912:
931:
947:
978:. Pasadena also experienced a sudden uptick in typhus with 22 cases in 2018 but, without being able to attribute this to one location, the Pasadena Public Health Department did not identify the cases as an "outbreak". Over the past decade as well murine typhus cases have been rising with the highest number of cases being 171 in 2022.
632:, the sergeant, and hundreds of others. During a time when persons were executed for capital offenses, more prisoners died from 'gaol fever' than were put to death by all the public executioners in the British realm. In 1759, an English authority estimated that each year, a quarter of the prisoners had died from gaol fever. In
58:
861:. On March 6th 1939 - French Prime Minister (Daladier) stated to the French parliament, he would return 300,000 of the Spanish refugees fleeing from the 1938 Spanish Civil war). Reasons included the typhus spread in the French refugee camps, as well as France's sovereign recognition of Francisco Franco.
463:
The main method of diagnosing typhus of all types is laboratory testing. It is most commonly done with an indirect immunofluorescence antibody IFA test for all types of typhus. This tests a sample for the antibodies associated with typhus. It can also be done with either immunohistochemistry (IHC) or
519:
is caused by flea bites so take steps to avoid fleas. This can be done by making sure pets do not have fleas and if they do, treat them, stay away from wild animals, use insect repellent to keep fleas away, and wear gloves when dealing with sick or dead animals. Take steps to ensure rodents or other
715:
is said to be responsible for 400,000 deaths. The Irish typhus spread to
England, where it was sometimes called "Irish fever" and was noted for its virulence. It killed people of all social classes, as lice were endemic and inescapable, but it hit particularly hard in the lower or "unwashed" social
503:
is caused by body lice and thrives in areas with overcrowding. To avoid lice you should stay away from highly populated areas. Also, make sure to regularly clean yourself and your clothing to help kill louse. This also goes for things like bedding and towels. Make sure to not share any fabric items
615:
In historical times, "jail fever" or "gaol fever" was common in
English prisons, and is believed by modern authorities to have been typhus. It often occurred when prisoners were crowded together into dark, filthy rooms where lice spread easily. Thus, "imprisonment until the next term of court" was
293:
Signs and symptoms begin with sudden onset of fever and other flu-like symptoms about one to two weeks after being infected. Five to nine days after the symptoms have started, a rash typically begins on the trunk and spreads to the extremities. This rash eventually spreads over most of the body,
532:
recommends treatment based upon clinical findings and before culturing confirms the diagnosis. Without treatment, death may occur in 10% to 60% of people with epidemic typhus, with people over age 50 having the highest risk of death. In the antibiotic era, death is uncommon if
491:
to prevent mite bites. Lastly, make sure to use bug spray to keep mites away as well. For children and babies, you additionally have to make sure their clothing covers their limbs. For babies put a mosquito cover over their stroller which also protects them from mites.
1442:
676:
and surrounding lands from 1618 to 1648. According to Joseph
Patrick Byrne, "By war's end, typhus may have killed more than 10 percent of the total German population, and disease in general accounted for 90 percent of Europe's casualties."
1424:
911:
2740:
2725:
464:
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests excluding scrub typhus. Scrub typhus is not tested with IHC or PCR but is instead tested with the IFA test as well as indirect immunuoperoxidase (IIP) assays.
930:
556:
Only a few areas of epidemic typhus exist today. Since the late 20th century, cases have been reported in
Burundi, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Algeria, and a few areas in South and Central America.
313:
usually start within 1 to 2 weeks after being infected. These symptoms include fever, headaches, chills, swollen lymph nodes, nausea/vomiting, and a rash at the site of infection called an
946:
2478:
362:
When the term "typhus" is used without qualification, this is usually the condition described. Historical references to "typhus" are now generally considered to be this condition.
2855:
837:
with some 4 million cases reported, efforts to stem the spread of disease in that country had largely succeeded by 1921 through the efforts of public health pioneers such as
226:
have been developed, but none are commercially available. Prevention is achieved by reducing exposure to the organisms that spread the disease. Treatment is with the antibiotic
974:
primarily affecting homeless people. In 2019, city attorney
Elizabeth Greenwood revealed that she, too, was infected with typhus as a result of a flea bite at her office in
270:), meaning hazy or smoky and commonly used as a word for delusion, describing the state of mind of those infected. While "typhoid" means "typhus-like", typhus and
1813:
Perine PL, Chandler BP, Krause DK, McCardle P, Awoke S, Habte-Gabr E, et al. (May 1992). "A clinico-epidemiological study of epidemic typhus in Africa".
2848:
612:
sores and the associated smell of rotting flesh. During the siege, the
Spaniards lost 3,000 men to enemy action, but an additional 17,000 died of typhus.
2298:
2603:
2505:
2208:
2841:
1339:
608:(1482–1492). These accounts include descriptions of fever; red spots over arms, back, and chest; attention deficit, progressing to delirium; and
1456:
826:
alone. Fatalities were generally between 10% and 40% of those infected and the disease was a major cause of death for those nursing the sick.
2033:
282:
does mean the "typhoid fever", caused by specific strains of
Salmonella typhi bacteria, and the here depicted "typhus" is called lice fever.
707:. An estimated 100,000 people perished. Typhus appeared again in the late 1830s, and yet another major typhus epidemic occurred during the
1238:
1269:
2541:
2087:
2071:
1325:
1051:
572:
2558:
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who were held in unhygienic conditions. Pictures of mass graves including people who died from typhus can be seen in footage shot at
786:. Officials neither knew how to provide sufficient sanitation under conditions of the time nor understood how the disease spread.
298:
begin with the rash and continue into the second or third weeks. Other signs of meningoencephalitis include sensitivity to light (
2230:
1188:
1635:
Matossian RM, Thaddeus J, Garabedian GA (January 1963). "Outbreak of epidemic typhus in the northern region of Saudi Arabia".
