1503:. All cases were concluded to be due to a single milk farm worker, who was shedding large amounts of the typhoid pathogen in his urine. Misidentification of the disease, due to inaccurate Widal test results, delayed identification of the carrier and proper treatment. Ultimately, it took four samplings of different secretions from all of the dairy workers in order to successfully identify the carrier. Upon discovery, the dairy worker was forcibly quarantined for seven weeks, and regular samples were taken, most of the time the stool samples yielding no typhoid and often the urine yielding the pathogen. The carrier was reported as being 72 years old and appearing in excellent health with no symptoms. Pharmaceutical treatment decreased the amount of bacteria secreted, however, the infection was never fully cleared from the urine, and the carrier was released "under orders never again to engage in the handling of foods for human consumption." At the time of release, the authors noted "for more than fifty years he has earned his living chiefly by milking cows and knows little of other forms of labor, it must be expected that the closest surveillance will be necessary to make certain that he does not again engage in this occupation."
526:
1492:
Since she had already left and begun employment elsewhere, he proceeded to track her down in order to obtain a stool sample. When he was able to finally meet Mallon in person he described her by saying "Mary had a good figure and might have been called athletic had she not been a little too heavy." In recounts of Soper's pursuit of Mallon, his only remorse appears to be that he was not given enough credit for his relentless pursuit and publication of her personal identifying information, stating that the media "rob me of whatever credit belongs to the discovery of the first typhoid fever carrier to be found in
America." Ultimately, 51 cases and 3 deaths were suspected to be caused by Mallon.
49:
1511:
carriers and chronic carriers. The authors further estimate that there are four to five chronic female carriers to every one male carrier, although offered no data to explain this assertion of a gender difference in the rate of typhoid carriers. As far as treatment, the authors suggest: "When recognized, carriers must be instructed as to the disposal of excreta as well as to the importance of personal cleanliness. They should be forbidden to handle food or drink intended for others, and their movements and whereabouts must be reported to the public health officers".
77:
837:(WHO) endorsed the use of a vaccination program starting in 1999. Vaccination has proven effective at controlling outbreaks in high-incidence areas and is also very cost-effective: prices are normally less than US$ 1 per dose. Because the price is low, poverty-stricken communities are more willing to take advantage of the vaccinations. Although vaccination programs for typhoid have proven effective, they alone cannot eliminate typhoid fever. Combining vaccines with public-health efforts is the only proven way to control this disease.
818:
589:
1108:
1439:
1515:
1539:
completion of a personalized treatment plan designed with medical professionals. Fecal or gallbladder carrier release requirements: 6 consecutive negative feces and urine specimens submitted at 1-month or greater intervals beginning at least 7 days after completion of therapy. Urinary or kidney carrier release requirements: 6 consecutive negative urine specimens submitted at 1-month or greater intervals beginning at least 7 days after completion of therapy.
745:
1612:
1745:, Malaysia. Individuals who received a full course of treatment cleared the infection, whereas patients given a lower dose had a relapse. Asymptomatic carriers continued to shed bacilli despite chloramphenicol treatment – only ill patients were improved with chloramphenicol. Resistance to chloramphenicol became frequent in Southeast Asia by the 1950s, and today chloramphenicol is only used as a last resort due to the high prevalence of resistance.
1239:. This massive influx of humans into a concentrated space overwhelmed the water supply and waste infrastructure, likely leading to unsanitary conditions as fresh water became harder to obtain and waste became more difficult to collect and remove beyond the city walls. In 2006, examining the remains for a mass burial site from Athens from around the time of the plague (~430 B.C.) revealed that fragments of DNA similar to modern day
669:
1032:
310:. Recently, new advances in large-scale data collection and analysis have allowed researchers to develop better diagnostics, such as detecting changing abundances of small molecules in the blood that may specifically indicate typhoid fever. Diagnostic tools in regions where typhoid is most prevalent are quite limited in their accuracy and specificity, and the time required for a proper diagnosis, the increasing spread of
1053:
Southeast Asia have the highest rates of typhoid. Outbreaks are also often reported in sub-Saharan Africa and
Southeast Asia. In 2000, more than 90% of morbidity and mortality due to typhoid fever occurred in Asia. In the U.S., about 400 cases occur each year, 75% of which are acquired while traveling internationally.
1009:(NAL), that isolates sensitive to both CIP and NAL should be reported as "sensitive to ciprofloxacin", and that isolates sensitive to CIP but not to NAL should be reported as "reduced sensitivity to ciprofloxacin". But an analysis of 271 isolates found that around 18% of isolates with a reduced susceptibility to
923:
develop gastrointestinal and cerebral complications, which may prove fatal in 10%–20% of cases. The highest case fatality rates are reported in children under 4. Around 2%–5% of those who contract typhoid fever become chronic carriers, as bacteria persist in the biliary tract after symptoms have resolved.
1787:
of the United
Kingdom, died in 24 days after first record of "feeling horribly ill". Died 14 December 1861 after suffering loss of appetite, insomnia, fever, chills, profuse sweating, vomiting, rash spots, delusions, inability to recognize family members, worsening rash on abdomen, a change in tongue
1458:
had two such cases around the turn of the 20th century. In 1899 there were 24 cases of typhoid traced to a single milkman, whose wife had died of typhoid fever a week before the outbreak. In 1908, J.J. Fallon, who was also a milkman, died of typhoid fever. Following his death and confirmation of the
732:
The Tubex test contains two types of particles: brown magnetic particles coated with antigen and blue indicator particles coated with O9 antibody. During the test, if antibodies are present in the serum, they will attach to the brown magnetic particles and settle at the base, while the blue indicator
1689:
physician, adopted Wright's typhoid vaccine for use with the Army, and two years later, his vaccination program became the first in which an entire army was immunized. It eliminated typhoid as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the U.S. military. Typhoid vaccination for members of the
1465:
published a short statement declaring the outbreak over, stating "t
Jamaica Plain there is a slight increase, the total being 272 cases. Throughout the city there is a total of 348 cases." There was at least one death reported during this outbreak: Mrs. Sophia S. Engstrom, aged 46. Typhoid continued
1314:
convinced any remaining skeptics that typhoid is a specific disease recognizable by lesions in the Peyer's patches by examining sixty-six autopsies from fever patients and concluding that the symptoms of headaches, diarrhea, rash spots, and abdominal pain were present only in patients who were found
840:
Since the 1990s, the WHO has recommended two typhoid fever vaccines. The ViPS vaccine is given by injection, and the Ty21a by capsules. Only people over age two are recommended to be vaccinated with the ViPS vaccine, and it requires a revaccination after 2–3 years, with a 55%–72% efficacy. The Ty21a
1370:
described a bacillus that he suspected was the cause of typhoid. Eberth is given credit for discovering the bacterium definitively by successfully isolating the same bacterium from 18 of 40 typhoid victims and failing to discover the bacterium present in any "control" victims of other diseases. In
1072:
In industrialized nations, water sanitation and food handling improvements have reduced the number of typhoid cases. Third world nations have the highest rates. These areas lack access to clean water, proper sanitation systems, and proper health-care facilities. In these areas, such access to basic
357:
in the 1940s as a result of improved sanitation and the use of antibiotics. Every year about 400 cases are reported in the U.S. and an estimated 6,000 people have typhoid. In 2015, it resulted in about 149,000 deaths worldwide – down from 181,000 in 1990. Without treatment, the risk of death may be
1510:
publication, physicians' treatment of asymptomatic carriers is best summarized by the opening line "Carriers of typhoid bacilli are a menace". Within the same publication, the first official estimate of typhoid carriers is given: 2 to 5% of all typhoid patients, and distinguished between temporary
1425:
Outbreaks in traveling military groups led to the creation of the Lyster bag in 1915; a bag with a faucet which can be hung from a tree or pole, filled with water, and comes with a chlorination tablet to drop into the water. The Lyster bag was essential for the survival of
American soldiers in the
760:
Sanitation and hygiene are important to prevent typhoid. It can spread only in environments where human feces can come into contact with food or drinking water. Careful food preparation and washing of hands are crucial to prevent typhoid. Industrialization contributed greatly to the elimination of
1491:
to conduct an investigation of the possible source of typhoid fever in the home. Soper described himself as an "epidemic fighter". His investigation ruled out many sources of food, and led him to question if the cook the family hired just prior to their household outbreak, Mallon, was the source.
1486:
of an infectious disease, making typhoid fever the first known disease being transmissible through asymptomatic hosts. The cases and deaths caused by Mallon were mainly upper-class families in New York City. At the time of Mallon's tenure as a personal cook for upper-class families, New York City
1309:
which correlated with distinct symptoms before death. British medics were skeptical of the differentiation between typhoid and typhus because both were endemic to
Britain at that time. However, in France only typhoid was present circulating in the population. Pierre-Charlles-Alexandre Louis also
922:
Without treatment, some patients develop sustained fever, bradycardia, hepatosplenomegaly, abdominal symptoms, and occasionally pneumonia. In white-skinned patients, pink spots, which fade on pressure, appear on the skin of the trunk in up to 20% of cases. In the third week, untreated cases may
1052:
In 2000, typhoid fever caused an estimated 21.7 million illnesses and 217,000 deaths. It occurs most often in children and young adults between 5 and 19 years old. In 2013, it resulted in about 161,000 deaths – down from 181,000 in 1990. Infants, children, and adolescents in south-central and
687:
with specific antigens. If the patient's serum contains antibodies against those antigens, they get attached to them, forming clumps. If clumping does not occur, the test is negative. The Widal test is time-consuming and prone to significant false positives. It may also be falsely negative in
1538:
within one working day from identification. As of 2018, chronic typhoid carriers must sign a "Carrier
Agreement" and are required to test for typhoid shedding twice yearly, ideally every 6 months. Carriers may be released from their agreements upon fulfilling "release" requirements, based on
1453:
spreading typhoid fever throughout the communities they served. Although typhoid is not spread through milk itself, there were several examples of milk distributors in many locations watering their milk down with contaminated water, or cleaning the glass bottles the milk was placed in with
1482:, known as Typhoid Mary. Although other cases of human-to-human spread of typhoid were known at the time, the concept of an asymptomatic carrier, who was able to transmit disease, had only been hypothesized and not yet identified or proven. Mary Mallon became the first known example of an
1487:
reported 3,000 to 4,500 cases of typhoid fever annually. In the summer of 1906 two daughters of a wealthy family and maids working in their home became ill with typhoid fever. After investigating their home water sources and ruling out water contamination, the family hired civil engineer
1542:
Due to the nature of asymptomatic cases, many questions remain about how individuals are able to tolerate infection for long periods of time, how to identify such cases, and efficient options for treatment. Researchers are currently working to understand asymptomatic infection with
1470:
neighborhood in particular throughout 1908, and several more people were reported dead due to typhoid fever, although these cases were not explicitly linked to the outbreak. The
Jamaica Plain neighborhood at that time was home to many working-class and poor immigrants, mostly from
321:
can prevent about 40% to 90% of cases during the first two years. The vaccine may have some effect for up to seven years. For those at high risk or people traveling to areas where it is common, vaccination is recommended. Other efforts to prevent it include providing clean
291:. Those who have not yet been exposed to it and ingest contaminated drinking water or food are most at risk for developing symptoms. Only humans can be infected; there are no known animal reservoirs. Salmonella Typhi which causes typhoid fever is different than the other
90:
Fever that starts low and increases daily, possibly reaching as high as 104.9 °F (40.5 °C) Headache, weakness and fatigue, muscle aches, sweating, dry cough, loss of appetite, weight loss, stomach pain, diarrhea or constipation, rash, swollen stomach (enlarged liver or
431:(rattling breathing sounds) are heard in the base of the lungs. The abdomen is distended and painful in the right lower quadrant, where a rumbling sound can be heard. Diarrhea can occur in this stage, but constipation is also common. The spleen and liver are enlarged (
1203:, Democratic Republic of the Congo, in 2004: 43,000 cases and over 200 deaths. A prospective study of specimens collected in the same region between 2007 and 2011 revealed about one third of samples obtained from patient samples were resistant to multiple antibiotics.
