73:
174:
165:, thus making them binding on non-signatories to the Conventions whenever they engage in armed conflicts. This broader application underscores the importance of the Fourth Geneva Convention in ongoing conflicts where allegations of violations frequently surface, emphasising its role in international efforts to ensure the protection of civilians, as illustrated by the ongoing debates and legal interpretations in modern conflicts.
661:
intellectual capacities. The legislation in force in the occupied country concerning working conditions, and safeguards as regards, in particular, such matters as wages, hours of work, equipment, preliminary training and compensation for occupational accidents and diseases, shall be applicable to the protected persons assigned to the work referred to in this
Article.
461:, mutilation and medical or scientific experiments not necessitated by the medical treatment. While popular debate remains on what constitutes a legal definition of torture, the ban on corporal punishment simplifies the matter; even the most mundane physical abuse is thereby forbidden by Article 32, as a precaution against alternate definitions of torture.
338:"within the State in whose hands they are." Dr. Ola Engdahl wrote "he purpose of excluding nationals from the category of protected persons was that they could rely on diplomatic protection of the state of nationality. Persons are either protected persons under the convention or can benefit from the diplomatic protection of their state of nationality."
657:
the population of the occupied country. Protected persons may not be compelled to undertake any work which would involve them in the obligation of taking part in military operations. The
Occupying Power may not compel protected persons to employ forcible means to ensure the security of the installations where they are performing compulsory labour.
533:. In World War II, both German and Japanese forces carried out a form of collective punishment to suppress resistance. Entire villages or towns or districts were held responsible for any resistance activity that occurred at those places. The conventions, to counter this, reiterated the principle of individual responsibility. The
537:(ICRC) Commentary to the conventions states that parties to a conflict often would resort to "intimidatory measures to terrorize the population" in hopes of preventing hostile acts, but such practices "strike at guilty and innocent alike. They are opposed to all principles based on humanity and justice".
756:
The ICRC states that Annex II is a "draft which, according to
Article 109 (paragraph 1) of the Convention, will be applied in the absence of special agreements between the Parties, deals with the conditions for the receipt and distribution of collective relief shipments. It is based on the traditions
752:
The ICRC states that "the Draft
Agreement has only been put forward to States as a model, but the fact that it as carefully drafted at the Diplomatic Conference, which finally adopted it, gives it a very real value. It could usefully be taken as a working basis, therefore, whenever a hospital zone is
660:
The work shall be carried out only in the occupied territory where the persons whose services have been requisitioned are. Every such person shall, so far as possible, be kept in his usual place of employment. Workers shall be paid a fair wage and the work shall be proportionate to their physical and
573:
The
Occupying Power undertaking such transfers or evacuations shall ensure, to the greatest practicable extent, that proper accommodation is provided to receive the protected persons, that the removals are effected in satisfactory conditions of hygiene, health, safety and nutrition, and that members
656:
The
Occupying Power may not compel protected persons to work unless they are over eighteen years of age, and then only on work which is necessary either for the needs of the army of occupation, or for the public utility services, or for the feeding, sheltering, clothing, transportation or health of
643:
The
Occupying Power shall not hinder the application of any preferential measures in regard to food, medical care and protection against the effects of war which may have been adopted prior to the occupation in favour of children under fifteen years, expectant mothers, and mothers of children under
635:
Should the local institutions be inadequate for the purpose, the
Occupying Power shall make arrangements for the maintenance and education, if possible by persons of their own nationality, language and religion, of children who are orphaned or separated from their parents as a result of the war and
569:
Nevertheless, the
Occupying Power may undertake total or partial evacuation of a given area if the security of the population or imperative military reasons so demand. Such evacuations may not involve the displacement of protected persons outside the bounds of the occupied territory except when for
673:
Article 53. Any destruction by the
Occupying Power of real or personal property belonging individually or collectively to private persons, or to the State, or to other public authorities, or to social or cooperative organizations, is prohibited, except where such destruction is rendered absolutely
381:
Article 5 provides for the suspension of persons' rights under the convention for the duration of time that this is "prejudicial to the security of such State", although "such persons shall nevertheless be treated with humanity and, in case of trial, shall not be deprived of the rights of fair and
226:
They are coming to be regarded less and less as contracts concluded on a basis of reciprocity in the national interests of the parties and more and more as a solemn affirmation of principles respected for their own sake, a series of unconditional engagements on the part of each of the Contracting
690:
To dissipate any misconception in regard to the scope of Article 53, it must be pointed out that the property referred to is not accorded general protection; the Convention merely provides here for its protection in occupied territory. The scope of the Article is therefore limited to destruction
713:
If new hospitals are set up in occupied territory and if the competent organs of the occupied State are not operating there, the occupying authorities shall, if necessary, grant them the recognition provided for in Article 18. In similar circumstances, the occupying authorities shall also grant
695:
forbids the unnecessary destruction of enemy property; since that rule is placed in the section entitled "hostilities", it covers all property in the territory involved in a war; its scope is therefore much wider than that of the provision under discussion, which is only concerned with property
552:
Articles 47–78 impose substantial obligations on occupying powers. As well as numerous provisions for the general welfare of the inhabitants of an occupied territory, an occupier may not forcibly deport protected persons, or deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population into occupied
709:
To the fullest extent of the means available to it, the Occupying Power has the duty of ensuring and maintaining, with the cooperation of national and local authorities, the medical and hospital establishments and services, public health and hygiene in the occupied territory, with particular
205:
In addition to the provisions which shall be implemented in peacetime, the present Convention shall apply to all cases of declared war or of any other armed conflict which may arise between two or more of the High Contracting Parties, even if the state of war is not recognized by one of
739:
This part contains "the formal or diplomatic provisions which it is customary to place at the end of an international Convention to settle the procedure for bringing it into effect are grouped together under this heading" (1). They are similar in all four Geneva Conventions.
748:
The ICRC commentary on the Fourth Geneva convention states that when the establishment of hospital and safety zones in occupied territories were discussed reference was made to a draft agreement and it was agreed to append it as an annex I to the Fourth Geneva Convention.
385:
The common interpretation of article 5 is that its scope is very limited. Derogation is limited to individuals "definitely suspected of" or "engaged in activities hostile to the security of the State." In paragraph two of the article, "spy or saboteur" is mentioned.
639:
A special section of the Bureau set up in accordance with Article 136 shall be responsible for taking all necessary steps to identify children whose identity is in doubt. Particulars of their parents or other near relatives should always be recorded if available.
631:
The Occupying Power shall take all necessary steps to facilitate the identification of children and the registration of their parentage. It may not, in any case, change their personal status, nor enlist them in formations or organizations subordinate to it.
58:. It was adopted in August 1949, and came into force in October 1950. While the first three conventions dealt with combatants, the Fourth Geneva Convention was the first to deal with humanitarian protections for civilians in a war zone. There are currently
138:" as "incidental loss of civilian life, injury to civilians, damage to civilian objects, or a combination thereof, which would be excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated." This rule is referred to by scholars as the
731:. It allows the occupying power for "imperative reasons of security" to "subject them to assigned residence or to internment". The article does not allow the occupying power to take collective measures: each case must be decided separately.
452:
A protected person may not have anything done "of such a character as to cause physical suffering or extermination ... the physical suffering or extermination of protected persons in their hands. This prohibition applies to murder,
710:
reference to the adoption and application of the prophylactic and preventive measures necessary to combat the spread of contagious diseases and epidemics. Medical personnel of all categories shall be allowed to carry out their duties.
317:
Persons protected by the Convention are those who, at a given moment and in any manner whatsoever, find themselves, in case of a conflict or occupation, in the hands of a Party to the conflict or Occupying Power of which they are not
543:
of 1977 is about the protection of victims of non-international armed conflicts explicitly forbidding collective punishment. But as fewer states have ratified this protocol than GCIV, GCIV Article 33 is the one more commonly quoted.