4405:
4021:
2132:
2065:
1436:
1319:
1092:
3671:
3416:
1166:
857:, epidemic typhus killed 2–3 million people, many of whom were civilians. In 1937 and 1938 there was a typhus epidemic in
2014:
1129:
771:
3097:
1899:"Brill-Zinsser disease in a patient following infection with sylvatic epidemic typhus associated with flying squirrels"
529:
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often equivalent to a death sentence. Prisoners brought before the court sometimes infected members of the court. The
3225:
2868:
2584:
1595:
1292:
1263:
1232:
881:
625:
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is caused by mites, so avoid the outdoors when scrub is common in the area. Make sure your clothing is treated with
3661:
1938:
1014:
877:
472:
As of 2024, no vaccine is commercially available. A vaccine has been in development for scrub typhus known as the
234:
when poor sanitary conditions and crowding are present. While once common, it is now rare. Scrub typhus occurs in
3666:
3207:
2482:
290:
These signs and symptoms refer to epidemic typhus, as it is the most important of the typhus group of diseases.
3239:
2833:
1897:
McQuiston JH, Knights EB, Demartino PJ, Paparello SF, Nicholson WL, Singleton J, et al. (September 2010).
4329:
183:. Common symptoms include fever, headache, and a rash. Typically these begin one to two weeks after exposure.
3055:
537:
is given. In one study of 60 people hospitalized with epidemic typhus, no one died when given doxycycline or
829:
In 1922, the typhus epidemic reached its peak in Soviet territory, with some 20 to 30 million cases in
4225:
3549:
2985:
2231:"Health, Disease, Mortality; Demographic Effects | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)"
1672:
1588:
Control of communicable diseases manual : an official report of the
American Public Health Association
445:
274:
are distinct diseases caused by different types of bacteria. Note, however, that in some languages such as
759:
fever was the more prevalent cause of US Civil War "camp fever". Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium
3886:
3880:
3496:
2496:
2454:
2306:
2120:
819:
811:
660:
Epidemics occurred routinely throughout Europe from the 16th to the 19th centuries, including during the
617:
2194:
266:
3965:
2534:
2424:
1590:. Washington, DC: APHA Press, an imprint of the American Public Health Association. pp. 661–668.
1425:"Rickettsial (Spotted & Typhus Fevers) & Related Infections (Anaplasmosis & Ehrlichiosis)"
559:
Except for two cases, all instances of epidemic typhus in the United States have occurred east of the
3686:
3521:
3490:
3420:
3201:
2943:
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between 1816 and 1819, during the famine caused by a worldwide reduction in temperature known as the
690:
564:
550:
4161:
4064:
3943:
3681:
3676:
3560:
3349:
3168:
3091:
3083:
2759:
2629:
1611:
873:
629:
2030:
4365:
4245:
4205:
4147:
3866:
3633:
3069:
3027:
2011:
953:
580:
563:. An examination of a cluster of cases in Pennsylvania concluded the source of the infection was
92:
22:
2538:
4400:
4181:
4099:
4058:
4054:
3935:
3929:
3696:
3406:
3341:
3135:
3041:
3013:
2947:
1960:
1848:
Chapman AS, Swerdlow DL, Dato VM, Anderson AD, Moodie CE, Marriott C, et al. (July 2009).
1222:
783:
736:
708:
449:
399:
202:
2799:
2055:
1253:
4198:
4187:
3985:
3615:
3441:
3412:
3219:
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2084:
1471:
1309:
1043:
975:
957:
704:
351:
192:
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4319:
4272:
4154:
3805:
3763:
3743:
3700:
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3355:
3035:
905:
in the interwar period; the vaccine did not prevent the disease but reduced its mortality.
869:
665:
641:
473:
427:
571:(diseases transmitted from wild animals) epidemic typhus remains uncommon in the US. The
8:
4337:
4282:
3951:
3827:
3772:
3720:
3639:
3582:
3535:
3470:
3318:
3310:
3304:
3021:
3007:
2876:
2744:
2466:
838:
740:
295:
187:
168:
97:
2688:
2171:
2154:
596:
The first reliable description of typhus appears in 1489 AD during the
Spanish siege of
553:, in 2010 the death rate from typhus was about one of every 5,000,000 people per year.
4325:
4236:
3737:
3726:
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3591:
3379:
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2970:
2397:
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2272:
2255:
1874:
1850:"Cluster of sylvatic epidemic typhus cases associated with flying squirrels, 2004-2006"
1849:
1714:
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1450:
1400:
1365:
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971:
752:
744:
82:
75:
2655:
1763:
1738:
4310:
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4140:
4072:
3835:
3813:
3782:
3233:
2999:
2770:
2693:
2675:
2402:
2350:
2277:
2176:
2128:
2061:
1920:
1879:
1830:
1795:
1768:
1719:
1652:
1591:
1518:
1432:
1405:
1387:
1315:
1288:
1259:
1228:
1224:
Mandell, Douglas, and
Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases E-Book
846:
823:
673:
661:
560:
441:
70:
3754:
3711:
3606:
2753:
2749:
1979:
Smith RD (January 1967). "Criminal Law—Arrest—The Right to Resist Unlawful Arrest".
1754:
1737:
Mokrani K, Fournier PE, Dalichaouche M, Tebbal S, Aouati A, Raoult D (August 2004).
940:
hand-spraying equipment. DDT was used to control the spread of typhus-carrying lice.
4301:
4216:
4007:
3854:
3841:
3656:
3273:
3255:
3162:
3121:
3049:
2919:
2810:
2683:
2667:
2392:
2384:
2340:
2267:
2166:
1910:
1869:
1861:
1822:
1758:
1750:
1709:
1701:
1644:
1508:
1395:
1377:
374:
212:
2119:
Renvoise A, Raoult D (2013-01-01), Magill AJ, Hill DR, Solomon T, Ryan ET (eds.),
872:
died of typhus. Typhus epidemics killed those confined to POW camps, ghettos, and
325:
Multiple diseases include the word "typhus" in their descriptions. Types include:
4395:
4251:
4172:
4126:
4031:
3971:
3906:
3848:
3817:
3809:
3512:
3482:
3476:
3359:
3188:
3112:
2939:
2764:
2545:
2091:
2037:
2018:
1676:
1084:
924:
in Medicine for his identification of lice as the transmitter of epidemic typhus.
