original on 16 September 2024 10890:from the original on 16 September 2024 10795: 10768: 10576: 10561: 10497: 10473:from the original on 16 September 2024 10274:from the original on 16 September 2024 10063: 9829: 9814: 9493: 9468: 9447:from the original on 16 September 2024 9351: 9349: 9230:from the original on 16 September 2024 3909:in Cairo, covering a huge area around 3885:, as well as the smaller monuments of 3836:decorative arts are the use of lively 3451:era that the followers of the Hanafi, 3236:Abū ʿAlī Manṣūr al-Āmir bi-Aḥkām Allāh 3076:was on this occasion that the head of 2716:, who was at the time the governor of 2678:Badr al-Jamali and the Fatimid revival 2658:, which brought Egypt further wealth. 2354: 2345: 2336: 2303: 2292: 2225: 1268:directly, Abdallah instead settled at 1222:The Qarmatian schism and its aftermath 21815:Medieval countries in the Middle East 20244: 19600: 19076: 18507: 18318: 18141: 17982: 17501: 17462: 17214: 16982: 16598: 16015: 15776: 15729:Muhammad ibn Hani al-Andalusi al-Azdi 14710: 14042: 13792: 13771: 13668: 13447: 13379: 13324: 13304:. Peeters Publishers. pp. 1–32. 13297: 12967:from the original on 19 December 2023 12792: 12605: 12474: 12459: 12435: 12423: 12411: 12399: 12387: 12375: 12363: 12339: 12324: 12164: 12152: 11984: 11923: 11896: 11884: 11872: 11842: 11830: 11818: 11755: 11743: 11731: 11719: 11707: 11683: 11671: 11659: 11647: 11635: 11574: 11562: 11550: 11534: 11522: 11510: 11498: 11486: 11405: 11393: 11381: 11366: 11354: 11342: 11330: 11313: 11294: 11282: 11238: 11154: 10953: 10947: 10867: 10855: 10843: 10741: 10672: 10670: 10668: 10666: 10594: 10448: 10446: 10410: 10406: 10404: 10402: 10400: 9880: 9734: 9664: 9518: 9182:from the original on 19 November 2018 5055: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5033: 5031: 5023: 5021: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4981: 4979: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4940: 4938: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4884: 4882: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4862: 4860: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4737: 4735: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4675: 4673: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4010:, Al-Amir's cousin whose supporters ( 3905:(the brilliant). There were two main 3230:Abū'l-Qāsim Aḥmad al-Musta'lī bi-llāh 3224:Abū Tamīm Ma'add al-Mustanṣir bi-llāh 2633:. In 1062 he marched on Mecca, where 2385: 2325: 2272: 2252: 2243: 2234: 2214: 2205: 2194: 2150: 1942: 1576:Berber tribes as well. The historian 1110: 19057: 16983: 16599: 14011: 13990: 13965: 13581: 13459: 13249: 12841: 12777: 12762: 11245:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 11061:. Page Publishing Inc. p. 185. 10809:A concise history of the Middle East 10657: 10645: 10588: 10503: 10431:from the original on 15 January 2023 10391: 10379: 10367: 10355: 10340: 10328: 10316: 10304: 10292: 10250: 10238: 10226: 10214: 10197: 10185: 10156: 10141: 10102: 10051: 10027: 9976: 9964: 9952: 9916: 9701:from the original on 17 January 2023 9676: 9649: 9323: 5087:Historical Arab states and dynasties 3979:After Al-Mustansir Billah, his sons 3916: 3577:. The community was divided between 3532:to Fustat (specifically what is now 3145:Ayyubid Sultanate of Egypt and Syria 2363: 2314: 2283: 2261: 2172: 2161: 2065:(footmen from the Buyid homeland in 1202:in the late 870s, and from there to 21805:Historical transcontinental empires 19047: 14157: 14117: 13423: 13370: 13330: 12747: 12659:from the original on 29 August 2021 12492: 12044: 11947: 11539:History of Egypt in the Middle Ages 11426: 11239:Bloom, Jonathan M. (October 2022). 10546: 9346: 8080:List of people on stamps of Algeria 7191:ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Ḥāfiz li-Dīn Allāh 3786: 2831: 2819:) as vassals to the Fatimid state. 2725: 2374: 2183: 1800: 1281:Establishment of the Isma'ili State 920: 755:, the Fatimids initially conquered 692: 509: 47: 34:Fourth Islamic caliphate (909–1171) 24: 19626: 19131:Islamic Tripolitania and Cyrenaica 12587:from the original on 17 March 2024 11617:from the original on 27 April 2023 10663: 10443: 10397: 9408:from the original on 15 March 2023 9376:from the original on 15 March 2023 9334:from the original on 15 March 2023 9300:from the original on 15 March 2023 4034:(the imam's local representative) 4006:, Al-Amir's two-year-old son, and 3715:caliphs, he sent an expedition to 3628: 2886:. Another of al-Mustansir's sons, 2450:occupied Ramla and proclaimed the 1430:-era Laribus, between present-day 719:dynasty. Spanning a large area of 81:Evolution of the Fatimid Caliphate 25: 21861: 18428:Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces 14571:The Shia Fatimid Dynasty in Egypt 14542: 13592:. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill. 13588:Behrens-Absouseif, Doris (1989). 13544: 13519:. Vol. 27. pp. 165–84. 12722: 12548:from the original on 20 July 2023 12212:. Osprey publishing. p. 23. 11800:from the original on 20 July 2023 11456:from the original on 20 July 2023 9680:Metalwork in Medieval Islamic Art 9108:Journal of World-Systems Research 3726: 3202:Abū Manṣūr Nizār al-ʿAzīz bi-llāh 1641:Consolidation and western rivalry 1068:. Al-Sadiq had appointed his son 19813: 19223: 19056: 19046: 19036: 19027: 19026: 18285:Refugees of the Syrian civil war 17488: 17443: 17442: 17431: 16962:Schools of islamic jurisprudence 16210:Timeline of the history of Islam 16041: 15758: 14383:Richards, Donald Sidney (2017). 14022:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; 13973:(in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. 13701: 13662: 13648: 13621: 13596: 13508: 13480: 13453: 13410: 13291: 13087: 13077: 13049: 13021: 12892: 12873: 12716: 12703: 12675: 12642: 12624:10.1111/j.1469-8129.2010.00475.x 12599: 12560: 12294: 12196: 12170: 12098: 11954:A History of Palestine, 634–1099 11773: 11580: 11528: 11232: 11205: 11179:Liebrenz, Boris (14 July 2023). 11172: 9126:from the original on 20 May 2019 9048: 9003: 8602: 8535: 8524: 8151: 7342: 7275: 7167:ʿAlī al-Ẓāhir li-iʿzāz Dīn Allāh 6446: 5508:Western dynasties and caliphates 5092: 5079:Slavery in the Fatimid Caliphate 3752: 3641:Slavery in the Fatimid Caliphate 3431: 3088:, a Muslim Armenian governor in 2862: 2523:Losses, successes, and civil war 2145: 2085:was campaigning far away in the 1351:In 902, while the Aghlabid emir 1275: 872:in the Levant in 1097. In 1171, 654: 601: 520: 483: 469: 455: 441: 427: 413: 399: 385: 360: 346: 332: 318: 19327:Foreign relations under Gaddafi 18769:Identification card controversy 17303:List of ex-Muslim organisations 15556:al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi 13856:Cortese, Delia, "Fatimids", in 13631:The Tribes and Castes of Bombay 12108:. Graphico Printing Ltd. 2002. 12074:from the original on 7 May 2023 11098:Cortese, Delia (January 2015). 11091: 10902: 10873: 10762: 10256: 10108: 9755: 9670: 9487: 9462: 9155:International Studies Quarterly 9069: 7108:Muhammad ibn Ismāʿīl ash-Shākir 4079:Family tree of Fatimid Caliphs 3962:Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi 3710:, who had destroyed the Muslim 3285: 2998:, the "hidden" Imam awaited by 1905: 1897:Multan (in modern-day Pakistan) 1868:and the official state mosque, 1102: 570:Umayyad Caliphate in al-Andalus 17675:Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt 15546:Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub 15541:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi 14030:(3rd ed.). Brill Online. 13416:Talbi, M., "al-Mahdiyya", in: 13384:. Princeton University Press. 12534:. Edinburgh University Press. 11999:"The Turkoman Defeat at Cairo" 11786:. Edinburgh University Press. 11442:. Edinburgh University Press. 9242: 9203: 9194: 9138: 9095: 8067:List of wars involving Algeria 7186:Manṣūr al-Āmir bi-Aḥkām’il-Lāh 7177:Nizār al-Muṣṭafā li-Dīn’il-Lāh 3743: 2647:Abu Hashim Muhammad ibn Ja'far 2474:who had expelled the Hamdanid 2045:valley (present-day northeast 1734:. Starting in 943/4 among the 1478:Establishment of the Caliphate 1272:sometime between 904 and 905. 1206:(882) and thence India (884), 1041:("the Rightly Guided One") or 824:. In 969, during the reign of 13: 1: 21775:Former countries in West Asia 19334:Government of National Accord 17983: 15698:Minbar of the Ibrahimi Mosque 14950:Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya 14910:Qarmatian invasions (971–974) 14843:Conquest of Aghlabid Ifriqiya 14527:Encyclopaedia Islamica Online 14446:"The Fāṭimid state, 969–1171" 13547:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 13356:10.1080/09503110.2021.1899548 12947:John Joseph Saunders (2002). 12913:10.1080/03044181.2019.1612186 10506:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 9496:Worlds Together, Worlds Apart 9088: 7103:Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar al-Mubārak 3475: 3356:persecution of the Christians 2436:Church of the Holy Sephulchre 2404: 1963:In 975 the Byzantine emperor 1879:(including Transjordan), the 1402:Fatimid ewer, 10th century CE 1333:Conquest of Aghlabid Ifriqiya 1289:was under the control of the 727:, it ranged from the western 21820:History of the Mediterranean 19924:Minister for Foreign Affairs 19339:Government of National Unity 18302:Twin towns and sister cities 18142: 17814:Assassination of Anwar Sadat 17288:Apostasy in Islam by country 17165:Liberalism and progressivism 15511:Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Nasafi 15015:End of the Fatimid Caliphate 14418:, Cambridge University Press 14368:. Harvard University Press. 12953:. Routledge. pp. 109–. 12713:. Peeters Publishers. p. 20. 11215:Islamic art and architecture 11212:Hillenbrand, Robert (1999). 10912:Islamic art and architecture 10909:Hillenbrand, Robert (1999). 10807:Goldschmidt, Arthur (2002). 10453:Davis-Secord, Sarah (2017). 9280:Nanjira, Daniel Don (2010). 7162:Manṣūr al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh 7152:Maʿad al-Muʿizz li-Dīn Allāh 7137:ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī bi'l-Lāh 3384:The original Fatimid-period 3369: 3350:. Christians in general and 3133:Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub 2950:This defeat established the 1599:(Mahdia), on display at the 1591:pavement from the palace of 1021:through Muhammad's daughter 911:, hence the dynasty's name, 7: 21795:Former monarchies of Europe 21785:Former monarchies of Africa 20270: 18830:Vehicle registration plates 18508: 18484:Water supply and sanitation 18319: 17502: 15501:Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani 15010:Crusader invasions of Egypt 14785:al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah 14551:Encyclopaedia of the Orient 14471:. In Petry, Carl F. (ed.). 14448:. In Petry, Carl F. (ed.). 12950:A History of Medieval Islam 12901:Journal of Medieval History 12784:Williams, Caroline (2018). 10779:: 24, 26–30. Archived from 10411:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). 9327:An Atlas of African History 9077: 8061:Military history of Algeria 7172:Maʿad al-Mustanṣir bi'l-Lāh 5228:Arab empires and caliphates 5067: 3927:List of important figures: 3610: 3266: 2736: 2614: 2575:minted during the reign of 1669:. Thereafter, the weakened 1537: 1531: 1525: 1515: 1366: 1321: 1299: 1264: 1255: 1232: 1184: 1166: 1157: 1151:on the western edge of the 1131: 1123: 1117: 1088: 1082: 1057: 1043: 1035: 946: 936: 703: 61: 10: 21866: 21770:Former countries in Europe 18489:Water resources management 17215: 15679:Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya 15526:Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman 15301:Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi 15076:Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i 14045:Journal of Islamic Studies 13744: 12573:. SUNY Press. p. 97. 11058:The Clash of Civilizations 7181:Aḥmad al-Mustāʿlī bi'l-Lāh 6885:Hassan Ala Zikrihi's Salam 3920: 3891:Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya 3801: 3756: 3638: 3632: 3517:. Italian traders, led by 3513:, were ancient centres of 3373: 3306: 3270: 3169: 3165: 3154: 3150: 2956:Italian maritime republics 2517: 2493:in Cairo, commissioned by 1617:, which the Aghlabids had 1336: 958: 953: 800:Ifriqiya with the help of 693:ٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْفَاطِمِيَّة 243:Overthrow of the Aghlabids 48:ٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْفَاطِمِيَّة 26: 21835:Medieval history of Egypt 21790:Former monarchies of Asia 21706: 21658: 21175: 20579: 20278: 20202: 20103: 20055: 20046: 19994: 19985: 19887: 19878: 19831: 19822: 19811: 19798:Award of the George Cross 19638: 19558: 19481: 19472: 19402: 19393: 19307: 19298: 19241: 19232: 19221: 19111: 19102: 19022: 18848: 18520: 18516: 18503: 18384:Impact on the environment 18374:Entrepreneurship policies 18327: 18314: 18150: 18137: 17991: 17978: 17946: 17848: 17514: 17510: 17497: 17426: 17311: 17278: 17228: 17224: 17210: 17137: 17104: 17076:Geography and cartography 17051: 16998: 16994: 16978: 16804: 16726: 16673: 16622: 16618: 16594: 16464: 16346: 16306: 16189: 16141: 16065: 16061: 16050: 15815: 15756: 15719:Ali ibn Muhammad al-Iyadi 15711: 15603: 15596: 15569: 15479: 15422: 15385: 15376: 15339: 15277: 15174: 15091:Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan 15039: 15030: 14937:Bedouin alliance uprising 14835: 14745: 14695: 14674: 14666: 14659: 14649: 14642: 14634: 14617: 14607: 14599: 14579: 14135:10.1017/S0020743800056762 13751:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). 13056:N. Swanson, Mark (2010). 13032:. Yale University Press. 12857:The World of the Fatimids 12825:The World of the Fatimids 12756:The World of the Fatimids 12649:Wilson B. Bishai (1968). 12178:"Smithsonian Institution" 11587:Tillier, Mathieu (2022). 11258:10.1017/S1356186322000359 11198:10.1163/26666286-12340031 10965:The World of the Fatimids 10696:10.1163/22118993-90000154 9844:, pp. 1163–64, 1167. 9330:. E. Arnold. p. 11. 8765:Roman and Byzantine Egypt 8074:Postal history of Algeria 8013:Insurgency in the Maghreb 7836:Sétif and Guelma massacre 6915:Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai 4995: 4993: 4985: 4983: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4908: 4906: 4898: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4817: 4815: 4807: 4805: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4699: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4607: 4605: 4529: 4527: 4451: 4449: 4373: 4371: 4295: 4293: 4217: 4215: 4139: 4137: 3974: 3895:Mosque of al-Salih Tala'i 3420:during al-Hakim's reign. 2917:against the Seljuk emirs 2668:Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan 2103:The Zirids in the Maghreb 1750: 1454:, capturing the towns of 1029:, descendants of Ali via 510: 297: 283: 279: 266: 256:Fatimid conquest of Egypt 252: 239: 235: 225: 221: 209: 197: 193: 183: 170: 147: 121: 86: 74: 69: 41: 21825:10th century in Ifriqiya 21765:Former countries in Asia 19445:National Oil Corporation 19364:House of Representatives 18155:Administrative divisions 17831:2011 Egyptian revolution 17772:1952 Egyptian revolution 17568:Lighthouse of Alexandria 17385:Islamic view of miracles 14549:"Fatimids" entry in the 14511:Walker, Paul E. (2018). 14490:Walker, Paul E. (2002). 14467:Walker, Paul E. (1998). 13939:Daftary, Farhad (1999). 13708:Daftary, Farhad (1992). 13672:Mullahs on the Mainframe 13028:Lyster, William (2013). 12054:Angold, Michael (2006). 11055:Allan Trawinski (2017). 10621:, pp. 63–64, 74–75. 9401:Algeria, a Country Study 9286:. ABC-CLIO. p. 92. 9062: 9056:Fatimid Caliphate portal 5536:Umayyad state of Córdoba 3779:al-Qāhirah al-Mu'izziyya 3772: 2497:in 990 and completed by 1815:in the seventh century. 1714:(present-day Ceuta) and 1490:receiving an envoy from 1355:was away on campaign in 1297:independent. In 893 the 988:Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah 806:Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah 258:and foundation of Cairo 211:• 1160–1171 (last) 204:Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah 21810:History of North Africa 18359:Egyptian stock exchange 17150:Creationism (evolution) 15870:(970–11th/12th century) 15712:Literature and learning 15703:Shrine of Husayn's Head 15622:Great Mosque of Mahdiya 15561:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani 15536:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani 14890:Conquest of Egypt (969) 14573:(archived 16 June 2010) 14558:1 November 2010 at the 14496:. London: I.B. Tauris. 14444:Sanders, Paula (1998). 14423:Sanders, Paula (1994). 14362:Raymond, André (2000). 13870:"al-Mahdī ʿUbayd Allāh" 13793:Brett, Michael (2017). 13772:Brett, Michael (2001). 13628:Enthoven, R.E. (1922). 13460:Jiwa, Shainool (2017). 13380:Cohen, Mark R. (2014). 13098:. Springer. p. 2. 12612:Nations and Nationalism 12567:Hathaway, Jane (2012). 12203:Nicolle, David (1997). 11821:, pp. 183, 197–98. 11674:, pp. 127, 140–41. 9494:Robert, Tignor (2011). 9469:Wintle, Justin (2003). 9168:10.1111/0020-8833.00053 8710:3rd Intermediate Period 8690:2nd Intermediate Period 8670:1st Intermediate Period 8087:History of North Africa 7887:Independence referendum 7826:Attack on Mers-el-Kébir 7157:Nizār al-ʿAzīz biʾllāh, 6810:ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani 4000:Al-Amir bi-Ahkami'l-Lah 3968:Al-Sayyida al-Mu'iziyya 3950:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani 3923:List of Fatimid caliphs 3735:Entrance portal of the 3551: 3172:List of Fatimid caliphs 3139:), and installed Sunni 2787:further north in 1089. 