5306:
Dr. H. Timbrell
Bulstrode's report to the Local Government Board upon alleged oyster-borne enteric fever and other illness following the mayoral banquets at Winchester and Southampton, and upon enteric fever occurring simultaneously elsewhere and also ascribed to
719:
The sample pad of this kit contains colloidal gold-anti-human IgG or gold-anti-human IgM. If the sample contains IgG and IgM antibodies against those antigens, they will react and turn red. The typhidot test becomes positive within 2–3 days of infection.
723:
Two colored bands indicate a positive test. A single control band indicates a negative test. A single first fixed line or no band at all indicates an invalid test. Typhidot's biggest limitation is that it is not quantitative, just positive or negative.
1064:
subsp. enterica serovar Typhi is human-restricted, these chronic carriers become the crucial reservoir, which can persist for decades for further spread of the disease, further complicating its identification and treatment. Lately, the study of
1191:, Scotland, in summer 1964 – traced back to contaminated canned beef sourced from Argentina sold in markets. More than 500 patients were quarantined in the hospital for a minimum of four weeks, and the outbreak was contained without any deaths.
1753:
The disease has been referred to by various names, often associated with symptoms, such as gastric fever, enteric fever, abdominal typhus, infantile remittant fever, slow fever, nervous fever, pythogenic fever, drain fever, and low fever.
1393:
Most developed countries had declining rates of typhoid fever throughout the first half of the 20th century due to vaccinations and advances in public sanitation and hygiene. In 1893 attempts were made to chlorinate the water supply in
6700:
1310:
performed case studies and statistical analysis to demonstrate that typhoid was contagious – and that persons who already had the disease seemed to be protected. Afterward, several
American doctors confirmed these findings, and then
554:
Typhi are ST1 and ST2, which are widespread globally. Global phylogeographical analysis showed dominance of a haplotype 58 (H58), which probably originated in India during the late 1980s and is now spreading through the world with
1375:(1850–1918) confirmed Eberth's findings. Gaffky isolated the same bacterium as Eberth from the spleen of a typhoid victim, and was able to grow the bacterium on solid media. The organism was given names such as Eberth's bacillus,
1654:
intact. The heat-killed bacteria was then injected into a patient. To show evidence of the vaccine's efficacy, Wright then collected serum samples from patients several weeks post-vaccination, and tested their serum's ability to
1690:
American military became mandatory in 1911. Before the vaccine, the rate of typhoid fever in the military was 14,000 or greater per 100,000 soldiers. By World War I, the rate of typhoid in American soldiers was 37 per 100,000.
1322:
learned of an epidemic of typhoid fever in Clifton, and identified that all 13 of 34 residents who had contracted the disease drew their drinking water from the same well. Notably, this observation was two years prior to
813:
is still used in countries where the newer preparations are not available, but this vaccine is no longer recommended for use because it has more side effects (mainly pain and inflammation at the site of the injection).
3998:
Cao XT, Kneen R, Nguyen TA, Truong DL, White NJ, Parry CM (March 1999). "A comparative study of ofloxacin and cefixime for treatment of typhoid fever in children. The Dong Nai Pediatric Center Typhoid Study Group".
809:). Both are efficacious and recommended for travelers to areas where typhoid is endemic. Boosters are recommended every five years for the oral vaccine and every two years for the injectable form. An older, killed
163:
Likely to recover without complications if proper antibiotics administered and diagnosed early. If infecting strain is multi-drug resistant or extensively drug resistant then prognosis more difficult to determine.
6332:
7051:
7036:
7021:
1004:
A separate problem exists with laboratory testing for reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin; current recommendations are that isolates should be tested simultaneously against ciprofloxacin (CIP) and against
1678:. The British Army was the only combatant at the outbreak of the war to have its troops fully immunized against the bacterium. For the first time, their casualties due to combat exceeded those from disease.
4469:
Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Veyi J, Kaswa M, Lunguya O, Verhaegen J, Boelaert M (January 2009). "An outbreak of peritonitis caused by multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhi in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo".
1347:
described a short bacillus in the organs and feces of typhoid victims in 1874. Browicz was able to isolate and grow the bacilli but did not go as far as to insinuate or prove that they caused the disease.
1459:
typhoid fever diagnosis, the city conducted an investigation of typhoid symptoms and cases along his route and found evidence of a significant outbreak. A month after the outbreak was first reported, the
6362:
3601:
2723:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
1534:
tracks typhoid carriers and reports the number of carriers identified within the county yearly; between 2006 and 2016 0–4 new cases of typhoid carriers were identified per year. Cases of typhoid fever
415:
In the second week, the person is often too tired to get up, with high fever in plateau around 40 °C (104 °F) and bradycardia (sphygmothermic dissociation or Faget sign), classically with a
2155:
364:
is a different disease, caused by unrelated species of bacteria. Owing to their similar symptoms, they were not recognized as distinct diseases until the 1800s. "Typhoid" means "resembling typhus".
4909:
Khan MI, Pach A, Khan GM, Bajracharya D, Sahastrabuddhe S, Bhutta W, et al. (June 2015). "Typhoid vaccine introduction: An evidence-based pilot implementation project in Nepal and Pakistan".
1146:, Kent outbreak in 1897–1898: 1,847 patients were recorded to have typhoid fever. This outbreak is notable because it was the first time a typhoid vaccine was deployed during a civilian outbreak.
2633:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
4498:
1001:
is better at treating resistant typhoid than both fluoroquinolone drugs and ceftriaxone. Azithromycin can be taken by mouth and is less expensive than ceftriaxone, which is given by injection.
1549:
species by studying infections in laboratory animals, which will ultimately lead to improved prevention and treatment options for typhoid carriers. In 2002, John Gunn described the ability of
6716:
2775:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
841:
vaccine is recommended for people five and older, lasting 5–7 years with 51%–67% efficacy. The two vaccines have proved safe and effective for epidemic disease control in multiple regions.
4670:
1835:, co-inventor of the airplane with his brother Orville, died from typhoid in 1912 at the age of 45. Orville had typhoid in 1896, during which time Wilbur would read aloud to him, books by
372:
Classically, the progression of untreated typhoid fever has three distinct stages, each lasting about a week. Over the course of these stages, the patient becomes exhausted and emaciated.
1638:
in South Africa. At that time, typhoid often killed more soldiers at war than were lost due to enemy combat. Wright further developed his vaccine at a newly opened research department at
736:
If the serum does not have an antibody in it, the blue particles attach to the brown particles and settle at the bottom, producing a colorless solution, which means the test is negative.
6972:
1445:("Typhoid Mary") in a hospital bed (foreground): She was forcibly quarantined as a carrier of typhoid fever in 1907 for three years and then again from 1915 until her death in 1938.
1315:
to have intestinal lesions after death; these observations solidified the association of the disease with the intestinal tract and gave the first clue to the route of transmission.
7154:
1716:
enabled development of the safer Vi Antigen vaccine – which is widely in use today. Arthur Felix and Margaret Pitt also isolated the strain Ty2, which became the parent strain of
1281:
had either a liver abscess or typhoid fever, and survived by using ice baths and cold compresses as a means of treatment for his fever. There is a statue of the Greek physician,
935:
occurs. One study found a 30-day mortality rate of 9% (8/88), and surgical site infections at 67% (59/88), with the disease burden borne predominantly by low-resource countries.
1506:
Overall, in the early 20th century the medical profession began to identify carriers of the disease, and evidence of transmission independent of water contamination. In a 1933
1150:'s vaccine was offered to 200 healthcare providers, and of the 84 individuals who received the vaccine, none developed typhoid whereas 4 who had not been vaccinated became ill.
1060:
of typhoid fever was 10%–20%. Today, with prompt treatment, it is less than 1%, but 3%–5% of people who are infected develop a chronic infection in the gall bladder. Since
6737:
6171:"Salmonella typhimurium persists within macrophages in the mesenteric lymph nodes of chronically infected Nramp1+/+ mice and can be reactivated by IFNgamma neutralization"
1713:
3827:
Soe GB, Overturf GD (1987). "Treatment of typhoid fever and other systemic salmonelloses with cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefoperazone, and other newer cephalosporins".
3422:
716:
outer membrane protein is attached as fixed test lines. It separately identifies IgM and IgG antibodies. IgM shows recent infection; IgG signifies remote infection.
982:
is now common, these agents are no longer used as first–line treatment of typhoid fever. Typhoid resistant to these agents is known as multidrug-resistant typhoid.
997:
as the first line for treating suspected typhoid originating in South America, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Thailand, or Vietnam. Also, it has been suggested that
3917:
Dutta P, Mitra U, Dutta S, De A, Chatterjee MK, Bhattacharya SK (June 2001). "Ceftriaxone therapy in ciprofloxacin treatment failure typhoid fever in children".
761:
typhoid fever, as it eliminated the public-health hazards associated with having horse manure in public streets, which led to a large number of flies, which are
6384:
6354:
4725:
Levine MM, Black RE, Lanata C (December 1982). "Precise estimation of the numbers of chronic carriers of Salmonella typhi in Santiago, Chile, an endemic area".
3609:
5837:
Fuller GW (1909). "Description of the Process and Plant of the Jersey City Water Supply Company for the Sterilization of the Water of the Boonton Reservoir.".
133:
Typhi bacteria; have close contact with someone who is infected or has recently been infected with typhoid fever; drink water polluted by sewage that contains
5802:
2257:
2137:
1069:
subsp. enterica serovar Typhi associated with a large outbreak and a carrier at the genome level provides new insight into the pathogenesis of the pathogen.
4811:"Comparative genomics of closely related Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strains reveals genome dynamics and the acquisition of novel pathogenic elements"
2978:"Global MLST of Salmonella Typhi Revisited in Post-genomic Era: Genetic Conservation, Population Structure, and Comparative Genomics of Rare Sequence Types"
7147:
6588:
585:
of the bacterium. An asymptomatic human carrier is someone who is still excreting typhoid bacteria in stool a year after the acute stage of the infection.
559:. A more detailed genotyping scheme was reported in 2016 and is now being used widely. This scheme reclassified the nomenclature of H58 to genotype 4.3.1.
353:
In 2015, 12.5 million new typhoid cases were reported. The disease is most common in India. Children are most commonly affected. Typhoid decreased in the
3029:"Phylogeographical analysis of the dominant multidrug-resistant H58 clade of Salmonella Typhi identifies inter- and intracontinental transmission events"
2631:
Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).