917:
807:
778:
and other forms of quarantine, who had contracted the disease aboard the crowded
732:
669:
538:
500:
345:
317:. More severe symptoms may damage the lungs, brain, kidney, meninges, and heart.
275:
172:
2863:
1826:
1688:
Raoult D, Roux V, Ndihokubwayo JB, Bise G, Baudon D, Marte G, Birtles R (1997).
4351:
4001:
3995:
3858:
3596:
3127:
2894:
2864:
2775:
2585:"L.A. City Hall, overrun with rats, might remove all carpets amid typhus fears"
1562:
1366:"The Early Diagnosis of Scrub Typhus by Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing"
1158:
850:
795:
748:
696:
in 1812, more French soldiers died of typhus than were killed by the Russians.
645:
637:
605:
568:
235:
2388:
1537:
1382:
1121:
4389:
4347:
4263:
4090:
4045:
3786:
3778:
3621:
3388:
3299:
3153:
2959:
2925:
2900:
2885:
2679:
2199:
1648:
1391:
896:
774:
killed more than 20,000 people from 1847 to 1848, mainly Irish immigrants in
720:
712:
597:
516:
422:
367:
271:
258:
180:
29:
2734:
2106:
Black '47 and Beyond: The Great Irish Famine in History, Economy, and Memory
4343:
4117:
3324:
3264:
3211:
3196:
3141:
2697:
2671:
2656:"Fleaborne Typhus–Associated Deaths — Los Angeles County, California, 2022"
2354:
2281:
2180:
1956:
1924:
1883:
1865:
1772:
1705:
1656:
1522:
1409:
902:
889:
865:
842:
728:
484:
405:
393:
310:
176:
2406:
2345:
2328:
2125:
Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Disease (Ninth Edition)
1834:
1799:
1723:
57:
3917:
3872:
3823:
3527:
3279:
2821:
2794:
2155:"Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and the pathogenesis of typhoid fever"
921:
815:
803:
779:
751:, between 1865 and 1873. Typhus was also a significant killer during the
648:, and many court personnel were fatally infected in the courtroom of the
534:
299:
251:
227:
144:
123:
2504:. Vol. 1. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1949. pp. 508–511.
1513:
1496:
1006:
3291:
2816:
2477:
Newsweek Gen. Franco’s Victory Clinched by French-British Recognition,
885:
775:
649:
609:
505:
488:
357:
257:
Typhus has been described since at least 1528. The name comes from the
2717:
810:
during the war. Delousing stations were established for troops on the
672:. Pestilence of several kinds raged among combatants and civilians in
4105:
3957:
3625:
3566:
3447:
2805:
1429:
CDC health Information for International Travel 2014: The Yellow Book
899:
243:
231:
197:
116:
2451:
A Mennonite Family in Tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union, 1789–1923
620:
was another notable outbreak. During the Lent assizes court held at
3541:
2531:
Murderous Medicine: Nazi Doctors, Human Experimentation, and Typhus
2204:
1915:
1898:
854:
724:
686:
303:
247:
207:
2329:"The impact of infectious disease in war time: a look back at WW1"
1896:
1612:"Department of Agriculture | Typhus Fever - Rickettsia prowazekii"
640:
and then moved into the general city population. In May 1750, the
636:, gaol fever frequently broke out among the ill-kept prisoners of
4132:
4078:
3432:
3397:
1736:
1669:
756:
700:
621:
223:
575:
have documented only 47 cases from 1976 to 2010. An outbreak of
504:
with anyone who has lice or typhus. Lastly, treat clothing with
2729:
834:
830:
799:
767:
693:
633:
413:
314:
2604:"Amid Typhus Outbreak, LA City Hall Carpets May Be Ripped Out"
2498:
Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunal
880:. Among thousands of prisoners in concentration camps such as
1497:"Scrub typhus vaccines: past history and recent developments"
858:
601:
409:
239:
217:
1812:
2421:
International Health Organisations and Movements, 1918–1939
1997:(Howard's observations are from 1773 to 1775). Copied from
1847:
1634:
576:
435:
380:
1687:
1048:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | Typhus Fevers
937:
384:
136:
Avoiding exposure to organisms known to carry the disease
1255:
Bacterial Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control
2057:
Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A—M
1974:
1972:
711:
between 1846 and 1849. The typhus outbreak along with
1637:
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1494:
2707:
2195:"M993X.5.1529.1 | The government inspector's office"
1939:"Downtown LA Hit With Outbreak Of Flea-Borne Typhus"
1364:
Liu X, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Lou Z, Xia H, Lu Z (2021).
970:
Beginning in 2018, a typhus outbreak spread through
956:
worker distributes rat poison for typhus control in
2630:"How the Homeless Ended Up Being Blamed for Typhus"
1969:
1690:"Jail fever (epidemic typhus) outbreak in Burundi"
1220:
1786:"Epidemic typhus risk in Rwandan refugee camps".
1739:"Reemerging threat of epidemic typhus in Algeria"
4387:
4309:
1363:
1301:
579:-borne murine typhus was identified in downtown
2118:
1472:"Typhus fevers for healthcare providers | CDC"
895:The first typhus vaccine was developed by the
2849:
2601:
2373:"Typhus and its control in Russia, 1870-1940"
1422:
1285:Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology
1251:
306:), or coma. Untreated cases are often fatal.