2775:and Ascalon, and later 2619:Ali Muhammad al-Ṣulayḥi 2089:and the Hamdanid ruler 1410:, the palace-city near 883: 704:al-Khilāfa al-Fāṭimiyya 199:• 909–934 (first) 62:Al-Khilāfa al-Fāṭimiyya 21750:1171 disestablishments 18690:International rankings 17695:Egyptian–Ethiopian War 17400:Persecution of Muslims 17298:List of former Muslims 16215:Succession to Muhammad 15691:Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque 15423:Branches and offshoots 15136:Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh 15081:Abu Muhammad al-Yazuri 14815:al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah 14800:al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah 14770:al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah 14644:Ruling house of Egypt 14028:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13488:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13436:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13418:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13327:, pp. 93, 123–24. 12489:, pp. 83–85, 103. 11157:, pp. 89–90, 103. 10886:. p. 23, Fig. 7. 10608:(2nd ed.). Brill. 10606:Encyclopaedia of Islam 9771:. Palgrave Macmillan. 9430:Abbasid Belles Lettres 8239:Byzantine North Africa 7369:Iberomaurusian Culture 5074:List of Shia dynasties 3970:(also known as Durzan) 3938:Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani 3824: 3740: 3737:Great Mosque of Mahdia 3650: 3569: 3564:, a manuscript of the 3497: 3392: 3052: 3037:Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque 2898: 2709: 2694: 2635:Shukr ibn Abi al-Futuh 2580: 2506: 1960: 1860: 1772: 1692:Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah 1690:, on behalf of Caliph 1603: 1501: 1403: 1348: 1078:twelfth and final imam 1009:The Shi'a opposed the 896:, the daughter of the 21840:Shia Islam in Algeria 21683:Medieval great powers 19744:Rising of the Priests 19359:High Council of State 18295:Terrorism and tourism 17753:1948 Arab–Israeli War 17585:Library of Alexandria 17194:Conversion to mosques 17061:Alchemy and chemistry 15669:Fatimid Great Palaces 15506:Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i 15321:Anushtakin al-Dizbari 15131:al-Adil ibn al-Sallar 15126:al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi 14955:Mustansirite Hardship 14894:Expansion into Syria 14865:2nd invasion of Egypt 14859:1st invasion of Egypt 14810:al-Zafir bi-Amr Allah 14805:al-Hafiz li-Din Allah 14780:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 14760:al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah 14687:Later Abbasid dynasty 13669:Blank, Jonah (2001). 11601:10.2307/jj.1357315.11 11251:(4): 730–742, Fig.3. 10771:"Cairo, a Millennial" 9715:, the founder of the 9362:. Gale. p. 329. 9216:. Verso. p. 67. 8650:Early Dynastic Period 8235:2nd Roman (Byzantine) 7993:High Council of State 7773:(19th–20th centuries) 7734:Emirate of Beni Abbas 7721:(16th–19th centuries) 7425:Archeology of Algeria 7195:Abu'l-Qāsim al-Tayyib 6870:Queen Arwa al-Sulayhi 6805:ibn Faraj ibn Ḥawshab 6126:Sultanate of Zanzibar 6041:Mutawakkilite Kingdom 4004:At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim 3956:Hakim Nasir-i Khusraw 3932:Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i 3815: 3734: 3670:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 3648: 3633:Further information: 3559: 3483: 3383: 3374:Further information: 3312:Religious communities 3035: 2968:al-Maʾmūn al-Baṭā'iḥī 2896: 2700: 2685: 2664:Mustansirite Hardship 2570: 2561:invade northern Syria 2549:Anushtakin al-Dizbari 2488: 2139:The reign of al-Hakim 2113:expedition in 979–980 1950: 1866:palaces of the caliph 1854: 1763: 1696:expedition to Morocco 1663:Principality of Nakur 1586: 1485: 1401: 1377:and was succeeded by 1346: 1260:Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i 892:claimed descent from 759:(roughly present-day 122:Common languages 21693:European colonialism 21678:Ancient great powers 20190:World Heritage Sites 19773:British Protectorate 19440:Great Man-Made River 19344:Presidential Council 19156:Italian Tripolitania 19151:Italian colonization 19006:World Heritage Sites 18825:Units of measurement 18280:Proposed new capital 18026:Environmental issues 17787:United Arab Republic 17680:Muhammad Ali dynasty 16920:Ma malakat aymanukum 16495:Association football 16000:Hashemites of Jordan 15121:Ridwan ibn Walakhshi 15020:Battle of the Blacks 14820:al-Adid li-Din Allah 14357:(in French). Fayard. 14333:The Mosques of Egypt 14012:Halm, Heinz (2014). 13991:Halm, Heinz (1996). 13988:English translation: 13094:Parsons, L. (2000). 12606:Podeh, Elie (2011). 11553:, pp. 134, 139. 10783:on 30 September 2007 10660:, pp. 399, 401. 9768:History of The Arabs 9324:Fage, J. D. (1958). 8920:Muhammad Ali dynasty 8505:Parliamentary system 8202:12th C.–146 BC 7543:Early African Church 7524:Prefecture of Africa 7508:Kingdom of the Aurès 7131:(ar-Raḍī ʿAbd Allāh) 6991:Palace of Queen Arwa 6825:Abu Tahir al-Jannabi 6820:Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi 6788:Nizari Ismaili state 3871:Fatimid architecture 3808:Fatimid architecture 3798:Art and architecture 3708:Nikephoros II Phokas 3542:St. Mercurius Church 3063:(r. 1154–1160), and 2996:Muhammad al-Muntazar 2952:Kingdom of Jerusalem 2400:class=notpageimage| 1702:, the leader of the 1694:, led another major 1684:Musa ibn Abi'l-Afiya 1564:Sunnism and various 1492:Simeon I of Bulgaria 940:), but many hostile 937:al-dawla al-alawiyya 851:, the long reign of 843:After the reigns of 796:, whose conquest of 270:Abolished by Saladin 21688:Modern great powers 19663:Carthaginian Empire 19193:Libya under Gaddafi 19141:Hospitaller Tripoli 18678:Freedom of religion 18573:Mass sexual assault 17938:Timekeeping devices 17836:2013 Rabaa massacre 17809:Egyptian–Libyan War 15954:(16th–19th century) 15948:(15th–19th century) 15900:(11th–12th century) 15852:(10th–11th century) 15739:al-Azhar University 15101:al-Afdal Shahanshah 14932:Muffarij b. Daghfal 14884:Conquest of Morocco 14871:2nd Sicilian revolt 14853:1st Sicilian revolt 14790:al-Mustansir Billah 12655:. Allyn and Bacon. 11345:, pp. 96, 121. 11136:on 20 December 2019 9868:, pp. 1235–37. 9856:, pp. 1230–34. 9752:, pp. 1242–44. 8755:Ptolemaic dynasties 8495:Tunisian revolution 7751:Barbary Slave Trade 7532:Exarchate of Africa 7500:Mauro-Roman Kingdom 6890:Rashid ad-Din Sinan 6815:ibn Mansur al-Yaman 5103:Ancient Arab states 3899:al-Azhar University 3623:liturgical language 3484:Side chapel in the 3292:Turbat az-Za'faraan 3125:Asad al-Din Shirkuh 3039:in Cairo, built by 2876:Al-Afdal Shahanshah 2577:al-Mustansir Billah 2460:al-Ḥasan ibn Ja'far 1791:) in 969. The name 1720:Strait of Gibraltar 1647:Umayyads of Cordoba 1619:gradually conquered 1307:, near the city of 1174:and the subsequent 838:religious tolerance 808:was retrieved from 731:in the west to the 590:Sharifian Caliphate 564:Parallel caliphates 21800:Former theocracies 20024:Telecommunications 19700:Byzantine invasion 19653:Megalithic Temples 19354:Head of government 18868:Art (contemporary) 18548:Capital punishment 18438:Telecommunications 18115:Towns and villages 18083:Qattara Depression 17896:Muslim Brotherhood 17866:Cigarette industry 17726:British occupation 17637:Crusader invasions 17607:Rashidun Caliphate 17405:Quran and miracles 17319:Criticism of Islam 17033:Geometric patterns 16885:Gender segregation 16456:Non-denominational 15994:Hashemites of Iraq 15744:House of Knowledge 15111:Hasan ibn al-Hafiz 14795:al-Musta'li Billah 14661:Titles in pretence 14627:as Fatimid clients 14089:Köhler, Michael A. 14057:10.1093/jis/etw042 14018:. In Fleet, Kate; 13795:The Fatimid Empire 13214:, pp. 148–49. 13126:Rebecca Erickson. 12462:, pp. 280–81. 12438:, pp. 276–77. 12426:, pp. 275–76. 12414:, pp. 265–66. 12167:, pp. 228–29. 12095:, pp. 220–23. 11987:, pp. 203–06. 11926:, pp. 207–09. 11899:, pp. 202–03. 11833:, pp. 198–99. 11746:, pp. 162–63. 11734:, pp. 157–60. 11662:, pp. 136–37. 11577:, pp. 130–33. 11513:, pp. 126–28. 11501:, pp. 125–26. 11489:, pp. 113–14. 11408:, pp. 123–24. 11396:, pp. 122–23. 11369:, pp. 121–22. 11119:10.1111/hic3.12210 10950:, pp. 80, 84. 10776:Saudi Aramco World 10648:, pp. 397–99. 10591:, pp. 266–67. 10579:, pp. 852–53. 10549:, pp. 194–95. 10394:, pp. 121–22. 10382:, pp. 120–21. 10370:, pp. 119–20. 10331:, pp. 115–17. 10319:, pp. 113–15. 10307:, pp. 112–13. 10253:, pp. 109–11. 10229:, pp. 107–08. 10188:, pp. 103–06. 10105:, pp. 108–09. 10090:, pp. 122–23. 10078:, pp. 100–07. 10066:, pp. 850–51. 10042:, pp. 108–10. 9677:Baer, Eva (1983). 9148:(September 1997). 8967:Sultanate of Egypt 8957:British occupation 8930:Khedivate of Egypt 8802:Rashidun caliphate 8623:Predynastic Period 8542:History portal 8455:Kingdom of Tunisia 8056:Outline of Algeria 7964:Algerian Civil War 7763:Second Barbary War 7719:Regency of Algiers 7252:Mufaddal Saifuddin 7123:(al-Taqī Muhammad) 7047:House of Knowledge 6937:Nizārī strongholds 6668:Atba-i-Malak Bohra 6168:Current monarchies 5831:Sharifate of Mecca 5301:Emirate of Tbilisi 5291:Emirate of Armenia 5141:Kingdom of Osroene 4030:. Under Arwa, the 3825: 3759:Mansouria, Tunisia 3741: 3651: 3570: 3560:Cover page of the 3515:Coptic monasticism 3498: 3393: 3100:, the governor of 3086:Ṭalā'i' ibn Ruzzīk 3053: 3016:Musta'li Isma'ilis 2940:captured Jerusalem 2932:victory at Antioch 2899: 2815:(specifically the 2710: 2695: 2581: 2553:Battle of Uqḥuwāna 2507: 1961: 1943:Campaigns in Syria 1861: 1773: 1673:and various local 1604: 1502: 1404: 1349: 1180:political quietism 1172:Anarchy at Samarra 1115:While the awaited 1111:The secret network 1070:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 967:, a revolutionary 925:relative adjective 537:Rashidun Caliphate 479:Sharifate of Mecca 21760:Emirate of Sicily 21745:Fatimid Caliphate 21732: 21731: 21654: 21653: 21619:Polish–Lithuanian 20794:Gurjara-Pratihara 20238: 20237: 20198: 20197: 20042: 20041: 19981: 19980: 19951:Political parties 19914:Foreign relations 19874: 19873: 19783:Language Question 19751:French occupation 19707:Kingdom of Sicily 19695:Aghlabid invasion 19594: 19593: 19554: 19553: 19468: 19467: 19389: 19388: 19322:Foreign relations 19294: 19293: 19183:Allied occupation 19161:Italian Cyrenaica 19070: 19069: 19018: 19017: 19014: 19013: 18942:Football stadiums 18873:Botanical gardens 18752:Catholic dioceses 18644:Gender inequality 18568:Human trafficking 18499: 18498: 18433:Tallest buildings 18394:Military industry 18310: 18309: 18251:Political parties 18204:Islamic extremism 18192:Foreign relations 18133: 18132: 17974: 17973: 17970: 17969: 17714:French occupation 17632:Fatimid Caliphate 17627:Ikhshidid dynasty 17456: 17455: 17422: 17421: 17418: 17417: 17390:Domestic violence 17380:Islamic terrorism 17375:Islamic extremism 17206: 17205: 17202: 17201: 16974: 16973: 16970: 16969: 16760:Marriage contract 16590: 16589: 16550:Political aspects 16337:Story of Prophets 16106:Prophets of Islam 16009: 16008: 15804:Islamic dynasties 15770: 15769: 15752: 15751: 15724:al-Qadi al-Nu'man 15592: 15591: 15584:Baghdad Manifesto 15531:al-Qadi al-Nu'man 15516:Abu Hatim al-Razi 15372: 15371: 15211:Sharifs of Medina 15146:Ruzzik ibn Tala'i 15141:Tala'i ibn Ruzzik 15056:Ya'qub ibn Killis 14991:and accession of 14738:Fatimid Caliphate 14705: 14704: 14696:Succeeded by 14650:Succeeded by 14638:Ikhshidid dynasty 14630: 14618:Succeeded by 14519:Madelung, Wilferd 14375:978-0-674-00316-3 14320:978-90-04-07819-2 14229:Madelung, Wilferd 14110:978-90-04-24890-8 14093:Hirschler, Konrad 14080:978-0-367-36690-2 13980:978-3-406-35497-7 13958:978-0-933273-32-0 13931:978-0-521-61636-2 13907:978-90-04-07819-2 13804:978-0-7486-4076-8 13641:978-81-206-0630-2 13618:, pp. 49–52. 13473:978-1-78672-174-7 13311:978-90-429-1524-4 13157:, pp. 11–14. 13002:978-0-8014-5529-2 12960:978-1-134-93005-0 12725:"Khan al-Khalili" 12279:, pp. 48–50. 12143:, pp. 62–63. 12067:978-0-521-81113-2 11770:, pp. 68–69. 11698:, pp. 17–18. 11610:978-90-429-4894-5 11297:, pp. 94–95. 11225:978-0-500-20305-7 11068:978-1-63568-712-5 11013:978-0-299-04834-1 10990:, pp. 38–85. 10922:978-0-500-20305-7 10870:, pp. 83–84. 10846:, pp. 81–83. 10759:, pp. 43–44. 10732:, pp. 42–43. 10466:978-1-5017-1258-6 10128:978-90-04-35604-7 10054:, pp. 63–64. 9979:, pp. 22–24. 9967:, pp. 16–20. 9955:, pp. 29–30. 9943:, pp. 90–96. 9931:, pp. 89–90. 9919:, pp. 27–28. 9907:, pp. 88–89. 9721:Abbasid caliphate 9687:. p. xxiii. 9505:978-0-393-11968-8 9480:978-1-84353-018-3 9440:978-0-521-24016-1 9369:978-1-4144-4883-1 9293:978-0-313-37982-6 9210:Lascoste (1984). 9044: 9043: 8995: 8994: 8948:Late Modern Egypt 8938: 8937: 8910:French occupation 8880: 8879: 8842:Ikhshidid dynasty 8812:Umayyad caliphate 8783: 8782: 8737:Greco-Roman Egypt 8728: 8727: 8631: 8630: 8614:Prehistoric Egypt 8576: 8575: 8531:Africa portal 8516: 8515: 8426: 8425: 8389: 8388: 8332: 8331: 8275: 8274: 8179: 8178: 8125: 8124: 8037:COVID-19 pandemic 7758:First Barbary War 7727:Ottoman governors 7587:Umayyad Caliphate 7516:Kingdom of Altava 7316: 7315: 7243:Haatim Zakiyuddin 7207:Incumbent leaders 7042:Baghdad Manifesto 6996:Queen Arwa Mosque 6763:Fatimid Caliphate 6419: 6418: 6384: 6383: 6159: 6158: 6151:Tippu Tip's State 6049: 6048: 6021:Emirate of Beihan 5753:Arabian Peninsula 5744: 5743: 5499: 5498: 5283:Eastern dynasties 5274: 5273: 5219: 5218: 5131:Nabataean Kingdom 5121:Kingdom of Lihyan 5065: 5064: 5061: 5060: 3944:Al-Qadi al-Nu'man 3917:Important figures 3589:or leader of the 3575:Genizah documents 3360:forced conversion 3082:al-Hussein Mosque 3049:al-Hussein Mosque 3041:Tala'i ibn Ruzzik 2944:Battle of Ascalon 2840: 2746: 2734: 2687:Al-Juyushi Mosque 2559:broke a truce to 2480:Mansur ibn Lu'lu' 2123:dynasty in 1001. 2109:Buluggin ibn Ziri 1933:Ya'qub ibn Killis 1883:coast of Africa, 1844:, the capital of 1777:invasion of Egypt 1383:Ziyadat Allah III 1141:Abdallah al-Akbar 753:Abbasid Caliphate 701: 646:Fatimid Caliphate 642: 641: 580:Almohad Caliphate 575:Fatimid Caliphate 552:Ottoman Caliphate 547:Abbasid Caliphate 542:Umayyad Caliphate 499: 498: 495: 494: 491: 490: 423:Emirate of Sicily 395:Ayyubid Sultanate 373: 372: 368:Emirate of Tahert 354:Ikhshidid Wilayah 326:Abbasid Caliphate 275:17 September 1171 230:Early Middle Ages 43:Fatimid Caliphate 16:(Redirected from 21857: 21780:Former countries 21535: 21534: 21200:Austro-Hungarian 20900:Chagatai Khanate 20265: 20258: 20251: 20242: 20241: 20218: 20211: 20170:National symbols 20053: 20052: 19992: 19991: 19885: 19884: 19829: 19828: 19817: 19766:Independent Gozo 19734:Invasion of Gozo 19729:Hospitaller rule 19621: 19614: 19607: 19598: 19597: 19574: 19567: 19479: 19478: 19430: 19400: 19399: 19305: 19304: 19239: 19238: 19227: 19097: 19090: 19083: 19074: 19073: 19060: 19059: 19050: 19049: 19040: 19030: 19029: 18835:Waste management 18600:Academic grading 18518: 18517: 18505: 18504: 18477:Railway stations 18455:Cultural tourism 18354:Economic regions 18316: 18315: 18139: 18138: 17980: 17979: 17649:Mamluk Sultanate 17580:Diocese of Egypt 17563:Battle of Actium 17512: 17511: 17499: 17498: 17483: 17476: 17469: 17460: 17459: 17446: 17445: 17438:Islam portal 17436: 17435: 17434: 17226: 17225: 17218: 17212: 17211: 17053:Medieval science 16996: 16995: 16986: 16980: 16979: 16637:Economic history 16620: 16619: 16596: 16595: 16582:Islam by country 16415:Bektashi Alevism 16063: 16062: 16054:Outline of Islam 16036: 16029: 16022: 16013: 16012: 15797: 15790: 15783: 15774: 15773: 15762: 15601: 15600: 15383: 15382: 15206:Sharifs of Mecca 15175:Vassal dynasties 15116:Bahram al-Armani 15037: 15036: 14983:Siege of Ascalon 14765:al-Mansur Billah 14731: 14724: 14717: 14708: 14707: 14682:909–1171 14667:Preceded by 14635:Preceded by 14624: 14609:Ruling house of 14603:Aghlabid dynasty 14600:Preceded by 14577: 14576: 14538: 14529:. Brill Online. 14516: 14507: 14486: 14463: 14440: 14419: 14412:Runciman, Steven 14407: 14405: 14403: 14379: 14358: 14346: 14324: 14285: 14273: 14236: 14224: 14187: 14175: 14154: 14114: 14099:. Translated by 14084: 14060: 14039: 14017: 14006: 13984: 13962: 13945:Yarshater, Ehsan 13935: 13911: 13872: 13853: 13820: 13808: 13789: 13768: 13738: 13737: 13735: 13733: 13705: 13699: 13698: 13696: 13694: 13666: 13660: 13652: 13646: 13645: 13625: 13619: 13613: 13607: 13600: 13594: 13593: 13585: 13579: 13578: 13572: 13568: 13566: 13558: 13542: 13529: 13528: 13512: 13506: 13500: 13491: 13484: 13478: 13477: 13457: 13451: 13445: 13439: 13432: 13421: 13414: 13408: 13402: 13396: 13395: 13377: 13368: 13367: 13339: 13328: 13322: 13316: 13315: 13295: 13289: 13288: 13286: 13284: 13256: 13247: 13241: 13230: 13224: 13215: 13209: 13200: 13194: 13185: 13179: 13173: 13167: 13158: 13152: 13146: 13145: 13143: 13137:. Archived from 13132: 13123: 13117: 13116: 13091: 13085: 13081: 13075: 13074: 13053: 13047: 13046: 13025: 13019: 13018: 13016: 13014: 12983: 12977: 12976: 12974: 12972: 12944: 12938: 12931: 12925: 12924: 12896: 12890: 12889: 12877: 12871: 12870: 12852: 12839: 12838: 12819: 12790: 12789: 12781: 12775: 12774: 12766: 12760: 12759: 12751: 12745: 12744: 12742: 12740: 12720: 12714: 12707: 12701: 12695: 12686: 12679: 12673: 12672: 12666: 12664: 12646: 12640: 12639: 12637: 12635: 12603: 12597: 12596: 12594: 12592: 12564: 12558: 12557: 12555: 12553: 12525: 12490: 12484: 12478: 12472: 12463: 12457: 12451: 12445: 12439: 12433: 12427: 12421: 12415: 12409: 12403: 12397: 12391: 12385: 12379: 12373: 12367: 12361: 12355: 12349: 12343: 12337: 12328: 12322: 12316: 12310: 12304: 12298: 12292: 12286: 12280: 12274: 12268: 12262: 12256: 12250: 12244: 12238: 12229: 12228: 12226: 12224: 12218: 12211: 12200: 12194: 12193: 12191: 12189: 12174: 12168: 12162: 12156: 12150: 12144: 12138: 12132: 12126: 12120: 12119: 12102: 12096: 12090: 12084: 12083: 12081: 12079: 12051: 12042: 12041: 12039: 12037: 11994: 11988: 11982: 11976: 11975: 11973: 11971: 11945: 11939: 11933: 11927: 11921: 11915: 11909: 11900: 11894: 11888: 11882: 11876: 11870: 11861: 11855: 11846: 11840: 11834: 11828: 11822: 11816: 11810: 11809: 11807: 11805: 11777: 11771: 11765: 11759: 11753: 11747: 11741: 11735: 11729: 11723: 11717: 11711: 11705: 11699: 11693: 11687: 11681: 11675: 11669: 11663: 11657: 11651: 11645: 11639: 11633: 11627: 11626: 11624: 11622: 11584: 11578: 11572: 11566: 11560: 11554: 11548: 11542: 11532: 11526: 11520: 11514: 11508: 11502: 11496: 11490: 11484: 11478: 11472: 11466: 11465: 11463: 11461: 11433: 11424: 11418: 11409: 11403: 11397: 11391: 11385: 11379: 11370: 11364: 11358: 11352: 11346: 11340: 11334: 11328: 11317: 11311: 11298: 11292: 11286: 11280: 11271: 11270: 11260: 11236: 11230: 11229: 11209: 11203: 11202: 11200: 11176: 