1078:
Though the Tribunal recognizes that binding conventional law could also provide basis for its jurisdiction, it has in practice always determined that the treaty provisions in question are also declaratory of
717:
In adopting measures of health and hygiene and in their implementation, the Occupying Power shall take into consideration the moral and ethical susceptibilities of the population of the occupied territory.
566:, as well as deportations of protected persons from occupied territory to the territory of the Occupying Power or to that of any other country, occupied or not, are prohibited, regardless of their motive.
2610:
2595:
1635:
628:
Article 50. The Occupying Power shall, with the cooperation of the national and local authorities, facilitate the proper working of all institutions devoted to the care and education of children.
580:
The Occupying Power shall not detain protected persons in an area particularly exposed to the dangers of war unless the security of the population or imperative military reasons so demand.
2585:
570:
material reasons it is impossible to avoid such displacement. Persons thus evacuated shall be transferred back to their homes as soon as hostilities in the area in question have ceased.
2475:
1445:
2620:
653:
The Occupying Power may not compel protected persons to serve in its armed or auxiliary forces. No pressure or propaganda which aims at securing voluntary enlistment is permitted.
2540:
1515:
619:
has expressed the opinion, "that international humanitarian law prohibits the establishment of settlements, as these are a form of population transfer into occupied territory".
2285:
2525:
2560:
2370:
1585:
214:
Although one of the Powers in conflict may not be a party to the present Convention, the Powers who are parties thereto shall remain bound by it in their mutual relations.
2060:
966:"Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), June 8, 1977"
1565:
69:
Among its numerous provisions, the Fourth Geneva Convention explicitly prohibits the transfer of the population of an occupying power into the territory it occupies.
2605:
1144:
1100:
2600:
2505:
2310:
876:
2045:
1835:
1460:
2575:
2510:
2030:
1620:
2470:
2170:
236:
Article 3 states that even where there is not a conflict of international character, the parties must as a minimum adhere to minimal protections described as:
1184:
2565:
2190:
134:
to the Geneva Conventions (AP-1) finally prohibits all intentional attacks on "the civilian population and civilian objects." It also prohibits and defines "
2155:
2615:
2515:
2495:
679:
1290:
2590:
2530:
1555:
903:
2205:
1605:
400:
The provisions of Part II cover the whole of the populations of the countries in conflict, without any adverse distinction based, in particular, on
2625:
2535:
2580:
2555:
2490:
2480:
2455:
2160:
1755:
1440:
2500:
2445:
2260:
1640:
481:
No protected person may be punished for any offense he or she has not personally committed. Collective penalties and likewise all measures of
2375:
2115:
1990:
757:
of the International Committee of the Red Cross which submitted it, and on the experience the Committee gained during the Second World War."
2550:
2420:
1530:
1435:
1317:
2485:
2280:
2125:
1700:
1545:
2220:
2180:
1845:
1790:
664:
In no case shall requisition of labour lead to a mobilization of workers in an organization of a military or semi-military character.
369:
in this article is arguably the most important article in this section because many of the articles in the rest of GCIV only apply to
2630:
2010:
1955:
1740:
1715:
1394:
780:
59:
1117:
Protection of Personnel in Peace Operations: The Role of the "safety Convention" Against the Background of General International Law
1090:
Allen, Lori. 2020. A History of False Hope: Investigative Commissions in Palestine. Stanford: Stanford University Press. P. 176-177.
433:
Rule 113 Treatment of the dead. The obligation to take all possible measures to prevent the dead from being despoiled (or pillaged)
2570:
2340:
2255:
2250:
1930:
1860:
1465:
534:
347:
162:
2545:
2450:
2380:
1675:
158:
2385:
1770:
1725:
464:
The prohibition on scientific experiments was added, in part, in response to experiments by German and Japanese doctors during
2635:
2520:
2270:
2135:
1645:
965:
949:
785:
442:
127:
291:
and the carrying out of executions without previous judgment pronounced by a regularly constituted court, affording all the
2275:
2150:
2080:
1975:
1129:
2465:
1680:
1430:
1145:
Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949. COMMENTARY OF 1958
2460:
2440:
2410:
1960:
1810:
583:
The Occupying Power shall not deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies.