294:sparing the face, palms, and soles. Signs of
186:The diseases are caused by specific types of
1307:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
624:in 1730, gaol fever caused the death of the
2660:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
2152:
2127:, London: W.B. Saunders, pp. 535–538,
1670:WHO Statistical Information System (WHOSIS)
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
802:and several neighboring countries prior to
2856:
2842:
2326:
2260:Section of Epidemiology and State Medicine
1567:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1542:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1476:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1455:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1308:Mullen GR, Durden LA (27 September 2002).
1276:
1227:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 2217.
1163:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1126:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1089:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1011:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
884:and Bergen-Belsen who died of typhus were
573:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
56:
2687:
2396:
2370:
2344:
2271:
2170:
2108:. Princeton University Press. p. 88.
1995:. J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd. pp. 6–7.
1914:
1873:
1762:
1713:
1512:
1399:
1381:
1216:
1214:
1107:
1066:
739:, in 1843. Several epidemics occurred in
735:(14th President of the United States) in
655:
2559:"Typhus Epidemic Worsens in Los Angeles"
2556:
2085:The Historical Impact of Epidemic Typhus
1282:
1144:
1029:
988:
2653:
2253:
2187:
2103:
2021:pp.331–2. T. Fisher Unwin, London, 1902
1955:
1585:
1328:from the original on 10 September 2017.
1221:Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ (2014).
1044:"Information for Health Care Providers"
818:, but typhus ravaged the armies of the
4388:
2491:
2489:
2256:"Typhus Fever in Poland, 1916 to 1919"
1990:
1211:
230:. Epidemic typhus generally occurs in
4022:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
2837:
2366:
2364:
2293:
2291:
2266:(Sect Epidemiol State Med): 261–276.
2053:
2001:(May 1997) 132 Wn.2d 1, 935 P.2d 1294
1978:
1931:
1495:Chattopadhyay S, Richards AL (2007).
285:
3407:Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus
520:wildlife do not get into your home.
2627:
2486:
2172:10.1146/annurev-micro-091313-103739
1788:Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire
1560:
1535:
1469:
13:
2869:Gram-negative bacterial infections
2361:
2288:
2121:"61 - Epidemic Louse-borne Typhus"
1563:"Flea-borne (murine) typhus | CDC"
1169:from the original on 26 March 2017
1132:from the original on 26 March 2017
1095:from the original on 26 March 2017
1054:from the original on 27 March 2017
1017:from the original on 26 March 2017
530:American Public Health Association
495:
14:
4417:
3226:Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis
2582:
2511:from the original on 4 March 2016
2479:Page 18, Newsweek, March 6th 1939
2235:encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net
2211:from the original on 8 April 2011
1445:from the original on 17 May 2014.
1311:Medical and Veterinary Entomology
1085:"Epidemic Typhus | Typhus Fevers"
761:Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi
652:, which adjoined Newgate Prison.
210:, and murine typhus is caused by
3442:Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus
3417:Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome
2153:Dougan G, Baker S (2014-09-08).
2074:from the original on 2014-01-04.
1743:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
1314:. Academic Press. pp. 58–.
1272:from the original on 2017-09-10.
1241:from the original on 2017-09-10.
945:
929:
910:
878:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
511:
3208:Human granulocytic anaplasmosis
2647:
2621:
2595:
2576:
2550:
2523:
2471:
2460:
2443:
2430:
2413:
2320:
2247:
2223:
2146:
2112:
2097:
2078:
2047:
2024:
2004:
1949:
1890:
1841:
1806:
1779:
1755:10.1128/jcm.42.8.3898-3900.2004
1730:
1681:
1663:
1628:
1604:
1579:
1554:
1529:
1488:
1463:
1416:
1357:
1332:
965:
789:
680:
544:
479:
190:. Epidemic typhus is caused by
3240:Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection
2327:Pennington H (February 2019).
1989:(hereinafter Comment) (citing
1965:. Bantam Classic. p. 186.
1423:Eremeeva ME, Dasch GA (2014).
1252:Evans AS, Brachman PS (2013).
1245:
1181:
936:A US soldier is demonstrating
833:. Although typhus had ravaged
731:in 1837 and killed the son of
591:
115:Bacterial infection spread by
65:Rash caused by epidemic typhus
1:
3056:Flinders Island spotted fever
2371:Patterson KD (October 1993).
2254:Goodall ES (April 23, 1920).
2159:Annual Review of Microbiology
981:
892:, age 19 in the latter camp.
868:, many German POWs after the
822:, where over 150,000 died in
699:A major epidemic occurred in
467:
4406:Vaccine-preventable diseases
4226:Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
3550:Burkholderia cepacia complex
2986:Rocky Mountain spotted fever
1903:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1854:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1815:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1694:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1340:"Herpes Meningoencephalitis"
1287:(11 ed.). McGraw Hill.
523:
508:because it helps kill lice.
458:
446:Rocky Mountain spotted fever
200:, scrub typhus is caused by
16:Group of infectious diseases
7:
3887:Far East scarlet-like fever
3881:Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
3497:Chromobacteriosis infection
2455:University of Toronto Press
2299:"Typhus, War, and Vaccines"
618:Black Assize of Exeter 1586
346:Epidemic louse-borne typhus
10:
4422:
2535:Greenwood Publishing Group
2425:Cambridge University Press
2012:The Old Bailey and Newgate
1370:Frontiers in Public Health
1195:. May 1997. Archived from
586:
302:), altered mental status (
246:. Murine typhus occurs in
27:
20:
4300:
4262:
4235:
4215:
4171:
4116:
4089:
4044:
4018:
3982:
3914:
3905:
3797:
3762:
3753:
3710:
3687:Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
3605:
3590:
3581:
3522:Burkholderia pseudomallei
3511:
3491:Chromobacterium violaceum
3458:
3431:
3421:Meningococcal septicaemia
3396:
3387:
3378:
3290:
3263:
3254:
3202:Anaplasma phagocytophilum
3187:
3152:
3111:
2969:
2958:
2909:
2893:
2884:
2875:
2785:
2711:
2389:10.1017/s0025727300058725
2060:. ABC-CLIO. p. 732.