11170: 11164: 11158: 11152: 11146: 11145: 11143: 11141: 11135: 11129:. Archived from 11104: 11095: 11089: 11088: 11082: 11080: 11052: 11046: 11040: 11034: 11033: 11027: 11025: 10997: 10991: 10985: 10979: 10978: 10960: 10951: 10945: 10939: 10933: 10927: 10926: 10906: 10900: 10899: 10897: 10895: 10877: 10871: 10865: 10859: 10853: 10847: 10841: 10835: 10829: 10823: 10822: 10804: 10793: 10792: 10790: 10788: 10766: 10760: 10754: 10745: 10739: 10733: 10727: 10721: 10715: 10709: 10708: 10698: 10674: 10661: 10655: 10649: 10643: 10637: 10631: 10622: 10616: 10610: 10609: 10601: 10592: 10586: 10580: 10574: 10565: 10559: 10550: 10544: 10538: 10537: 10531: 10527: 10525: 10517: 10501: 10495: 10489: 10483: 10482: 10480: 10478: 10450: 10441: 10440: 10438: 10436: 10408: 10395: 10389: 10383: 10377: 10371: 10365: 10359: 10353: 10344: 10338: 10332: 10326: 10320: 10314: 10308: 10302: 10296: 10290: 10284: 10283: 10281: 10279: 10260: 10254: 10248: 10242: 10236: 10230: 10224: 10218: 10212: 10201: 10195: 10189: 10183: 10177: 10171: 10160: 10154: 10145: 10139: 10133: 10132: 10112: 10106: 10100: 10091: 10085: 10079: 10073: 10067: 10061: 10055: 10049: 10043: 10037: 10031: 10025: 10019: 10013: 10004: 9998: 9992: 9986: 9980: 9974: 9968: 9962: 9956: 9950: 9944: 9938: 9932: 9926: 9920: 9914: 9908: 9902: 9896: 9890: 9884: 9878: 9869: 9863: 9857: 9851: 9845: 9839: 9833: 9827: 9818: 9812: 9783: 9782: 9763:Hitti, Philip K. 9759: 9753: 9747: 9738: 9732: 9726: 9725: 9708: 9706: 9674: 9668: 9662: 9653: 9647: 9522: 9516: 9510: 9509: 9491: 9485: 9484: 9471:History of Islam 9466: 9460: 9459: 9454: 9452: 9424: 9418: 9417: 9415: 9413: 9395: 9386: 9385: 9383: 9381: 9353: 9344: 9343: 9341: 9339: 9321: 9310: 9309: 9307: 9305: 9277: 9266: 9265: 9263: 9261: 9246: 9240: 9239: 9237: 9235: 9207: 9201: 9198: 9192: 9191: 9189: 9187: 9142: 9136: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9099: 9082: 9080: 9073: 9058: 9053: 9052: 9036: 9029: 9022: 9010:Egypt portal 9008: 9007: 9006: 8977:Kingdom of Egypt 8953: 8952: 8896: 8895: 8798: 8797: 8741: 8740: 8646: 8645: 8619: 8618: 8606: 8596: 8578: 8577: 8568: 8561: 8554: 8540: 8539: 8538: 8529: 8528: 8527: 8512: 8441: 8440: 8404: 8403: 8347: 8346: 8290: 8289: 8271: 8266: 8257: 8252: 8219:146 BC–435 8216: 8194: 8193: 8168: 8167: 8155: 8145: 8127: 8126: 8117: 8110: 8103: 8082: 8069: 8020:2010s to present 7935:1965 coup d'état 7919:Contemporary era 7785:French governors 7703: 7695: 7687: 7679: 7671: 7663: 7655: 7647: 7639: 7631: 7623: 7615: 7607: 7599: 7591: 7583: 7553:Fossatum Africae 7536: 7528: 7520: 7512: 7504: 7496: 7488: 7475: 7467: 7459: 7450:Ancient Carthage 7381: 7373: 7365: 7346: 7336: 7318: 7317: 7308: 7301: 7294: 7282:Islam portal 7280: 7279: 7278: 7261:Taher Fakhruddin 7226:Musta'li Ismaili 6875:Dhu'ayb ibn Musa 6783:Hamdanid dynasty 6773:Sulayhid dynasty 6450: 6441: 6435: 6434: 6421: 6420: 6411: 6404: 6397: 6172: 6171: 6136:Nabahani dynasty 6081:Nabahani dynasty 6066:Makhzumi dynasty 6062: 6061: 5757: 5756: 5512: 5511: 5311:Emirate of Crete 5287: 5286: 5232: 5231: 5211:Kingdom of Kinda 5161:Kingdom of Hatra 5111:Kingdom of Qedar 5107: 5106: 5096: 5084: 5083: 4739:Nizār al-Muṣṭafá 4085: 4084: 4076: 4075: 4067:Syedi Fakhruddin 4059:Sulaymani Bohras 4040:Dhu'ayb bin Musa 3788: 3712:Emirate of Crete 3704:Byzantine Empire 3406:majālis al-ḥikma 3210:(996–1021). The 3137:majālis al-ḥikma 3059:(r. 1149–1154), 3014:branches of the 2919:Ridwan of Aleppo 2911:siege of Antioch 2907:Alexios Komnenos 2835: 2833: 2741: 2739: 2729: 2727: 2617: 2545:Salih ibn Mirdas 2512:majālis al-ḥikma 2409: 2406: 2394: 2392: 2383: 2381: 2372: 2370: 2361: 2359: 2352: 2350: 2343: 2341: 2334: 2332: 2323: 2321: 2312: 2310: 2301: 2299: 2290: 2288: 2281: 2279: 2270: 2268: 2259: 2257: 2250: 2248: 2241: 2239: 2232: 2230: 2223: 2221: 2212: 2210: 2203: 2201: 2192: 2190: 2181: 2179: 2170: 2168: 2159: 2157: 2149: 1912:High Middle Ages 1909: 1907: 1821:Ja'far ibn Falāḥ 1802: 1623:Byzantine Empire 1540: 1534: 1528: 1518: 1497:Madrid Skylitzes 1369: 1324: 1302: 1267: 1258: 1235: 1189: 1169: 1160: 1134: 1128: 1120: 1106: 1104: 1091: 1085: 1060: 1046: 1040: 949: 939: 930:Emphasizing its 922: 743:and her husband 706: 696: 694: 686: 685: 682: 681: 678: 675: 672: 669: 666: 663: 660: 634: 627: 620: 608:Islam portal 606: 605: 604: 585:Sokoto Caliphate 524: 515: 514: 512: 501: 500: 487: 486: 473: 472: 459: 458: 451:Hammadid Emirate 445: 444: 431: 430: 417: 416: 403: 402: 389: 388: 377: 376: 364: 363: 350: 349: 340:Aghlabid Emirate 336: 335: 322: 321: 315: 314: 299: 298: 166: 134:Berber languages 79: 64: 58: 50: 49: 39: 38: 21: 21865: 21864: 21860: 21859: 21858: 21856: 21855: 21854: 21735: 21734: 21733: 21728: 21717:American Empire 21702: 21698:African empires 21650: 21533: 21225:Central African 21171: 20989:Romano-Germanic 20575: 20309:Middle Assyrian 20282: 20274: 20269: 20239: 20234: 20221: 20214: 20207: 20194: 20180:Public holidays 20099: 20038: 19977: 19870: 19818: 19809: 19722:Hafsid invasion 19717:Battle of Malta 19712:Norman invasion 19634: 19625: 19595: 19590: 19577: 19570: 19563: 19550: 19521:Public holidays 19464: 19428: 19385: 19290: 19228: 19219: 19213:2014–2020 19171:Libyan genocide 19136:Spanish Tripoli 19107: 19101: 19071: 19066: 19010: 19001:Public holidays 18991:National anthem 18844: 18757:Coptic Churches 18700:Egyptian Arabic 18610:Medical schools 18512: 18495: 18411:Nuclear program 18323: 18306: 18236:Nationality law 18229:Supreme Council 18214:Law enforcement 18146: 18129: 18105:Sinai Peninsula 18088:Red Sea Riviera 17987: 17966: 17942: 17844: 17731:1919 revolution 17719:Revolt of Cairo 17644:Ayyubid dynasty 17622:Tulunid dynasty 17506: 17493: 17487: 17457: 17452: 17432: 17430: 17414: 17336:Cultural Muslim 17307: 17274: 17230:Other religions 17220: 17216: 17198: 17133: 17100: 17047: 16990: 16988:Islamic studies 16984: 16966: 16800: 16745: 16722: 16669: 16614: 16613: 16586: 16535:Moral teachings 16478: 16460: 16434:Nation of Islam 16395:Twelver Shi'ism 16342: 16308:Religious texts 16302: 16220:Early conquests 16203: 16185: 16137: 16057: 16046: 16040: 16010: 16005: 15811: 15801: 15771: 15766: 15748: 15707: 15684:Portable mihrab 15644:Al-Hakim Mosque 15588: 15571: 15565: 15484:and theologians 15483: 15475: 15418: 15368: 15335: 15285: 15273: 15170: 15043: 15032: 15026: 14831: 14755:al-Mahdi Billah 14741: 14735: 14701: 14699:Abbasid dynasty 14691:Umayyad dynasty 14683: 14681: 14672: 14670:Abbasid dynasty 14655: 14653:Ayyubid dynasty 14646: 14640: 14623: 14614: 14605: 14595: 14592:Fatimid dynasty 14588: 14560:Wayback Machine 14545: 14523:Daftary, Farhad 14504: 14483: 14460: 14437: 14401: 14399: 14397: 14376: 14343: 14329:O'Kane, Bernard 14321: 14288:Bosworth, C. E. 14251:Bosworth, C. E. 14111: 14103:Leiden: Brill. 14081: 14024:Rowson, Everett 14003: 13981: 13959: 13932: 13916:Daftary, Farhad 13908: 13875:Bosworth, C. E. 13805: 13786: 13765: 13747: 13742: 13741: 13731: 13729: 13722: 13706: 13702: 13692: 13690: 13683: 13667: 13663: 13653: 13649: 13642: 13626: 13622: 13614: 13610: 13601: 13597: 13586: 13582: 13570: 13569: 13560: 13559: 13543: 13532: 13513: 13509: 13501: 13494: 13485: 13481: 13474: 13458: 13454: 13446: 13442: 13433: 13424: 13415: 13411: 13403: 13399: 13392: 13378: 13371: 13340: 13331: 13323: 13319: 13312: 13296: 13292: 13282: 13280: 13273: 13257: 13250: 13242: 13233: 13225: 13218: 13210: 13203: 13195: 13188: 13180: 13176: 13168: 13161: 13153: 13149: 13144:on 18 May 2015. 13141: 13130: 13124: 13120: 13106: 13092: 13088: 13082: 13078: 13068: 13054: 13050: 13040: 13026: 13022: 13012: 13010: 13003: 12984: 12980: 12970: 12968: 12961: 12945: 12941: 12932: 12928: 12897: 12893: 12878: 12874: 12867: 12853: 12842: 12835: 12820: 12793: 12782: 12778: 12767: 12763: 12752: 12748: 12738: 12736: 12721: 12717: 12708: 12704: 12696: 12689: 12680: 12676: 12662: 12660: 12647: 12643: 12633: 12631: 12604: 12600: 12590: 12588: 12581: 12565: 12561: 12551: 12549: 12542: 12526: 12493: 12485: 12481: 12473: 12466: 12458: 12454: 12446: 12442: 12434: 12430: 12422: 12418: 12410: 12406: 12398: 12394: 12386: 12382: 12374: 12370: 12362: 12358: 12350: 12346: 12338: 12331: 12323: 12319: 12311: 12307: 12299: 12295: 12287: 12283: 12275: 12271: 12263: 12259: 12251: 12247: 12239: 12232: 12222: 12220: 12216: 12209: 12201: 12197: 12187: 12185: 12176: 12175: 12171: 12163: 12159: 12151: 12147: 12139: 12135: 12127: 12123: 12116: 12104: 12103: 12099: 12091: 12087: 12077: 12075: 12068: 12052: 12045: 12035: 12033: 11995: 11991: 11983: 11979: 11969: 11967: 11965: 11946: 11942: 11934: 11930: 11922: 11918: 11910: 11903: 11895: 11891: 11883: 11879: 11871: 11864: 11856: 11849: 11841: 11837: 11829: 11825: 11817: 11813: 11803: 11801: 11794: 11778: 11774: 11766: 11762: 11754: 11750: 11742: 11738: 11730: 11726: 11718: 11714: 11706: 11702: 11694: 11690: 11682: 11678: 11670: 11666: 11658: 11654: 11646: 11642: 11634: 11630: 11620: 11618: 11611: 11585: 11581: 11573: 11569: 11561: 11557: 11549: 11545: 11533: 11529: 11521: 11517: 11509: 11505: 11497: 11493: 11485: 11481: 11473: 11469: 11459: 11457: 11450: 11434: 11427: 11419: 11412: 11404: 11400: 11392: 11388: 11380: 11373: 11365: 11361: 11353: 11349: 11341: 11337: 11329: 11320: 11312: 11301: 11293: 11289: 11281: 11274: 11237: 11233: 11226: 11210: 11206: 11177: 11173: 11165: 11161: 11153: 11149: 11139: 11137: 11133: 11107:History Compass 11102: 11096: 11092: 11078: 11076: 11069: 11053: 11049: 11041: 11037: 11023: 11021: 11014: 10998: 10994: 10986: 10982: 10975: 10961: 10954: 10946: 10942: 10934: 10930: 10923: 10907: 10903: 10893: 10891: 10878: 10874: 10866: 10862: 10854: 10850: 10842: 10838: 10830: 10826: 10819: 10805: 10796: 10786: 10784: 10767: 10763: 10755: 10748: 10740: 10736: 10728: 10724: 10716: 10712: 10675: 10664: 10656: 10652: 10644: 10640: 10632: 10625: 10617: 10613: 10602: 10595: 10587: 10583: 10575: 10568: 10560: 10553: 10545: 10541: 10529: 10528: 10519: 10518: 10502: 10498: 10490: 10486: 10476: 10474: 10467: 10451: 10444: 10434: 10432: 10425: 10409: 10398: 10390: 10386: 10378: 10374: 10366: 10362: 10354: 10347: 10339: 10335: 10327: 10323: 10315: 10311: 10303: 10299: 10291: 10287: 10277: 10275: 10262: 10261: 10257: 10249: 10245: 10237: 10233: 10225: 10221: 10213: 10204: 10196: 10192: 10184: 10180: 10172: 10163: 10155: 10148: 10140: 10136: 10129: 10113: 10109: 10101: 10094: 10086: 10082: 10074: 10070: 10062: 10058: 10050: 10046: 10038: 10034: 10026: 10022: 10014: 10007: 9999: 9995: 9987: 9983: 9975: 9971: 9963: 9959: 9951: 9947: 9939: 9935: 9927: 9923: 9915: 9911: 9903: 9899: 9891: 9887: 9879: 9872: 9864: 9860: 9852: 9848: 9840: 9836: 9828: 9821: 9813: 9786: 9779: 9760: 9756: 9748: 9741: 9733: 9729: 9717:Ayyubid dynasty 9704: 9702: 9695: 9675: 9671: 9663: 9656: 9648: 9525: 9517: 9513: 9506: 9492: 9488: 9481: 9467: 9463: 9450: 9448: 9441: 9425: 9421: 9411: 9409: 9396: 9389: 9379: 9377: 9370: 9354: 9347: 9337: 9335: 9322: 9313: 9303: 9301: 9294: 9278: 9269: 9259: 9257: 9248: 9247: 9243: 9233: 9231: 9224: 9208: 9204: 9199: 9195: 9185: 9183: 9143: 9139: 9129: 9127: 9100: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9085: 9074: 9070: 9065: 9054: 9047: 9040: 9004: 9002: 8997: 8996: 8950: 8940: 8939: 8893: 8882: 8881: 8862:Ayyubid dynasty 8852:Fatimid dynasty 8832:Tulunid dynasty 8822:Abbasid dynasty 8795: 8785: 8784: 8738: 8730: 8729: 8643: 8633: 8632: 8616: 8594: 8587: 8572: 8536: 8534: 8525: 8523: 8518: 8517: 8510: 8489:1987–2011 8469:1957–1987 8459:1956–1957 8449:1881–1956 8438: 8428: 8427: 8422:1705–1881 8412:1574–1705 8401: 8391: 8390: 8385:1229–1574 8375:1160–1229 8365:1148–1160 8344: 8334: 8333: 8287: 8277: 8276: 8269: 8262: 8255: 8248: 8210: 8191: 8181: 8180: 8165: 8143: 8136: 8121: 8092: 8091: 8078: 8076: 8065: 8063: 8051: 8043: 8042: 8041: 8017: 7951: 7921: 7911: 7910: 7909: 7908: 7831:Operation Torch 7819:Cheikh Bouamama 7804:Emir Abdelkader 7780:French conquest 7767: 7746:Barbary pirates 7739:Emirate of Kuku 7715: 7707: 7706: 7701: 7693: 7685: 7677: 7669: 7661: 7653: 7645: 7637: 7629: 7621: 7613: 7605: 7597: 7589: 7581: 7574: 7564: 7563: 7562: 7534: 7526: 7518: 7510: 7502: 7494: 7487:(146 BC–590 AD) 7486: 7473: 7465: 7457: 7440: 7430: 7429: 7420: 7379: 7377:Capsian culture 7371: 7363: 7361:Aterian Culture 7356: 7334: 7327: 7312: 7276: 7274: 7269: 7268: 7267: 7233:Dā'ī al-Mutlaqs 7214:Nizārī Ismā'īlī 7208: 7200: 7199: 7115:(al-Wāfī Ahmad) 7098:Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq 7068: 7057: 7056: 6979:Qalaat al-Madiq 6910:Dā'ī al-Mutlaqs 6778:Zurayid dynasty 6745: 6689:Sulaymani Bohra 6624: 6610: 6609: 6575: 6565: 6564: 6458: 6437: 6436: 6425: 6424: 6415: 6386: 6385: 6169: 6161: 6160: 6096:Mahdali dynasty 6059: 6051: 6050: 5991:Muscat and Oman 5761:Imamate of Oman 5754: 5746: 5745: 5509: 5501: 5500: 5284: 5276: 5275: 5229: 5221: 5220: 5151:Emesene Dynasty 5104: 5070: 4101:Al-Mahdi Billāh 4036:Lamak ibn Malik 4020:Arwa al-Sulayhi 3977: 3958:(d. After 1070) 3952:(d. After 1020) 3925: 3919: 3911:Bayn al-Qasrayn 3907:Fatimid palaces 3887:al-Aqmar Mosque 3883:Al-Hakim Mosque 3879:Al-Azhar Mosque 3869:Many traces of 3860:textiles and a 3810: 3802:Main articles: 3800: 3787:القاهرة المعزية 3775: 3761: 3755: 3746: 3729: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3629:Military system 3613: 3562:Leningrad Codex 3554: 3478: 3434: 3390:al-Azhar Mosque 3378: 3372: 3314: 3309: 3296:Khan el-Khalili 3288: 3275: 3269: 3174: 3168: 3159: 3157:Fatimid dynasty 3153: 2984:Al-Aqmar Mosque 2865: 2793:Armenian church 2680: 2525: 2520: 2491:Al-Hakim Mosque 2472:local commander 2412: 2411: 2410: 2407: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2141: 2105: 1945: 1908: 960–1279 1904: 1870:Al-Azhar Mosque 1827:and subjugated 1813:Arab conquerors 1765:Al-Azhar Mosque 1758: 1753: 1643: 1500:, 12th century. 1488:al-Mahdi Billah 1486:Fatimid Caliph 1480: 1416:Aurès Mountains 1341: 1335: 1283: 1278: 1224: 1113: 1101: 1098:Harun al-Rashid 1066:Ja'far al-Sadiq 1007: 961: 956: 898:Islamic prophet 890:Fatimid dynasty 886: 878:Ayyubid dynasty 830:conquered Egypt 657: 653: 638: 602: 600: 595: 594: 565: 557: 556: 532: 531:Main caliphates 507: 484: 470: 456: 442: 428: 414: 409:Crusader States 400: 386: 361: 347: 333: 319: 272: 259: 245: 212: 200: 160: 143: 117: 82: 65: 59: 52: 44: 35: 32: 29:Fatimid dynasty 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 21863: 21853: 21852: 21847: 21842: 21837: 21832: 21827: 21822: 21817: 21812: 21807: 21802: 21797: 21792: 21787: 21782: 21777: 21772: 21767: 21762: 21757: 21752: 21747: 21730: 21729: 21727: 21726: 21725: 21724: 21719: 21710: 21708: 21704: 21703: 21701: 21700: 21695: 21690: 21685: 21680: 21675: 21674: 21673: 21662: 21660: 21656: 21655: 21652: 21651: 21649: 21648: 21643: 21638: 21633: 21628: 21627: 21626: 21616: 21611: 21606: 21601: 21596: 21591: 21586: 21581: 21576: 21571: 21570: 21569: 21564: 21554: 21549: 21543: 21541: 21532: 21531: 21530: 21529: 21524: 21519: 21514: 21509: 21499: 21494: 21493: 21492: 21482: 21477: 21476: 21475: 21470: 21465: 21455: 21450: 21449: 21448: 21443: 21433: 21432: 21431: 21426: 21421: 21416: 21411: 21401: 21400: 21399: 21394: 21384: 21379: 21374: 21369: 21368: 21367: 21362: 21357: 21352: 21347: 21337: 21336: 21335: 21330: 21320: 21315: 21314: 21313: 21308: 21298: 21297: 21296: 21291: 21281: 21280: 21279: 21274: 21264: 21259: 21258: 21257: 21252: 21247: 21242: 21237: 21227: 21222: 21221: 21220: 21215: 21207: 21202: 21197: 21192: 21187: 21181: 21179: 21173: 21172: 21170: 21169: 21164: 21159: 21154: 21153: 21152: 21147: 21142: 21137: 21132: 21127: 21122: 21112: 21107: 21106: 21105: 21100: 21095: 21090: 21085: 21080: 21070: 21069: 21068: 21063: 21058: 21053: 21043: 21038: 21033: 21028: 21023: 21018: 21013: 21008: 21003: 21002: 21001: 20996: 20986: 20985: 20984: 20979: 20974: 20969: 20964: 20959: 20946: 20941: 20936: 20931: 20930: 20929: 20924: 20919: 20909: 20908: 20907: 20902: 20897: 20892: 20882: 20877: 20872: 20867: 20862: 20857: 20856: 20855: 20850: 20845: 20840: 20830: 20829: 20828: 20823: 20818: 20813: 20803: 20802: 20801: 20796: 20791: 20781: 20776: 20771: 20766: 20761: 20760: 20759: 20754: 20749: 20739: 20734: 20733: 20732: 20727: 20722: 20717: 20712: 20707: 20697: 20696: 20695: 20690: 20680: 20679: 20678: 20673: 20668: 20663: 20653: 20648: 20647: 20646: 20636: 20635: 20634: 20629: 20621: 20616: 20611: 20606: 20601: 20596: 20591: 20585: 20583: 20581:Post-classical 20577: 20576: 20574: 20573: 20572: 20571: 20561: 20556: 20555: 20554: 20549: 20539: 20538: 20537: 20527: 20526: 20525: 20520: 20515: 20510: 20505: 20500: 20490: 20485: 20480: 20479: 20478: 20473: 20468: 20463: 20453: 20452: 20451: 20446: 20436: 20431: 20430: 20429: 20424: 20419: 20414: 20409: 20399: 20394: 20389: 20388: 20387: 20382: 20380:Middle Kingdom 20377: 20367: 20362: 20361: 20360: 20355: 20350: 20340: 20339: 20338: 20336:Neo-Babylonian 20333: 20328: 20326:Old Babylonian 20318: 20317: 20316: 20311: 20301: 20296: 20290: 20288: 20276: 20275: 20268: 20267: 20260: 20253: 20245: 20236: 20235: 20233: 20232: 20227: 20220: 20219: 20212: 20204: 20203: 20200: 20199: 20196: 20195: 20193: 20192: 20187: 20182: 20177: 20172: 20167: 20162: 20157: 20152: 20147: 20146: 20145: 20135: 20130: 20125: 20120: 20115: 20109: 20107: 20101: 20100: 20098: 20097: 20092: 20087: 20082: 20077: 20072: 20067: 20062: 20056: 20050: 20044: 20043: 20040: 20039: 20037: 20036: 20031: 20026: 20021: 20016: 20014:Stock exchange 20011: 20006: 20001: 19995: 19989: 19983: 19982: 19979: 19978: 19976: 19975: 19973:Chief of Staff 19970: 19969: 19968: 19961:Prime Minister 19958: 19953: 19948: 19943: 19941:Local councils 19938: 19933: 19931:Heads of state 19928: 19927: 19926: 19921: 19911: 19906: 19901: 19900: 19899: 19888: 19882: 19876: 19875: 19872: 19871: 19869: 19868: 19863: 19858: 19853: 19848: 19846:Fortifications 19843: 19838: 19832: 19826: 19820: 19819: 19812: 19810: 19808: 19807: 19805:State of Malta 19802: 19801: 19800: 19795: 19790: 19785: 19778:British Colony 19775: 19770: 19769: 19768: 19763: 19758: 19748: 19747: 19746: 19741: 19736: 19726: 19725: 19724: 19719: 19714: 19704: 19703: 19702: 19697: 19687: 19685:Byzantine rule 19682: 19677: 19676: 19675: 19668:Roman Republic 19665: 19660: 19655: 19650: 19644: 19642: 19636: 19635: 