2355:
2230:
2210:
1995:
1855:
1825:
1780:
1775:
1570:
2415:
2305:
2265:
2185:
2085:
1915:
1910:
1720:
1655:
1630:
1495:
1310:
1280:
2425:
2395:
2320:
2315:
2225:
2200:
2050:
2015:
1980:
1970:
1925:
1895:
1765:
1705:
1650:
1600:
1505:
1490:
154:
1209:
1170:
2405:
2235:
2090:
2020:
1965:
1850:
1800:
1480:
1470:
1420:
1210:"Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries – Geneva Convention (IV) on Civilians, 1949–53: Commentary of 1958"
1101:"Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries – Geneva Convention (IV) on Civilians, 1949–53: Commentary of 1958"
800:
991:
2435:
2325:
2295:
2290:
2245:
2240:
2140:
1905:
1830:
1695:
1690:
1625:
1590:
1550:
1510:
1040:
2400:
2390:
2345:
2215:
2100:
2065:
2055:
2035:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1880:
1865:
1840:
1795:
1750:
1735:
1730:
1710:
1685:
1660:
1580:
1575:
1540:
1520:
1500:
1485:
1475:
1455:
1450:
139:
577:
The Protecting Power shall be informed of any transfers and evacuations as soon as they have taken place.
443:
Section I. Provisions common to the territories of the parties to the conflict and to occupied territories
2430:
2365:
2360:
2350:
2300:
2175:
2130:
2105:
2040:
2025:
1985:
1935:
1920:
1890:
1870:
1815:
1805:
1670:
1595:
1560:
1535:
1525:
1415:
1303:
402:
322:
It explicitly excludes "Nationals of a State which is not bound by the Convention" and the citizens of a
517:. By collective punishment, the drafters of the Geneva Conventions had in mind the reprisal killings of
2335:
2195:
2165:
2120:
2095:
2075:
2070:
2005:
1900:
1885:
1875:
1820:
1785:
1760:
1615:
1425:
1281:
Rev. Mons. Sebastiao Francisco Xavier dos Remedios Monteiro v. The State of Goa, Supreme Court of India
863:"Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949"
1041:"REAPING THE WHIRLWIND: THE NORM OF RECIPROCITY AND THE LAW OF AERIAL BOMBARDMENT DURING WORLD WAR II"
2330:
2145:
2110:
2000:
1745:
1665:
1610:
714:
recognition to hospital personnel and transport vehicles under the provisions of Articles 20 and 21.
475:
354:
722:
161:
and a Commission of Experts which concluded that the Geneva Conventions had passed into the body of
1345:
255:
1350:
1340:
937:
389:
941:
931:
705:
Article 56 describes the medical obligations the occupying power has in the occupied territory:
1239:
Commentary: Annex I : Draft agreement relating to hospital and safety zones and localities
691:
resulting from action by the Occupying Power. It will be remembered that Article 23 (g) of the
540:
1115:
862:
510:
135:
1185:"Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (2nd part)"
908:
335:
17:
1264:
1251:
1238:
1223:
Commentary: Part IV : Execution of the convention #Section II : Final provisions
1222:
8:
608:
563:
526:
525:. In the First World War, the Germans executed Belgian villagers in mass retribution for
458:
198:
147:
123:
1326:
194:
63:
55:
284:(c) outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment;
1285:
1171:"What does the law say about the establishment of settlements in occupied territory?"
1125:
1018:"Protocols Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949: Introductory Note"
945:
692:
309:
119:
72:
1121:
173:
476:
Article 33: Individual responsibility, collective penalties, pillage and reprisals
723:
Article 78: Security measures. Internment and assigned residence. Right of appeal
530:
416:
327:
323:
35:
447:
992:"PROPORTIONALITY IN PERSPECTIVE: HISTORICAL LIGHT ON THE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT"
760:
Annex III contains an example internment card, letter and correspondence card:
288:
246:
190:
1265:
Commentary: Annex III Model internment cards, letters and correspondence cards
869:
820:
390:
Part II. General Protection of Populations Against Certain Consequences of War
1409:
1017:
790:
469:
237:
1065:
615:
in this case literally means to move or pass from one place to another. The
40:
Convention relative à la protection des personnes civiles en temps de guerre
1381:
795:
522:
482:
465:
189:
Article 2 states that signatories are bound by the convention both in war,
143:
1252:
Commentary: Annex II : Draft regulations concerning collective relief
1376:
683:
595:
of foreign nationals, whereas the expulsion of nationals would be called
588:
518:
424:
The list of basis on which distinction might be drawn is not exhaustive.
