325:; which apply to the protection of civilians in armed conflict. Although, despite the UN deploying military forces to protect civilians, it lacks formal policies or military manuals addressing exactly these efforts. The UN Security Council Report No 4: Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict provides further evidence of the need for protection of civilians. Recognizing that large-scale civilian insecurity threatens international peace and stability, the UN aims to establish the means of protecting civilians and thereby work to ensure regional stability. Through the UN Security Council Report No 4, first published in 2008, the UN offers ways to support civilian protections in both intra and interstate conflict with a goal of encouraging regional states to police their own conflicts (such as the African Union policing African conflicts). Similarly, the UN Secretary-General
265:
398:(AU's Commissioner for Peace and Security) in 2004, "Africans cannot watch the tragedies developing in the continent and say it is the UN's responsibility or somebody else's responsibility. We have moved from the concept of non-interference to non-indifference. We cannot, as Africans, remain indifferent to the tragedy of our people" (IRIN News 2004). Although Article 4(h), while drafted, has not been activated, which raises the question of the AU's willingness to intervene in situations of "grave circumstance."
515:
464:. Operation Banner ultimately lasted 37 years, formally ending in 2007 and becoming the British Armed Forces' longest continuous operation. The many problems faced (and arguably caused by) Operation Banner have been influential in policy-making and the reluctance to deploy military forces domestically in anything other than exceptional circumstances (usually relating to serious terrorist threats).
402:
operations with a comprehensive political component, supported by high force levels, overall professionalism, and the political stamina to stay present long-term. The disappointing outcomes, in Africa and elsewhere, have led some to criticize the way in which the decentralization policies have been implemented (MacFarlane and Weiss 1992; Berman 1998; Boulden 2003)."
174:
that anyone who is not a member of the armed forces and does not take part of hostilities in time of war is a civilian. Civilians cannot take part in armed conflict. Civilians are given protection under the Geneva
Conventions and Protocols thereto. Article 51 describes the protection that must be given to the civilian population and individual civilians.
147:. There is no intermediate status; nobody in enemy hands can be outside the law. We feel that this is a satisfactory solution – not only satisfying to the mind, but also, and above all, satisfactory from the humanitarian point of view." The ICRC has expressed the opinion that "If civilians directly engage in hostilities, they are considered '
1444:
401:
Regardless of the lead organization (UN, AU, other) "there is clearly a risk involved for international organizations that in assuming a complicated security role such as civilian protection, they may raise expectations among local populations that cannot be met, usually not even by large-scale peace
389:
In response to presidential statements and previous subcommittee work, the UN Security
Council held a meeting in January 2009, specifically to address the protection of civilians within the context of the IHL. While no specific outcome followed this meeting, it did lead to the production of a 10-year
393:
In addition to the UN treaties, regional treaties have also been established, such as the
African Union Constitutive Act Article 4(h) which also outlines the protection of civilians and "affords the Union a right to forcibly intervene in one of its member states in 'grave circumstances', namely war
173:
The definition is negative and defines civilians as persons who do not belong to definite categories. The categories of persons mentioned in
Article 4A(1), (2), (3) and (6) of the Third Convention and in Article 43 of the Protocol I are combatants. Therefore, the Commentary to the Protocol pointed
410:
Most nations clearly distinguish military authorities from the civil administration via the national constitution; or else in statute law where no codified constitution exists. This usually serves to place control of military forces under the presiding civilian government. "Civilian" is often not
964:
Geneva and
Helsinki, Geneva International Peace Research Institute, IPB and Peace Union of Finland, p. 5, which states: "Of the human victims in the First World War only 5% were civilians, in the Second World War already 50%, in Vietnam War between 50 - 90% and according to some information in
280:
In the opening years of the 21st century, despite the many problems associated with it, the legal category of the civilian has been the subject of considerable attention in public discourse, in the media and at the United
Nations, and in justification of certain uses of armed force to protect
313:(IHL) codifies treaties and conventions, signed and enforced by participating states, which serve to protect civilians during intra and interstate conflict. Even for non-treaty participants, it is customary for international law to still apply. Additionally, IHL adheres to the principles of
181:
also includes this in its list of war crimes: "Intentionally directing attacks against the civilian population as such or against individual civilians not taking part in hostilities". Not all states have ratified 1977 Protocol I or the 1998 Rome
Statute, but it is an accepted principle of
162:
1. A civilian is any person who does not belong to one of the categories of persons referred to in
Article 4A(1), (2), (3) and (6) of the Third Convention and in Article 43 of this Protocol. In case of doubt whether a person is a civilian, that person shall be considered to be a
1623:(2) In these Regulations—....."police officer" means a member of a police force or special constable; "police staff member" means—(a) a member of the civilian staff of a police force, including the metropolitan police force, within the meaning of section 102(4) and (6) of the
500:
are organised at a State level and under mixed control. Under Title 32, State
Governors may deploy National Guard personnel in support of civilian law enforcement - Posse Comitatus would only apply to personnel activated under Title 10 and operating under federal control.