1981:Natural Resources Journal
1827:10.1093/clinids/14.5.1149
1383:10.3389/fpubh.2021.755228
1258:. Springer. p. 839.
888:, age 15, and her sister
551:World Health Organization
421:
392:
366:
344:
339:
336:
333:
330:
320:
265:
150:
140:
132:
122:
111:
103:
91:
81:
69:
64:
55:
47:
42:
4162:Plesiomonas shigelloides
3944:Brazilian purpuric fever
3561:Bordetella parapertussis
3350:Bartonella bacilliformis
3169:Flea-borne spotted fever
3099:Rickettsia aeschlimannii
3092:Rickettsia aeschlimannii
3084:American tick bite fever
1993:The State of the Prisons
1794:(34): 259. August 1994.
1649:10.4269/ajtmh.1963.12.82
874:Nazi concentration camps
806:(1914–1918), but became
107:1–2 weeks after exposure
28:Not to be confused with
4330:Guillain–Barré syndrome
4246:Cardiobacterium hominis
4206:Acinetobacter baumannii
4148:Vibrio parahaemolyticus
3867:Yersinia enterocolitica
3634:Klebsiella granulomatis
3070:African tick bite fever
3028:North Asian tick typhus
2608:NBC Southern California
2563:NBC Southern California
2440:. Springer 2010, p. 250
1344:www.hopkinsmedicine.org
954:Civilian Public Service
845:. In Russia during the
772:typhus epidemic of 1847
581:Los Angeles, California
23:Typhus (disambiguation)
4182:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
4100:Francisella tularensis
4059:Legionella longbeachae
4055:Legionella pneumophila
3697:Enterobacter aerogenes
3342:Bacillary angiomatosis
3136:Orientia tsutsugamushi
3042:Queensland tick typhus
3014:Japanese spotted fever
2948:Flying squirrel typhus
2672:10.15585/mmwr.mm7231a1
2436:Andrew W. Artenstein.
1962:Rats, Lice and History
1866:10.3201/eid1507.081305
1706:10.3201/eid0303.970313
737:Concord, New Hampshire
656:Early modern epidemics
450:Queensland tick typhus
400:Orientia tsutsugamushi
309:Signs and symptoms of
203:Orientia tsutsugamushi
4199:Moraxella catarrhalis
4065:Legionnaires' disease
3986:Pasteurella multocida
3616:Klebsiella pneumoniae
3413:Meningococcal disease
3220:Ehrlichia chaffeensis
2980:Rickettsia rickettsii
2944:Brill–Zinsser disease
2934:Rickettsia prowazekii
2438:Vaccines: A Biography
2346:10.2217/fmb-2018-0323
976:Los Angeles City Hall
958:Gulfport, Mississippi
705:Year Without a Summer
352:Rickettsia prowazekii
193:Rickettsia prowazekii
87:Fever, headache, rash
4360:Helicobacter cinaedi
4320:Campylobacter jejuni
4273:Aeromonas hydrophila
4155:Vibrio alginolyticus
3806:Shigella dysenteriae
3744:Citrobacter freundii
3701:Enterobacter cloacae
3557:Bordetella pertussis
3036:Rickettsia australis
2634:Los Angeles Magazine
2557:Grover J, Corral A.
1538:"Scrub typhus | CDC"
642:Lord Mayor of London
474:scrub typhus vaccine
452:and other variants.
370:or "endemic typhus"
254:areas of the world.
21:For other uses, see
4338:Helicobacter pylori
3828:Bacillary dysentery
3773:Salmonella enterica
3721:Serratia marcescens
3640:Granuloma inguinale
3536:Burkholderia mallei
3471:Eikenella corrodens
3319:Bartonella quintana
3311:Cat-scratch disease
3305:Bartonella henselae
3022:Rickettsia sibirica
3008:Rickettsia japonica
2602:City News Service.
2333:Future Microbiology
2303:History of Vaccines
2094:. Joseph M. Conlon.
1514:10.4161/hv.3.3.4009
1283:Levinson W (2010).
583:, in October 2018.
431:spotted fever group
296:meningoencephalitis
188:bacterial infection
169:infectious diseases
98:Meningoencephalitis
4326:Campylobacteriosis
4237:Cardiobacteriaceae
3738:Citrobacter koseri
3648:Klebsiella oxytoca
3078:Rickettsia parkeri
3064:Rickettsia africae
2994:Rickettsia conorii
2786:External resources
2654:Alarcón J (2023).
2544:2014-06-27 at the
2481:, March 6th 1939,
2104:Ó Gráda C (1999).
2090:2009-11-06 at the
2036:2009-09-21 at the
2031:War and Pestilence
2017:2016-03-12 at the
1999:State v. Valentine
1675:2010-02-21 at the
1586:Heymann D (2015).
1561:CDC (2023-08-03).
1536:CDC (2020-11-13).
1470:CDC (2021-03-29).
972:Los Angeles County
920:received the 1928
870:loss at Stalingrad
784:Great Irish Famine
709:Great Irish Famine
286:Signs and symptoms
76:Infectious disease
4383:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4311:Campylobacterales
4296:
4295:
4277:Aeromonas veronii
4141:Vibrio vulnificus
4073:Coxiella burnetii
4040:
4039:
3966:H. parainfluenzae
3901:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3836:Proteus mirabilis
3783:Paratyphoid fever
3672:Enterohemorrhagic
3592:Enterobacteriales
3577:
3576:
3507:
3506:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3356:Carrion's disease
3250:
3249:
3234:Ehrlichia ewingii
3183:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3000:Boutonneuse fever
2831:
2830:
2589:Los Angeles Times
2449:David G. Rempel.
2134:978-1-4160-4390-4
2067:978-0-313-34102-1
2054:Byrne JP (2008).
1991:Howard J (1929).
1945:. 4 October 2018.