19624: 19623: 19616: 19609: 19601: 19592: 19591: 19589: 19588: 19583: 19576: 19575: 19568: 19560: 19559: 19556: 19555: 19552: 19551: 19549: 19548: 19543: 19542: 19541: 19536: 19528: 19523: 19518: 19513: 19508: 19503: 19498: 19493: 19488: 19482: 19476: 19470: 19469: 19466: 19465: 19463: 19462: 19457: 19452: 19447: 19442: 19437: 19432: 19424: 19419: 19417:Communications 19414: 19409: 19403: 19397: 19391: 19390: 19387: 19386: 19384: 19383: 19382: 19381: 19371: 19366: 19361: 19356: 19351: 19346: 19341: 19336: 19331: 19330: 19329: 19319: 19314: 19308: 19302: 19296: 19295: 19292: 19291: 19289: 19288: 19283: 19278: 19276:Municipalities 19273: 19268: 19263: 19258: 19253: 19248: 19242: 19236: 19230: 19229: 19222: 19220: 19218: 19217: 19216: 19215: 19210: 19200: 19198:State of Libya 19195: 19190: 19185: 19180: 19175: 19174: 19173: 19168: 19163: 19158: 19148: 19143: 19138: 19133: 19128: 19123: 19117: 19115: 19109: 19108: 19100: 19099: 19092: 19085: 19077: 19068: 19067: 19065: 19064: 19054: 19044: 19034: 19023: 19020: 19019: 19016: 19015: 19012: 19011: 19009: 19008: 19003: 18998: 18993: 18988: 18983: 18978: 18977: 18976: 18971: 18966: 18961: 18951: 18946: 18945: 18944: 18939: 18937:Football clubs 18929: 18928: 18927: 18922: 18912: 18907: 18906: 18905: 18900: 18890: 18885: 18880: 18875: 18870: 18865: 18860: 18854: 18852: 18846: 18845: 18843: 18842: 18837: 18832: 18827: 18822: 18817: 18816: 18815: 18810: 18809: 18808: 18798: 18797: 18796: 18791: 18786: 18776: 18771: 18766: 18761: 18760: 18759: 18754: 18744: 18739: 18729: 18724: 18719: 18714: 18713: 18712: 18707: 18702: 18692: 18687: 18686: 18685: 18680: 18670: 18665: 18664: 18663: 18658: 18648: 18647: 18646: 18636: 18635: 18634: 18624: 18623: 18622: 18617: 18612: 18607: 18602: 18592: 18587: 18582: 18581: 18580: 18575: 18570: 18560: 18555: 18550: 18545: 18540: 18535: 18533:Animal welfare 18530: 18524: 18522: 18514: 18513: 18501: 18500: 18497: 18496: 18494: 18493: 18492: 18491: 18481: 18480: 18479: 18474: 18469: 18459: 18458: 18457: 18447: 18446: 18445: 18435: 18430: 18425: 18424: 18423: 18416:Power stations 18413: 18408: 18407: 18406: 18396: 18391: 18386: 18381: 18376: 18371: 18366: 18364:Egyptian pound 18361: 18356: 18351: 18346: 18345: 18344: 18334: 18328: 18325: 18324: 18312: 18311: 18308: 18307: 18305: 18304: 18299: 18298: 18297: 18287: 18282: 18277: 18276: 18275: 18268:Prime Minister 18265: 18264: 18263: 18253: 18248: 18243: 18238: 18233: 18232: 18231: 18221: 18216: 18211: 18206: 18201: 18200: 18199: 18189: 18184: 18179: 18174: 18169: 18164: 18163: 18162: 18151: 18148: 18147: 18135: 18134: 18131: 18130: 18128: 18127: 18122: 18117: 18112: 18107: 18102: 18101: 18100: 18090: 18085: 18080: 18075: 18073:Northern coast 18070: 18065: 18064: 18063: 18053: 18048: 18043: 18038: 18033: 18028: 18023: 18018: 18013: 18008: 18003: 17998: 17992: 17989: 17988: 17976: 17975: 17972: 17971: 17968: 17967: 17965: 17960: 17955: 17950: 17948: 17944: 17943: 17941: 17940: 17935: 17930: 17925: 17920: 17915: 17914: 17913: 17908: 17903: 17893: 17888: 17883: 17878: 17873: 17868: 17863: 17858: 17852: 17850: 17846: 17845: 17843: 17842: 17841: 17840: 17839: 17838: 17833: 17823: 17818: 17817: 17816: 17811: 17806: 17804:Yom Kippur War 17796: 17795: 17794: 17789: 17784: 17779: 17774: 17759: 17758: 17757: 17756: 17755: 17745: 17740: 17735: 17734: 17733: 17723: 17722: 17721: 17706: 17705: 17704: 17703: 17702: 17697: 17687: 17682: 17672: 17671: 17670: 17660: 17659: 17658: 17657: 17656: 17646: 17641: 17640: 17639: 17629: 17624: 17619: 17614: 17609: 17599: 17594: 17593: 17592: 17587: 17582: 17572: 17571: 17570: 17565: 17555: 17554: 17553: 17548: 17538: 17537: 17536: 17526: 17520: 17518: 17508: 17507: 17495: 17494: 17486: 17485: 17478: 17471: 17463: 17454: 17453: 17451: 17450: 17440: 17427: 17424: 17423: 17420: 17419: 17416: 17415: 17413: 17412: 17407: 17402: 17397: 17392: 17387: 17382: 17377: 17372: 17371: 17370: 17360: 17359: 17358: 17353: 17348: 17338: 17333: 17332: 17331: 17326: 17315: 17313: 17312:Related topics 17309: 17308: 17306: 17305: 17300: 17295: 17290: 17284: 17282: 17276: 17275: 17273: 17272: 17267: 17262: 17257: 17252: 17251: 17250: 17245: 17234: 17232: 17222: 17221: 17208: 17207: 17204: 17203: 17200: 17199: 17197: 17196: 17191: 17184: 17179: 17178: 17177: 17167: 17162: 17157: 17152: 17147: 17141: 17139: 17135: 17134: 17132: 17131: 17126: 17121: 17116: 17110: 17108: 17102: 17101: 17099: 17098: 17093: 17088: 17083: 17078: 17073: 17068: 17063: 17057: 17055: 17049: 17048: 17046: 17045: 17040: 17035: 17030: 17025: 17020: 17015: 17010: 17004: 17002: 16992: 16991: 16976: 16975: 16972: 16971: 16968: 16967: 16965: 16964: 16959: 16958: 16957: 16945: 16943:Sources of law 16940: 16935: 16934: 16933: 16923: 16916: 16911: 16904: 16899: 16892: 16887: 16882: 16877: 16872: 16867: 16862: 16857: 16850: 16843: 16842: 16841: 16836: 16831: 16821: 16816: 16808: 16806: 16802: 16801: 16799: 16798: 16791: 16784: 16777: 16770: 16763: 16756: 16748: 16746: 16744: 16743: 16738: 16733: 16727: 16724: 16723: 16721: 16720: 16713: 16708: 16701: 16694: 16687: 16679: 16677: 16671: 16670: 16668: 16667: 16660: 16653: 16646: 16639: 16634: 16628: 16626: 16616: 16615: 16612: 16611: 16606: 16600: 16592: 16591: 16588: 16587: 16585: 16584: 16579: 16574: 16569: 16567:Social welfare 16564: 16559: 16552: 16547: 16542: 16537: 16532: 16527: 16522: 16517: 16512: 16507: 16502: 16497: 16492: 16487: 16481: 16479: 16477: 16476: 16471: 16465: 16462: 16461: 16459: 16458: 16453: 16448: 16447: 16446: 16436: 16431: 16426: 16425: 16424: 16419: 16418: 16417: 16407: 16402: 16397: 16387: 16382: 16377: 16376: 16375: 16352: 16350: 16344: 16343: 16341: 16340: 16333: 16328: 16323: 16318: 16312: 16310: 16304: 16303: 16301: 16300: 16299: 16298: 16293: 16288: 16283: 16278: 16273: 16268: 16263: 16251: 16246: 16239: 16232: 16230:Historiography 16227: 16222: 16217: 16212: 16206: 16204: 16202: 16201: 16196: 16190: 16187: 16186: 16184: 16183: 16176: 16169: 16162: 16155: 16147: 16145: 16139: 16138: 16136: 16135: 16130: 16125: 16118: 16113: 16108: 16103: 16102: 16101: 16091: 16084: 16083: 16082: 16071: 16069: 16059: 16058: 16051: 16048: 16047: 16039: 16038: 16031: 16024: 16016: 16007: 16006: 16004: 16003: 16002:(1921–present) 15997: 15991: 15985: 15979: 15973: 15967: 15961: 15955: 15949: 15943: 15937: 15931: 15925: 15919: 15913: 15907: 15901: 15895: 15889: 15883: 15877: 15871: 15865: 15859: 15853: 15847: 15841: 15835: 15829: 15823: 15816: 15813: 15812: 15800: 15799: 15792: 15785: 15777: 15768: 15767: 15757: 15754: 15753: 15750: 15749: 15747: 15746: 15741: 15736: 15731: 15726: 15721: 15715: 15713: 15709: 15708: 15706: 15705: 15700: 15695: 15694: 15693: 15688: 15687: 15686: 15676: 15674:Juyushi Mosque 15671: 15666: 15661: 15656: 15651: 15646: 15636: 15631: 15630: 15629: 15624: 15613: 15611: 15598: 15594: 15593: 15590: 15589: 15587: 15586: 15581: 15575: 15573: 15567: 15566: 15564: 15563: 15558: 15553: 15548: 15543: 15538: 15533: 15528: 15523: 15518: 15513: 15508: 15503: 15498: 15493: 15487: 15485: 15477: 15476: 15474: 15473: 15472: 15471: 15466: 15456: 15455: 15454: 15444: 15443: 15442: 15432: 15426: 15424: 15420: 15419: 15417: 15416: 15415: 15414: 15400: 15395: 15389: 15387: 15380: 15374: 15373: 15370: 15369: 15367: 15366: 15361: 15360: 15359: 15354: 15343: 15341: 15337: 15336: 15334: 15333: 15328: 15323: 15318: 15313: 15308: 15303: 15298: 15292: 15290: 15275: 15274: 15272: 15271: 15261: 15251: 15233: 15223: 15213: 15208: 15203: 15189: 15178: 15176: 15172: 15171: 15169: 15168: 15163: 15158: 15153: 15148: 15143: 15138: 15133: 15128: 15123: 15118: 15113: 15108: 15103: 15098: 15096:Badr al-Jamali 15093: 15088: 15083: 15078: 15073: 15068: 15063: 15058: 15053: 15047: 15045: 15034: 15028: 15027: 15025: 15024: 15023: 15022: 15012: 15007: 15006: 15005: 14985: 14980: 14975: 14974: 14973: 14957: 14952: 14947: 14941: 14940: 14939: 14934: 14928: 14923: 14918: 14913:Struggle with 14911: 14901: 14892: 14887: 14881: 14874: 14868: 14862: 14856: 14850: 14845: 14839: 14837: 14833: 14832: 14830: 14829: 14822: 14817: 14812: 14807: 14802: 14797: 14792: 14787: 14782: 14777: 14775:al-Aziz Billah 14772: 14767: 14762: 14757: 14751: 14749: 14743: 14742: 14734: 14733: 14726: 14719: 14711: 14703: 14702: 14697: 14694: 14673: 14668: 14664: 14663: 14657: 14656: 14651: 14648: 14641: 14636: 14632: 14631: 14619: 14616: 14606: 14601: 14597: 14596: 14589: 14584:Imperial house 14580: 14575: 14574: 14568: 14563: 14544: 14543:External links 14541: 14540: 14539: 14508: 14503:978-1860646928 14502: 14487: 14481: 14464: 14458: 14441: 14435: 14420: 14408: 14396:978-1351892872 14395: 14380: 14374: 14359: 14351:Raymond, André 14347: 14342:978-9774167324 14341: 14325: 14319: 14292:van Donzel, E. 14274: 14239:van Donzel, E. 14225: 14176: 14160:Graeco-Arabica 14155: 14129:(3): 337–365. 14115: 14109: 14101:Holt, Peter M. 14085: 14079: 14061: 14040: 14020:Krämer, Gudrun 14009: 14008: 14007: 14001: 13979: 13963: 13957: 13936: 13930: 13912: 13906: 13879:van Donzel, E. 13861: 13854: 13813:Canard, Marius 13809: 13803: 13790: 13785:978-9004117419 13784: 13769: 13763: 13746: 13743: 13740: 13739: 13720: 13700: 13681: 13661: 13647: 13640: 13620: 13608: 13595: 13580: 13571:|journal= 13530: 13507: 13492: 13479: 13472: 13452: 13440: 13422: 13409: 13407:, p. 154. 13397: 13391:978-0691615424 13390: 13369: 13329: 13317: 13310: 13290: 13272:978-9774167690 13271: 13248: 13246:, p. 139. 13231: 13216: 13201: 13199:, p. 143. 13186: 13184:, p. 141. 13174: 13172:, p. 140. 13159: 13147: 13118: 13105:978-0230595989 13104: 13086: 13076: 13067:978-9774160936 13066: 13048: 13039:978-9774160936 13038: 13020: 13001: 12978: 12959: 12939: 12926: 12891: 12888:(4–5): 516–23. 12872: 12866:978-1926473123 12865: 12840: 12834:978-1926473123 12833: 12791: 12776: 12761: 12746: 12723:Torky, Tarek. 12715: 12702: 12687: 12674: 12641: 12598: 12580:978-0791486108 12579: 12559: 12541:978-0748696482 12540: 12491: 12479: 12477:, p. 282. 12464: 12452: 12440: 12428: 12416: 12404: 12402:, p. 265. 12392: 12390:, p. 260. 12380: 12378:, p. 263. 12368: 12366:, p. 261. 12356: 12344: 12342:, p. 257. 12329: 12327:, p. 251. 12317: 12315:, p. 303. 12305: 12293: 12291:, p. 296. 12281: 12269: 12257: 12255:, p. 229. 12245: 12230: 12195: 12169: 12157: 12155:, p. 228. 12145: 12133: 12121: 12115:978-0953927012 12114: 12097: 12085: 12066: 12043: 12015:10.1086/369565 11989: 11977: 11964:978-0521599849 11963: 11940: 11928: 11916: 11914:, p. 220. 11901: 11889: 11887:, p. 202. 11877: 11875:, p. 201. 11862: 11860:, p. 155. 11847: 11845:, p. 199. 11835: 11823: 11811: 11793:978-0748696482 11792: 11772: 11768:Abun-Nasr 1987 11760: 11758:, p. 173. 11748: 11736: 11724: 11722:, p. 151. 11712: 11710:, p. 149. 11700: 11688: 11686:, p. 156. 11676: 11664: 11652: 11650:, p. 160. 11640: 11638:, p. 138. 11628: 11609: 11579: 11567: 11565:, p. 134. 11555: 11543: 11527: 11525:, p. 129. 11515: 11503: 11491: 11479: 11475:Abun-Nasr 1987 11467: 11449:978-0748696482 11448: 11425: 11421:Abun-Nasr 1987 11410: 11398: 11386: 11384:, p. 122. 11371: 11359: 11357:, p. 121. 11347: 11335: 11318: 11299: 11287: 11272: 11231: 11224: 11204: 11171: 11159: 11147: 11090: 11067: 11047: 11045:, p. 167. 11035: 11012: 10992: 10980: 10974:978-1926473123 10973: 10952: 10940: 10928: 10921: 10901: 10872: 10860: 10848: 10836: 10824: 10817: 10794: 10761: 10746: 10734: 10722: 10710: 10662: 10650: 10638: 10634:Abun-Nasr 1987 10623: 10619:Abun-Nasr 1987 10611: 10593: 10581: 10566: 10564:, p. 853. 10551: 10539: 10530:|journal= 10496: 10494:, p. 143. 10484: 10465: 10442: 10424:978-0300218701 10423: 10396: 10384: 10372: 10360: 10358:, p. 118. 10345: 10343:, p. 117. 10333: 10321: 10309: 10297: 10295:, p. 111. 10285: 10255: 10243: 10241:, p. 108. 10231: 10219: 10217:, p. 107. 10202: 10200:, p. 106. 10190: 10178: 10174:Abun-Nasr 1987 10161: 10159:, p. 103. 10146: 10144:, p. 102. 10134: 10127: 10107: 10092: 10080: 10068: 10056: 10044: 10032: 10020: 10018:, p. 198. 10005: 10003:, p. 108. 9993: 9991:, p. 100. 9981: 9969: 9957: 9945: 9933: 9921: 9909: 9897: 9885: 9870: 9858: 9846: 9834: 9832:, p. 850. 9819: 9817:, p. 852. 9784: 9777: 9754: 9750:Dachraoui 1986 9739: 9737:, p. 294. 9727: 9694:978-0791495575 9693: 9669: 9667:, p. 207. 9654: 9523: 9511: 9504: 9486: 9479: 9461: 9439: 9419: 9387: 9368: 9345: 9311: 9292: 9267: 9256:on 23 May 2021 9241: 9223:978-0860917892 9222: 9202: 9193: 9146:Rein Taagepera 9137: 9093: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9084: 9083: 9067: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9060: 9059: 9042: 9041: 9039: 9038: 9031: 9024: 9016: 9013: 9012: 8999: 8998: 8993: 8992: 8989: 8983: 8982: 8979: 8973: 8972: 8969: 8963: 8962: 8959: 8951: 8946: 8945: 8942: 8941: 8936: 8935: 8932: 8926: 8925: 8922: 8916: 8915: 8912: 8906: 8905: 8902: 8894: 8888: 8887: 8884: 8883: 8878: 8877: 8874: 8872:Mamluk dynasty 8868: 8867: 8864: 8858: 8857: 8854: 8848: 8847: 8844: 8838: 8837: 8834: 8828: 8827: 8824: 8818: 8817: 8814: 8808: 8807: 8804: 8796: 8793:Medieval Egypt 8791: 8790: 8787: 8786: 8781: 8780: 8777: 8775:Sasanian Egypt 8771: 8770: 8767: 8761: 8760: 8757: 8751: 8750: 8747: 8745:Argead dynasty 8739: 8736: 8735: 8732: 8731: 8726: 8725: 8722: 8716: 8715: 8712: 8706: 8705: 8702: 8696: 8695: 8692: 8686: 8685: 8682: 8680:Middle Kingdom 8676: 8675: 8672: 8666: 8665: 8662: 8656: 8655: 8652: 8644: 8639: 8638: 8635: 8634: 8629: 8628: 8625: 8617: 8612: 8611: 8608: 8607: 8599: 8598: 8589: 8588: 8581: 8574: 8573: 8571: 8570: 8563: 8556: 8548: 8545: 8544: 8520: 8519: 8514: 8513: 8507: 8501: 8500: 8497: 8491: 8490: 8487: 8481: 8480: 8477: 8471: 8470: 8467: 8465:Bourguiba rule 8461: 8460: 8457: 8451: 8450: 8447: 8445:French Tunisia 8439: 8434: 8433: 8430: 8429: 8424: 8423: 8420: 8414: 8413: 8410: 8402: 8397: 8396: 8393: 8392: 8387: 8386: 8383: 8377: 8376: 8373: 8367: 8366: 8363: 8357: 8356: 8355:973–1148 8353: 8345: 8340: 8339: 8336: 8335: 8330: 8329: 8326: 8320: 8319: 8316: 8310: 8309: 8306: 8300: 8299: 8296: 8288: 8283: 8282: 8279: 8278: 8273: 8272: 8267: 8259: 8258: 8253: 8245: 8244: 8241: 8231: 8230: 8227: 8221: 8220: 8217: 8204: 8203: 8200: 8192: 8187: 8186: 8183: 8182: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8166: 8161: 8160: 8157: 8156: 8148: 8147: 8138: 8137: 8130: 8123: 8122: 8120: 8119: 8112: 8105: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8090: 8089: 8084: 8071: 8058: 8052: 8050:Related topics 8049: 8048: 8045: 8044: 8040: 8039: 8034: 8032:Hirak Movement 8029: 8023: 8016: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7979: 7978: 7977: 7976: 7971: 7960: 7950: 7949: 7944: 7938: 7937: 7932: 7926: 7922: 7917: 7916: 7913: 7912: 7907: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7890: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7848: 7839: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7822: 7821: 7816: 7814:Mokrani Revolt 7811: 7809:Fatma N'Soumer 7806: 7800: 7799: 7794: 7788: 7787: 7782: 7776: 7771:French Algeria 7766: 7765: 7760: 7754: 7753: 7748: 7742: 7741: 7736: 7730: 7729: 7723: 7716: 7713: 7712: 7709: 7708: 7705: 7704: 7702:(1235–1556 AD) 7696: 7694:(1229–1574 AD) 7688: 7686:(1215–1465 AD) 7680: 7678:(1121–1269 AD) 7672: 7670:(1040–1147 AD) 7664: 7662:(1014–1152 AD) 7656: 7648: 7640: 7632: 7624: 7616: 7608: 7600: 7592: 7584: 7575: 7570: 7569: 7566: 7565: 7561: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7539: 7538: 7537: 7529: 7521: 7513: 7505: 7497: 7492:Vandal Kingdom 7489: 7476: 7471:Jugurthine War 7468: 7460: 7452: 7447: 7441: 7436: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7419: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7402: 7401: 7400: 7382: 7374: 7366: 7357: 7352: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7339: 7338: 7329: 7328: 7321: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7310: 7303: 7296: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7271: 7270: 7266: 7265: 7264: 7263: 7254: 7245: 7223: 7210: 7209: 7206: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7188: 7183: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7126: 7118: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7069: 7063: 7062: 7059: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7035: 7034: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 6998: 6993: 6982: 6981: 6976: 6975: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6934: 6929: 6918: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6880:Hasan-i Sabbah 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6791: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6744: 6743: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6714: 6713: 6712: 6703: 6702: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6685: 6684: 6677: 6665: 6663:Hebtiahs Bohra 6660: 6659: 6658: 6629: 6627:Branches/sects 6625: 6616: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6576: 6571: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6526: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6443: 6442: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6406: 6399: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6382: 6381: 6378: 6367: 6366: 6363: 6352: 6351: 6348: 6337: 6336: 6333: 6322: 6321: 6318: 6307: 6306: 6303: 6292: 6291: 6288: 6277: 6276: 6273: 6262: 6261: 6258: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6232: 6231: 6228: 6217: 6216: 6213: 6202: 6201: 6198: 6195:Ras al Khaymah 6187: 6186: 6183: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6163: 6162: 6157: 6156: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6143: 6132: 6131: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6118: 6111:Mazrui dynasty 6107: 6106: 6103: 6092: 6091: 6088: 6077: 6076: 6073: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6047: 6046: 6043: 6037: 6036: 6033: 6027: 6026: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6013: 6007: 6006: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5973: 5967: 5966: 5963: 5957: 5956: 5953: 5947: 5946: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5843: 5837: 5836: 5833: 5827: 5826: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5813: 5807: 5806: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5783: 5777: 5776: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5763: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5742: 5741: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5548: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5528: 5526:Fihrid Emirate 5522: 5521: 5518: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5496: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5363: 5357: 5356: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5293: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5272: 5271: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5238: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5217: 5216: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5113: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5089: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5076: 5069: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5032: 5030: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4861: 4859: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4830: 4828: 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4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4081: 4080: 4063:Syedi Nuruddin 4045:Da'i al-Mutlaq 4032:Da'i al-Balagh 3976: 3973: 3972: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3940:(d. After 971) 3935: 3934:(d. After 911) 3918: 3915: 3799: 3796: 3774: 3771: 3757:Main article: 3754: 3751: 3745: 3742: 3739:(10th century) 3728: 3727:Capital cities 3725: 3693:heavy infantry 3666:al-Aziz Billah 3630: 3627: 3612: 3609: 3553: 3550: 3538:Hanging Church 3511:Wadi al-Natrun 3486:Hanging Church 3477: 3474: 3433: 3430: 3371: 3368: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3287: 3284: 3283: 3282: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3170:Main article: 3167: 3164: 3155:Main article: 3152: 3149: 3000:Twelver Shi'as 2864: 2861: 2832:الجامع الجيوشي 2824:Juyushi Mosque 2807:(specifically 2769:Atsiz ibn Uwaq 2737:amīr al-juyūsh 2714:Badr al-Jamali 2706:Badr al-Jamali 2679: 2676: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2438:in Jerusalem. 