6275:
5419:
4238:"Extensively Drug-Resistant Typhoid Fever in Pakistan – Watch – Level 1, Practice Usual Precautions – Travel Health Notices | Travelers' Health | CDC"
4862:"Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Laboratory Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Antimicrobial Management of Invasive Salmonella Infections"
166:
Among untreated acute cases, 10% will shed bacteria for three months after initial onset of symptoms, and 2–5% will become chronic typhoid carriers.
4762:"Genome sequence and comparative pathogenomics analysis of a Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi strain associated with a typhoid carrier in Malaysia"
4403:
4043:
3779:
5540:
Yapijakis C (2009). "Hippocrates of Kos, the father of clinical medicine, and Asclepiades of Bithynia, the father of molecular medicine. Review".
1659:
live typhoid bacteria. A "positive" result was represented by clumping of bacteria, indicating that the body was producing anti-serum (now called
7140:
1584:
1572:
6647:
5286:
1091:
In Europe, a report based on data for 2017 retrieved from The European Surveillance System (TESSy) on the distribution of confirmed typhoid and
4507:"Genetic fine structure of a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strain associated with the 2005 outbreak of typhoid fever in Kelantan, Malaysia"
2721:
Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016).
1531:
4556:"Insights from the genome sequence of a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strain associated with a sporadic case of typhoid fever in Malaysia"
3963:
Bhutta ZA, Khan IA, Molla AM (November 1994). "Therapy of multidrug-resistant typhoid fever with oral cefixime vs. intravenous ceftriaxone".
635:
4962:
3390:
1095:
cases found that 22 EU/EEA countries reported a total of 1,098 cases, 90.9% of which were travel-related, mainly acquired during travel to
423:
can occur, where the patient is often calm, but sometimes becomes agitated. This delirium has given typhoid the nickname "nervous fever".
8699:
5724:
1402:, England, was the first town to have its entire water supply chlorinated. In 1905, following an outbreak of typhoid fever, the City of
631:
5697:
6670:
770:
220:
may be severe, but is uncommon. Other people may carry it without being affected, but are still contagious. Typhoid fever is a type of
6220:"Host transmission of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is controlled by virulence factors and indigenous intestinal microbiota"
145:
Preventable by vaccine. Travelers to regions with higher typhoid prevalence are usually encouraged to get a vaccination before travel.
6289:
Wright AE, Douglas SR (1904-01-31). "An experimental investigation of the rôle of the blood fluids in connection with phagocytosis".
1693:
During the second world war, the United States army authorized the use of a trivalent vaccine – containing heat-inactivated Typhoid,
4603:
2535:"Emergence of Extensively Drug-Resistant Salmonella Typhi Infections Among Travelers to or from Pakistan – United States, 2016–2018"
3202:"Performance of Widal test and stool culture in the diagnosis of typhoid fever among suspected patients in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"
1666:
Citing the example of the Second Boer War, during which many soldiers died from easily preventable diseases, Wright convinced the
8704:
4695:
4103:"Management and Outcomes Following Surgery for Gastrointestinal Typhoid: An International, Prospective, Multicentre Cohort Study"
1406:, instituted permanent water chlorination. The first permanent disinfection of drinking water in the US was made in 1908 to the
392:) is seen in a quarter of cases, and abdominal pain is also possible. A decrease in the number of circulating white blood cells (
70:
919:, and ciprofloxacin have been commonly used to treat it. Treatment with antibiotics reduces the case-fatality rate to about 1%.
439:
are elevated. The Widal test is strongly positive, with antiO and antiH antibodies. Blood cultures are sometimes still positive.
3436:
Cirillo VJ (2006). ""Winged sponges": houseflies as carriers of typhoid fever in 19th- and early 20th-century military camps".
2888:
492:
Neuropsychiatric symptoms (described as "muttering delirium" or "coma vigil"), with picking at bedclothes or imaginary objects.
196:. Symptoms vary from mild to severe, and usually begin six to 30 days after exposure. Often there is a gradual onset of a high
5887:
4072:
1954:, English novelist, died in 1932 of typhoid, two months after drinking a glass of water in a Paris hotel to prove it was safe.
1305:. Both doctors performed autopsies on individuals who died in Paris due to fever – and indicated that many had lesions on the
334:. Until an infection is confirmed as cleared, the infected person should not prepare food for others. Typhoid is treated with
8709:
8320:
6886:
5759:
5262:
4712:
3276:
3184:
2868:
2149:
1335:
and ensured a clean water supply, and documented further evidence of typhoid as a water-borne illness throughout his career.
1161:
1129:
449:
ensues along with malnutrition, and the patient is delirious. A third of affected people develop a macular rash on the trunk.
6808:
6088:
3259:
Feasey NA, Gordon MA (2014). "Salmonella Infections". In Farrar J, Hotez P, Junghanss T, Kang G, Lalloo D, White NJ (eds.).
7970:
7715:
3418:
1650:
in broth, then heating the bacteria to 60 °C to "heat inactivate" the pathogen, killing it, while keeping the surface
2682:"Updated recommendations for the use of typhoid vaccine—Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2015"
2296:
153:
Antibiotics, hydration, surgery in extreme cases. Quarantine to avoid exposing others (not commonly done in modern times).
6583:
6487:
2192:
1240:
680:
test is used to identify specific antibodies in the serum of people with typhoid by using antigen-antibody interactions.
239:
6914:"The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017"
6034:"The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017"
2773:
Abubakar II, Tillmann T, Banerjee A, et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (January 2015).
7396:
4704:
1768:
1705:
3944:Коваленко АН, et al. (2011). "Особенности клиники, диагностики и лечения брюшного тифа у лиц молодого возраста".
7524:
7167:
6555:
6401:
5524:
7960:
2249:
1014:
7965:
7506:
1789:
1327:
first publishing an early version of his theory that contaminated water was the central conduit for transmitting
1311:
260:
5466:"Salmonella typhi in the democratic republic of the congo: fluoroquinolone decreased susceptibility on the rise"
4154:. Hot Topics in Infection and Immunity in Children - Papers from the 10th annual IIC meeting, Oxford, UK, 2012.
525:
7538:
7132:
5046:"DNA examination of ancient dental pulp incriminates typhoid fever as a probable cause of the Plague of Athens"
1822:
1639:
1298:
798:
347:
8628:
4101:
Anyomih TK, Drake TM, Glasbey J, Fitzgerald JE, Ots R, et al. (GlobalSurg Collaborative) (October 2018).
1499:, experienced an outbreak of typhoid fever, consisting of 26 cases and 5 deaths, all deaths due to intestinal
1160:
In 1902 guests at mayoral banquets in Southampton and Winchester, England became ill and four died, including
7354:
6267:
5902:
1874:
1812:
1379:
Typhi, and Gaffky-Eberth bacillus. Today, the bacillus that causes typhoid fever goes by the scientific name
1026:
912:
5670:
129:
Living in or travel to areas where typhoid fever is established; work as a clinical microbiologist handling
8714:
8524:
7848:
7284:
5647:
5464:
Lunguya O, Lejon V, Phoba MF, Bertrand S, Vanhoof R, Verhaegen J, et al. (2012-11-15). Ryan ET (ed.).
4604:"WHO | A study of typhoid fever in five Asian countries: Disease burden and implications for controls"
4462:
1839:, a German pioneer in human flight. This started the two men on their own pursuit of creating an airplane.
1535:
1507:
1077:
4407:
4051:
216:. In severe cases, people may experience confusion. Without treatment, symptoms may last weeks or months.
107:
Usually 7–10 days after antibiotic treatment begins. Longer if there are complications or drug resistance.
8185:
8179:
7795:
5335:
1671:
1372:
753:
168:
Some carriers are diagnosed by positive tissue specimen. Chronic carriers are by definition asymptomatic.
4944:
4237:
8264:
1738:
1642:
Medical School in London from 1902, where he established a method for measuring protective substances (
1260:
4190:"Chronic and acute infection of the gall bladder by Salmonella Typhi: understanding the carrier state"
7985:
7820:
7789:
7719:
7500:
7242:
5558:
The Greek physician Antonius Musa notably cured the emperor Augustus of typhoid fever with cold baths
5290:
2388:
1829:, died 32 days into his term, in 1841. This is the shortest term served by a United States President.
1137:
946:
is indicated for patients with multiple perforations. If antibiotic treatment fails to eradicate the
834:
700:
Rapid diagnostic tests such as Tubex, Typhidot, and Test-It have shown moderate diagnostic accuracy.
452:
5822:
Leal JL (1909). "The Sterilization Plant of the Jersey City Water Supply Company at Boonton, N.J.".
3343:"One-step 2-minute test to detect typhoid-specific antibodies based on particle separation in tubes"
3078:"An extended genotyping framework for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the cause of human typhoid"
2533:
Chatham-Stephens K, Medalla F, Hughes M, Appiah GD, Aubert RD, Caidi H, et al. (January 2019).
1741:
during the 1940s. In 1948 American army doctors tested its efficacy in treating typhoid patients in
938:
For surgical treatment, most surgeons prefer simple closure of the perforation with drainage of the
688:
recently infected people. But unlike the Typhidot test, the Widal test quantifies the specimen with
376:
In the first week, the body temperature rises slowly, and fever fluctuations are seen with relative
8460:
8363:
8242:
7980:
7975:
7859:
7648:
7467:
7390:
7382:
7066:
4623:"Accelerating the discovery of antibacterial compounds using pathway-directed whole cell screening"
1884:
1646:) in human blood. Wright's version of the typhoid vaccine was produced by growing the bacterium at
1154:
975:
869:
654:
is generally undertaken while awaiting the results of the Widal test and blood and stool cultures.
556:
311:
6032:
Stanaway JD, Reiner RC, Blacker BF, Goldberg EM, Khalil IA, Troeger CE, et al. (April 2019).
3657:
Shakya M, Colin-Jones R, Theiss-Nyland K, Voysey M, Pant D, Smith N, et al. (December 2019).
2822:
Cunha BA (March 2004). "Osler on typhoid fever: differentiating typhoid from typhus and malaria".
550:
subsp. enterica serovar Typhi. Based on MLST subtyping scheme, the two main sequence types of the
76:
8664:
8544:
8504:
8446:
8165:
7932:
7368:
7326:
6648:"Hoogleraar heeft aanwijzingen voor abortus bij Wilhelmina: 'Monarchie hing aan zijden draadje' (
1860:
1656:
1583:
of disease transmission, and that the intestinal microbiota likely plays a role in transmission.
1407:
5623:
5140:
1993:
573:, no animal carriers of typhoid are known. Humans are the only known carriers of the bacterium.
350:. Resistance to these antibiotics has been developing, which has made treatment more difficult.
8694:
8480:
8398:
8357:
8353:
8234:
8228:
7995:
7705:
7640:
7434:
7340:
7312:
7246:
3870:
Wallace MR, Yousif AA, Mahroos GA, Mapes T, Threlfall EJ, Rowe B, et al. (December 1993).
3778:
Effa EE, Lassi ZS, Critchley JA, Garner P, Sinclair D, Olliaro PL, et al. (October 2011).
1818:
1780:
1592:
932:
7106:
7030:
5736:
3292:
Wijedoru L, Mallett S, Parry CM, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (May 2017).
2858:
2339:
Pitzer VE, Meiring J, Martineau FP, Watson CH, Kang G, Basnyat B, et al. (October 2019).