1438:978-0-19-994850-5
1321:978-0-08-053607-1
666:Thirty Years' War
662:English Civil War
628:, as well as the
561:Mississippi River
549:According to the
456:
455:
442:Boutonneuse fever
337:Reservoir/vector
158:
157:
37:Medical condition
4413:
4307:
4306:
4217:Xanthomonadaceae
4025:
4008:Actinobacillosis
3989:
3922:
3912:
3911:
3842:Proteus vulgaris
3760:
3759:
3657:Escherichia coli
3603:
3602:
3588:
3587:
3463:
3394:
3393:
3385:
3384:
3274:Brucella abortus
3261:
3260:
3256:Hyphomicrobiales
3163:Rickettsia felis
3122:Rickettsia akari
3050:Rickettsia honei
2967:
2966:
2920:Rickettsia typhi
2907:
2906:
2891:
2890:
2882:
2881:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2835:
2834:
2709:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2691:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2554:
2548:
2529:Naomi Baumslag,
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2510:
2503:
2493:
2484:
2475:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2447:
2441:
2434:
2428:
2419:Paul Weindling.
2417:
2411:
2410:
2400:
2368:
2359:
2358:
2348:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2305:. Archived from
2295:
2286:
2285:
2275:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2174:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2101:
2095:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2051:
2045:
2028:
2022:
2010:Gordon, Charles
2008:
2002:
1996:
1988:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1918:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1877:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1766:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1717:
1685:
1679:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1516:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1446:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1403:
1385:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1218:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1199:on 27 March 2017
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1155:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1128:. 7 March 2017.
1118:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1091:. 7 March 2017.
1081:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1050:. 7 March 2017.
1040:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1013:. 7 March 2017.
1003:
949:
933:
914:
626:Lord Chief Baron
565:flying squirrels
375:Rickettsia typhi
328:
327:
269:
213:Rickettsia typhi
167:, is a group of
163:, also known as
60:
40:
39:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4375:
4292:
4258:
4231:
4211:
4173:Pseudomonadales
4167:
4127:Vibrio cholerae
4112:
4085:
4036:
4019:
4014:
3983:
3978:
3915:
3893:
3849:Yersinia pestis
3793:
3749:
3706:
3662:Enterotoxigenic
3594:
3573:
3513:Burkholderiales
3503:
3477:Kingella kingae
3459:
3454:
3427:
3366:
3360:Verruga peruana
3286:
3246:
3189:Anaplasmataceae
3175:
3148:
3107:
2961:
2954:
2940:Epidemic typhus
2898:
2871:
2862:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2781:
2780:
2720:
2706:
2705:
2666:(31): 838–843.
2652:
2648:
2638:
2636:
2626:
2622:
2612:
2610:
2600:
2596:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2565:
2555:
2551:
2546:Wayback Machine
2528:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2487:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2461:
2448:
2444:
2435:
2431:
2418:
2414:
2377:Medical History
2369:
2362:
2325:
2321:
2312:
2310:
2297:
2296:
2289:
2252:
2248:
2239:
2237:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2151:
2147:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2117:
2113:
2102:
2098:
2092:Wayback Machine
2083:
2079:
2068:
2052:
2048:
2038:Wayback Machine
2029:
2025:
2019:Wayback Machine
2009:
2005:
1977:
1970:
1954:
1950:
1943:CBS Los Angeles
1937:
1936:
1932:
1895:
1891:
1846:
1842:
1811:
1807:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1749:(8): 3898–900.
1735:
1731:
1686:
1682:
1677:Wayback Machine
1668:
1664:
1633:
1629:
1620:
1618:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1584:
1580:
1571:
1569:
1559:
1555:
1546:
1544:
1534:
1530:
1493:
1489:
1480:
1478:
1468:
1464:
1448:
1447:
1439:
1421:
1417:
1362:
1358:
1349:
1347:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1322:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1281:
1277:
1266:
1250:
1246:
1235:
1219:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1159:"Murine Typhus"
1157:
1156:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1120:
1119:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1083:
1082:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1042:
1041:
1030:
1020:
1018:
1007:"Typhus Fevers"
1005:
1004:
989:
984:
968:
961:
950:
941:
934:
925:
918:Charles Nicolle
915:
792:
782:in fleeing the
733:Franklin Pierce
683:
670:Napoleonic Wars
658:
594:
589:
547:
539:chloramphenicol
526:
514:
501:Epidemic typhus
498:
496:Epidemic typhus
482:
470:
461:
323:
288:
242:, and northern
173:epidemic typhus
128:Poor sanitation
38:
33:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4419:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4352:Gastric cancer
4334:
4333:
4332:
4315:
4313:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4268:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4241:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4221:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4177:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4122:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4095:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4050:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4028:
4026:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4002:Actinobacillus
3998:
3996:Pasteurellosis
3992:
3990:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3925:
3923:
3909:
3907:Pasteurellales
3903:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3859:Bubonic plague
3845:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3768:
3766:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3716:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3667:Enteroinvasive
3664:
3652:
3651:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3611:
3609:
3600:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3553:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3517:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3466:
3464:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3437:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3402:
3400:
3391:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3296:
3294:
3292:Bartonellaceae
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3269:
3267:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3193:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3158:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3128:Rickettsialpox
3117:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2975:
2973:
2964:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2915:
2913:
2904:
2895:Rickettsiaceae
2888:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2865:Pseudomonadota
2861:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2838:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2813:
2802:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2767:
2756:
2737:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:Classification
2704:
2703:
2646:
2620:
2594:
2575:
2549:
2522:
2485:
2470:
2467:Fever in Chile
2459:
2442:
2429:
2412:
2360:
2339:(3): 165–168.
2319:
2287:
2246:
2222:
2186:
2145:
2133:
2111:
2096:
2077:
2066:
2046:
2023:
2003:
1968:
1948:
1930:
1916:10.1086/655891
1889:
1860:(7): 1005–11.