2398: 2397: 2144: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2104: 2101: 2071:Black Africans 1977:Constantinople 1965:John Tzimisces 1944: 1941: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1700:Ziri ibn Manad 1642: 1639: 1568:sects such as 1479: 1476: 1456:Tuzur (Tozeur) 1452:Chott el-Jerid 1375:southern Italy 1334: 1331: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1223: 1220: 1139:was a certain 1112: 1109: 1105: 786–809 1006: 1003: 999:Little Kabylia 980:Fatimid rulers 960: 957: 955: 952: 927:for "Fāṭima". 923:), the Arabic 885: 882: 862:Badr al-Jamali 650:Fatimid Empire 640: 639: 637: 636: 629: 622: 614: 611: 610: 597: 596: 593: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 566: 563: 562: 559: 558: 555: 554: 549: 544: 539: 533: 530: 529: 526: 525: 517: 516: 497: 496: 493: 492: 489: 488: 481: 475: 474: 467: 461: 460: 453: 447: 446: 439: 433: 432: 425: 419: 418: 411: 405: 404: 397: 391: 390: 383: 374: 371: 370: 365: 357: 356: 351: 343: 342: 337: 329: 328: 323: 311: 310: 305: 295: 294: 285: 281: 280: 277: 276: 273: 267: 264: 263: 260: 253: 250: 249: 246: 240: 237: 236: 233: 232: 227: 226:Historical era 223: 222: 219: 218: 213: 210: 207: 206: 201: 198: 195: 194: 191: 190: 187: 181: 180: 172: 168: 167: 163:State religion 149: 145: 144: 142: 141: 136: 131: 125: 123: 119: 118: 116: 115: 109: 103: 97: 90: 88: 84: 83: 80: 72: 71: 67: 66: 45: 42: 33: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 21862: 21851: 21848: 21846: 21843: 21841: 21838: 21836: 21833: 21831: 21828: 21826: 21823: 21821: 21818: 21816: 21813: 21811: 21808: 21806: 21803: 21801: 21798: 21796: 21793: 21791: 21788: 21786: 21783: 21781: 21778: 21776: 21773: 21771: 21768: 21766: 21763: 21761: 21758: 21756: 21753: 21751: 21748: 21746: 21743: 21742: 21740: 21723: 21722:Soviet empire 21720: 21718: 21715: 21714: 21712: 21711: 21709: 21707:Miscellaneous 21705: 21699: 21696: 21694: 21691: 21689: 21686: 21684: 21681: 21679: 21676: 21672: 21669: 21668: 21667: 21664: 21663: 21661: 21657: 21647: 21644: 21642: 21639: 21637: 21634: 21632: 21629: 21625: 21622: 21621: 21620: 21617: 21615: 21612: 21610: 21607: 21605: 21602: 21600: 21597: 21595: 21592: 21590: 21587: 21585: 21582: 21580: 21577: 21575: 21572: 21568: 21565: 21563: 21560: 21559: 21558: 21555: 21553: 21550: 21548: 21545: 21544: 21542: 21540: 21536: 21528: 21525: 21523: 21520: 21518: 21515: 21513: 21510: 21508: 21505: 21504: 21503: 21500: 21498: 21495: 21491: 21488: 21487: 21486: 21483: 21481: 21478: 21474: 21471: 21469: 21466: 21464: 21461: 21460: 21459: 21456: 21454: 21451: 21447: 21444: 21442: 21439: 21438: 21437: 21434: 21430: 21427: 21425: 21422: 21420: 21417: 21415: 21412: 21410: 21407: 21406: 21405: 21402: 21398: 21395: 21393: 21390: 21389: 21388: 21385: 21383: 21380: 21378: 21375: 21373: 21370: 21366: 21363: 21361: 21358: 21356: 21353: 21351: 21348: 21346: 21343: 21342: 21341: 21338: 21334: 21331: 21329: 21326: 21325: 21324: 21321: 21319: 21316: 21312: 21309: 21307: 21306:German Empire 21304: 21303: 21302: 21299: 21295: 21292: 21290: 21287: 21286: 21285: 21282: 21278: 21275: 21273: 21270: 21269: 21268: 21265: 21263: 21260: 21256: 21253: 21251: 21248: 21246: 21243: 21241: 21238: 21236: 21233: 21232: 21231: 21228: 21226: 21223: 21219: 21216: 21214: 21211: 21210: 21208: 21206: 21203: 21201: 21198: 21196: 21193: 21191: 21188: 21186: 21183: 21182: 21180: 21178: 21174: 21168: 21165: 21163: 21160: 21158: 21155: 21151: 21148: 21146: 21143: 21141: 21138: 21136: 21133: 21131: 21128: 21126: 21123: 21121: 21118: 21117: 21116: 21113: 21111: 21108: 21104: 21101: 21099: 21096: 21094: 21091: 21089: 21086: 21084: 21081: 21079: 21076: 21075: 21074: 21071: 21067: 21064: 21062: 21059: 21057: 21054: 21052: 21049: 21048: 21047: 21046:Turco-Persian 21044: 21042: 21039: 21037: 21034: 21032: 21029: 21027: 21024: 21022: 21019: 21017: 21014: 21012: 21009: 21007: 21004: 21000: 20997: 20995: 20992: 20991: 20990: 20987: 20983: 20980: 20978: 20975: 20973: 20970: 20968: 20965: 20963: 20960: 20958: 20955: 20954: 20953: 20950: 20947: 20945: 20942: 20940: 20937: 20935: 20932: 20928: 20925: 20923: 20920: 20918: 20915: 20914: 20913: 20910: 20906: 20903: 20901: 20898: 20896: 20893: 20891: 20888: 20887: 20886: 20883: 20881: 20878: 20876: 20873: 20871: 20868: 20866: 20863: 20861: 20858: 20854: 20851: 20849: 20846: 20844: 20841: 20839: 20836: 20835: 20834: 20831: 20827: 20824: 20822: 20819: 20817: 20814: 20812: 20809: 20808: 20807: 20804: 20800: 20797: 20795: 20792: 20790: 20787: 20786: 20785: 20782: 20780: 20777: 20775: 20772: 20770: 20767: 20765: 20762: 20758: 20755: 20753: 20750: 20748: 20745: 20744: 20743: 20740: 20738: 20735: 20731: 20728: 20726: 20723: 20721: 20718: 20716: 20713: 20711: 20708: 20706: 20703: 20702: 20701: 20698: 20694: 20691: 20689: 20686: 20685: 20684: 20681: 20677: 20674: 20672: 20669: 20667: 20664: 20662: 20659: 20658: 20657: 20654: 20652: 20649: 20645: 20642: 20641: 20640: 20637: 20633: 20630: 20628: 20625: 20624: 20622: 20620: 20617: 20615: 20612: 20610: 20607: 20605: 20602: 20600: 20597: 20595: 20592: 20590: 20587: 20586: 20584: 20582: 20578: 20570: 20567: 20566: 20565: 20562: 20560: 20557: 20553: 20550: 20548: 20545: 20544: 20543: 20540: 20536: 20533: 20532: 20531: 20528: 20524: 20521: 20519: 20516: 20514: 20511: 20509: 20506: 20504: 20501: 20499: 20496: 20495: 20494: 20491: 20489: 20486: 20484: 20481: 20477: 20474: 20472: 20469: 20467: 20464: 20462: 20459: 20458: 20457: 20454: 20450: 20447: 20445: 20442: 20441: 20440: 20437: 20435: 20432: 20428: 20425: 20423: 20420: 20418: 20415: 20413: 20410: 20408: 20405: 20404: 20403: 20400: 20398: 20395: 20393: 20390: 20386: 20383: 20381: 20378: 20376: 20373: 20372: 20371: 20368: 20366: 20363: 20359: 20356: 20354: 20351: 20349: 20346: 20345: 20344: 20341: 20337: 20334: 20332: 20329: 20327: 20324: 20323: 20322: 20319: 20315: 20312: 20310: 20307: 20306: 20305: 20302: 20300: 20297: 20295: 20292: 20291: 20289: 20286: 20281: 20277: 20273: 20266: 20261: 20259: 20254: 20252: 20247: 20246: 20243: 20231: 20228: 20226: 20223: 20222: 20217: 20213: 20210: 20206: 20205: 20201: 20191: 20188: 20186: 20183: 20181: 20178: 20176: 20173: 20171: 20168: 20166: 20163: 20161: 20158: 20156: 20153: 20151: 20148: 20144: 20141: 20140: 20139: 20136: 20134: 20133:Maltese cross 20131: 20129: 20126: 20124: 20121: 20119: 20116: 20114: 20111: 20110: 20108: 20106: 20102: 20096: 20093: 20091: 20088: 20086: 20083: 20081: 20078: 20076: 20073: 20071: 20068: 20066: 20063: 20061: 20058: 20057: 20054: 20051: 20049: 20045: 20035: 20032: 20030: 20027: 20025: 20022: 20020: 20017: 20015: 20012: 20010: 20007: 20005: 20002: 20000: 19997: 19996: 19993: 19990: 19988: 19984: 19974: 19971: 19967: 19964: 19963: 19962: 19959: 19957: 19954: 19952: 19949: 19947: 19944: 19942: 19939: 19937: 19934: 19932: 19929: 19925: 19922: 19920: 19917: 19916: 19915: 19912: 19910: 19907: 19905: 19902: 19898: 19895: 19894: 19893: 19890: 19889: 19886: 19883: 19881: 19877: 19867: 19864: 19862: 19859: 19857: 19854: 19852: 19849: 19847: 19844: 19842: 19839: 19837: 19834: 19833: 19830: 19827: 19825: 19821: 19816: 19806: 19803: 19799: 19796: 19794: 19791: 19789: 19786: 19784: 19781: 19780: 19779: 19776: 19774: 19771: 19767: 19764: 19762: 19759: 19757: 19754: 19753: 19752: 19749: 19745: 19742: 19740: 19737: 19735: 19732: 19731: 19730: 19727: 19723: 19720: 19718: 19715: 19713: 19710: 19709: 19708: 19705: 19701: 19698: 19696: 19693: 19692: 19691: 19688: 19686: 19683: 19681: 19678: 19674: 19671: 19670: 19669: 19666: 19664: 19661: 19659: 19656: 19654: 19651: 19649: 19646: 19645: 19643: 19641: 19637: 19633: 19629: 19622: 19617: 19615: 19610: 19608: 19603: 19602: 19599: 19587: 19584: 19582: 19579: 19578: 19573: 19569: 19566: 19562: 19561: 19557: 19547: 19544: 19540: 19537: 19535: 19532: 19531: 19529: 19527: 19524: 19522: 19519: 19517: 19514: 19512: 19509: 19507: 19504: 19502: 19501:Libyan Arabic 19499: 19497: 19494: 19492: 19489: 19487: 19484: 19483: 19480: 19477: 19475: 19471: 19461: 19458: 19456: 19453: 19451: 19448: 19446: 19443: 19441: 19438: 19436: 19433: 19431: 19425: 19423: 19420: 19418: 19415: 19413: 19410: 19408: 19405: 19404: 19401: 19398: 19396: 19392: 19380: 19377: 19376: 19375: 19372: 19370: 19367: 19365: 19362: 19360: 19357: 19355: 19352: 19350: 19349:Head of state 19347: 19345: 19342: 19340: 19337: 19335: 19332: 19328: 19325: 19324: 19323: 19320: 19318: 19315: 19313: 19310: 19309: 19306: 19303: 19301: 19297: 19287: 19284: 19282: 19279: 19277: 19274: 19272: 19271:Libyan Desert 19269: 19267: 19264: 19262: 19259: 19257: 19254: 19252: 19249: 19247: 19244: 19243: 19240: 19237: 19235: 19231: 19226: 19214: 19211: 19209: 19206: 19205: 19204: 19203:Libyan Crisis 19201: 19199: 19196: 19194: 19191: 19189: 19186: 19184: 19181: 19179: 19178:The Holocaust 19176: 19172: 19169: 19167: 19166:Italian Libya 19164: 19162: 19159: 19157: 19154: 19153: 19152: 19149: 19147: 19144: 19142: 19139: 19137: 19134: 19132: 19129: 19127: 19124: 19122: 19119: 19118: 19116: 19114: 19110: 19105: 19098: 19093: 19091: 19086: 19084: 19079: 19078: 19075: 19063: 19055: 19053: 19045: 19043: 19039: 19035: 19033: 19025: 19024: 19021: 19007: 19004: 19002: 18999: 18997: 18994: 18992: 18989: 18987: 18984: 18982: 18979: 18975: 18972: 18970: 18967: 18965: 18962: 18960: 18957: 18956: 18955: 18952: 18950: 18947: 18943: 18940: 18938: 18935: 18934: 18933: 18930: 18926: 18923: 18921: 18918: 18917: 18916: 18913: 18911: 18908: 18904: 18901: 18899: 18896: 18895: 18894: 18891: 18889: 18886: 18884: 18881: 18879: 18876: 18874: 18871: 18869: 18866: 18864: 18863:Art (ancient) 18861: 18859: 18856: 18855: 18853: 18851: 18847: 18841: 18838: 18836: 18833: 18831: 18828: 18826: 18823: 18821: 18818: 18814: 18811: 18807: 18804: 18803: 18802: 18799: 18795: 18792: 18790: 18787: 18785: 18782: 18781: 18780: 18777: 18775: 18772: 18770: 18767: 18765: 18762: 18758: 18755: 18753: 18750: 18749: 18748: 18745: 18743: 18742:Blasphemy law 18740: 18738: 18735: 18734: 18733: 18730: 18728: 18725: 18723: 18720: 18718: 18715: 18711: 18710:Sign Language 18708: 18706: 18705:Saʽidi Arabic 18703: 18701: 18698: 18697: 18696: 18693: 18691: 18688: 18684: 18681: 18679: 18676: 18675: 18674: 18671: 18669: 18666: 18662: 18659: 18657: 18654: 18653: 18652: 18649: 18645: 18642: 18641: 18640: 18637: 18633: 18630: 18629: 18628: 18625: 18621: 18618: 18616: 18613: 18611: 18608: 18606: 18603: 18601: 18598: 18597: 18596: 18593: 18591: 18588: 18586: 18583: 18579: 18576: 18574: 18571: 18569: 18566: 18565: 18564: 18561: 18559: 18556: 18554: 18551: 18549: 18546: 18544: 18541: 18539: 18536: 18534: 18531: 18529: 18526: 18525: 18523: 18519: 18515: 18511: 18506: 18502: 18490: 18487: 18486: 18485: 18482: 18478: 18475: 18473: 18470: 18468: 18465: 18464: 18463: 18460: 18456: 18453: 18452: 18451: 18448: 18444: 18441: 18440: 18439: 18436: 18434: 18431: 18429: 18426: 18422: 18419: 18418: 18417: 18414: 18412: 18409: 18405: 18402: 18401: 18400: 18397: 18395: 18392: 18390: 18387: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18370: 18367: 18365: 18362: 18360: 18357: 18355: 18352: 18350: 18347: 18343: 18342:National Bank 18340: 18339: 18338: 18335: 18333: 18330: 18329: 18326: 18322: 18317: 18313: 18303: 18300: 18296: 18293: 18292: 18291: 18288: 18286: 18283: 18281: 18278: 18274: 18271: 18270: 18269: 18266: 18262: 18259: 18258: 18257: 18254: 18252: 18249: 18247: 18244: 18242: 18239: 18237: 18234: 18230: 18227: 18226: 18225: 18222: 18220: 18217: 18215: 18212: 18210: 18207: 18205: 18202: 18198: 18195: 18194: 18193: 18190: 18188: 18185: 18183: 18180: 18178: 18175: 18173: 18170: 18168: 18165: 18161: 18158: 18157: 18156: 18153: 18152: 18149: 18145: 18140: 18136: 18126: 18123: 18121: 18118: 18116: 18113: 18111: 18108: 18106: 18103: 18099: 18096: 18095: 18094: 18091: 18089: 18086: 18084: 18081: 18079: 18076: 18074: 18071: 18069: 18066: 18062: 18059: 18058: 18057: 18054: 18052: 18049: 18047: 18044: 18042: 18039: 18037: 18034: 18032: 18029: 18027: 18024: 18022: 18019: 18017: 18014: 18012: 18009: 18007: 18004: 18002: 17999: 17997: 17994: 17993: 17990: 17986: 17981: 17977: 17964: 17961: 17959: 17956: 17954: 17951: 17949: 17945: 17939: 17936: 17934: 17931: 17929: 17926: 17924: 17921: 17919: 17916: 17912: 17909: 17907: 17904: 17902: 17899: 17898: 17897: 17894: 17892: 17889: 17887: 17884: 17882: 17879: 17877: 17874: 17872: 17869: 17867: 17864: 17862: 17859: 17857: 17854: 17853: 17851: 17847: 17837: 17834: 17832: 17829: 17828: 17827: 17824: 17822: 17819: 17815: 17812: 17810: 17807: 17805: 17802: 17801: 17800: 17797: 17793: 17790: 17788: 17785: 17783: 17780: 17778: 17775: 17773: 17770: 17769: 17768: 17765: 17764: 17763: 17760: 17754: 17751: 17750: 17749: 17746: 17744: 17741: 17739: 17736: 17732: 17729: 17728: 17727: 17724: 17720: 17717: 17716: 17715: 17712: 17711: 17710: 17707: 17701: 17698: 17696: 17693: 17692: 17691: 17688: 17686: 17683: 17681: 17678: 17677: 17676: 17673: 17669: 17668:Ottoman Egypt 17666: 17665: 17664: 17661: 17655: 17652: 17651: 17650: 17647: 17645: 17642: 17638: 17635: 17634: 17633: 17630: 17628: 17625: 17623: 17620: 17618: 17615: 17613: 17610: 17608: 17605: 17604: 17603: 17600: 17598: 17595: 17591: 17588: 17586: 17583: 17581: 17578: 17577: 17576: 17573: 17569: 17566: 17564: 17561: 17560: 17559: 17556: 17552: 17549: 17547: 17544: 17543: 17542: 17539: 17535: 17532: 17531: 17530: 17527: 17525: 17522: 17521: 17519: 17517: 17513: 17509: 17505: 17500: 17496: 17491: 17484: 17479: 17477: 17472: 17470: 17465: 17464: 17461: 17449: 17441: 17439: 17429: 17428: 17425: 17411: 17408: 17406: 17403: 17401: 17398: 17396: 17393: 17391: 17388: 17386: 17383: 17381: 17378: 17376: 17373: 17369: 17366: 17365: 17364: 17361: 17357: 17354: 17352: 17351:Post-Islamism 17349: 17347: 17344: 17343: 17342: 17339: 17337: 17334: 17330: 17327: 17325: 17322: 17321: 17320: 17317: 17316: 17314: 17310: 17304: 17301: 17299: 17296: 17294: 17291: 17289: 17286: 17285: 17283: 17281: 17277: 17271: 17268: 17266: 17263: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17253: 17249: 17248:Protestantism 17246: 17244: 17241: 17240: 17239: 17236: 17235: 17233: 17231: 17227: 17223: 17213: 17209: 17195: 17192: 17190: 17189: 17185: 17183: 17180: 17176: 17173: 17172: 17171: 17168: 17166: 17163: 17161: 17158: 17156: 17153: 17151: 17148: 17146: 17143: 17142: 17140: 17136: 17130: 17127: 17125: 17122: 17120: 17117: 17115: 17112: 17111: 17109: 17107: 17103: 17097: 17094: 17092: 17091:Ophthalmology 17089: 17087: 17084: 17082: 17079: 17077: 17074: 17072: 17069: 17067: 17064: 17062: 17059: 17058: 17056: 17054: 17050: 17044: 17041: 17039: 17036: 17034: 17031: 17029: 17026: 17024: 17021: 17019: 17016: 17014: 17011: 17009: 17006: 17005: 17003: 17001: 16997: 16993: 16989: 16981: 16977: 16963: 16960: 16956: 16955: 16951: 16950: 16949: 16946: 16944: 16941: 16939: 16936: 16932: 16929: 16928: 16927: 16924: 16922: 16921: 16917: 16915: 16912: 16910: 16909: 16905: 16903: 16900: 16898: 16897: 16893: 16891: 16888: 16886: 16883: 16881: 16878: 16876: 16873: 16871: 16868: 16866: 16863: 16861: 16858: 16856: 16855: 16851: 16849: 16848: 16844: 16840: 16839:Death penalty 16837: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16826: 16825: 16822: 16820: 16817: 16815: 16814: 16810: 16809: 16807: 16805:Other aspects 16803: 16797: 16796: 16792: 16790: 16789: 16785: 16783: 16782: 16778: 16776: 16775: 16771: 16769: 16768: 16764: 16762: 16761: 16757: 16755: 16754: 16750: 16749: 16747: 16742: 16739: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16729: 16728: 16725: 16719: 16718: 16714: 16712: 16709: 16707: 16706: 16702: 16700: 16699: 16695: 16693: 16692: 16688: 16686: 16685: 16681: 16680: 16678: 16676: 16672: 16666: 16665: 16661: 16659: 16658: 16654: 16652: 16651: 16647: 16645: 16644: 16640: 16638: 16635: 16633: 16630: 16629: 16627: 16625: 16621: 16617: 16610: 16609:Jurisprudence 16607: 16605: 16602: 16601: 16597: 16593: 16583: 16580: 16578: 16575: 16573: 16570: 16568: 16565: 16563: 16560: 16558: 16557: 16553: 16551: 16548: 16546: 16543: 16541: 16538: 16536: 16533: 16531: 16528: 16526: 16523: 16521: 16518: 16516: 16513: 16511: 16508: 16506: 16503: 16501: 16498: 16496: 16493: 16491: 16488: 16486: 16483: 16482: 