429:(a volunteer militia within the South African Army) assisted the Police Service in rural areas until they were replaced by specialised Police units. Section 201 of the South African constitution allows military forces to assist Police only with Presidential approval.
1452:
252:
Starting in the 1980s, it was often claimed that 90 percent of the victims of modern wars were civilians. These claims, though widely believed, are not supported by detailed examination of the evidence, particularly that relating to wars (such as those in
491:
forbids the use of the US Army for law enforcement purposes without the approval of
Congress. A 2013 directive clarified that this included the Navy, Air Force and Marine Corp. In practice there are many nuances to this. The most notable being that the
298:
as a means of opposing dictatorial rule or foreign occupation: sometimes such campaigns happen at the same time as armed conflicts or guerrilla insurrections, but they are usually distinct from them as regards both their organization and participation.
293:
to claim the territory for Morocco - all at the same time as Moroccan forces entered the territory clandestinely. In addition, and without necessarily calling into question their status as non-combatants, civilians sometimes take part in campaigns of
225:
the growth of doctrines of "effects-based war", under which there is less focus on attacking enemy combatants than on undermining the enemy regime's sources of power, which may include apparently civilian objects such as electrical power
471:
prohibits entirely the peacetime intervention of military forces within Germany in armed roles. Military personnel may only be deployed in unarmed roles such as disaster relief. This was found to be deeply restrictive during the 1972
380:
Finally, the Council can hold parties accountable for violations of international humanitarian law by imposing targeted measures, establishing commissions of inquiry, authorizing ad hoc tribunals or referring situations to the
284:
Although it is often assumed that civilians are essentially passive onlookers of war, sometimes they have active roles in conflicts. These may be quasi-military, as when in November 1975 the Moroccan government organized the
901:"Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977. DEFINITION OF CIVILIANS AND CIVILIAN POPULATION"
665:
329:
reminded UN Member states that they have common interests in protecting African civilians through a shared "commitments to human security, and its rationale of indivisibility of peace and security."
233:", a term that refers to attempts to discredit the enemy by making its forces appear to be in violation of the laws of war, for example by attacking civilians who had been deliberately used as
1740:; 2011) 264 pages; explores ambiguities and inconsistencies in the principle since its earliest formulation; discusses how the world wars and the Algerian war of independence shaped the issue.
411:
defined explicitly but is a "negative definition" where anyone who is not designated as military personnel is (by default) a civilian. In keeping with IHL, this offers no intermediary status.
371:
It uses its Chapter VII powers to mandate either UN peacekeeping missions or regional organizations or groups of member states to take measures including the use of force to protect civilians.
456:
in the wake of rioting. This deployment inflamed local tensions, with the Provisional IRA launching a guerilla campaign from 1970 to 1997, during which time controversial actions such as
425:
are military agencies permanently tasked to supporting domestic civilian law-enforcement, usually focussed on serious organised crime and counter-terrorism. Until 2008, the South African
1136:
496:
operates under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security during peacetime but can be transferred to the U.S. Department of the Navy and rendered "military" during times of war. The
394:
crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity." This is proposed to indicate the African Union will no longer stand by to watch atrocities happen within the Union. As described by
1373:
1344:
1285:
1230:
1201:
668:, which in turn is part of the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). The CSDP is an important instrument supporting the EU's role as a global security provider.
169:
3. The presence within the civilian population of individuals who do not come within the definition of civilians does not deprive the population of its civilian character.
661:
is used to distinguish external committees (typically monitoring police conduct on behalf of civil administrations and taxpayers) from the internal management structure.
1474:
1101:
See for example the chapters on the anti-Marcos movement in the Philippines (by Amado Mendoza) and on resistance against apartheid in South Africa (by Tom Lodge) in
1092:, C. Hurst, London, for Royal Institute of International Affairs, pp. 149-59 gives a useful account of the background and origin of the dispute over Western Sahara.