231:
219:
32:
Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War
1371:
728:
267:
241:
131:
904:"Russia's snub of Geneva Convention protocol sets dangerous precedent"
437:
1295:
514:
486:
295:
266:(a) violence to life and person, in particular murder of all kinds,
556:
502:
498:
427:
331:
292:
51:
770:
An example correspondence card with dimensions of 10 × 15 cm.
2611:
Treaties extended to South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2596:
Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
636:
who cannot be adequately cared for by a near relative or friend.
492:
454:
278:
271:
1286:
Committee of the Red Cross: Full text of GCIV with commentaries
648:
764:
An example internment card with dimensions of 10 × 15 cm.
394:
448:
Article 32: Prohibition of corporal punishment, torture, etc.
420:, and are intended to alleviate the sufferings caused by war.
302:
251:
240:, members of armed forces who have laid down their arms, and
1636:
Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1964–1971)
2586:
Treaties extended to the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria
1173:. International Committee of the Red Cross. 5 October 2010.
616:
298:
which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples.
184:
2476:
Treaties extended to the Territory of Papua and New Guinea
1020:. United Nations. Audiovisual Library of International Law
326:
in the territory of a belligerent power or nationals of a
1066:"United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law"
700:
150:
provided a justification for conduct in armed conflict.
2541:
Treaties extended to the Gambia Colony and Protectorate
734:
1516:
Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
1446:
Treaties of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania
232:
Article 3: Conflicts not of an international character
2621:
Treaties extended to the Kingdom of Tonga (1900–1970)
767:
An example letter with dimensions of 29 × 15 cm.
667:
382:
regular trial prescribed by the present Convention."
2526:
Treaties extended to the British Antarctic Territory
680:
The Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949. Commentary
547:
126:
rather than the effects of hostilities, such as the
2561:
Treaties extended to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands
2371:
Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
438:
Part III. Status and Treatment of Protected Persons
1233:
1231:
2286:Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969)
1257:
929:
2606:Treaties extended to the British Solomon Islands
1407:
1244:
557:Article 49: Deportations, transfers, evacuations
428:Article 16: Wounded and Sick: General Protection
2601:Treaties extended to the Colony of Sierra Leone
2506:Treaties extended to the West Indies Federation
2061:Treaties of the People's Republic of Mozambique
1586:Treaties of the Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)
1228:
181:This sets out the overall parameters for GCIV:
66:, including this and the other three treaties.
2576:Treaties extended to the Crown Colony of Malta
2511:Treaties extended to the Colony of the Bahamas
2031:Treaties of the Federated States of Micronesia
260:shall in all circumstances be treated humanely
2471:Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles
2171:Treaties of the Socialist Republic of Romania
1566:Treaties of the People's Republic of Bulgaria
1311:
168:
2566:Treaties extended to the Sheikhdom of Kuwait
2191:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
649:Article 51: Recruitment of Protected persons
76:Parties to Geneva Conventions and Protocols
27:One of the treaties of the Geneva Convention
2616:Treaties extended to Tanganyika (territory)
2516:Treaties extended to Bahrain (protectorate)
2496:Treaties extended to Surinam (Dutch colony)
2311:Treaties of the Syrian Republic (1930–1963)
2046:Treaties of the Mongolian People's Republic
1836:Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic
1461:Treaties of the People's Republic of Angola
1113:
877:"Geneva Convention (IV) on Civilians, 1949"
865:. International Committee of the Red Cross.