16480: 16475: 16472: 16470: 16467: 16466: 16463: 16457: 16454: 16452: 16449: 16445: 16442: 16441: 16440: 16437: 16435: 16432: 16430: 16427: 16423: 16420: 16416: 16413: 16412: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16403: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16392: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16378: 16374: 16370: 16366: 16362: 16359: 16358: 16357: 16354: 16353: 16351: 16349: 16348:Denominations 16345: 16339: 16338: 16334: 16332: 16329: 16327: 16324: 16322: 16319: 16317: 16314: 16313: 16311: 16309: 16305: 16297: 16294: 16292: 16289: 16287: 16284: 16282: 16279: 16277: 16274: 16272: 16269: 16267: 16264: 16262: 16261: 16257: 16256: 16255: 16252: 16250: 16247: 16245: 16244: 16240: 16238: 16237: 16233: 16231: 16228: 16226: 16223: 16221: 16218: 16216: 16213: 16211: 16208: 16207: 16205: 16200: 16197: 16195: 16192: 16191: 16188: 16182: 16181: 16177: 16175: 16174: 16170: 16168: 16167: 16163: 16161: 16160: 16156: 16154: 16153: 16149: 16148: 16146: 16144: 16140: 16134: 16133:Holiest sites 16131: 16129: 16128:Judgement Day 16126: 16124: 16123: 16119: 16117: 16114: 16112: 16109: 16107: 16104: 16100: 16097: 16096: 16095: 16092: 16090: 16089: 16085: 16081: 16078: 16077: 16076: 16073: 16072: 16070: 16068: 16064: 16060: 16056: 16055: 16049: 16044: 16037: 16032: 16030: 16025: 16023: 16018: 16017: 16014: 16001: 15998: 15995: 15992: 15989: 15986: 15983: 15980: 15977: 15974: 15971: 15968: 15965: 15962: 15959: 15956: 15953: 15950: 15947: 15944: 15941: 15938: 15935: 15932: 15929: 15926: 15923: 15920: 15917: 15914: 15911: 15908: 15905: 15902: 15899: 15896: 15893: 15890: 15887: 15884: 15881: 15878: 15875: 15872: 15869: 15866: 15863: 15860: 15857: 15854: 15851: 15848: 15845: 15842: 15839: 15836: 15833: 15830: 15827: 15824: 15821: 15818: 15817: 15814: 15809: 15805: 15798: 15793: 15791: 15786: 15784: 15779: 15778: 15775: 15765: 15761: 15755: 15745: 15742: 15740: 15737: 15735: 15732: 15730: 15727: 15725: 15722: 15720: 15717: 15716: 15714: 15710: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15692: 15689: 15685: 15682: 15681: 15680: 15677: 15675: 15672: 15670: 15667: 15665: 15662: 15660: 15657: 15655: 15652: 15650: 15647: 15645: 15642: 15641: 15640: 15637: 15635: 15632: 15628: 15625: 15623: 15620: 15619: 15618: 15615: 15614: 15612: 15610: 15606: 15602: 15599: 15595: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15576: 15574: 15568: 15562: 15559: 15557: 15554: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15544: 15542: 15539: 15537: 15534: 15532: 15529: 15527: 15524: 15522: 15519: 15517: 15514: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15499: 15497: 15494: 15492: 15491:Hamdan Qarmat 15489: 15488: 15486: 15482: 15478: 15470: 15467: 15465: 15462: 15461: 15460: 15457: 15453: 15450: 15449: 15448: 15445: 15441: 15440:Hamza ibn Ali 15438: 15437: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15427: 15425: 15421: 15413: 15409: 15406: 15405: 15404: 15401: 15399: 15396: 15394: 15391: 15390: 15388: 15384: 15381: 15379: 15375: 15365: 15362: 15358: 15355: 15353: 15350: 15349: 15348: 15345: 15344: 15342: 15338: 15332: 15331:Qadi al-Fadil 15329: 15327: 15324: 15322: 15319: 15317: 15314: 15312: 15309: 15307: 15304: 15302: 15299: 15297: 15294: 15293: 15291: 15289: 15284: 15280: 15276: 15269: 15265: 15262: 15259: 15255: 15252: 15249: 15245: 15241: 15237: 15234: 15231: 15227: 15224: 15221: 15217: 15214: 15212: 15209: 15207: 15204: 15201: 15197: 15193: 15190: 15187: 15183: 15180: 15179: 15177: 15173: 15167: 15164: 15162: 15159: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15137: 15134: 15132: 15129: 15127: 15124: 15122: 15119: 15117: 15114: 15112: 15109: 15107: 15104: 15102: 15099: 15097: 15094: 15092: 15089: 15087: 15084: 15082: 15079: 15077: 15074: 15072: 15069: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15052: 15049: 15048: 15046: 15042: 15038: 15035: 15029: 15021: 15018: 15017: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15003: 14999: 14996: 14995: 14994: 14990: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14978:First Crusade 14976: 14971: 14967: 14964: 14963: 14962: 14958: 14956: 14953: 14951: 14948: 14946: 14942: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14930:Uprisings of 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14916: 14912: 14909: 14905: 14902: 14899: 14896: 14895: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14885: 14882: 14879: 14876:Rebellion of 14875: 14872: 14869: 14866: 14863: 14860: 14857: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14848:Establishment 14846: 14844: 14841: 14840: 14838: 14834: 14828: 14827: 14823: 14821: 14818: 14816: 14813: 14811: 14808: 14806: 14803: 14801: 14798: 14796: 14793: 14791: 14788: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14756: 14753: 14752: 14750: 14748: 14744: 14739: 14732: 14727: 14725: 14720: 14718: 14713: 14712: 14709: 14700: 14693: 14692: 14688: 14680: 14678: 14671: 14665: 14662: 14658: 14654: 14645: 14639: 14633: 14629: 14628: 14622: 14621:Zirid dynasty 14613: 14612: 14604: 14598: 14594: 14593: 14587: 14585: 14578: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14561: 14557: 14553: 14552: 14547: 14546: 14536: 14532: 14528: 14524: 14520: 14515: 14509: 14505: 14499: 14495: 14494: 14488: 14484: 14482:0-521-47137-0 14478: 14474: 14470: 14465: 14461: 14459:0-521-47137-0 14455: 14451: 14447: 14442: 14438: 14436:0-7914-1781-6 14432: 14428: 14427: 14421: 14417: 14413: 14409: 14398: 14392: 14389:. Routledge. 14388: 14387: 14381: 14377: 14371: 14367: 14366: 14360: 14356: 14352: 14348: 14344: 14338: 14334: 14330: 14326: 14322: 14316: 14312: 14308: 14306: 14301: 14297: 14293: 14289: 14284: 14279: 14275: 14271: 14267: 14263: 14259: 14257: 14252: 14248: 14244: 14240: 14235: 14234:"Ismāʿīliyya" 14230: 14226: 14222: 14218: 14214: 14210: 14208: 14203: 14199: 14195: 14194:Ménage, V. L. 14191: 14186: 14181: 14177: 14173: 14169: 14165: 14161: 14156: 14152: 14148: 14144: 14140: 14136: 14132: 14128: 14124: 14120: 14116: 14112: 14106: 14102: 14098: 14094: 14090: 14086: 14082: 14076: 14072: 14071: 14066: 14065:Kennedy, Hugh 14062: 14058: 14054: 14050: 14046: 14041: 14037: 14033: 14029: 14025: 14021: 14016: 14010: 14004: 13998: 13994: 13989: 13986: 13985: 13982: 13976: 13972: 13968: 13964: 13960: 13954: 13950: 13946: 13942: 13937: 13933: 13927: 13923: 13922: 13917: 13913: 13909: 13903: 13899: 13895: 13893: 13888: 13884: 13880: 13876: 13871: 13866: 13865:Dachraoui, F. 13862: 13859: 13855: 13851: 13847: 13843: 13839: 13837: 13832: 13828: 13824: 13819: 13814: 13810: 13806: 13800: 13796: 13791: 13787: 13781: 13777: 13776: 13770: 13766: 13760: 13756: 13755: 13749: 13748: 13727: 13723: 13717: 13713: 13712: 13704: 13688: 13684: 13678: 13674: 13673: 13665: 13658: 13657: 13651: 13643: 13637: 13633: 13632: 13624: 13617: 13612: 13605: 13602:Halm, Heinz. 13599: 13591: 13584: 13576: 13564: 13556: 13552: 13548: 13541: 13539: 13537: 13535: 13526: 13522: 13518: 13511: 13504: 13499: 13497: 13489: 13483: 13475: 13469: 13465: 13464: 13456: 13450:, p. 80. 13449: 13444: 13437: 13431: 13429: 13427: 13419: 13413: 13406: 13401: 13393: 13387: 13383: 13376: 13374: 13365: 13361: 13357: 13353: 13350:(2): 169–87. 13349: 13345: 13338: 13336: 13334: 13326: 13321: 13313: 13307: 13303: 13302: 13294: 13278: 13274: 13268: 13264: 13263: 13255: 13253: 13245: 13240: 13238: 13236: 13229:, p. 69. 13228: 13223: 13221: 13213: 13208: 13206: 13198: 13193: 13191: 13183: 13178: 13171: 13166: 13164: 13156: 13151: 13140: 13136: 13129: 13122: 13115: 13113: 13107: 13101: 13097: 13090: 13080: 13073: 13069: 13063: 13059: 13052: 13045: 13041: 13035: 13031: 13024: 13008: 13004: 12998: 12994: 12993: 12988: 12987:Marina Rustow 12982: 12966: 12962: 12956: 12952: 12951: 12943: 12936: 12930: 12922: 12918: 12914: 12910: 12907:(3): 331–46. 12906: 12902: 12895: 12887: 12883: 12876: 12868: 12862: 12858: 12851: 12849: 12847: 12845: 12836: 12830: 12826: 12818: 12816: 12814: 12812: 12810: 12808: 12806: 12804: 12802: 12800: 12798: 12796: 12787: 12780: 12772: 12765: 12757: 12750: 12734: 12730: 12726: 12719: 12712: 12706: 12700:, p. 57. 12699: 12694: 12692: 12685:, pp. 111–14. 12684: 12678: 12671: 12658: 12654: 12653: 12645: 12629: 12625: 12621: 12618:(2): 419–42. 12617: 12613: 12609: 12602: 12586: 12582: 12576: 12572: 12571: 12563: 12547: 12543: 12537: 12533: 12532: 12524: 12522: 12520: 12518: 12516: 12514: 12512: 12510: 12508: 12506: 12504: 12502: 12500: 12498: 12496: 12488: 12483: 12476: 12471: 12469: 12461: 12456: 12450:, p. 38. 12449: 12444: 12437: 12432: 12425: 12420: 12413: 12408: 12401: 12396: 12389: 12384: 12377: 12372: 12365: 12360: 12354:, p. 65. 12353: 12348: 12341: 12336: 12334: 12326: 12321: 12314: 12313:Runciman 1951 12309: 12302: 12301:Richards 2017 12297: 12290: 12289:Runciman 1951 12285: 12278: 12273: 12267:, p. 45. 12266: 12261: 12254: 12253:Runciman 1951 12249: 12243:, p. 44. 12242: 12237: 12235: 12215: 12208: 12207: 12199: 12183: 12179: 12173: 12166: 12161: 12154: 12149: 12142: 12137: 12131:, p. 22. 12130: 12125: 12117: 12111: 12107: 12101: 12094: 12089: 12073: 12069: 12063: 12059: 12058: 12050: 12048: 12032: 12028: 12024: 12020: 12016: 12012: 12009:(2): 144–75. 12008: 12004: 12000: 11993: 11986: 11981: 11966: 11960: 11956: 11955: 11950: 11944: 11938:, p. 78. 11937: 11932: 11925: 11920: 11913: 11908: 11906: 11898: 11893: 11886: 11881: 11874: 11869: 11867: 11859: 11854: 11852: 11844: 11839: 11832: 11827: 11820: 11815: 11799: 11795: 11789: 11785: 11784: 11776: 11769: 11764: 11757: 11752: 11745: 11740: 11733: 11728: 11721: 11716: 11709: 11704: 11697: 11692: 11685: 11680: 11673: 11668: 11661: 11656: 11649: 11644: 11637: 11632: 11616: 11612: 11606: 11602: 11598: 11594: 11590: 11583: 11576: 11571: 11564: 11559: 11552: 11547: 11540: 11536: 11531: 11524: 11519: 11512: 11507: 11500: 11495: 11488: 11483: 11477:, p. 67. 11476: 11471: 11455: 11451: 11445: 11441: 11440: 11432: 11430: 11423:, p. 75. 11422: 11417: 11415: 11407: 11402: 11395: 11390: 11383: 11378: 11376: 11368: 11363: 11356: 11351: 11344: 11339: 11333:, p. 96. 11332: 11327: 11325: 11323: 11316:, p. 95. 11315: 11310: 11308: 11306: 11304: 11296: 11291: 11285:, p. 94. 11284: 11279: 11277: 11268: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11250: 11246: 11242: 11235: 11227: 11221: 11217: 11216: 11208: 11199: 11194: 11190: 11186: 11182: 11175: 11168: 11163: 11156: 11151: 11132: 11128: 11124: 11120: 11116: 11112: 11108: 11101: 11094: 11087: 11074: 11070: 11064: 11060: 11059: 11051: 11044: 11039: 11032: 11019: 11015: 11009: 11005: 11004: 10996: 10989: 10984: 10976: 10970: 10966: 10959: 10957: 10949: 10944: 10938:, p. 46. 10937: 10932: 10924: 10918: 10914: 10913: 10905: 10889: 10885: 10884: 10876: 10869: 10864: 10858:, p. 83. 10857: 10852: 10845: 10840: 10833: 10828: 10820: 10818:0-8133-3885-9 10814: 10810: 10803: 10801: 10799: 10782: 10778: 10777: 10772: 10765: 10758: 10753: 10751: 10744:, p. 77. 10743: 10738: 10731: 10726: 10720:, p. 44. 10719: 10714: 10706: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10688: 10684: 10680: 10673: 10671: 10669: 10667: 10659: 10654: 10647: 10642: 10636:, p. 64. 10635: 10630: 10628: 10620: 10615: 10607: 10600: 10598: 10590: 10585: 10578: 10573: 10571: 10563: 10558: 10556: 10548: 10543: 10535: 10523: 10515: 10511: 10507: 10500: 10493: 10488: 10472: 10468: 10462: 10458: 10457: 10449: 10447: 10430: 10426: 10420: 10416: 10415: 10407: 10405: 10403: 10401: 10393: 10388: 10381: 10376: 10369: 10364: 10357: 10352: 10350: 10342: 10337: 10330: 10325: 10318: 10313: 10306: 10301: 10294: 10289: 10273: 10269: 10265: 10259: 10252: 10247: 10240: 10235: 10228: 10223: 10216: 10211: 10209: 10207: 10199: 10194: 10187: 10182: 10176:, p. 61. 10175: 10170: 10168: 10166: 10158: 10153: 10151: 10143: 10138: 10130: 10124: 10120: 10119: 10111: 10104: 10099: 10097: 10089: 10084: 10077: 10072: 10065: 10060: 10053: 10048: 10041: 10036: 10030:, p. 47. 10029: 10024: 10017: 10016:Madelung 1978 10012: 10010: 10002: 9997: 9990: 9985: 9978: 9973: 9966: 9961: 9954: 9949: 9942: 9937: 9930: 9925: 9918: 9913: 9906: 9901: 9895:, p. 89. 9894: 9889: 9883:, p. 18. 9882: 9877: 9875: 9867: 9866:Madelung 1986 9862: 9855: 9854:Madelung 1986 9850: 9843: 9842:Madelung 1971 9838: 9831: 9826: 9824: 9816: 9811: 9809: 9807: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9799: 9797: 9795: 9793: 9791: 9789: 9780: 9778:0-06-106583-8 9774: 9770: 9769: 9764: 9758: 9751: 9746: 9744: 9736: 9731: 9724: 9722: 9718: 9714: 9700: 9696: 9690: 9686: 9682: 9681: 9673: 9666: 9661: 9659: 9651: 9646: 9644: 9642: 9640: 9638: 9636: 9634: 9632: 9630: 9628: 9626: 9624: 9622: 9620: 9618: 9616: 9614: 9612: 9610: 9608: 9606: 9604: 9602: 9600: 9598: 9596: 9594: 9592: 9590: 9588: 9586: 9584: 9582: 9580: 9578: 9576: 9574: 9572: 9570: 9568: 9566: 9564: 9562: 9560: 9558: 9556: 9554: 9552: 9550: 9548: 9546: 9544: 9542: 9540: 9538: 9536: 9534: 9532: 9530: 9528: 9520: 9515: 9507: 9501: 9497: 9490: 9482: 9476: 9472: 9465: 9458: 9446: 9442: 9436: 9432: 9431: 9423: 9407: 9403: 9402: 9394: 9392: 9375: 9371: 9365: 9361: 9360: 9352: 9350: 9333: 9329: 9328: 9320: 9318: 9316: 9299: 9295: 9289: 9285: 9284: 9276: 9274: 9272: 9255: 9251: 9245: 9229: 9225: 9219: 9215: 9214: 9206: 9197: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9157: 9156: 9151: 9147: 9141: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9098: 9094: 9079: 9072: 9068: 9057: 9051: 9046: 9037: 9032: 9030: 9025: 9023: 9018: 9017: 9015: 9014: 9011: 9001: 9000: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8984: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8974: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8964: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8943: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8927: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8917: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8907: 8903: 8901: 8900:Ottoman Egypt 8898: 8897: 8891: 8886: 8885: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8869: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8859: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8849: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8839: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8829: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8819: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8809: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8788: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8772: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8762: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8752: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8742: 8734: 8733: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8717: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8707: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8697: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8687: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8677: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8667: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8657: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8647: 8642: 8641:Ancient Egypt 8637: 8636: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8600: 8597: 8591: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8579: 8569: 8564: 8562: 8557: 8555: 8550: 8549: 8547: 8546: 8543: 8532: 8522: 8521: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8502: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8492: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8482: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8472: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8462: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8452: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8431: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8415: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8394: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8378: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8368: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8358: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8337: 8328:909–973 8327: 8325: 8322: 8321: 8318:800–909 8317: 8315: 8312: 8311: 8308:750–800 8307: 8305: 8302: 8301: 8298:698–750 8297: 8295: 8292: 8291: 8286: 8285:Early Islamic 8281: 8280: 8270:590–698 8268: 8265: 8261: 8260: 8256:534–590 8254: 8251: 8247: 8246: 8243:534–698 8242: 8240: 8236: 8233: 8232: 8229:435–534 8228: 8226: 8223: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8209: 8206: 8205: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8184: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8149: 8146: 8140: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8128: 8118: 8113: 8111: 8106: 8104: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8095: 8088: 8085: 8081: 8075: 8072: 8068: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8053: 8047: 8046: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8021: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8008:Peace Charter 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7998:Civil Concord 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7980: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7966: 7965: 7962: 7961: 7959: 7958: 7957: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7942:Berber Spring 7940: 7939: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7930:FFS rebellion 7928: 7927: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7914: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7891: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7882:Évian Accords 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7849: 7847: 7846: 7844: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7823: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7801: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7789: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7755: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7743: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7731: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7711: 7710: 7700: 7697: 7692: 7689: 7684: 7681: 7676: 7673: 7668: 7665: 7660: 7657: 7654:(973–1152 