1851:, Mexican general and politician, died at the age of 33 of typhoid fever on September 8, 1862.
8497:
8486:
8284:
7914:
7740:
7711:
7518:
7278:
7232:
6897:
6860:
4992:
Appiah GD, Chung A, Bentsi-Enchill AD, Kim S, Crump JA, Mogasale V, et al. (June 2020).
3708:
1925:
1805:
1623:
1615:
1254:
762:
709:
582:
466:
is a very serious complication and often fatal. It may occur without alarming symptoms until
6790:
6678:
5709:
2457:
Reproducible diagnostic metabolites in plasma from typhoid fever patients in Asia and Africa
733:
particles remain in the solution, producing a blue color, which means the test is positive.
529:
A 1939 conceptual illustration showing various ways that typhoid bacteria can contaminate a
287:
of an infected person. Risk factors include limited access to clean drinking water and poor
8658:
8618:
8571:
8453:
8104:
8062:
8042:
7999:
7855:
7654:
7334:
6987:
5098:
3632:
3089:
2214:
1948:, captain of the 1886 Australian cricket team that toured England, died of typhoid in 1910.
1682:
1523:
1483:
1410:, water supply. Credit for the decision to build the chlorination system has been given to
1122:
5443:
5087:"Salmonella enterica genomes from victims of a major sixteenth-century epidemic in Mexico"
4607:
1845:, political opponent of Abraham Lincoln in 1858 and 1860, died of typhoid on June 3, 1861.
8:
8636:
8581:
8250:
8126:
8071:
8019:
7938:
7881:
7834:
7769:
7617:
7609:
7603:
7320:
7306:
7175:
7055:
6355:"Medical lessons from World War I underscore need to keep developing antimicrobial drugs"
3479:
1966:, Union cavalry officer during the Civil War, died of typhoid fever on December 16, 1863.
1912:
1904:
1381:
1270:
986:
183:
6624:"Nicholas II - At the Court of the Last Tsar - Chapter 1, Part 2, The Empress Alexandra"
5305:
5102:
5086:
3578:
3553:
3093:
1157:: government records estimate over 21,000 troops had typhoid, resulting in 2,200 deaths.
8624:
8535:
8036:
8025:
7946:
7890:
7678:
7376:
7362:
7292:
7269:
6938:
6913:
6521:
6469:
6314:
6244:
6219:
6195:
6170:
6058:
6033:
5967:
5942:
5492:
5465:
5391:
5366:
5122:
5018:
4993:
4886:
4861:
4837:
4810:
4786:
4761:
4647:
4622:
4580:
4555:
4531:
4506:
4446:
4429:
4377:
4352:
4328:
4303:
4214:
4189:
4150:
Waddington CS, Darton TC, Pollard AJ (January 2014). "The challenge of enteric fever".
4127:
4102:
3899:
3844:
3804:
3757:
3685:
3658:
3522:
3505:
3461:
3318:
3293:
3268:
3236:
3201:
3112:
3077:
3053:
3028:
3027:
Wong VK, Baker S, Pickard DJ, Parkhill J, Page AJ, Feasey NA, et al. (June 2015).
3004:
2977:
2934:
2799:
2774:
2747:
2722:
2698:
2681:
2657:
2632:
2608:
2583:
2559:
2534:
2510:
2485:
2454:
Näsström E, Parry CM, Thieu NT, Maude RR, de Jong HK, Fukushima M, et al. (2017).
2431:
2406:
2365:
2340:
2110:
2077:
2058:
2033:
Wain J, Hendriksen RS, Mikoleit ML, Keddy KH, Ochiai RL (March 2015). "Typhoid fever".
1888:
1878:
1842:
1571:
described a mouse model of asymptomatic intestinal and systemic infection in 2004, and
1478:
The most notorious carrier of typhoid fever, but by no means the most destructive, was
1415:
1367:
1178:
in 1908 – linked to milk delivery. See history section, "carriers" for further details.
1057:
810:
774:
712:
OMP antigen. This test is carried out on a cellulose nitrate membrane where a specific
456:
432:
85:
6929:
6516:
6438:
6143:
6118:
6049:
5043:
4554:
Yap KP, Teh CS, Baddam R, Chai LC, Kumar N, Avasthi TS, et al. (September 2012).
3367:
3342:
2835:
2790:
2738:
2648:
2046:
1363:
in typhoid victims. The bacterium's role in disease was speculated but not confirmed.
962:, but is not always successful in eradicating the carrier state because of persisting
777:
of drinking water has led to dramatic decreases in the transmission of typhoid fever.
8609:
8575:
8439:
8371:
8134:
8112:
8081:
7532:
7298:
7077:
6943:
6882:
6843:
6835:
6708:
6623:
6561:
6551:
6393:
6306:
6249:
6200:
6148:
6119:"Biofilm formation and interaction with the surfaces of gallstones by Salmonella spp"
6063:
6014:
6010:
5972:
5859:
5765:
5755:
5628:
5614:
5583:
5549:
5520:
5497:
5396:
5378:
5268:
5258:
5114:
5067:
5023:
4926:
4891:
4842:
4791:
4742:
4708:
4652:
4585:
4536:
4487:
4451:
4382:
4333:
4284:
4219:
4167:
4132:
4016:
4012:
3980:
3976:
3926:
3891:
3852:
3809:
3749:
3690:
3583:
3527:
3453:
3372:
3323:
3272:
3241:
3223:
3180:
3117:
3076:
Wong VK, Baker S, Connor TR, Pickard D, Page AJ, Dave J, et al. (October 2016).
3058:
3009:
2926:
2864:
2839:
2804:
2752:
2703:
2662:
2613:
2564:
2515:
2461:
2436:
2370:
2311:
2145:
2115:
2097:
2050:
1892:
1868:
1698:
1694:
1530:
infection is likely to occur in South/Southeast Asian and Sub-Saharan countries. The
1294:
1228:
1092:
852:
830:
708:
Typhidot is based on the presence of specific IgM and IgG antibodies to a specific 50
314:, and the cost of testing are also hardships for under-resourced healthcare systems.
225:
65:
8053:
8010:
7905:
7060:
6473:
6318:
6134:
5877:
4080:
3903:
3465:
3358:
2884:
817:
8600:
8515:
8306:
8153:
8140:
7955:
7572:
7554:
7461:
7420:
7348:
7218:
6933:
6925:
6593:
6461:
6434:
6298:
6239:
6231:
6190:
6182:
6138:
6130:
6053:
6045:
6006:
5962:
5954:
5855:
Local attachments : the making of an American urban neighborhood, 1850 to 1920
5618:
5610:
5487:
5477:
5386:
5126:
5106:
5057:
5044:
Papagrigorakis MJ, Yapijakis C, Synodinos PN, Baziotopoulou-Valavani E (May 2006).
5013:
5005:
4918:
4881:
4873:
4832:
4822:
4781:
4773:
4734:
4700:
4690:
4642:
4634:
4575:
4567:
4526:
4518:
4479:
4441:
4372:
4364:
4323:
4315:
4274:
4209:
4201:
4159:
4122:
4114:
4008:
3972:
3883:
3872:"Ciprofloxacin versus ceftriaxone in the treatment of multiresistant typhoid fever"
3836:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3761:
3741:
3680:
3670:
3573:
3565:
3517:
3445:
3362:
3354:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3264:
3231:
3213:
3155:
3107:
3097:
3048:
3040:
2999:
2989:
2938:
2918:
2831:
2794:
2786:
2742:
2734:
2693:
2652:
2644:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2554:
2546:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2426:
2418:
2360:
2352:
2105:
2089:
2062:
2042:
1957:
1848:
1647:
1580:
1496:
1460:
1419:
1403:
1360:
1306:
1224:
1116:
1010:
578:
511:
482:
343:
256:
7117:
6650:
Professor has indication for abortion Wilhelmina: Monarchy was hanging by a thread
6609:
4922:
3569:
3160:
3143:
2952:
2341:"The Invisible Burden: Diagnosing and Combatting Typhoid Fever in Asia and Africa"
2076:
Mathur R, Oh H, Zhang D, Park SG, Seo J, Koblansky A, et al. (October 2012).
1670:
that 10 million vaccine doses should be produced for the troops being sent to the
8550:
8471:
8425:
8330:
8270:
8205:
8147:
8116:
8108:
7811:
7781:
7775:
7658:
7487:
7411:
7238:
7071:
6814:
6701:"Willie Lincoln's death: A private agony for a president facing a nation of pain"
5482:
5420:"Short Wave: Typhoid Mary: Lessons From An Infamous Quarantine on Apple Podcasts"
4760:
Yap KP, Gan HM, Teh CS, Baddam R, Chai LC, Kumar N, et al. (November 2012).
4319:
4183:
4181:
1939:
1908:
1864:
1836:
1728:
1635:
1344:
1248:
955:
885:
806:
786:
651:
354:
318:
7162:
4483:
2584:"Treatment of enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid fever) with cephalosporins"
2582:
Kuehn R, Stoesser N, Eyre D, Darton TC, Basnyat B, Parry CM (24 November 2022).
2319:
907:
Properly treated, typhoid fever is not fatal in most cases. Antibiotics such as
48:
8650:
8300:
8294:
8157:
7895:
7426:
7193:
7163:
7120:
7082:
6956:
6597:
5062:
5045:
4738:
4505:
Baddam R, Kumar N, Thong KL, Ngoi ST, Teh CS, Yap KP, et al. (July 2012).
4368:
4163:
2184:
2093:
2003:. 2016. p. 133 – via Los Angeles County Department of Public Health.
1951:
1931:
1854:
1799:
1784:
1576:
1568:
1147:
1085:
1035:
Typhoid fever incidence; most common in Asia, Africa, Central and South America
1006:
990:
802:
416:
323:
201:
7045:
6973:"Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances – Salmonella enterica spp"
6911:
6813:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Archived from
6738:"Maldiçãp, febre e alucinações: a melancólica morte de Leopoldina de Bragança"
6601:
6495:
5863:
5110:
4827:
4638:
4178:
4118:
3840:
3218:
2922:
2465:
1301:
are credited with describing typhoid fever as a specific disease, unique from
283:. Typhoid is spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with the
8688:
8646:
8562:
8389:
8344:
8085:
7920:
7687:
7598:
7452:
7258:
7224:
7199:
7184:
6839:
6830:
6712:
6579:
6392:. U.S. Army Medical Research & Material Command (2008). 2008. p. 5.
6310:
6018:
5769:
5632:
5382:
5272:
3780:"Fluoroquinolones for treating typhoid and paratyphoid fever (enteric fever)"
3227:
3144:"Salmonella:A review on pathogenesis, epidemiology and antibiotic resistance"
2994:
2101:
1919:
1832:
1826:
1815:
may have had an abortion in 1902 because of a typhoid infection she survived.
1579:
are responsible for the majority of transmission to new hosts, following the
1564:
1467:
1450:
1356:
1282:
1171:
947:
889:
602:
496:
436:
401:
296:
6565:
6218:
Lawley TD, Bouley DM, Hoy YE, Gerke C, Relman DA, Monack DM (January 2008).