395:Article 13: Field of application of part II
118:The Fourth Geneva Convention only concerns
1621:Treaties of the People's Republic of China
1318:
1304:
1291:Text of the Fourth Geneva Convention (PDF)
1160:, Oxford University Press, New York: 2011.
881:Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries
303:Article 4: Definition of protected persons
2591:Treaties extended to Qatar (protectorate)
2531:Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands
1556:Treaties of the Second Brazilian Republic
1032:
781:List of parties to the Geneva Conventions
376:
2156:Treaties of the Polish People's Republic
1606:Treaties of the Central African Republic
901:
587:The reference in the last paragraph to "
535:International Committee of the Red Cross
185:Article 2: Application of the Convention
172:
163:customary international humanitarian law
88: Parties to GC I–IV and P I and III
71:
2626:Treaties extended to the Trucial States
2536:Treaties extended to the Colony of Fiji
1038:
983:
958:
622:
14:
2581:Treaties extended to British Mauritius
2556:Treaties extended to British Hong Kong
2491:Treaties extended to French Somaliland
2481:Treaties extended to the Belgian Congo
2456:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
2161:Treaties of the Estado Novo (Portugal)
1756:Treaties of the French Fourth Republic
1441:Treaties of the Kingdom of Afghanistan
1408:
1325:
1158:The Twentieth-Century World and Beyond
1150:
1048:Melbourne Journal of International Law
1009:
989:
574:of the same family are not separated.
2501:Treaties extended to Portuguese Macau
2446:Treaties of the Sultanate of Zanzibar
2261:Treaties of the Union of South Africa
1641:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
1299:
786:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
701:Article 56: Hygiene and public health
128:strategic bombing during World War II
2376:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
2116:Treaties of the Dominion of Pakistan
1991:Treaties of the Federation of Malaya
933:Moral Principles and Nuclear Weapons
930:Douglas P. Lackey (1 January 1984).
735:Part IV. Execution of the Convention
501:against protected persons and their
82: Parties to GC I–IV and P I–III
42:), more commonly referred to as the
2551:Treaties extended to British Guiana
2421:Treaties of the Yemen Arab Republic
1531:Treaties of the Republic of Dahomey
1436:Treaties entered into force in 1950
999:San Diego International Law Journal
902:Tolliver, Sandy (20 October 2019).
603:. If ethnic groups are affected by
509:Under the 1949 Geneva Conventions,
262:, with the following prohibitions:
100: Parties to GC I–IV and P I–II
24:
2486:Treaties extended to Ruanda-Urundi
2281:Treaties of the Dominion of Ceylon
2126:Treaties of the State of Palestine
1701:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
1546:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1015:
819:On 23 October 2019 Vladimir Putin
668:Article 53: Prohibited destruction
94: Parties to GC I–IV and P III
25:
2647:
2221:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
2206:Treaties of São Tomé and Príncipe
2181:Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis
1846:Treaties of the Dominion of India
1791:Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece
1274:
823:Russia's agreement to Protocol I.
674:necessary by military operations.
591:", is commonly understood as the
548:Section III. Occupied territories
341:A number of articles specify how
334:nation) if that state has normal
227:Parties ' vis-à-vis ' the others.
218:In the commentary to the article
210:The scope of Article 2 is broad:
112: Parties to GC I–IV and no P
2631:Treaties extended to West Berlin
2011:Treaties of the Marshall Islands
1956:Treaties of the Kingdom of Libya
1741:Treaties of the Ethiopian Empire
1716:Treaties of the Kingdom of Egypt
607:, it may also be referred to as
201:of another country's territory.
177:Warsaw 1939 refugees and soldier
106: Parties to GC I–IV and P I
2571:Treaties extended to Basutoland
2341:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
2256:Treaties of the Somali Republic
2251:Treaties of the Solomon Islands
1931:Treaties of the Kingdom of Laos
1861:Treaties of the Kingdom of Iraq
1466:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
1216:
1202:
1177:
1163:
1138:
1107:
1093:
1084:
1058:
696:situated in occupied territory.