468:
374:
It can develop middle ground using its Chapter V, VI and VIII powers to influence parties to conflict in country-specific situations to observe protection norms.
212:, in which the application of the laws of war is often difficult, and in which the distinction between combatants and civilians is particularly hard to maintain;
151:(the treaties of humanitarian law do not expressly contain these terms). They may be prosecuted under the domestic law of the detaining state for such action."
1781:
1624:
178:
337:
333:
804:
1129:
1044:
1390:
2128:
785:
671:
Currently, the EU maintains civilian missions in countries including Georgia, Iraq, Mali, Somalia, and the Central African Republic.
647:
182:
international humanitarian law that the direct targeting of civilians is a breach of the customary laws of war and is binding on all
654:, the term "member of the public" is preferred for general usage to avoid suggesting that Police are something other than civilian.
348:
compliance with international humanitarian law and relevant human rights law, accountability for violations and humanitarian access;
302:
Officials directly involved in the maiming of civilians are conducting offensive combat operations and do not qualify as civilians.
1800:
What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights
1755:
1362:
1333:
1274:
1219:
1190:
904:
432:
The British military does not intervene in law enforcement matters other than by exceptional ministerial approval. During the 1980
244:, or otherwise "militarized societies," in which most adults have military training. This has been discussed with reference to the
120:
2033:
754:
377:
It uses its Chapter VI powers to try to prevent or limit the outbreak of armed conflict through mediation and other initiatives.
1834:
1774:
1656:
204:
The actual position of the civilian in modern war remains problematic. It is complicated by a number of phenomena, including:
1482:
1072:
445:
258:
107:
as early as 1829. The term "non-combatant" now refers to people in general who are not taking part of hostilities in time of
2002:
1252:
1114:
1686:
2161:
2113:
1884:
1530:
984:
579:
1767:
1310:
1170:
965:
Lebanon 97%. It has been appraised that in a conventional war in Europe up to 99% of the victims would be civilians."
646:
In the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand the term "civilian staff" can refer to police employees who are not
598:
551:
245:
341:
558:
2166:
2063:
1819:
1638:
536:
497:
426:
310:
1585:
53:). Civilians in the territories of a party to an armed conflict are entitled to certain privileges under the
2103:
382:
565:
444:. Unarmed military personnel routinely deploy in support for natural disasters, bomb disposal, etc. under
1929:
1839:
54:
1163:
The Impossible Mandate? Military Preparedness, the Responsibility to Protect and Modern Peace Operations
1806:
620:
2197:
2151:
2093:
873:
801:
547:
532:
493:
453:
20:
1111:
Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present
900:
2108:
2073:
2018:
1904:
1737:
1003:
481:
322:
62:
1037:
728:
364:
The Security Council is now involved in the protection of civilians in five main areas of action.
1814:
1734:
The Image Before the Weapon: A Critical History of the Distinction Between Combatant and Civilian
612:
525:
199:
177:
Chapter III of Protocol I regulates the targeting of civilian objects. Article 8(2)(b)(i) of the
144:
136:
781:
Commentary on Geneva Convention IV Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War
414:
Involvement and jurisdiction of the armed forces in civil affairs varies from nation to nation.
1844:
1829:
1102:
1060:
1033:
636:
264:
2156:
1964:
1954:
1919:
1419:
433:
318:
2083:
2043:
1924:
821:
461:
418:
779:
8:
2192:
2133:
1854:
1849:
1824:
488:
457:
441:
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195:
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were able to request military support and the Prime Minister approved deployment of the
88:, or other emergency services colloquially refer to members of the public as civilians.
2171:
2048:
1974:
1869:
1391:"Preach What You Practice: The Separation of Military and Police Roles in the Americas"
1106:
716:
A person who is not professionally employed in the armed forces; a non-military person.
658:
651:
628:
484:
to provide an armed tactical capability within the civilian law enforcement structure.
281:
endangered populations. It has "lost none of its political, legal and moral salience."
148:
125:
1949 Geneva Convention IV Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War
46:
572:
368:
It reinforces general norms—in particular the rules of international humanitarian law.