1840:
1821:(5): 1149–58.
1805:
1778:
1729:
1680:
1662:
1627:
1603:
1596:
1578:
1553:
1528:
1501:Human Vaccines
1487:
1462:
1437:
1415:
1356:
1331:
1320:
1300:
1293:
1275:
1264:
1244:
1233:
1210:
1189:"WHO | Typhus"
1180:
1143:
1122:"Scrub Typhus"
1106:
1065:
1028:
986:
985:
983:
980:
967:
964:
963:
962:
960:, around 1945.
951:
944:
942:
935:
928:
926:
916:
909:
882:Theresienstadt
839:Hélène Sparrow
791:
788:
749:Washington, DC
682:
679:
657:
654:
646:Samuel Pennant
638:Newgate Prison
606:War of Granada
593:
590:
588:
585:
569:Sylvatic cycle
546:
543:
525:
522:
513:
510:
497:
494:
481:
478:
469:
466:
460:
457:
454:
453:
438:
433:
425:
419:
418:
416:
403:
396:
390:
389:
387:
378:
371:
364:
363:
360:
355:
348:
342:
341:
338:
335:
332:
322:
319:
287:
284:
236:Southeast Asia
156:
155:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
126:
120:
119:
113:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
95:
89:
88:
85:
79:
78:
73:
67:
66:
62:
61:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4418:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4401:Rickettsioses
4399:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4348:MALT lymphoma
4345:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4264:Aeromonadales
4261:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4091:Thiotrichales
4088:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4046:Legionellales
4043:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4017:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3981:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3930:H. influenzae
3927:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3788:
3787:Salmonellosis
3784:
3780:
3779:Typhoid fever
3777:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3622:Rhinoscleroma
3620:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3457:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3300:Bartonellosis
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2957:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2926:Murine typhus
2924:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2901:Rickettsioses
2896:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2886:Rickettsiales
2883:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2507:
2500:
2499:
2492:
2490:
2483:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2463:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2439:
2433:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2383:(4): 361–81.
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2365:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2309:on 2021-02-28
2308:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2200:McCord Museum
2196:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2165:(1): 317–36.
2164:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2136:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2050:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2007:
2000:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1700:(3): 357–60.
1699:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1599:
1597:9780875530185
1593:
1589:
1582:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1304:
1296:
1294:9780071700283
1290:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1265:9781461553274
1261:
1257:
1256:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1234:9780323263733
1230:
1226:
1225:
1217:
1215:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
987:
979:
977:
973:
959:
955:
948:
943:
939:
932:
927:
923:
919:
913:
908:
907:
906:
904:
901:
898:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
820:Eastern Front
817:
813:
812:Western Front
809:
805:
801:
797:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
727:broke out in
726:
722:
721:United States
717:
714:
713:typhoid fever
710:
706:
702:
697:
695:
692:
688:
678:
675:
671:
667:
663:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
557:
554:
552:
542:
540:
536:
531:
521:
518:
517:Murine typhus
512:Murine typhus
509:
507:
502:
493:
490:
486:
477:
475:
465:
451:
447:
443:
439:
437:
434:
432:
430:
426:
424:
423:Spotted fever
420:
417:
415:
411:
407:
406:Harvest mites
404:
402:
401:
397:
395:
391:
388:
386:
382:
379:
377:
376:
372:
369:
368:Murine typhus
365:
361:
359:
356:
354:
353:
349:
347:
343:
329:
326:
318:
316:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
291:
283:
281:
277:
273:
272:typhoid fever
268:
263:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
219:
215:
214:
209:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
189:
184:
182:
181:murine typhus
178:
174:
171:that include
170:
166:
162:
153:
149:
146:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
125:
121:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:
96:
94:
93:Complications
90:
86:
84:
80:
77:
74:
72:
68:
63:
59:
54:
50:
46:
41:
35:
31:
30:Typhoid fever
24:
19:
4367:Helicobacter
4366:
4358:
4344:Peptic ulcer
4336:
4318:
4283:
4271:
4244:
4224:
4204:
4197:
4188:
4180:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4125:
4118:Vibrionaceae
4098:
4071:
4053:
4020:
4000:
3984:
3964:
3950:
3936:
3928:
3916:
3879:
3865:
3847:
3840:
3834:
3804:
3771:
3742:
3736:
3727:
3719:
3695:
3655:
3646:
3632:
3614:
3555:
3548:
3534:
3520:
3489:
3475:
3469:
3460:
3440:
3405:
3389:Neisseriales
3348:
3336:
3332:
3325:Trench fever
3317:
3303:
3272:
3265:Brucellaceae
3232:
3218:
3212:Anaplasmosis
3200:
3197:Ehrlichiosis
3161:
3142:Scrub typhus
3134:
3120:
3098:
3090:
3076:
3062:
3048:
3034:
3020:
3006:
2992:
2978:
2932:
2918:
2910:
2867:-associated
2815:
2804:
2793:
2769:
2758:
2739:
2724:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2637:. Retrieved
2633:
2623:
2611:. Retrieved
2607:
2597:
2588:
2578:
2566:. Retrieved
2562:
2552:
2530:
2525:
2513:. Retrieved
2497:
2473:
2462:
2457:2011, p. 249
2450:
2445:
2437:
2432:
2427:1995, p. 99.
2420:
2415:
2380:
2376:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2311:. Retrieved
2307:the original
2302:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2238:. Retrieved
2234:
2225:
2213:. Retrieved
2198:
2189:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2138:, retrieved
2124:
2114:
2105:
2099:
2080:
2056:
2049:
2041:
2026:
2006:
1998:
1992:
1987:(1): 119–28.
1984:
1980:
1961:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1909:(6): 712–5.
1906:
1902:
1892:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1665:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1619:. Retrieved
1615:
1606:
1587:
1581:
1570:. Retrieved
1566:
1556:
1545:. Retrieved
1541:
1531:
1507:(3): 73–80.