3480:"History of Drinking Water Treatment | Drinking Water | Healthy Water | CDC"
1634:. It was introduced in 1896 and used successfully by the British during the
588:
8642:
8416:
7623:
7563:
7510:
7495:
7440:
6947:
6847:
6465:
6302:
6253:
6204:
6152:
6067:
5976:
5958:
5587:
5571:
5553:
5501:
5400:
5118:
5071:
5027:
4930:
4895:
4846:
4795:
4656:
4589:
4540:
4491:
4455:
4386:
4337:
4288:
4223:
4171:
4136:
4020:
3930:
3813:
3753:
3694:
3587:
3531:
3457:
3327:
3245:
3121:
3062:
3013:
2930:
2843:
2808:
2756:
2707:
2666:
2617:
2568:
2550:
2519:
2440:
2374:
2315:
2119:
2054:
1935:
1777:
of Rome (suspected based on historical record but not confirmed), survived.
1742:
1733:
1709:
1667:
1626:
first developed an effective typhoid vaccine at the Army Medical School in
1527:
1488:
1411:
1319:
998:
979:
943:
613:
500:
487:
339:
205:
6895:
6763:
5252:
5009:
4746:
3984:
3895:
3856:
3675:
3449:
3376:
3142:
Eng SK, Pusparajah P, Ab Mutalib NS, Ser HL, Chan KG, Lee LH (June 2015).
1438:
8216:
8171:
8122:
7826:
7578:
7101:
6545:
6235:
6186:
6089:"Acute Communicable Disease Control Manual (B-73): Typhoid Fever Carrier"
5692:
4877:
3659:"Phase 3 Efficacy Analysis of a Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine Trial in Nepal"
2356:
1963:
1898:
1857:, songwriter and composer died of typhoid at age 31 on November 19, 1828.
1675:
1479:
1442:
1427:
1352:
1182:
1164:, after consuming oysters. The infection was due to oysters sourced from
1133:
994:
951:
916:
893:
845:
749:
610:
606:
471:
467:
446:
442:
In the third week of typhoid fever, a number of complications can occur:
397:
377:
331:
276:
272:
124:
60:
serological variant Typhi (shown under a microscope with flagellar stain)
6807:
Scott BF (23 September 1910). "Scott, Henry James Herbert (1858–1910)".
4963:"Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: Annual Epidemiological Report for 2017"
4777:
4571:
4522:
4205:
3506:"Typhoid fever & vaccine development: a partially answered question"
3102:
1720:, the strain used as a live-attenuated vaccine for typhoid fever today.
1514:
1080:
resulted in more than 42,000 cases and 214 deaths. Since November 2016,
7590:
6397:
4994:"Typhoid Outbreaks, 1989–2018: Implications for Prevention and Control"
3887:
3848:
1795:
1611:
1551:
1545:
1518:
New Typhoid carrier cases reported in L.A. County between 2006 and 2016
1500:
1096:
939:
908:
897:
744:
663:
617:
569:
543:
530:
445:
The fever is still very high and oscillates very little over 24 hours.
424:
409:
393:
381:
335:
327:
307:
288:
230:
213:
5853:
4621:
Matano LM, Morris HG, Wood BM, Meredith TC, Walker S (December 2016).
4279:
4262:
3745:
2455:
1901:, "Typhoid Mary" – see history section, "carriers" for further details
1802:, while still Prince of Wales, had a near fatal case of typhoid fever.
1107:
8404:
8256:
7924:
7865:
7746:
7112:
6898:"Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever: Information for Health Professionals"
5141:"Disease & Death in Early America: Tully Area Historical Society"
2142:
CDC health information for international travel 2014: the yellow book
1945:
1686:
1631:
1563:
in mice, providing a model for studying carriage in the gallbladder.
1560:
1399:
1324:
1232:
1143:
985:
Ciprofloxacin resistance is an increasing problem, especially in the
959:
683:
In this test, the serum is mixed with a dead bacterial suspension of
647:
643:
478:
427:
appear on the lower chest and abdomen in around a third of patients.
389:
252:
158:
7013:
5943:"A Milk Borne Epidemic of Typhoid Fever Traced to a Urinary Carrier"
5673:[New investigations into the bacilli of abdominal typhoid].
5572:"History and current status of Polish gastroenterological pathology"
3871:
3656:
3294:"Rapid diagnostic tests for typhoid and paratyphoid (enteric) fever"
3044:
1788:
color, then finally a state of extreme fatigue. Attending physician
872:
in the 1960s provided a simple way to prevent many of the deaths of
7840:
5650:[Organisms in the organs in cases of Typhus abdominalis].
3876:
European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases
2532:
2422:
1774:
1660:
1278:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1165:
1081:
978:
to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and
901:
873:
789:
are licensed for use for the prevention of typhoid: the live, oral
668:
628:
621:
504:
420:
217:
209:
187:
4968:. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. October 2020
4860:
Crump JA, Sjölund-Karlsson M, Gordon MA, Parry CM (October 2015).
1031:
8431:
8377:
7731:
7696:
6592:(online ed.). Oxford University Press (published May 2006).
5289:. Emsworth Business Association. 10 February 2019. Archived from
3732:
Parry CM, Beeching NJ (June 2009). "Treatment of enteric fever".
1651:
1643:
1556:
1472:
1395:
1332:
1328:
1206:
963:
794:
639:
428:
385:
248:
221:
5601:"Typhoid Fever Considered as a Problem of Scientific Medicine".
4859:
4421:
2001:
Acute Communicable Disease Control: 2016 Annual Morbidity Report
1231:, was most likely an outbreak of typhoid fever. During the war,
855:(TCV) in December 2019 reported 81% fewer cases among children.
7209:
7040:
7025:
2483:
1627:
1596:
1455:
1302:
1265:
1236:
1175:
361:
308:
detecting an immune response to the pathogen from blood samples
264:
22:
6970:
6810:
Australian Dictionary of Biography – Henry James Herbert Scott
6425:
Felix A, Pitt RM (July 1934). "A New Antigen of B. Typhosus".
4468:
1197:, Tajikistan, in 1996–1997: 10,677 cases reported, 108 deaths.
1168:, where the oyster beds had been contaminated with raw sewage.
235:
Typhi is believed to infect and replicate only within humans.
6912:
GBD 2017 Typhoid and Paratyphoid Collaborators (April 2019).
6896:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (March 30, 2021).
6031:
4187:
4100:
3503:
1717:
1600:
790:
689:
677:
463:
284:
280:
268:
200:
over several days. This is commonly accompanied by weakness,
197:
4991:
2338:
1960:, Japanese medical scientist, died of typhoid fever in 1934.
1017:
0.125–1.0 mg/L), would not be detected by this method.
638:). In epidemics and less wealthy countries, after excluding
6386:
USAMRMC: 50 Years of Dedication to the Warfighter 1958–2008
5671:"Neue Untersuchungen über den Bacillus des Abdominaltyphus"
4809:
Yap KP, Gan HM, Teh CS, Chai LC, Thong KL (November 2014).
2032:
1351:
In April 1880, three months prior to Eberth's publication,
884:
Where resistance is uncommon, the treatment of choice is a
459:
occurs; this can be very serious, but is usually not fatal.
6881:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company Inc.
6517:"TYPHOID OR DRAIN FEVER, AND HOW TO PREVENT ITS SPREADING"
4188:
Gonzalez-Escobedo G, Marshall JM, Gunn JS (January 2011).
3551:
3141:
2484:
Milligan R, Paul M, Richardson M, Neuberger A (May 2018).
1288:
1235:
retreated into a walled-in city to escape attack from the
212:, and mild vomiting. Some people develop a skin rash with
5882:
5463:
3869:
1140:
estimates the death toll was over 6,000 during this time.
358:
as high as 20%. With treatment, it is between 1% and 4%.
5700:[On the investigation of pathogenic organisms].
4620:
3777:
3026:
2860:
Bacterial Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control
2772:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1792:, an expert on typhoid fever at the time, diagnosed him.
1073:
public-health needs is not expected in the near future.
6954:
6492:
Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases
4908:
4149:
3552:
Date KA, Bentsi-Enchill A, Marks F, Fox K (June 2015).
3341:
Lim PL, Tam FC, Cheong YM, Jegathesan M (August 1998).
2581:
2453:
1526:
exist all over the world, but the highest incidence of
5648:"Die Organismen in den Organen bei Typhus abdominalis"
5257:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company.
4945:"Extensively Drug-Resistant Typhoid Fever in Pakistan"
3504:
Marathe SA, Lahiri A, Negi VD, Chakravortty D (2012).
3340:
3075:
2720:
1132:. Between 1607 and 1624, 85% of the population at the
892:. Otherwise, a third-generation cephalosporin such as
6116:
5754:(1st ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
5603:
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association
4998:
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1977:
958:
is sometimes successful, especially in patients with
7003:
6454:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
6217:
5749:
4504:
3997:
3291:
3263:(23rd ed.). Saunders Ltd. pp. 337–348.e2.
302:
Diagnosis is performed by culturing and identifying
6452:Craigie J (1957-11-01). "Arthur Felix, 1887–1956".
4301:
2630:
1674:, thereby saving up to half a million lives during
1433:
6789:
6550:. Nicola Smith. New Haven: Yale University Press.
6168:
4350:
2334:
2332:
993:. Many centres are shifting from ciprofloxacin to
821:Vivotif – oral typhoid vaccine of live-attenuated
5903:"10 Things You May Not Know About 'Typhoid Mary'"
5729:Mitteillungen aus dem Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamt
5702:Mitteilungen aus dem Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte
5675:Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie
5652:Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie
4724:
4718:
4304:"Typhoid and paratyphoid fever: a call to action"
3916:
2976:Yap KP, Ho WS, Gan HM, Chai LC, Thong KL (2016).
2953:"Typhoid fever: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
2679:
2389:"Typhoid Fever: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment"
2075:
1915:, died of typhoid fever in 1884 at the age of 15.
8686:
8608:
5940:
4753:
4553:
4353:"Fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella Typhi"
4302:Gibani MM, Britto C, Pollard AJ (October 2018).
3199:
2909:Kumar P, Kumar R (March 2017). "Enteric Fever".
2407:"Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid Fever"
1575:went on to demonstrate that a sub-population of
1274:were not detected in any of the remains tested.
1181:Outbreak in upperclass New Yorkers who employed
6169:Monack DM, Bouley DM, Falkow S (January 2004).
6117:Prouty AM, Schwesinger WH, Gunn JS (May 2002).
5727:[On the etiology of abdominal typhus].
5569:
4759:
3962:
3773:
3771:
2329:
577:subsp. enterica serovar Typhi is spread by the
16:Disease caused by the bacteria Salmonella Typhi
5941:Sears HJ, Garhart RW, Mack DW (October 1924).
4802:
4547:
4427:
4351:Cooke FJ, Wain J, Threlfall EJ (August 2006).
2969:
1928:, English poet, died of typhoid fever in 1889.
1618:developed the first effective typhoid vaccine.