2078:
2038:
1991:
1939:
1864:
1614:
1504:
1166:
1075:; ISSN 1389-1359. One part of this article, relating to casualties, also appeared in
1068:
746:
624:
314:
215:
128:
66:
42:
1363:"The African Union, the United Nations and Civilian Protection Challenges in Darfur"
1334:"The African Union, the United Nations and Civilian Protection Challenges in Darfur"
1275:"The African Union, the United Nations and Civilian Protection Challenges in Darfur"
1220:"The African Union, the United Nations and Civilian Protection Challenges in Darfur"
1191:"The African Union, the United Nations and Civilian Protection Challenges in Darfur"
934:
Slim, Hugo (2003). "Why Protect Civilians? Innocence, Immunity, and Enmity in War".
2068:
1984:
1949:
1751:
US DoD definition of the term Civilian, refers to civilian law enforcement agencies
1664:
1475:"Requests for Military Aid to the Civil Authorities (MACA) from the NHS in England"
943:
449:
295:
273:
2146:
2098:
2058:
1959:
1909:
1048:
988:
847:
808:
789:
473:
305:
132:
85:
81:
77:
50:
974:
222:, both of which tend to involve combatants assuming the appearance of civilians;
2088:
2013:
1969:
290:
627:
members from the general public. Regardless, such members are civilians - not
2186:
2118:
2053:
1934:
1750:
1560:
1538:
978:
632:
254:
104:
38:
1253:"UN Security Council Report No 4: Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict"
947:
611:
In colloquial usage, the term is sometimes used to distinguish non-military
390:
assessment of Council actions since the passing of resolution 1265 in 1999.
2028:
2023:
1914:
1791:
1759:
1303:"African Union stresses importance of conflict resolution and peacekeeping"
962:
Children and War: Proceedings of Symposium at Siuntio Baths, Finland, 1983.
640:
395:
241:
234:
183:
140:
1302:
1894:
1017:
999:
775:
616:
422:
286:
139:, a civilian covered by the Fourth Convention, or again, a member of the
31:
1899:
700:
326:
155:
97:
1879:
917:
351:
the role of UN peacekeeping operations or other UN-mandated missions;
289:" of civilians to cross the border into the former Spanish colony of
219:
209:
70:
982:, Report of the expert of the Secretary-General, 26 Aug 1996, p. 9.
514:
2141:
1979:
680:
166:
2. The civilian population comprises all persons who are civilians.
96:
The word "civilian" goes back to the late 14th century and is from
448:. In 1969 the British Army was deployed to Northern Ireland under
1944:
1889:
1874:
1859:
1135:. International Humanitarian Law Research Initiative. July 2009.
476:
when army snipers could not be deployed to assist Munich Police.
230:
127:
states: "Every person in enemy hands must have some status under
1445:"Military Aid to the Civil Authorities for activities in the UK"
1715:
269:
58:
1661:
National Association for Civilian Oversight of Law Enforcement
306:
Civilian protection under international humanitarian law (IHL)
41:, because some non-combatants are not civilians (for example,
477:
240:
the term becomes ambiguous in societies that use widespread
1067:, vol. 12, T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague, 2010, pp. 13–51.
1038:"Lives and Statistics: Are 90% of War Victims Civilians?",
124:
1687:"Policing in the UK: Governance, Oversight and Complaints"
1615:"The Police (Complaints and Misconduct) Regulations 2012"
108:
1090:
African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopaedia
922:
Killing Civilians: Method, Madness and Morality in War
664:
Civilian crisis management is a central pillar of the
149:
unlawful' or 'unprivileged' combatants or belligerents
69:
depends on whether the conflict is an internal one (a
1042:, London, vol. 52, no. 3, June–July 2010, pp. 115–35.
179:
1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
103:. Civilian is believed to have been used to refer to
1595:. Washington Headquarters Services. 27 February 2013
1451:. Ministry of Defence. 4 August 2016. Archived from
1051:
Print edition ISSN 0039-6338. Online ISSN 1468-2699.
1005:
New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era
156:
1977 Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions
1400:. Washington Office on Latin America. November 2010
643:to the same extent as other members of the public.
539:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2152:Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation
874:"Customary IHL - Rule 5. Definition of Civilians"
2184:
802:The relevance of IHL in the context of terrorism
189:
208:the fact that many modern wars are essentially
1161:Holt, Victoria K.; Berkman, Tobias C. (2006).
460:took place, as well as atrocities such as the
340:, & 1738) and presidential statements the
1775:
332:Through a series of resolutions (1265, 1296,
1789:
666:EU Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP)
405:
1820:Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention
1586:"Department of Defense Instruction 3025.21"
1481:. NHS England. 27 July 2017. Archived from
1370:Refugee Studies Centre Working Paper Series
1341:Refugee Studies Centre Working Paper Series
1282:Refugee Studies Centre Working Paper Series
1227:Refugee Studies Centre Working Paper Series
1198:Refugee Studies Centre Working Paper Series
1160:
960:Kahnert, M., D. Pitt, et al., Eds. (1983).