1504:
1500:
1490:
1479:. Retrieved
1475:
1465:
1431:. New York.
1428:
1418:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1348:. Retrieved
1346:. 2019-11-19
1343:
1334:
1310:
1303:
1284:
1278:
1254:
1247:
1223:
1201:. Retrieved
1197:the original
1192:
1183:
1171:. Retrieved
1162:
1134:. Retrieved
1125:
1097:. Retrieved
1088:
1056:. Retrieved
1047:
1019:. Retrieved
1010:
969:
966:21st century
903:Rudolf Weigl
894:
866:World War II
863:
849:between the
843:Rudolf Weigl
828:
793:
790:20th century
780:coffin ships
765:
760:
753:US Civil War
729:Philadelphia
718:
698:
691:retreat from
684:
681:19th century
659:
630:High Sheriff
614:
600:against the
595:
558:
555:
548:
545:Epidemiology
527:
515:
499:
485:Scrub typhus
483:
480:Scrub typhus
471:
462:
428:
398:
394:Scrub typhus
373:
350:
324:
311:scrub typhus
308:
292:
289:
279:
261:
256:
222:
211:
201:
191:
185:
177:scrub typhus
165:typhus fever
164:
160:
159:
124:Risk factors
51:Typhus fever
34:
18:
4189:Pseudomonas
3937:Haemophilus
3918:Haemophilus
3873:Yersiniosis
3824:Shigellosis
3528:Melioidosis
3337:B. quintana
3333:B. henselae
3280:Brucellosis
2795:MedlinePlus
2628:Braslow S.
2613:12 February
1193:www.who.int
922:Nobel Prize
816:World War I
804:World War I
794:Typhus was
776:fever sheds
770:alone, the
755:, although
723:, a typhus
604:during the
592:Middle Ages
535:doxycycline
300:photophobia
278:, the term
252:subtropical
228:doxycycline
145:Doxycycline
104:Usual onset
48:Other names
4390:Categories
4369:cellulitis
3952:H. ducreyi
3939:meningitis
3461:ungrouped:
3154:Flea-borne
3113:Mite-borne
2971:Tick-borne
2817:Patient UK
2771:DiseasesDB
2568:9 February
2313:2021-02-26
2240:2021-02-26
2215:22 January
2140:2023-10-31
1621:2023-09-14
1616:www.nj.gov
1572:2023-10-19
1547:2023-10-19
1481:2023-10-19
1350:2023-10-31
982:References
886:Anne Frank
855:Red Armies
668:, and the
650:Old Bailey
610:gangrenous
506:permethrin
489:permethrin
468:Prevention
429:Rickettsia
358:Body louse
334:Bacterium
331:Condition
216:spread by
206:spread by
196:spread by
133:Prevention
4286:infection
4284:Aeromonas
4191:infection
4106:Tularemia
3958:Chancroid
3730:infection
3712:Slow/weak
3626:Pneumonia
3567:Pertussis
3448:Gonorrhea
3101:infection
2806:eMedicine
2680:0149-2195
2583:Smith D.
1957:Zinsser H
1643:: 82–90.
1451:cite book
1392:2296-2565
900:zoologist
847:civil war
741:Baltimore
524:Treatment
459:Diagnosis
440:Includes
244:Australia
232:outbreaks
198:body lice
151:Frequency
141:Treatment
117:parasites
71:Specialty
3814:flexneri
3728:Serratia
3542:Glanders
2811:med/2332
2698:37535465
2689:10414999
2542:Archived
2539:page 133
2537:, 2005,
2506:Archived
2355:30628481
2282:19981289
2209:Archived
2205:Montreal
2181:25208300
2088:Archived
2072:Archived
2044:magazine
2034:Archived
2015:Archived
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1884:19624912
1773:15297561
1673:Archived
1657:13933690
1523:17375000
1443:Archived
1410:34858931
1326:Archived
1270:Archived
1239:Archived
1203:26 March
1173:26 March
1167:Archived
1136:26 March
1130:Archived
1099:27 March
1093:Archived
1058:26 March
1052:Archived
1021:26 March
1015:Archived
808:epidemic
725:epidemic
716:strata.
687:Napoleon
304:delirium
248:tropical
224:Vaccines
208:chiggers
83:Symptoms
4133:Cholera
4079:Q fever
3682:O104:H4
3677:O157:H7
3331:Either
2960:Spotted
2765:D014438
2639:5 March
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1800:7947074
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864:During
814:during
796:endemic
757:typhoid
745:Memphis
719:In the
701:Ireland
685:During
674:Germany
622:Taunton
587:History
414:rodents
4396:Typhus
3855:Plague
3818:boydii
3810:sonnei
2911:Typhus
2822:Typhus
2800:001363
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2515:19 May
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831:Russia
824:Serbia
800:Poland
768:Canada
747:, and
694:Moscow
664:, the
644:, Sir
634:London
410:humans
340:Notes
321:Causes
315:eschar
280:typhus
276:German
262:tûphos
179:, and
161:Typhus
112:Causes
43:Typhus
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4032:HACEK
3972:HACEK
3483:HACEK
2962:fever
2776:29240
2509:(PDF)
2502:(PDF)
859:Chile
851:White
602:Moors
436:Ticks
381:Fleas
267:τῦφος
259:Greek
240:Japan
218:fleas
3798:H2S−
3764:H2S+
3755:Lac−
3607:Lac+
2760:MeSH
2745:9-CM
2735:A75
2694:PMID
2676:ISSN
2641:2021
2615:2019
2570:2019
2517:2015
2403:PMID
2351:PMID
2278:PMID
2217:2012
2177:PMID
2129:ISBN
2062:ISBN
2042:Time
1921:PMID
1880:PMID
1831:PMID
1796:PMID
1769:PMID
1720:PMID
1653:PMID
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1457:link
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1229:ISBN
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1175:2017
1138:2017
1101:2017
1060:2017
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853:and
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