562:Article 49. Individual or mass
155:United Nations Security Council
2546:Treaties extended to Gibraltar
2451:Treaties extended to Greenland
2381:Treaties of the United Kingdom
1676:Treaties of the Czech Republic
923:
895:
855:
835:
826:
813:
801:International humanitarian law
13:
1:
2386:Treaties of the United States
1771:Treaties of Georgia (country)
1726:Treaties of Equatorial Guinea
848:
2636:Treaties concluded in Geneva
2521:Treaties extended to Bermuda
2271:Treaties of the Soviet Union
2136:Treaties of Papua New Guinea
1646:Treaties of the Cook Islands
973:United Nations Treaty Series
140:principle of proportionality
7:
2276:Treaties of Francoist Spain
2151:Treaties of the Philippines
2081:Treaties of the Netherlands
1976:Treaties of North Macedonia
1267:. Retrieved 28 October 2008
1254:. Retrieved 28 October 2008
1241:. Retrieved 28 October 2008
1225:. Retrieved 28 October 2008
774:
10:
2652:
2466:Treaties extended to Aruba
1681:Treaties of Czechoslovakia
1431:Treaties concluded in 1949
1212:. International Red Cross.
1103:. International Red Cross.
743:
355:humanitarian organizations
250:(out of the fight) due to
169:Part I. General provisions
157:adopted a report from the
2461:Treaties extended to Niue
2441:Treaties of South Vietnam
2411:Treaties of North Vietnam
1961:Treaties of Liechtenstein
1811:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
1390:
1364:
1333:
307:Article 4 defines who is
195:war has not been declared
2356:Treaties of Turkmenistan
2231:Treaties of Sierra Leone
2211:Treaties of Saudi Arabia
1996:Treaties of the Maldives
1856:Treaties of Pahlavi Iran
1826:Treaties of the Holy See
1781:Treaties of East Germany
1776:Treaties of West Germany
1571:Treaties of Burkina Faso
1356:Fourth Geneva Convention
1346:Second Geneva Convention
938:Rowman & Littlefield
806:
44:Fourth Geneva Convention
2416:Treaties of South Yemen
2306:Treaties of Switzerland
2266:Treaties of South Sudan
2186:Treaties of Saint Lucia
2086:Treaties of New Zealand
1916:Treaties of South Korea
1911:Treaties of North Korea
1721:Treaties of El Salvador
1656:Treaties of Ivory Coast
1631:Treaties of the Comoros
1496:Treaties of the Bahamas
1351:Third Geneva Convention
1341:First Geneva Convention
990:Rabkin, Jeremy (2015).
597:extradition, banishment
472:was the most infamous.
2426:Treaties of Yugoslavia
2396:Treaties of Uzbekistan
2321:Treaties of Tanganyika
2316:Treaties of Tajikistan
2226:Treaties of Seychelles
2201:Treaties of San Marino
2051:Treaties of Montenegro
2016:Treaties of Mauritania
1981:Treaties of Madagascar
1971:Treaties of Luxembourg
1926:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
1896:Treaties of Kazakhstan
1766:Treaties of the Gambia
1706:Treaties of East Timor
1651:Treaties of Costa Rica
1601:Treaties of Cape Verde
1506:Treaties of Bangladesh
1491:Treaties of Azerbaijan
1039:BENNETT, JOHN (2019).
727:Article 78 deals with
720:
698:
676:
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585:
541:Additional Protocol II
507:
435:
422:
377:Article 5: Derogations
320:
270:, cruel treatment and
229:
216:
208:
178:
136:indiscriminate attacks
115:
39:
2406:Treaties of Venezuela
2236:Treaties of Singapore
2091:Treaties of Nicaragua
2021:Treaties of Mauritius
1966:Treaties of Lithuania
1851:Treaties of Indonesia
1801:Treaties of Guatemala
1481:Treaties of Australia
1471:Treaties of Argentina
1421:Collective punishment
1147:, p. 52 (derogations)
707:
688:
671:
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511:collective punishment
479:
431:
398:
315:
258:, or any other cause
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176:
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50:, is one of the four
2436:Treaties of Zimbabwe
2326:Treaties of Thailand
2296:Treaties of Eswatini
2291:Treaties of Suriname
2246:Treaties of Slovenia
2241:Treaties of Slovakia
2141:Treaties of Paraguay
1906:Treaties of Kiribati
1831:Treaties of Honduras
1696:Treaties of Dominica
1691:Treaties of Djibouti
1626:Treaties of Colombia
1591:Treaties of Cameroon
1551:Treaties of Botswana
1511:Treaties of Barbados
1156:Keylor, William R.,
1114:Ola Engdahl (2007).