811:official statement by the ICRC 21 July 2005
659:"Civilian oversight" or "Citizen oversight"
1782:
1768:
1165:. The Henry L. Stimson Center. p. 9.
1065:Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law
268:Wounded civilians arrive at a hospital in
143:of the armed forces who is covered by the
16:Person who is not a member of the military
1694:House of Lords Library Research Briefings
599:Learn how and when to remove this message
1561:"Department of Defense Directive 5525.5"
1420:"South African Constitution, Chapter 11"
1360:
1331:
1272:
1217:
1188:
1007:, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1999, p. 107.
905:International Committee of the Red Cross
263:
121:International Committee of the Red Cross
2034:Right to an adequate standard of living
1531:"32 U.S. Code Title 32— NATIONAL GUARD"
76:In some nations, uniformed members (or
65:. The privileges that they enjoy under
2185:
1835:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
1607:
1511:. Spec Ops Magazine. 22 September 2013
895:
893:
30:is a person who is not a member of an
1763:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1184:
1182:
1124:
1122:
1079:, June–July 2010, as footnoted above.
848:"UCMJ, 64 Stat. 109, 10 U.S.C. § 802"
114:
34:nor a person engaged in hostilities.
1537:. Cornell Law School. Archived from
980:Impact of Armed Conflict on Children
933:
822:"Armed Forces Act 2006, Section 357"
757:from the original on 3 December 2013
537:adding citations to reliable sources
508:
1505:"GSG 9 – To protect the Fatherland"
890:
866:
504:
13:
1726:
1663:. 15 November 2021. Archived from
1240:
1179:
1119:
261:) that are central to the claims.
14:
2209:
1955:Right to refuse medical treatment
1744:
1696:. House of Lords. 14 January 2020
1593:Washington Headquarters Services
1424:South African Justice Department
1379:from the original on 2018-05-02.
1350:from the original on 2018-05-02.
1291:from the original on 2018-05-02.
1236:from the original on 2018-05-02.
1207:from the original on 2018-05-02.
1113:, Oxford University Press, 2009
1063:, "The Civilian in Modern War",
513:
37:It is slightly different from a
1708:
1679:
1649:
1631:
1578:
1553:
1523:
1497:
1467:
1437:
1412:
1383:
1354:
1325:
1313:from the original on 2017-12-10
1295:
1266:
1211:
1154:
1142:from the original on 2017-12-11
1095:
1082:
1054:
1027:
1011:
993:
968:
954:
927:
911:
828:. HM Government. 1 October 2010
707:. Oxford University Press. 2021
524:needs additional citations for
2167:Sexual and reproductive health
2064:Right to a healthy environment
1130:"IHL Primer #1 - What is IHL?"
840:
814:
795:
792:, p. 51. 1994 reprint edition.
769:
739:
721:
693:
354:protection of specific groups;
311:International humanitarian law
111:, rather than just civilians.
1:
2084:Right to public participation
1361:Bergholm, Linnea (May 2010).
1332:Bergholm, Linnea (May 2010).
1273:Bergholm, Linnea (May 2010).
1218:Bergholm, Linnea (May 2010).
1189:Bergholm, Linnea (May 2010).
1020:, Moises Samam, Gino Strada.
686:
357:the impact of small arms; and
190:Civilians in modern conflicts
135:and, as such, covered by the
2104:Right to science and culture
747:"the definition of civilian"
480:was later formed within the
383:International Criminal Court
246:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
91:
7:
1930:Right to keep and bear arms
1840:Freedom from discrimination
1657:"Civilian Oversight Basics"
852:Legal Information Institute
674:
296:nonviolent civil resistance
73:) or an international one.
10:
2214:
1639:"Civilian Law Enforcement"
193:
18:
2127:
2094:Right to rest and leisure
2000:
1805:
1798:
705:Oxford English Dictionary
417:In France and Italy, the
406:Civilians in domestic law
21:Civilian (disambiguation)
2109:Right to social security
2074:Right to Internet access
2019:Equal pay for equal work
1905:Presumption of innocence
1738:Cornell University Press
1116:, pp. 179-96 and 213-30.