AD) 7652: 7649: 7646:(970–1068 AD) 7644: 7641: 7638:(909–1171 AD) 7636: 7633: 7628: 7625: 7620: 7617: 7612: 7609: 7604: 7601: 7598:(742–1066 AD) 7596: 7593: 7588: 7585: 7580: 7579:Arab conquest 7577: 7576: 7573: 7568: 7567: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7540: 7533: 7530: 7525: 7522: 7517: 7514: 7509: 7506: 7501: 7498: 7493: 7490: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7472: 7469: 7464: 7461: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7439: 7434: 7433: 7426: 7422: 7421: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7378: 7375: 7370: 7367: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7355: 7350: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7340: 7337: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7319: 7309: 7304: 7302: 7297: 7295: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7286: 7283: 7273: 7272: 7262: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7249: 7248:Dawoodi Bohra 7246: 7244: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7218: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7204: 7203: 7196: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7132: 7127: 7125: 7124: 7119: 7117: 7116: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7067: 7061: 7060: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7039: 7036: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7026:Jama'at Khana 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7003: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6987: 6986: 6980: 6977: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6923: 6922: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6860:Nasir Khusraw 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6800:Hamdan Qarmat 6798: 6797: 6796: 6795: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6749: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6720: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6710: 6709: 6704: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6683: 6682: 6678: 6676: 6675: 6671: 6670: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6657: 6656: 6652: 6651: 6650: 6649:Dawoodi Bohra 6647: 6646: 6645: 6644: 6643: 6638: 6637: 6636: 6635: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6623: 6619: 6614: 6613: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6574: 6573:Seven Pillars 6569: 6568: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6555:Reincarnation 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6454: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6444: 6440: 6433: 6429: 6423: 6422: 6412: 6407: 6405: 6400: 6398: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6389: 6379: 6376: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6364: 6361: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6349: 6346: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6319: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6304: 6301: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6286: 6285:Umm al-Quwain 6282: 6279: 6278: 6274: 6271: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6259: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6244: 6241: 6237: 6234: 6233: 6229: 6226: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6214: 6211: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6199: 6196: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6184: 6181: 6177: 6174: 6173: 6165: 6164: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6144: 6141: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6119: 6116: 6112: 6109: 6108: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6089: 6086: 6082: 6079: 6078: 6074: 6071: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6055: 6054: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6028: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5998: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5750: 5749: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5587: 5586:Muslim Sicily 5584: 5583: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5505: 5504: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5280: 5279: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5225: 5224: 5215:450 AD–550 AD 5214: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5155:64 BC–300s AD 5154: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5145:132 BC–244 AD 5144: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5135:400 BC–106 AD 5134: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5125:600 BC–100 BC 5124: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5115:800 BC–300 BC 5114: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5100: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5058: 5039: 5038: 5029: 5028: 5020: 5018: 4978: 4976: 4965: 4963: 4958: 4946: 4945: 4937: 4934: 4926: 4924: 4923: 4896: 4888: 4886: 4881: 4879: 4868: 4867: 4858: 4856: 4851: 4850: 4834: 4832: 4792: 4790: 4769: 4767: 4762: 4761: 4747: 4745: 4740: 4734: 4731: 4723: 4721: 4713: 4711: 4710: 4697: 4689: 4687: 4679: 4677: 4672: 4670: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4632: 4630: 4592: 4590: 4571: 4570: 4554: 4552: 4514: 4512: 4493: 4492: 4476: 4474: 4436: 4434: 4415: 4414: 4398: 4396: 4358: 4356: 4337: 4336: 4320: 4318: 4280: 4278: 4259: 4258: 4242: 4240: 4202: 4200: 4181: 4180: 4164: 4162: 4124: 4122: 4103: 4102: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069:went to East 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4046: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3996: 3994: 3993: 3992:Dawoodi bohra 3988: 3987: 3982: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3928: 3924: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3805: 3795: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3770: 3767: 3760: 3753:Al-Mansuriyya 3750: 3738: 3733: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3706:was ruled by 3705: 3700: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3689: 3684: 3683:heavy cavalry 3680: 3679:horse archers 3675: 3671: 3667: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3647: 3642: 3636: 3626: 3624: 3621:reduced to a 3619: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3473: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3444: 3439: 3432:Other Muslims 3429: 3427: 3426:Mount Lebanon 3421: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3343: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3329: 3328: 3323: 3321: 3304: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3273:Fatimid harem 3261: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3173: 3163: 3158: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3094:Sitt al-Qusur 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2903:First Crusade 2895: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2870: 2863:Final decline 2860: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2845: 2838: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2818: 2817:Zagwe dynasty 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2515: 2513: 2504: 2503:Dawoodi Bohra 2500: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2419: 2417: 2401: 2393: 2382: 2371: 2360: 2351: 2342: 2333: 2322: 2311: 2300: 2289: 2280: 2269: 2258: 2249: 2240: 2231: 2222: 2220: 2211: 2209:KHITAN EMPIRE 2202: 2200: 2191: 2189: 2180: 2169: 2167: 2158: 2148: 2136: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2100: 2097: 2092: 2091:Sa'd al-Dawla 2088: 2084: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1748: 1746: 1745:al-Mansuriyya 1742: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1727:capable fleet 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1602: 1601:Mahdia Museum 1598: 1594: 1590: 1587:Fragments of 1585: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1544: 1539: 1533: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1499: 1498: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1475: 1473: 1467: 1465: 1464:Qafsa (Gafsa) 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1400: 1396: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1368: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1345: 1340: 1330: 1328: 1327:Awliya' Allah 1323: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1276:Rise to power 1273: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1192:Hamdan Qarmat 1188: 1187: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1162: 1159: 1154: 1153:Syrian Desert 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1127: 1126: 1119: 1108: 1099: 1095: 1090: 1084: 1079: 1075: 1074:Musa al-Kazim 1071: 1067: 1062: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1039: 1038: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1002: 1000: 996: 993: 989: 985: 981: 976: 974: 970: 966: 951: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 926: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 899: 895: 891: 881: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 858: 854: 850: 846: 841: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 818:al-Mansuriyya 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 792:(missionary) 791: 790: 784: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 729:Mediterranean 726: 722: 718: 717:Isma'ili Shia 714: 710: 705: 699: 690: 684: 651: 647: 635: 630: 628: 623: 621: 616: 615: 613: 612: 609: 599: 598: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 567: 561: 560: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 534: 528: 527: 523: 519: 518: 506: 503: 502: 482: 480: 477: 476: 468: 466: 463: 462: 454: 452: 449: 448: 440: 438: 437:Zirid Emirate 435: 434: 426: 424: 421: 420: 412: 410: 407: 406: 398: 396: 393: 392: 384: 382: 379: 378: 375: 369: 366: 359: 358: 355: 352: 345: 344: 341: 338: 331: 330: 327: 324: 317: 316: 313: 312: 309: 306: 304: 301: 300: 296: 293: 289: 286: 282: 278: 274: 271: 265: 261: 257: 251: 247: 244: 238: 234: 231: 228: 224: 220: 217: 214: 208: 205: 202: 196: 192: 188: 186: 182: 179: 176: 173: 169: 164: 159: 156: 153: 150: 146: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 126: 124: 120: 113: 110: 107: 104: 101: 98: 95: 92: 91: 89: 85: 78: 73: 68: 63: 56: 40: 37: 30: 19: 21473:Contemporary 21323:Indo-Persian 21311:Nazi Germany 21255:Contemporary 21157:Vijayanagara 21056:Great Seljuk 20967:Thessalonica 20895:Golden Horde 20675: 20535:Carthaginian 20314:Neo-Assyrian 20299:Neo-Sumerian 20128:Coat of arms 20113:Architecture 20060:Demographics 20029:Trade unions 19999:Central Bank 19904:Constitution 19892:Armed Forces 19793:World War II 19680:Roman Empire 19486:Demographics 19450:Oil reserves 19412:Central Bank 19374:Human rights 19312:Constitution 19281:Subdivisions 18888:Coat of arms 18858:Architecture 18747:Christianity 18727:Prostitution 18673:Human rights 18632:Abaza family 18620:Universities 18585:Demographics 18538:Billionaires 18182:Constitution 18177:Conscription 18160:Governorates 18041:Halfaya Pass 17911:1954–present 17871:Constitution 17826:2010s Crisis 17738:World War II 17700:Urabi revolt 17631: 17617:Islamization 17551:31st Dynasty 17546:27th Dynasty 17363:Islamophobia 17238:Christianity 17186: 17119:Contemporary 17013:Architecture 16952: 16918: 16906: 16894: 16852: 16845: 16811: 16793: 16788:Nikah mut'ah 16786: 16779: 16772: 16765: 16758: 16751: 16715: 16703: 16696: 16689: 16682: 16662: 16655: 16648: 16641: 16554: 16335: 16280: 16259: 16241: 16234: 16178: 16171: 16164: 16157: 16150: 16143:Five Pillars 16120: 16086: 16075:God in Islam 16052: 15960:(1560s–1690) 15855: 15734:al-Musabbihi 15654:Bab al-Futuh 15649:Aqmar Mosque 15609:architecture 15570:Anti-Fatimid 15481:Missionaries 15364:Fatimid navy 15347:Fatimid army 15071:Sitt al-Mulk 15033:and military 14898:Alexandretta 14824: 14747:Imam-Caliphs 14737: 14685: 14675: 14643: 14626: 14625: 14608: 14590: 14581: 14550: 14526: 14492: 14472: 14449: 14425: 14415: 14400:. Retrieved 14385: 14364: 14354: 14332: 14310: 14303: 14278:Madelung, W. 14261: 14254: 14212: 14205: 14180:Madelung, W. 14163: 14159: 14126: 14122: 14096: 14069: 14051:(1): 28–67. 14048: 14044: 14027: 13992: 13987: 13970: 13948: 13920: 13897: 13890: 13857: 13841: 13834: 13794: 13774: 13753: 13730:. Retrieved 13710: 13703: 13691:. Retrieved 13671: 13664: 13655: 13650: 13630: 13623: 13616:Raymond 2000 13611: 13603: 13598: 13589: 13583: 13546: 13516: 13510: 13487: 13482: 13462: 13455: 13443: 13435: 13417: 13412: 13405:Sanders 1998 13400: 13381: 13347: 13343: 13320: 13300: 13293: 13281:. Retrieved 13261: 13227:Raymond 1993 13177: 13150: 13139:the original 13134: 13121: 13111: 13109: 13095: 13089: 13079: 13071: 13057: 13051: 13043: 13029: 13023: 13011:. Retrieved 12991: 12981: 12969:. Retrieved 12949: 12942: 12934: 12929: 12904: 12900: 12894: 12885: 12881: 12875: 12856: 12824: 12785: 12779: 12770: 12764: 12755: 12749: 12737:. 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Retrieved 9111: 9107: 9097: 9071: 8991:1953–present 8890:Early modern 8851: 8769:30 BC–641 AD 8704:1550–1069 BC 8694:1650–1550 BC 8684:2055–1650 BC 8674:2181–2055 BC 8664:2686–2181 BC 8654:3150–2686 BC 8627:6000–3000 BC 8485:Ben Ali rule 8475:Ben Ali coup 8399:Early modern 8323: 8019: 8018: 8003:Black Spring 7953: 7952: 7923: 7843:Algerian War 7841: 7840: 7797:Pacification 7769: 7768: 7717: 7714:Modern times 7630:(800–909 AD) 7622:(789–828 AD) 7614:(776–909 AD) 7606:(771–793 AD) 7590:(703–744 AD) 7582:(647–709 AD) 7535:(585–698 AD) 7527:(534–585 AD) 7519:(578–708 AD) 7511:(484–703 AD) 7503:(477–578 AD) 7495:(435–534 AD) 7474:(111–106 BC) 7466:(264–146 BC) 7384:Rock art in 7130: 7122: 7114: 7113:ʿAbad Allāh 7006:Constitution 6984: 6983: 6920: 6919: 6895:Pir Sadardin 6855:al-Naysaburi 6840:al-Sijistani 6793: 6792: 6762: 6747: 6746: 6716: 6706: 6705: 6679: 6672: 6653: 6640: 6639: 6632: 6626: 6380:1921–present 6365:1900–present 6350:1868–present 6335:1833–present 6320:1810–present 6305:1783–present 6290:1775–present 6275:1761–present 6260:1752–present 6245:1749–present 6230:1744–present 6225:Saudi Arabia 6215:1727–present 6200:1727–present 6185:1631–present 5265: 5195:300s–500s AD 5034: 5024: 4959: 4941: 4863: 4852: 4846: 4766:Mustā'līyyah 4763: 4757: 4741: 4648:Al-Mustansir 4647: 4644: 4566: 4488: 4410: 4332: 4254: 4176: 4098: 4043: 4031: 4023: 3997: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3926: 3902: 3875:Great Mosque 3868: 3861: 3854:rock crystal 3833:architecture 3826: 3790: 3778: 3776: 3762: 3747: 3701: 3686: 3662: 3652: 3635:Fatimid navy 3614: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3586: 3571: 3566:Hebrew Bible 3523: 3499: 3492:, including 3441: 3435: 3422: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3402:dā'ī l-du'āt 3401: 3397: 3394: 3344: 3335:meritocratic 3332: 3325: 3319: 3315: 3291: 3289: 3286:Burial place 3160: 3136: 3129: 3106: 3054: 3020: 2992: 2987: 2980: 2949: 2900: 2873: 2866: 2853:Bab al-Futuh 2842: 2821: 2789: 2765:Seljuk Turks 2748: 2711: 2702:Bab al-Futuh 2660: 2611: 2604:Italo-Norman 2597: 2585:al-Mustansir 2582: 2537:al-Jarjarā'ī 2529:Sitt al-Mulk 2526: 2511: 2508: 2475: 2440: 2423: 2420: 2413: 2365: 2218: 2198: 2187: 2165: 2131: 2125: 2121:Banu Khazrun 2117:Tripolitania 2106: 2096:forced march 2079: 2058: 2055: 2030: 2026: 2015: 2010: 1989: 1983: 1962: 1920: 1901:Song Dynasty 1874: 1862: 1817: 1792: 1784: 1774: 1724: 1644: 1629:stronghold, 1612: 1605: 1547: 1545:tendencies. 1503: 1495: 1468: 1405: 1372: 1361:North Africa 1350: 1326: 1294: 1284: 1253:, where the 1225: 1163: 1136: 1114: 1063: 1008: 986:Shia caliph 977: 962: 929: 912: 907:, the first 887: 866:Seljuk Turks 853:al-Mustansir 842: 794:Abu Abdallah 787: 785: 747:, the first 739:'s daughter 721:North Africa 649: 645: 643: 574: 308:Succeeded by 307: 302: 106:al-Mansuriya 36: 21061:Khwarezmian 20994:Carolingian 20799:Rashtrakuta 20503:Shaishunaga 20402:Hellenistic 20385:New Kingdom 20375:Old Kingdom 20080:Immigration 19936:LGBT rights 19739:Great Siege 19690:Arab Period 19658:Phoenicians 19407:Agriculture 19052:WikiProject 18813:Scientology 18683:LGBT rights 18605:Law schools 18389:Lighthouses 18332:Agriculture 18061:Mount Sinai 18021:Earthquakes 17821:Mubarak era 17792:Six-Day War 17782:Suez Crisis 17777:Land reform 17524:Prehistoric 17138:Other areas 17129:Theological 17124:Eschatology 17081:Mathematics 17018:Calligraphy 16948:Theological 16902:Inheritance 16819:Cleanliness 16249:Shi'a Imams 16243:Ahl al-Bayt 15996:(1921–1958) 15990:(1805–1952) 15984:(1726–1834) 15978:(1704–1831) 15972:(1697–1842) 15966:(1649–1850) 15942:(1382–1517) 15936:(1376–1843) 15930:(1250–1382) 15924:(1234–1262) 15918:(1171–1341) 15912:(1127–1250) 15906:(1104–1154) 15894:(1024–1080) 15664:Bab Zuweila 15659:Bab al-Nasr 15627:Skifa Kahla 15579:Akhu Muhsin 15496:Ibn Hawshab 15403:Esotericism 15326:al-Basasiri 15044:and regents 14300:Pellat, Ch. 14247:Pellat, Ch. 14211:Volume III: 14202:Schacht, J. 14198:Pellat, Ch. 14166:: 190–208. 