1532:Los Angeles County department of public health
7148:
6671:"Egg Foetus Baby, A New History of Pregnancy"
6288:
4808:
4263:"Multidrug-resistant typhoid fever: a review"
3731:
2856:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2078:"A Mouse Model of Salmonella Typhi Infection"
1723:
5839:Proceedings American Water Works Association
5824:Proceedings American Water Works Association
5698:"Zur Untersuchung von pathogenen Organismen"
5514:
5371:Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine
5050:International Journal of Infectious Diseases
4267:Journal of Infection in Developing Countries
3943:
3768:
3633:"Typhoid vaccine 'works fantastically well'"
3258:
2975:
2902:
2400:
2398:
2131:
2129:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1587:'s mouse model allows long-term carriage of
5999:Journal of the American Medical Association
5878:"Nova: The Most Dangerous Woman in America"
5851:
5078:
4406:. World Health Organization. Archived from
4260:
4094:
3826:
3784:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3298:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3200:Mawazo A, Bwire GM, Matee MI (2019-06-05).
2824:Infectious Disease Clinics of North America
2686:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
2680:Jackson BR, Iqbal S, Mahon B (March 2015).
2539:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
2490:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2460:. Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen.
1907:, son of American tycoon and politician A.
863:
829:To help decrease rates of typhoid fever in
769:spp. According to statistics from the U.S.
7155:
7141:
6494:. University of Washington. Archived from
6291:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
5517:A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome
4949:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
2908:
2624:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2404:
2231:
1185:– 51 cases and 3 deaths from 1907 to 1915.
771:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
75:
47:
6955:National Health Service (June 18, 2018).
6937:
6424:
6243:
6194:
6142:
6057:
5966:
5750:Wertheim HF, Horby P, Woodall JP (2012).
5622:
5539:
5491:
5481:
5390:
5303:
5250:
5061:
5017:
4885:
4836:
4826:
4785:
4646:
4579:
4530:
4445:
4434:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
4376:
4327:
4278:
4213:
4126:
3803:
3684:
3674:
3630:
3577:
3521:
3366:
3317:
3235:
3217:
3159:
3111:
3101:
3052:
3003:
2993:
2798:
2768:
2766:
2746:
2714:
2697:
2656:
2607:
2558:
2509:
2430:
2395:
2364:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2138:"3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel"
2126:
2109:
2007:
844:A version of the vaccine combined with a
695:
6377:
5997:"Typhoid Carriers and Their Treatment".
4428:Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED (May 2004).
4001:The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
3965:The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
1808:, survived, illness was circa 1900–1901.
1610:
1513:
1437:
1388:
1209:, Uganda in 2015: 10,230 cases reported.
1111:Map of Typhoid Fever Outbreaks 1989–2018
1106:
1030:
816:
743:
667:
587:
524:
6971:Public Health Agency of Canada (2010).
6876:
6787:
6668:
6589:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
6578:
6451:
6096:Los Angeles Department of Public Health
5570:Stachura J, Gałazka K (December 2003).
5279:
4696:Control of Communicable Diseases Manual
3725:
3435:
3419:"The Great Horse Manure Crisis of 1894"
3174:
3168:
3128:
2588:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2486:"Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever"
2472:
1922:'s five children died of typhoid fever.
1289:Definition and evidence of transmission
546:bacterium that causes typhoid fever is
8687:
6698:
6164:
6162:
6083:
6081:
6079:
6077:
5992:
5990:
5988:
5986:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5924:
5922:
5836:
5722:
5668:
5645:
5576:Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
5533:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5084:
5039:
5037:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4472:Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease
4398:
4396:
4308:Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
3919:The Indian Journal of Medical Research
3554:"Typhoid fever vaccination strategies"
3510:The Indian Journal of Medical Research
2763:
2297:"Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper"
2272:
2162:
2135:
1757:
1606:
1331:. Budd later became health officer of
1277:It is possible that the Roman emperor
851:Results of a phase 3 trial of typhoid
581:from people who are infected and from
388:, headache, and cough. A bloody nose (
8321:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
7136:
6834:. Vol. 203. F.C. Westley. 1959.
6806:
6543:
5870:
5414:
5412:
5410:
5364:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5160:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3261:Manson's Tropical Infectious Diseases
2821:
1218:
462:Intestinal perforation in the distal
367:
7706:Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus
6365:from the original on 30 January 2016
6175:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
5821:
5725:"Zur aetiologie des abdominaltyphus"
5695:
5508:
5367:"The Curious Career of Typhoid Mary"
4627:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry
4430:"The global burden of typhoid fever"
3438:Perspectives in Biology and Medicine
1934:, South African child inmate of the
6159:
6074:
5983:
5919:
5691:Eberth's findings were verified by
5034:
4980:
4393:
3663:The New England Journal of Medicine
2405:Crump JA, Mintz ED (January 2010).
2304:Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire
1084:has had an outbreak of extensively
797:Switzerland AG) and the injectable
408:subsp. enterica serovar Typhi. The
299:, a common type of food poisoning.
238:Typhoid is caused by the bacterium
13:
8700:Conditions diagnosed by stool test
7168:Gram-negative bacterial infections
6869:
5858:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
5752:Atlas of Human Infectious Diseases
5407:
5353:
5313:
5309:(Report). London: HMSO. p. 1.
5157:
4727:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
4705:American Public Health Association
3538:
3269:10.1016/B978-0-7020-5101-2.00026-1
1994:"TYPHOID FEVER, ACUTE AND CARRIER"
1769:Category:Deaths from typhoid fever
1449:There were several occurrences of
1136:died from a typhoid epidemic. The
404:; blood cultures are positive for
14:
8726:
7525:Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis
5947:American Journal of Public Health
5900:
5785:Journal of the Sanitary Institute
5783:"Typhoid Epidemic at Maidstone".
5444:"Typhoid left city 'under siege'"
2260:from the original on 2 April 2015
1913:Leland Stanford Junior University
1871:Lincoln, died of typhoid in 1862.
1762:
7741:Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus
7716:Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome
6854:
6821:
6800:
6781:
6756:
6730:
6692:
6662:
6640:
6616:
6572:
6537:
6509:
6480:
6445:
6418:
6347:
6325:
6282:
6278:from the original on 2013-11-11.
6260:
6211:
6110:
6025:
6011:10.1001/jama.1933.02740230044012
5894:
5890:from the original on 2010-04-26.
5845:
5830:
5815:
5795:
5615:10.1001/jama.1918.02600360063023
5470:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
4013:10.1097/00006454-199903000-00007
3977:10.1097/00006454-199411000-00010
3602:"Vivaxim Solution for injection"
3425:from the original on 2015-05-25.
3398:Reszon Diagnostics International
3391:"TYPHIDOT Rapid IgG/IgM (Combo)"
3347:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
2195:from the original on 6 June 2016
2158:from the original on 2015-07-02.
1942:, died of typhoid fever in 1901.
1895:, died of typhoid fever in 1884.
1434:Direct transmission and carriers
1076:In 2004–2005 an outbreak in the
931:Surgery is usually indicated if
904:is a suitable oral alternative.
650:, a therapeutic trial time with
7507:Human granulocytic anaplasmosis
6675:Dutch foundation for literature
6333:"Library and Archive Catalogue"
6135:10.1128/iai.70.5.2640-2649.2002
6038:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
5776:
5743:
5716:
5685:
5662:
5639:
5594:
5563:
5457:
5436:
5297:
5133:
4955:
4937:
4902:
4853:
4684:
4663:
4614:
4596:
4344:
4295:
4261:Zaki SA, Karande S (May 2011).
4254:
4230:
4143:
4065:
4050:. February 2009. Archived from
4036:
4027:
3991:
3956:
3937:
3910:
3863:
3820:
3701:
3650:
3631:Gallagher J (4 December 2019).
3624:
3594:
3497:
3472:
3429:
3411:
3383:
3359:10.1128/JCM.36.8.2271-2278.1998
3334:
3285:
3252:
3193:
3069:
3020:
2945:
2891:from the original on 2013-07-02
2877:
2850:
2815:
2673:
2575:
2526:
2447:
2381:
1128:"Burning Fever" outbreak among
1056:Before the antibiotic era, the
1020:
1013:, the class which CIP belongs (
748:Doctor administering a typhoid
562:
348:third-generation cephalosporins
8705:Intestinal infectious diseases
7539:Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection
6918:The Lancet Infectious Diseases
6742:aventurasnahistoria.uol.com.br
6547:The cult of the Prince Consort
6522:The Warwick Examiner and Times
5803:"A miracle for public health?"
5624:2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t9d516735
5254:Typhoid fever : a history
5091:Nature Ecology & Evolution
5085:Vågene Å, et al. (2018).
3829:Reviews of Infectious Diseases
3796:10.1002/14651858.CD004530.pub4
3310:10.1002/14651858.CD008892.pub2
3175:Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004).
2887:. Merriam Webster Dictionary.
2857:Evans AS, Brachman PS (2013).
2600:10.1002/14651858.CD010452.pub2
2502:10.1002/14651858.CD001261.pub4
2207:
2069:
1938:concentration camp during the
1748:
1299:Pierre-Charles-Alexandre Louis
1047: Moderately endemic areas
879:
799:typhoid polysaccharide vaccine
780:
115:Gastrointestinal infection of
1:
7355:Flinders Island spotted fever
6930:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30685-6
6792:Gerard Manley Hopkins: A Life
6439:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)44360-6
6050:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30685-6
4923:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.087
4866:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
3570:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.028
3179:(4th ed.). McGraw Hill.
3161:10.1080/21553769.2015.1051243
2836:10.1016/S0891-5520(03)00094-1
2791:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2
2739:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1
2649:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
2047:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62708-7
1970:
1875:Princess Leopoldina of Brazil
1813:Wilhelmina of the Netherlands
1027:Epidemiology of typhoid fever
969:
913:trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
765:of many pathogens, including
739:
727:
657:
592:Pathogenesis of typhoid fever
477:Respiratory diseases such as
455:due to bleeding in congested
8710:Vaccine-preventable diseases
8525:Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
7849:Burkholderia cepacia complex
7285:Rocky Mountain spotted fever
6610:UK public library membership
5515:Platner SB, Ashby T (2002).
5483:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001921
4678:Florida Department of Health
4320:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000479
4194:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
3177:Sherris Medical Microbiology
2911:Indian Journal of Pediatrics
2411:Clinical Infectious Diseases
2345:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1891:and paternal grandmother of
1508:American Medical Association
1102:
1078:Democratic Republic of Congo
1041: Strongly endemic areas
858:
793:vaccine (sold as Vivotif by
596:
295:bacteria that usually cause
190:Typhi bacteria, also called
7:
8186:Far East scarlet-like fever
8180:Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
7796:Chromobacteriosis infection
6268:"Sir Almroth Edward Wright"
5519:. Oxford University Press.
4484:10.1016/j.tmaid.2008.12.006
2310:(6): 49–59. February 2008.
1373:Georg Theodor August Gaffky
1246:DNA were detected, whereas
848:vaccine is also available.
754:San Augustine County, Texas
703:
537:
10:
8731:
6861:Hakaru Hashimoto#Biography
5145:tullyhistoricalsociety.org
5063:10.1016/j.ijid.2005.09.001
4369:10.1136/bmj.333.7563.353-b
4164:10.1016/j.jinf.2013.09.013
3946:Voen.-meditsinskii Zhurnal
2094:10.1016/j.cell.2012.08.042
1881:, died of typhoid in 1871.