753:to be established."
623:Article 50: Children
553:territory (Art.49).
529:activity during the
459:corporal punishments
336:diplomatic relations
2401:Treaties of Vanuatu
2391:Treaties of Uruguay
2346:Treaties of Tunisia
2216:Treaties of Senegal
2101:Treaties of Nigeria
2066:Treaties of Namibia
2056:Treaties of Morocco
2036:Treaties of Moldova
1951:Treaties of Liberia
1946:Treaties of Lesotho
1941:Treaties of Lebanon
1881:Treaties of Jamaica
1866:Treaties of Ireland
1841:Treaties of Iceland
1796:Treaties of Grenada
1751:Treaties of Finland
1736:Treaties of Estonia
1731:Treaties of Eritrea
1711:Treaties of Ecuador
1686:Treaties of Denmark
1661:Treaties of Croatia
1581:Treaties of Burundi
1576:Treaties of Myanmar
1541:Treaties of Bolivia
1521:Treaties of Belgium
1501:Treaties of Bahrain
1486:Treaties of Austria
1476:Treaties of Armenia
1456:Treaties of Andorra
1451:Treaties of Algeria
609:population transfer
287:(d) the passing of
148:norm of reciprocity
146:ended in 1945, the
142:. Until well after
46:and abbreviated as
2431:Treaties of Zambia
2366:Treaties of Uganda
2361:Treaties of Tuvalu
2351:Treaties of Turkey
2301:Treaties of Sweden
2176:Treaties of Rwanda
2131:Treaties of Panama
2106:Treaties of Norway
2041:Treaties of Monaco
2026:Treaties of Mexico
1986:Treaties of Malawi
1936:Treaties of Latvia
1921:Treaties of Kuwait
1891:Treaties of Jordan
1871:Treaties of Israel
1816:Treaties of Guyana
1806:Treaties of Guinea
1671:Treaties of Cyprus
1596:Treaties of Canada
1561:Treaties of Brunei
1536:Treaties of Bhutan
1526:Treaties of Belize
1416:Geneva Conventions
1327:Geneva Conventions
564:forcible transfers
365:The definition of
179:
124:occupied territory
116:
64:Geneva Conventions
62:party to the 1949
56:Geneva Conventions
2336:Treaties of Tonga
2196:Treaties of Samoa
2166:Treaties of Qatar
2121:Treaties of Palau
2096:Treaties of Niger
2076:Treaties of Nepal
2071:Treaties of Nauru
2006:Treaties of Malta
1901:Treaties of Kenya
1886:Treaties of Japan
1876:Treaties of Italy
1821:Treaties of Haiti
1786:Treaties of Ghana
1761:Treaties of Gabon
1616:Treaties of Chile
1426:International law
1403:
1402:
951:978-0-8476-7116-8
693:Hague Regulations
489:are prohibited.
417:political opinion
371:protected persons
360:protected persons
343:protecting powers
159:Secretary-General
130:. The Additional
16:(Redirected from
2643:
2331:Treaties of Togo
2146:Treaties of Peru
2111:Treaties of Oman
2001:Treaties of Mali
1746:Treaties of Fiji
1666:Treaties of Cuba
1611:Treaties of Chad
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883:. 23 March 2010
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505:is prohibited.
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1410:Categories
1372:Protocol I
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499:Reprisals
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289:sentences
256:detention
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887:28 March
775:See also
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1079:custom.
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744:Annexes
644:seven.
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1196:2022
1126:ISBN
1074:2017
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521:and
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