613:law enforcement officers
78:emergency response force
63:Fourth Geneva Convention
1985:right to be a candidate
1815:Equality before the law
948:10.1111/1468-2346.00318
200:Civilian casualty ratio
49:who are serving with a
1845:Freedom of information
1830:Freedom of association
1024:, Charta, 2005, p. 38.
924:, Hurst, London, 2008.
878:ihl-databases.icrc.org
462:Bloody Sunday massacre
277:
59:international treaties
2157:Intersex human rights
1965:Right of self-defense
1920:Right to a fair trial
936:International Affairs
623:personnel, and other
434:Iranian Embassy Siege
360:regional cooperation.
267:
55:customary laws of war
2044:Right to development
1925:Right to family life
1875:Freedom from torture
1860:Freedom from slavery
1643:discoverpolicing.org
1372:. Paper No. 63: 11.
1229:. Paper No. 63: 17.
1200:. Paper No. 63: 14.
854:. Cornell Law School
733:Cambridge Dictionary
648:warranted constables
533:improve this article
487:In the US, the 1878
419:National Gendarmerie
19:For other uses, see
1855:Freedom of religion
1850:Freedom of movement
1825:Freedom of assembly
1807:Civil and political
1732:Helen M. Kinsella.
1535:www.law.cornell.edu
1343:. Paper No. 63: 9.
1284:. Paper No. 63: 8.
650:. In keeping with
631:- and are bound by
489:Posse Comitatus Act
458:Operation Demetrius
438:Metropolitan Police
342:UN Security Council
196:Civilian casualties
123:1958 Commentary on
2172:Right to sexuality
2049:Right to education
1975:Security of person
1870:Freedom of thought
1619:legislation.gov.uk
1541:on 20 October 2021
1485:on 17 January 2021
1107:Timothy Garton Ash
1047:2017-02-05 at the
987:2009-07-23 at the
826:legislation.gov.uk
807:2006-11-29 at the
788:2007-07-12 at the
652:Peelian Principles
629:military personnel
625:emergency services
278:
154:Article 50 of the
115:Legal usage in war
47:military personnel
43:military chaplains
2180:
2179:
2079:Right to property
2039:Right to clothing
2024:Fair remuneration
1992:Right to homeland
1940:Right to petition
1865:Freedom of speech
1566:. 15 January 1986
1509:Spec Ops Magazine
1455:on 12 August 2021
1073:978-90-6704-335-9
609:
608:
601:
583:
498:US National Guard
482:Bundesgrenzschutz
255:former Yugoslavia
216:guerrilla warfare
141:medical personnel
131:: he is either a
129:international law
67:international law
2205:
2198:Civilians in war
2069:Right to housing
2003:Economic, social
1950:Right to protest
1945:Right to privacy
1784:
1777:
1770:
1761:
1760:
1720:
1719:
1712:
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474:Munich massacre
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51:neutral country
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2014:Digital rights
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2029:Labor rights
2005:and cultural
1915:Right to die
1792:human rights
1790:Substantive
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1665:the original
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1885:LGBT rights
1700:15 November
1671:15 November
1599:15 November
1570:15 November
1545:15 November
1515:15 November
1489:15 November
1479:NHS England
1459:15 November
1429:15 November
1404:15 November
1018:Howard Zinn
1000:Mary Kaldor
776:Jean Pictet
423:Carabinieri
315:distinction
287:green march
272:during the
259:Afghanistan
32:armed force
2193:Law of war
2187:Categories
1900:Personhood
883:2020-07-04
729:"CIVILIAN"
711:2021-10-04
701:"civilian"
687:References
559:newspapers
548:"Civilian"
469:German law
327:Kofi Annan
210:civil wars
194:See also:
158:provides:
98:Old French
1880:Legal aid
1307:IRNI News
918:Hugo Slim
858:4 October
832:4 October
633:municipal
323:necessity
226:stations;
220:terrorism
163:civilian.
92:Etymology
71:civil war
2142:Abortion
1980:Suffrage
1625:2011 Act
1621:. 2012.
1398:wola.org
1374:Archived
1345:Archived
1311:Archived
1286:Archived
1231:Archived
1202:Archived
1137:Archived
1109:(eds.),
1077:Survival
1045:Archived
1040:Survival
1022:Just war
985:Archived
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786:Archived
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675:See also
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761:2 May
637:civil
580:JSTOR
566:books
478:GSG 9
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1702:2021
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1167:ISBN
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639:and
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446:MACA
421:and
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