1863:, the son of US president
1806:Tsar Nicholas II of Russia
1766:
1724:Antibiotics and resistance
1704:In 1934, discovery of the
1261:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
1213:
1024:
926:
661:
20:
8599:
8561:
8534:
8514:
8470:
8415:
8388:
8343:
8317:
8281:
8213:
8204:
8096:
8061:
8052:
8009:
7986:Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
7904:
7889:
7880:
7821:Burkholderia pseudomallei
7810:
7790:Chromobacterium violaceum
7757:
7730:
7720:Meningococcal septicaemia
7695:
7686:
7677:
7589:
7562:
7553:
7501:Anaplasma phagocytophilum
7486:
7451:
7410:
7268:
7257:
7208:
7192:
7183:
7174:
7092:
7007:
6957:"Typhoid Fever: Overview"
5735:: 372–420. Archived from
5365:Soper GA (October 1939).
5111:10.1038/s41559-017-0446-6
4828:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1007
4639:10.1016/j.bmc.2016.08.003
4119:10.1007/s00268-018-4624-8
4048:World Health Organization
3219:10.1186/s13104-019-4340-y
3148:Frontiers in Life Science
2982:Frontiers in Microbiology
2923:10.1007/s12098-016-2246-4
2863:. Springer. p. 839.
1418:facility was designed by
1285:, who treated his fever.
1138:World Health Organization
835:World Health Organization
601:Diagnosis is made by any
520:
181:, is a disease caused by
157:
149:
141:
123:
111:
103:
99:1–2 weeks after ingestion
95:
84:
64:
55:
46:
42:Enteric fever, slow fever
38:
33:
8461:Plesiomonas shigelloides
8243:Brazilian purpuric fever
7860:Bordetella parapertussis
7649:Bartonella bacilliformis
7468:Flea-borne spotted fever
7398:Rickettsia aeschlimannii
7391:Rickettsia aeschlimannii
7383:American tick bite fever
6879:Typhoid Fever: a history
6584:"Edward VII (1841–1910)"
6005:(23): 1866. 1933-06-10.
5542:In Vivo (Athens, Greece)
5251:Adler R, Mara E (2016).
4739:10.1093/infdis/146.6.724
4152:The Journal of Infection
4107:World Journal of Surgery
2995:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00270
1885:Martha Bulloch Roosevelt
1827:United States of America
1714:Miss S. R. Margaret Pitt
1663:) against the pathogen.
1338:
1295:Pierre-Fidele Bretonneau
870:oral rehydration therapy
864:Oral rehydration therapy
567:Unlike other strains of
435:) and tender, and liver
306:from patient samples or
21:Not to be confused with
8629:Guillain–Barré syndrome
8545:Cardiobacterium hominis
8505:Acinetobacter baumannii
8447:Vibrio parahaemolyticus
8166:Yersinia enterocolitica
7933:Klebsiella granulomatis
7369:African tick bite fever
7327:North Asian tick typhus
6764:"A History of Stanford"
6699:Dennis B (2011-09-29).
6658:(in Dutch). 2023-04-19.
6628:www.alexanderpalace.org
6272:Encyclopædia Britannica
5609:(10): 847. 1918-09-07.
5340:Remember Jamaica Plain?
4766:Journal of Bacteriology
4560:Journal of Bacteriology
4511:Journal of Bacteriology
3841:10.1093/clinids/9.4.719
1861:William Wallace Lincoln
1622:British bacteriologist
1408:Jersey City, New Jersey
177:, also known simply as
8481:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
8399:Francisella tularensis
8358:Legionella longbeachae
8354:Legionella pneumophila
7996:Enterobacter aerogenes
7641:Bacillary angiomatosis
7435:Orientia tsutsugamushi
7341:Queensland tick typhus
7313:Japanese spotted fever
7247:Flying squirrel typhus
6598:10.1093/ref:odnb/32975
6466:10.1098/rsbm.1957.0005
6303:10.1098/rspl.1903.0062
6224:Infection and Immunity
6123:Infection and Immunity
5959:10.2105/ajph.14.10.848
5852:Von Hoffman A (1996).
5708:: 1–49. Archived from
2551:10.15585/mmwr.mm6801a3
2351:(Suppl 5): S395–S401.
1887:, mother of president
1819:William Henry Harrison
1781:Albert, Prince Consort
1619:
1593:mesenteric lymph nodes
1519:
1446:
1398:, Germany and in 1897
1162:the Dean of Winchester
1112:
1049:
933:intestinal perforation
826:
801:(sold as Typhim Vi by
757:
696:Rapid diagnostic tests
673:
593:
534:
495:Metastatic abscesses,
453:Intestinal haemorrhage
261:mesenteric lymph nodes
8498:Moraxella catarrhalis
8364:Legionnaires' disease
8285:Pasteurella multocida
7915:Klebsiella pneumoniae
7712:Meningococcal disease
7519:Ehrlichia chaffeensis
7279:Rickettsia rickettsii
7243:Brill–Zinsser disease
7233:Rickettsia prowazekii
6988:"Typhoid: Fact Sheet"
6828:"Straw for Silence".
5304:Bulstrode HT (1903).
5010:10.4269/ajtmh.19-0624
4073:"WHO | Typhoid fever"
4044:"Diarrhoeal Diseases"
3676:10.1056/NEJMoa1905047
3450:10.1353/pbm.2006.0005
3082:Nature Communications
1926:Gerard Manley Hopkins
1624:Almroth Edward Wright
1616:Almroth Edward Wright
1614:
1517:
1441:
1389:Chlorination of water
1255:Rickettsia prowazekii
1153:American army in the
1110:
1088:(XDR) typhoid fever.
1034:
900:is the first choice.
876:diseases in general.
820:
747:
671:
591:
583:asymptomatic carriers
557:multi-drug resistance
528:
312:antibiotic resistance
251:Typhi growing in the
8659:Helicobacter cinaedi
8619:Campylobacter jejuni
8572:Aeromonas hydrophila
8454:Vibrio alginolyticus
8105:Shigella dysenteriae
8043:Citrobacter freundii
8000:Enterobacter cloacae
7856:Bordetella pertussis
7335:Rickettsia australis
6297:(477–486): 357–370.
6236:10.1128/iai.01189-07
6187:10.1084/jem.20031319
5791:: 388. October 1897.
4951:. 30 September 2019.
4878:10.1128/CMR.00002-15
4680:. December 23, 2013.
2733:(10053): 1459–1544.
2643:(10053): 1545–1602.
1683:Frederick F. Russell
1495:In 1924 the city of
1484:asymptomatic carrier
1454:contaminated water.
1355:described short and
1155:Spanish-American war
1148:Almoth Edward Wright
1130:indigenous Americans
1123:Cocoliztli epidemics
954:should be resected.
514:) is sometimes seen.
510:Low platelet count (
412:is usually negative.
8715:Waterborne diseases
8637:Helicobacter pylori
8127:Bacillary dysentery
8072:Salmonella enterica
8020:Serratia marcescens
7939:Granuloma inguinale
7835:Burkholderia mallei
7770:Eikenella corrodens
7618:Bartonella quintana
7610:Cat-scratch disease
7604:Bartonella henselae
7321:Rickettsia sibirica
7307:Rickettsia japonica
6877:Adler R ME (2016).
6768:Stanford University
6705:The Washington Post
5582:(Suppl 3): 183–92.
5293:on 3 February 2016.
5103:2018NatEE...2..520V
4778:10.1128/jb.01416-12
4572:10.1128/jb.01062-12
4523:10.1128/jb.00581-12
4206:10.1038/nrmicro2490
4158:(Suppl 1): S38-50.
4054:on November 2, 2011
3564:(Suppl 3): C55-61.
3103:10.1038/ncomms12827
3094:2016NatCo...712827W
1905:Leland Stanford Jr.
1758:Society and culture
1607:Vaccine development
1382:Salmonella enterica
1293:The French doctors
1271:Bartonella henselae
987:Indian subcontinent
911:, chloramphenicol,
868:The rediscovery of
548:Salmonella enterica
241:Salmonella enterica
184:Salmonella enterica
117:Salmonella enterica
71:Infectious diseases
58:Salmonella enterica
8625:Campylobacteriosis
8536:Cardiobacteriaceae
8037:Citrobacter koseri
7947:Klebsiella oxytoca
7377:Rickettsia parkeri
7363:Rickettsia africae
7293:Rickettsia conorii
7093:External resources
6990:. January 31, 2018
6788:Ruggles E (1944).
6582:(September 2004).
5841:. pp. 110–34.
5669:Eberth CJ (1881).
5646:Eberth CJ (1880).
5287:"Emsworth Oysters"
4917:(Suppl 3): C62-7.
3888:10.1007/BF01992163
3206:BMC Research Notes
2357:10.1093/cid/ciz611
2136:Newton AE (2014).
1946:Dr HJH 'Tup' Scott
1889:Theodore Roosevelt
1843:Stephen A. Douglas
1798:of the UK, son of
1731:was isolated from
1640:St Mary's Hospital
1620:
1520:
1447:
1371:1884, pathologist
1368:Karl Joseph Eberth
1312:Sir William Jenner
1219:Early descriptions
1113:
1058:case fatality rate
1050:
831:developing nations
827:
825:Typhi strain Ty21a
811:whole-cell vaccine
758:
674:
620:(demonstration of
594:
535:
433:hepatosplenomegaly
368:Signs and symptoms
224:fever, along with
214:rose colored spots
8682:
8681:
8678:
8677:
8610:Campylobacterales
8595:
8594:
8576:Aeromonas veronii
8440:Vibrio vulnificus
8372:Coxiella burnetii
8339:
8338:
8265:H. parainfluenzae
8200:
8199:
8196:
8195:
8135:Proteus mirabilis
8082:Paratyphoid fever
7971:Enterohemorrhagic
7891:Enterobacteriales
7876:
7875:
7806:
7805:
7673:
7672:
7669:
7668:
7655:Carrion's disease
7549:
7548:
7533:Ehrlichia ewingii
7482:
7481:
7478:
7477:
7299:Boutonneuse fever
7130:
7129:
6888:978-0-7864-9781-2
6608:(Subscription or
6433:(5787): 186–191.
5826:. pp. 100–9.
5761:978-1-4443-5467-6
5723:Gaffky G (1884).
5336:"Typhoid Milkman"
5264:978-0-7864-9781-2
4713:978-0-87553-189-2
4691:Heymann, David L.
4633:(24): 6307–6314.
4610:on July 14, 2008.
4280:10.3855/jidc.1405
4113:(10): 3179–3188.
3746:10.1136/bmj.b1159
3669:(23): 2209–2218.
3612:on 1 October 2015
3278:978-0-7020-5101-2
3186:978-0-8385-8529-0
2870:978-1-4615-5327-4
2325:on April 2, 2015.
2151:978-0-19-994849-9
2041:(9973): 1136–45.