14119:Lev, Yaacov 13967:Halm, Heinz 13887:Pellat, Ch. 13831:Schacht, J. 13827:Pellat, Ch. 13503:O'Kane 2016 13244:Walker 1998 13212:Walker 1998 13197:Walker 1998 13182:Walker 1998 13170:Walker 1998 13155:O'Kane 2016 13128:"The Druze" 12663:11 November 12448:O'Kane 2016 12277:Köhler 2013 12265:Köhler 2013 12241:Köhler 2013 12129:O'Kane 2016 12093:O'Kane 2016 11912:O'Kane 2016 11696:O'Kane 2016 11167:Canard 1965 11079:26 February 11024:26 February 10577:Canard 1965 10562:Canard 1965 10268:cms.dma.org 10064:Canard 1965 9830:Canard 1965 9815:Canard 1965 9078:Banū ʿUbayd 8720:Late Period 8714:1069–664 BC 8700:New Kingdom 8660:Old Kingdom 8593:History of 8509:2011– 8163:Prehistoric 8142:History of 8027:Arab Spring 7904:Oujda Group 7894:Pieds-noirs 7877:1961 putsch 7872:1958 crisis 7852:Nationalism 7845:(1954–1962) 7603:Muhallabids 7572:Middle Ages 7458:(202–46 BC) 7380:(10,000 BC) 7372:(20,000 BC) 7364:(80,000 BC) 7333:History of 7257:Qutbi Bohra 7239:Alavi Bohra 7221:Aga Khan IV 6699:Qutbi Bohra 6694:Alavi Bohra 6655:Progressive 6085:Pate Island 6058:East Africa 5851:Sulaymanids 5791:Ukhaidhirds 5576:Sulaymanids 5546:Muhallabids 5451:Munqidhites 5351:Shirvanshah 5205:300s–602 AD 5175:196–1100 AD 5165:100s–241 AD 4962:Ṭāyyībīyyah 4760:Al-Mustā'lī 3844:script for 3829:Islamic art 3804:Fatimid art 3744:Al-Mahdiyya 3721:Otto I 3507:monasteries 3388:inside the 3348:Druze faith 3262:(1160–1171) 3256:(1154–1160) 3250:(1149–1154) 3232:(1094–1101) 3220:(1021–1036) 3090:Upper Egypt 3069:Baldwin III 2880:al-Musta'li 2857:Bab al-Nasr 2849:Bab Zuweila 2801:Coptic Pope 2755:(Mecca and 2726:امير الجيوش 2672:cannibalism 2579:(1036–1094) 2557:Romanos III 2448:Tayyi tribe 2424:Dar al-'Ilm 2408: 1000 1834:Transjordan 1682:successor, 1649:—who ruled 1608:al-Mahdiyya 1597:al-Mahdiyya 1511:regnal name 1388:Constantine 1379:Abdallah II 1339:Al-Muqtadir 1196:Ibn Hawshab 1190:s) such as 1176:Zanj Revolt 1053:occultation 814:al-Mahdiyya 303:Preceded by 21755:Caliphates 21739:Categories 21631:Portuguese 21512:Revival Le 21502:Vietnamese 21145:Later Tran 21115:Vietnamese 21011:Singhasari 20999:Holy Roman 20623:Bulgarian 20559:Satavahana 20530:Phoenician 20466:Achaemenid 20427:Indo-Greek 20407:Macedonian 20321:Babylonian 20175:Philosophy 20160:Literature 20075:Healthcare 20070:Emigration 19946:Parliament 19861:Localities 19506:Literature 19429:(currency) 19266:Ecoregions 18964:Newspapers 18954:Mass media 18806:Synagogues 18774:Irreligion 18722:Literature 18717:Liberalism 18656:Healthcare 18558:Corruption 18241:Parliament 18172:Corruption 18167:Civil Code 18110:Suez Canal 18068:Nile Delta 17953:Alexandria 17923:Population 17918:Parliament 17886:Healthcare 17767:Nasser era 17541:Achaemenid 17516:Chronology 17293:Ex-Muslims 17188:Shu'ubiyya 17182:Psychology 17170:Literature 17160:Inventions 17106:Philosophy 16914:Leadership 16890:Honorifics 16545:Philosophy 16400:Isma'ilism 16365:Maturidism 16254:Caliphates 16225:Golden Age 16116:Revelation 15888:(990–1096) 15882:(990–1085) 15876:(990–1081) 15858:(909–1171) 15846:(890–1004) 15834:(750–1258) 15521:Abu Tammam 15430:Qarmatians 15378:Isma'ilism 15316:Manjutakin 15031:Government 14987:Regime of 14959:Revolt of 14943:Revolt of 14514:"Fāṭimids" 14402:3 February 14283:"al-Mahdī" 14260:Volume IV: 14015:"Fāṭimids" 14002:9004100563 13941:"Fatimids" 13840:Volume II: 13818:"Fāṭimids" 13764:0521337674 13721:0521429749 13682:0226056767 13656:The Bohras 13448:Brett 2017 13325:Brett 2017 13013:8 November 12971:8 November 12475:Brett 2017 12460:Brett 2017 12436:Brett 2017 12424:Brett 2017 12412:Brett 2017 12400:Brett 2017 12388:Brett 2017 12376:Brett 2017 12364:Brett 2017 12340:Brett 2017 12325:Brett 2017 12188:8 February 12165:Brett 2017 12153:Brett 2017 11985:Brett 2017 11949:Gil, Moshe 11924:Brett 2017 11897:Brett 2017 11885:Brett 2017 11873:Brett 2017 11843:Brett 2017 11831:Brett 2017 11819:Brett 2017 11756:Brett 2017 11744:Brett 2017 11732:Brett 2017 11720:Brett 2017 11708:Brett 2017 11684:Brett 2017 11672:Brett 2017 11660:Brett 2017 11648:Brett 2017 11636:Brett 2017 11595:: 205–36. 11575:Brett 2017 11563:Brett 2017 11551:Brett 2017 11535:Brett 2017 11523:Brett 2017 11511:Brett 2017 11499:Brett 2017 11487:Brett 2017 11406:Brett 2017 11394:Brett 2017 11382:Brett 2017 11367:Brett 2017 11355:Brett 2017 11343:Brett 2017 11331:Brett 2017 11314:Brett 2017 11295:Brett 2017 11283:Brett 2017 11191:(2): 185. 11155:Brett 2017 11140:2 December 10948:Brett 2017 10894:8 February 10868:Brett 2017 10856:Brett 2017 10844:Brett 2017 10742:Brett 2017 10689:: 349–76. 9881:Brett 2017 9735:Brett 2017 9685:SUNY Press 9665:Brett 2017 9519:Brett 2017 9234:20 October 9162:(3): 495. 9114:(2): 222. 9089:References 8749:332–310 BC 8724:664–332 BC 8250:Prefecture 8172:Prehistory 7947:1988 riots 7792:Resistance 7667:Almoravids 7480:Mauretania 7463:Punic Wars 7354:Prehistory 7011:Delegation 6967:Maymun-Diz 6850:al-Shirazi 6845:al-Kirmani 6830:Qadi Numan 6729:Qarmatians 6618:Musta'lism 6605:Pilgrimage 6545:Numerology 6439:Isma'ilism 6371:Hashemites 6326:Al Maktoum 6296:Al Khalifa 5981:Upper Yafa 5971:Ya'arubids 5811:Qarmatians 5696:Sumadihids 5185:220–638 AD 5181:Ghassanids 4855:Ḥāfīzīyyah 4744:Nizārīyyah 4042:the first 3921:See also: 3893:, and the 3850:lustreware 3838:figurative 3817:Lustreware 3685:(known as 3639:See also: 3579:Rabbanites 3530:Alexandria 3519:Amalfitans 3476:Christians 3440:school or 3424:region of 3418:al-Kirmani 3376:Isma'ilism 3271:See also: 3117:Nūr ad-Dīn 2759:) and the 2600:Banū Hilal 2573:gold dinar 2154:KARAKHANID 2023:Banu Kilab 1793:al-Qāhirah 1781:Ikhshidids 1651:Al-Andalus 1635:Ibn Qurhub 1578:Heinz Halm 1543:antinomian 1353:Ibrahim II 1337:See also: 1243:Qarmatians 1214:, and the 1076:down to a 965:Isma'ilism 947:Banu Ubayd 909:Shī'a Imām 779:, and the 175:Hereditary 171:Government 114:(973–1171) 21830:Ismailism 21624:Couronian 21262:Ethiopian 21250:Manchukuo 21205:Brazilian 21051:Ghaznavid 21021:Srivijaya 20972:Trebizond 20957:Byzantine 20939:North Sea 20934:Norwegian 20922:Almoravid 20905:Ilkhanate 20875:Majapahit 20848:Muromachi 20757:Solomonic 20742:Ethiopian 20656:Caliphate 20589:Aragonese 20417:Ptolemaic 20085:Languages 20065:Education 20034:Transport 19956:President 19909:Elections 19897:Commander 19824:Geography 19491:Education 19460:Transport 19422:Companies 19317:Elections 19261:Districts 19234:Geography 18959:Magazines 18949:Egyptians 18784:Ahmadiyya 18695:Languages 18661:Hospitals 18595:Education 18462:Transport 18421:Aswan Dam 18349:Companies 18290:Terrorism 18256:President 18219:Massacres 18209:Judiciary 18187:Elections 18056:Mountains 17985:Geography 17963:Port Said 17906:1939–1954 17901:1928–1938 17856:Anarchism 17799:Sadat era 17743:Sultanate 17690:Khedivate 17590:Christian 17558:Ptolemaic 17410:Symbolism 17368:Incidents 17346:Criticism 17243:Mormonism 17145:Astrology 17071:Cosmology 17066:Astronomy 17008:Arabesque 16875:Etiquette 16834:Blasphemy 16624:Economics 16439:Ahmadiyya 16373:Mu'tazili 16361:Ash'arism 15922:Lu'lu'ids 15892:Mirdasids 15880:Marwanids 15874:Numayrids 15868:Jarrahids 15864:(935–969) 15862:Ikhsidids 15850:Hadhabani 15844:Hamdanids 15840:(868–905) 15828:(661–750) 15822:(632–661) 15820:Rashiduns 15634:Mansuriya 15452:Assassins 15386:Doctrines 15283:governors 15279:Officials 15254:Banu Kanz 15240:Hamdanids 15236:Sulayhids 15226:Mirdasids 15220:Palestine 15216:Jarrahids 15196:Hammadids 15061:Ibn Ammar 14945:Abu Rakwa 14917:(974–978) 14886:(958–960) 14880:(943–947) 14878:Abu Yazid 14873:(937–941) 14867:(919–921) 14861:(914–915) 14855:(913–917) 14677:Caliphate 14647:969–1171 14535:1875-9831 14309:Volume V: 14296:Lewis, B. 14270:758278456 14243:Lewis, B. 14221:495469525 14190:Lewis, B. 14172:183390203 14151:162310414 14036:1873-9830 13896:Volume V: 13883:Lewis, B. 13850:495469475 13823:Lewis, B. 13732:12 August 13693:12 August 13573:ignored ( 13563:cite book 13555:1873-9830 13549:. Brill. 13364:237271659 12921:164922323 12670:minister. 12031:170839031 11267:1356-1863 11127:1478-0542 10658:Halm 1996 10646:Halm 1996 10589:Halm 1996 10532:ignored ( 10522:cite book 10514:1873-9830 10508:. Brill. 10392:Halm 1996 10380:Halm 1996 10368:Halm 1996 10356:Halm 1996 10341:Halm 1996 10329:Halm 1996 10317:Halm 1996 10305:Halm 1996 10293:Halm 1996 10251:Halm 1996 10239:Halm 1996 10227:Halm 1996 10215:Halm 1996 10198:Halm 1996 10186:Halm 1996 10157:Halm 1996 10142:Halm 1996 10121:. Brill. 10103:Halm 1996 10052:Halm 1991 10028:Halm 1991 9977:Halm 1991 9965:Halm 1991 9953:Halm 1991 9917:Halm 1991 9705:13 August 9650:Halm 2014 9120:1076-156X 8981:1922–1953 8971:1914–1922 8961:1882–1922 8934:1867–1914 8924:1805–1953 8914:1798–1801 8904:1517–1867 8876:1250–1517 8866:1171–1250 8759:310–30 BC 8264:Exarchate 8208:1st Roman 7974:Massacres 7924:1960s–80s 7699:Ziyyanids 7659:Hammadids 7643:Maghrawas 7627:Aghlabids 7611:Rustamids 7445:Phoenicia 7438:Antiquity 7423:Related: 7411:Madghacen 7147:al-Manṣūr 7088:al-Sajjad 7021:Holy Du'a 6900:Aga Khans 6835:al-Nasafi 6756:state of 6754:Qarmatian 6734:Assassins 6468:Batiniyya 6356:Al Sharqi 6311:Al Nuaimi 6281:Al Mualla 6270:Abu Dhabi 6266:Al Nahyan 6206:Al Qasimi 6191:Al Qasimi 6155:1860–1887 6145:1858–1895 6130:1856–1964 6120:1746–1828 6105:1277–1495 6090:1203–1894 6045:1926–1970 6035:1906–1934 6025:1903–1967 6015:1858–1967 6011:Qu'aitids 6005:1836–1921 6001:Rashidids 5995:1820–1970 5985:1800–1967 5975:1624–1742 5965:1597–1872 5955:1463–1521 5945:1454–1526 5935:1395–1967 5931:Kathirids 5925:1305–1487 5921:Jarwanids 5915:1253–1320 5905:1229–1454 5895:1159–1174 5885:1154–1624 5881:Nabhanids 5875:1083–1174 5865:1076–1253 5855:1063–1174 5845:1047–1138 5841:Sulayhids 5740:1837–1969 5736:Senussids 5730:1554–1659 5720:1230–1492 5710:1049–1078 5700:1041–1091 5690:1039–1110 5680:1031–1091 5676:Jawharids 5670:1027–1063 5666:Muzaynids 5660:1026–1057 5656:Hammudids 5650:1023–1062 5646:Yahsubids 5640:1023–1091 5630:1020–1086 5620:1013–1039 5610:1012–1051 5600:1004–1412 5566:Aghlabids 5495:1697–1842 5485:1517–1865 5475:1480–1677 5465:1517–1697 5455:1025–1157 5445:1024–1080 5441:Mirdasids 5431:Numayrids 5411:Jarrahids 5401:Mazyadids 5381:Hamdanids 5371:Hashimids 5331:Habbarids 5321:Dulafids 5171:Tanukhids 4957:Aṭ-Ṭāyyīb 4335:Al-Mu'izz 4257:Al-Mansur 4071:Rajasthan 3964:(d. 1078) 3821:al-Fustat 3791:al-Qāhira 3695:and foot 3534:Old Cairo 3490:Old Cairo 3370:Isma'ilis 3204:(975–996) 3192:(946–953) 3186:(934–946) 3121:Amalric I 3073:Jerusalem 2976:Assassins 2761:Sulayhids 2731:romanized 2589:al-Yāzūrī 2541:Banu Kalb 2444:Abu Rakwa 2378:BYZANTINE 2369:CALIPHATE 2298:CHALUKYAS 2265:GHAZNAVID 2229:SRIVIJAYA 2188:Pechenegs 2073:from the 2053:control. 2043:Euphrates 2019:Jarrahids 1988:(plural: 1973:Jerusalem 1857:al-Fustat 1846:Palestine 1785:al-Qāhira 1741:al-Mansur 1732:Abu Yazid 1627:Christian 1621:from the 1566:Kharijite 1509:with the 1448:Kasserine 1424:al-Aribus 1291:Aghlabids 1270:Sijilmasa 1145:Khuzestan 1049:end times 1031:al-Husayn 921:فَاطِمِيّ 870:Crusaders 826:al-Mu'izz 810:Sijilmasa 725:West Asia 709:caliphate 698:romanized 505:Caliphate 465:Sulayhids 178:caliphate 148:Religion 108:(948–973) 102:(921–948) 96:(909–921) 21604:Japanese 21567:Scottish 21547:American 21539:Colonial 21468:Imperial 21436:Moroccan 21372:Japanese 21350:Afsharid 21209:Burmese 21195:Austrian 21150:Later Le 21125:Early Le 21110:Venetian 21036:Tiwanaku 20949:Hellenic 20912:Moroccan 20843:Kamakura 20833:Japanese 20816:Saffarid 20769:Georgian 20683:Chalukya 20661:Rashidun 20651:Calakmul 20619:Bruneian 20498:Haryanka 20476:Sasanian 20471:Parthian 20422:Bactrian 20412:Seleucid 20392:Goguryeo 20370:Egyptian 20304:Assyrian 20294:Akkadian 20285:Colonies 20225:Category 20155:Folklore 20118:Carnival 20095:Religion 20019:Taxation 20004:Currency 19880:Politics 19761:Blockade 19756:Invasion 19673:Invasion 19648:Timeline 19632:articles 19581:Category 19539:Olympics 19534:Football 19526:Religion 19369:Military 19300:Politics 19286:Wildlife 19032:Category 18996:Olympics 18932:Football 18764:Hinduism 18732:Religion 18639:Feminism 18627:Families 18590:Diaspora 18553:Censuses 18543:Cannabis 18528:Abortion 18472:Airports 18467:Airlines 18443:Internet 18246:Passport 18224:Military 18197:Missions 18144:Politics 18125:Wildlife 17849:By topic 17762:Republic 17597:Sassanid 17448:Category 17341:Islamism 17324:Muhammad 17280:Apostasy 17255:Hinduism 17155:Feminism 17086:Medicine 16926:Military 16880:Gambling 16829:Apostasy 16824:Criminal 16736:Marriage 16705:Tayammum 16657:Murabaha 16530:Madrasas 16520:Holidays 16510:Clothing 16505:Children 16500:Calendar 16451:Quranism 16405:Alawites 16369:Atharism 16260:Rashidun 16099:In Islam 16094:Muhammad 15988:Alawiyya 15934:Bahdinan 15916:Ayyubids 15898:Artuqids 15886:Uqaylids 15856:Fatimids 15838:Tulunids 15832:Abbasids 15826:Umayyads 15572:movement 15551:Abdallah 15459:Musta'li 15340:Military 15288:generals 15244:Zurayids 15200:Ifriqiya 15106:Kutayfat 15066:Barjawan 14993:al-Hafiz 14989:Kutayfat 14966:Musta'li 14915:Alptakin 14679:dynasty 14615:909–972 14611:Ifriqiya 14556:Archived 14525:(eds.). 14414:(1951), 14355:Le Caire 14353:(1993). 14331:(2016). 14311:Khe–Mahi 14302:(eds.). 14280:(1986). 14262:Iran–Kha 14253:(eds.). 14231:(1978). 14204:(eds.). 14182:(1971). 14091:(2013). 14067:(2023). 14026:(eds.). 13969:(1991). 13918:(2007). 13898:Khe–Mahi 13889:(eds.). 13867:(1986). 13833:(eds.). 13815:(1965). 13726:Archived 13687:Archived 13525:40000079 13344:Al-Masāq 13283:14 March 13277:Archived 13007:Archived 12989:(2014). 12965:Archived 12739:11 March 12733:Archived 12657:Archived 12634:8 August 12628:Archived 12585:Archived 12552:14 April 12546:Archived 12214:Archived 12182:Archived 12078:14 April 12072:Archived 11951:(1997). 11804:14 April 11798:Archived 11621:27 April 11615:Archived 11460:14 April 11454:Archived 11073:Archived 11031:Baghdad. 11018:Archived 10888:Archived 10787:9 August 10705:27811145 10683:Muqarnas 10547:Lev 1995 10477:14 April 10471:Archived 10435:12 March 10429:Archived 10272:Archived 9699:Archived 9445:Archived 9406:Archived 9374:Archived 9332:Archived 9298:Archived 9260:12 March 9228:Archived 9180:Archived 9124:Archived 8987:Republic 8856:969–1171 8584:a series 8582:Part of 8533:• 8418:Husainid 8342:Medieval 8314:Aghlabid 8213:Province 8198:Carthage 8133:a series 8131:Part of 7969:Timeline 7683:Marinids 7675:Almohads 7635:Fatimids 7619:Idrisids 7595:Ifranids 7558:Gemellae 7548:Partenia 7324:a series 7322:Part of 7142:al-Qāʾim 7093:al-Baqir 6947:Atashgah 6739:Satpanth 6724:Seveners 6634:Musta'li 6622:Nizarism 6550:Theology 6457:Concepts 6428:a series 6426:Part of 6360:Fujairah 6341:Al Thani 6251:Al Sabah 6140:Wituland 6075:896–1279 6031:Idrisids 5961:Qasimids 5941:Tahirids 5911:Usfurids 5901:Rasulids 5871:Zurayids 5835:968–1925 5821:Wajihids 5815:899–1077 5805:897–1962 5795:865–1066 5781:Yufirids 5775:819–1138 5771:Ziyadids 5765:751–1970 5706:Tahirids 5636:Abbadids 5616:Tujibids 5590:831–1091 5556:Idrisids 5540:756–1031 5520:710–1019 5516:Salihids 5481:Harfushs 5471:Turabays 5435:990–1081 5425:990–1096 5421:Uqaylids 5415:970–1107 5405:961–1150 5395:955–1071 5391:Rawadids 5385:890–1004 5375:869–1075 5355:861–1538 5341:Kaysites 5335:854–1011 5305:736–1122 5270:909–1171 5266:Fatimids 5260:750–1258 5256:Abbasids 5246:Umayyads 5236:Rashidun 5201:Lakhmids 5191:Salihids 5068:See also 5037:Al-'Āḍīd 5027:Al-Fā'īz 4944:Al-Zāfīr 4849:Al-Ḥāfīz 4752:Muhammad 4569:Al-Zahir 4491:Al-Hakim 4179:Al-Qā'im 4008:Al-Hafiz 3986:Aga Khan 3946:(d. 974) 3903:Az-Zahra 3881:and the 3611:Language 3583:Karaites 3494:frescoes 3465:Husaynid 3267:Consorts 3061:al-Fa'iz 3057:al-Zafir 3004:al-Hafiz 2988:de facto 2813:Ethiopia 2797:Cyril II 2749:de facto 2691:Muqattam 2641:Imam in 2571:Fatimid 2533:al-Zahir 2499:al-Hakim 2466:general 2464:Armenian 2416:al-Hakim 2132:de facto 2083:Basil II 2063:Daylamis 2051:Hamdanid 2021:and the 1931:convert 1671:Idrisids 1631:Taormina 1593:al-Qa'im 1521:al-Qa'im 1516:al-Mahdī 1412:Kairouan 1295:de facto 1287:Ifriqiya 1228:Abdallah 1149:Salamiya 1094:Muhammad 984:Isma'ili 913:fāṭimiyy 901:Muhammad 849:al-Hakim 845:al-'Aziz 822:Kairouan 798:Aghlabid 757:Ifriqiya 737:Muhammad 713:Fatimids 707:) was a 284:Currency 152:Isma'ili 70:909–1171 21671:largest 21666:Empires 21646:Swedish 21641:Spanish 21636:Russian 21599:Italian 21574:Chinese 21562:English 21557:British 21552:Belgian 21527:Vietnam 21517:Tay son 21463:Tsarist 21458:Russian 21453:Ottoman 21419:Dzungar 21414:Khoshut 21387:Mexican 21382:Maratha 21365:Pahlavi 21345:Safavid 21340:Iranian 21267:Haitian 21230:Chinese 21190:Ashanti 21162:Wagadou 21088:Eastern 21083:Western 21066:Timurid 21026:Tibetan 21016:Songhai 21006:Serbian 20927:Almohad 20917:Idrisid 20821:Samanid 20811:Tahirid 20806:Iranian 20784:Kannauj 20764:Genoese 20700:Chinese 20693:Eastern 20688:Western 20676:Fatimid 20671:Abbasid 20666:Umayyad 20639:Burmese 20599:Ayyubid 20594:Angevin 20564:Xianbei 20552:Eastern 20547:Western 20493:Magadha 20456:Iranian 20449:Xiongnu 20434:Hittite 20343:Chinese 20331:Kassite 20280:Ancient 20272:Empires 20209:Outline 20138:Cuisine 20105:Culture 20048:Society 19987:Economy 19856:Islands 19851:Geology 19841:Climate 19640:History 19565:Outline 19530:Sports 19474:Culture 19455:Tourism 19395:Economy 19256:Climate 19246:Borders 19188:Kingdom 19146:Ottoman 19121:Ancient 19113:History 19062:Commons 18981:Museums 18925:regions 18893:Cuisine 18878:Castles 18850:Culture 18820:Smoking 18801:Judaism 18789:Mosques 18668:Housing 18615:Schools 18521:General 18510:Society 18450:Tourism 18379:Fishing 18337:Banking 18321:Economy 18046:Islands 18036:Geology 18031:Fossils 18016:Deserts 18011:Climate 18001:Borders 17947:By city 17933:Saladin 17881:Genetic 17861:Capital 17748:Kingdom 17663:Ottoman 17529:Ancient 17504:History 17395:Nursing 17356:Qutbism 17270:Sikhism 17265:Judaism 17260:Jainism 17096:Physics 17043:Pottery 17028:Gardens 17023:Carpets 16938:Slavery 16860:Divorce 16847:Dhabiĥa 16675:Hygiene 16650:Takaful 16632:Banking 16562:Science 16556:Qurbani 16525:Mosques 16485:Animals 16474:Culture 16422:Zaydism 16410:Alevism 16296:Ottoman 16286:Almohad 16281:Fatimid 16276:Córdoba 16271:Abbasid 16266:Umayyad 16199:Leaders 16194:History 16152:Shahada 16067:Beliefs 15982:Jalilis 15976:Mamluks 15970:Shihabs 15946:Harfush 15910:Zengids 15808:Mashriq 15617:Mahdiya 15597:Culture 15464:Tayyibi 15393:Imamate 15357:Ghilman 15182:Kalbids 15166:Saladin 15161:Shirkuh 15156:Dirgham 15051:Jawdhar 15041:Viziers 15002:Tayyibi 14836:History 14826:Dynasty 14185:"Imāma" 14095:(ed.). 13947:(ed.). 13745:Sources 12591:2 April 12223:9 March 12036:7 April 10278:20 July 9176:2600793 8846:935–969 8836:868–905 8826:750–935 8816:661–750 8806:641–661 8779:619–629 8511:present 8408:Ottoman 8371:Almohad 8324:Fatimid 8304:Abbasid 8294:Umayyad 8189:Ancient 8144:Tunisia 7691:Hafsids 7455:Numidia 7398:Ahaggar 7394:Tassili 7335:Algeria 7230:Taiyabi 7129:Ḥusayn 7066:leaders 7038:Abbasid 6972:Rudkhan 6957:Lambsar 6952:Gerdkuh 6942:Alamut 6932:Anjudan 6921:Centers 6865:Pamiris 6758:Bahrayn 6642:Tayyibi 6600:Fasting 6595:Charity 6580:Walayah 6478:Imamate 6300:Bahrain 6236:Al Said 6221:Al Saud 6210:Sharjah 6180:Morocco 6176:'Alawis 6115:Mombasa 5951:Jabrids 5891:Mahdids 5861:Uyunids 5825:926–965 5801:Rassids 5785:847–997 5726:Saadids 5716:Nasrids 5626:Amirids 5606:Bakrids 5596:Kanzids 5580:814–922 5570:800–909 5560:788–974 5550:771–793 5530:745-757 5491:Shihabs 5461:Ma'nids 5365:864–928 5361:Alavids 5345:860–964 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