1893:Eleanor Roosevelt
1451:milk delivery men
1343:Polish scientist
1229:Peloponnesian War
1093:paratyphoid fever
853:conjugate vaccine
304:S. enterica typhi
226:paratyphoid fever
172:
171:
56:Causative agent:
28:Medical condition
8722:
8606:
8605:
8516:Xanthomonadaceae
8324:
8307:Actinobacillosis
8288:
8221:
8211:
8210:
8141:Proteus vulgaris
8059:
8058:
7956:Escherichia coli
7902:
7901:
7887:
7886:
7762:
7693:
7692:
7684:
7683:
7573:Brucella abortus
7560:
7559:
7555:Hyphomicrobiales
7462:Rickettsia felis
7421:Rickettsia akari
7349:Rickettsia honei
7266:
7265:
7219:Rickettsia typhi
7206:
7205:
7190:
7189:
7181:
7180:
7157:
7150:
7143:
7134:
7133:
7005:
7004:
6999:
6997:
6995:
6983:
6981:
6979:
6967:
6965:
6963:
6951:
6941:
6908:
6906:
6904:
6892:
6863:
6858:
6852:
6851:
6825:
6819:
6818:
6804:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6785:
6779:
6778:
6776:
6774:
6760:
6754:
6753:
6751:
6749:
6734:
6728:
6727:
6725:
6724:
6715:. Archived from
6696:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6686:
6677:. Archived from
6666:
6660:
6659:
6644:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6620:
6614:
6613:
6605:
6600:. Archived from
6576:
6570:
6569:
6544:Darby E (1983).
6541:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6530:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6484:
6478:
6477:
6449:
6443:
6442:
6422:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6412:
6406:
6400:. Archived from
6391:
6381:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6370:
6351:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6340:
6329:
6323:
6322:
6286:
6280:
6279:
6264:
6258:
6257:
6247:
6215:
6209:
6208:
6198:
6166:
6157:
6156:
6146:
6114:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6103:
6093:
6085:
6072:
6071:
6061:
6029:
6023:
6022:
5994:
5981:
5980:
5970:
5938:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5898:
5892:
5891:
5874:
5868:
5867:
5849:
5843:
5842:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5819:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5780:
5774:
5773:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5720:
5714:
5713:
5689:
5683:
5682:
5666:
5660:
5659:
5643:
5637:
5636:
5626:
5598:
5592:
5591:
5567:
5561:
5560:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5512:
5506:
5505:
5495:
5485:
5461:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5416:
5405:
5404:
5394:
5362:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5332:
5311:
5310:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5248:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5065:
5041:
5032:
5031:
5021:
5004:(6): 1296–1305.
4989:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4967:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4889:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4840:
4830:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4789:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4722:
4716:
4701:Washington, D.C.
4688:
4682:
4681:
4675:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4650:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4606:. Archived from
4600:
4594:
4593:
4583:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4534:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4449:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4400:
4391:
4390:
4380:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4331:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4282:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4217:
4185:
4176:
4175:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4130:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4079:. Archived from
4069:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4040:
4034:
4031:
4025:
4024:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3807:
3790:(10): CD004530.
3775:
3766:
3765:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3713:www.uptodate.com
3705:
3699:
3698:
3688:
3678:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3608:. Archived from
3606:NPS MedicineWise
3598:
3592:
3591:
3581:
3549:
3536:
3535:
3525:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3395:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3370:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3321:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3239:
3221:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3139:
3126:
3125:
3115:
3105:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3056:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3007:
2997:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2802:
2785:(9963): 117–71.
2770:
2761:
2760:
2750:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2701:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2660:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2611:
2594:(11): CD010452.
2579:
2573:
2572:
2562:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2513:
2481:
2470:
2469:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2434:
2402:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2368:
2336:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2318:. Archived from
2301:
2293:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2256:. May 14, 2013.
2246:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2191:. May 14, 2013.
2181:
2160:
2159:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2113:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2030:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1990:
1958:Hakaru Hashimoto
1879:Emperor Pedro II
1849:Ignacio Zaragoza
1775:Emperor Augustus
1648:body temperature
1536:must be reported
1497:Portland, Oregon
1420:George W. Fuller
1404:Lincoln, England
1225:plague of Athens
1117:Plague of Athens
1046:
1040:
1011:fluoroquinolones
805:and Typherix by
787:typhoid vaccines
579:fecal-oral route
512:thrombocytopenia
483:acute bronchitis
344:fluoroquinolones
193:Salmonella typhi
80:
79:
51:
31:
30:
8730:
8729:
8725:
8724:
8723:
8721:
8720:
8719:
8685:
8684:
8683:
8674:
8591:
8557:
8530:
8510:
8472:Pseudomonadales
8466:
8426:Vibrio cholerae
8411:
8384:
8335:
8318:
8313:
8282:
8277:
8214:
8192:
8148:Yersinia pestis
8092:
8048:
8005:
7961:Enterotoxigenic
7893:
7872:
7812:Burkholderiales
7802:
7776:Kingella kingae
7758:
7753:
7726:
7665:
7659:Verruga peruana
7585:
7545:
7488:Anaplasmataceae
7474:
7447:
7406:
7260:
7253:
7239:Epidemic typhus
7197:
7170:
7161:
7131:
7126:
7125:
7088:
7087:
7016:
7002:
6993:
6991:
6986:
6977:
6975:
6961:
6959:
6902:
6900:
6889:
6872:
6870:Further reading
6867:
6866:
6859:
6855:
6827:
6826:
6822:
6805:
6801:
6786:
6782:
6772:
6770:
6762:
6761:
6757:
6747:
6745:
6736:
6735:
6731:
6722:
6720:
6697:
6693:
6684:
6682:
6667:
6663:
6646:
6645:
6641:
6632:
6630:
6622:
6621:
6617:
6607:
6577:
6573:
6558:
6542:
6538:
6528:
6526:
6515:
6514:
6510:
6501:
6499:
6488:"Typhoid Fever"
6486:
6485:
6481:
6450:
6446:
6423:
6419:
6410:
6408:
6404:
6389:
6383:
6382:
6378:
6368:
6366:
6353:
6352:
6348:
6338:
6336:
6335:. Royal Society
6331:
6330:
6326:
6287:
6283:
6266:
6265:
6261:
6216:
6212:
6167:
6160:
6115:
6111:
6101:
6099:
6091:
6087:
6086:
6075:
6030:
6026:
5996:
5995:
5984:
5939:
5920:
5911:
5909:
5899:
5895:
5876:
5875:
5871:
5850:
5846:
5835:
5831:
5820:
5816:
5807:
5805:
5801:
5800:
5796:
5782:
5781:
5777:
5762:
5748:
5744:
5721:
5717:
5696:Koch R (1881).
5690:
5686:
5667:
5663:
5644:
5640:
5600:
5599:
5595:
5568:
5564:
5538:
5534:
5527:
5513:
5509:
5462:
5458:
5449:
5447:
5442:
5441:
5437:
5428:
5426:
5418:
5417:
5408:
5377:(10): 698–712.
5363:
5354:
5345:
5343:
5334:
5333:
5314:
5302:
5298:
5285:
5284:
5280:
5265:
5249:
5158:
5149:
5147:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5083:
5079:
5042:
5035:
4990:
4981:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4960:
4956:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4907:
4903:
4858:
4854:
4807:
4803:
4758:
4754:
4723:
4719:
4689:
4685:
4673:
4671:"Typhoid Fever"
4669:
4668:
4664:
4619:
4615:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4552:
4548:
4503:
4499:
4467:
4463:
4426:
4422:
4413:
4411:
4404:"Typhoid Fever"
4402:
4401:
4394:
4363:(7563): 353–4.
4349:
4345:
4300:
4296:
4259:
4255:
4246:
4244:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4186:
4179:
4148:
4144:
4099:
4095:
4086:
4084:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4057:
4055:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4032:
4028:
3996:
3992:
3961:
3957:
3942:
3938:
3915:
3911:
3868:
3864:
3825:
3821:
3776:
3769:
3730:
3726:
3717:
3715:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3655:
3651:
3641:
3639:
3629:
3625:
3615:
3613:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3550:
3539:
3502:
3498:
3489:
3487:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3434:
3430:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3402:
3400:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3339:
3335:
3304:(5): CD008892.
3290:
3286:
3279:
3257:
3253:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3173:
3169:
3140:
3129:
3074:
3070:
3045:10.1038/ng.3281
3033:Nature Genetics
3025:
3021:
2974:
2970:
2961:
2959:
2957:medlineplus.gov
2951:
2950:
2946:
2907:
2903:
2894:
2892:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2855:
2851:
2820:
2816:
2771:
2764:
2719:
2715:
2678:
2674:
2629:
2625:
2580:
2576:
2531:
2527:
2496:(5): CD001261.
2482:
2473:
2452:
2448:
2403:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2337:
2330:
2322:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2273:
2263:
2261:
2250:"Typhoid Fever"
2248:
2247:
2232:
2223:
2221:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2196:
2185:"Typhoid Fever"
2183:
2182:
2163:
2152:
2134:
2127:
2074:
2070:
2031:
2008:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1978:
1973:
1940:Second Boer War
1909:Leland Stanford
1837:Otto Lilienthal
1771:
1765:
1760:
1751:
1729:Chloramphenicol
1726:
1636:Second Boer War
1609:
1522:Today, typhoid
1436:
1391:
1385:serovar Typhi.
1361:Peyer's patches
1359:bacilli in the
1345:Tadeusz Browicz
1341:
1307:Peyer's patches
1291:
1279:Augustus Caesar
1249:Yersinia pestis
1221:
1216:
1105:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1029:
1023:
972:
956:Cholecystectomy
929:
886:fluoroquinolone
882:
866:
861:
807:GlaxoSmithKline
783:
752:at a school in
742:
730:
706:
698:
672:Widal test card
666:
660:
652:chloramphenicol
599:
565:
540:
523:
457:Peyer's patches
370:
355:developed world
319:typhoid vaccine
257:Peyer's patches
74:
29:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8728:
8718:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8680:
8679:
8676:
8675:
8673:
8672:
8671:
8670:
8655:
8654:
8653:
8651:Gastric cancer
8633:
8632:
8631:
8614:
8612:
8603:
8597:
8596:
8593:
8592:
8590:
8589:
8588:
8587:
8567:
8565:
8559:
8558:
8556:
8555:
8554:
8553:
8540:
8538:
8532:
8531:
8529:
8528:
8520:
8518:
8512:
8511:
8509:
8508:
8501:
8494:
8493:
8492:
8476:
8474:
8468:
8467:
8465:
8464:
8457:
8450:
8443:
8436:
8435:
8434:
8421:
8419:
8413:
8412:
8410:
8409:
8408:
8407:
8394:
8392:
8386:
8385:
8383:
8382:
8381:
8380:
8368:
8367:
8366:
8349:
8347:
8341:
8340:
8337:
8336:
8334:
8333:
8327:
8325:
8315:
8314:
8312:
8311:
8310:
8309:
8301:Actinobacillus
8297:
8295:Pasteurellosis
8291:
8289:
8279:
8278:
8276:
8275:
8274:
8273:
8261:
8260:
8259:
8247:
8246:
8245:
8240:
8224:
8222:
8208:
8206:Pasteurellales
8202:
8201:
8198:
8197:
8194:
8193:
8191:
8190:
8189:
8188:
8176:
8175:
8174:
8162:
8161:
8160:
8158:Bubonic plague
8144:
8131:
8130:
8129:
8100:
8098:
8094:
8093:
8091:
8090:
8089:
8088:
8067:
8065:
8056:
8050:
8049:
8047:
8046:
8033:
8032:
8031:
8015:
8013:
8007:
8006:
8004:
8003:
7991:
7990:
7989:
7988:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7966:Enteroinvasive
7963:
7951:
7950:
7943:
7942:
7941:
7929:
7928:
7927:
7910:
7908:
7899:
7884:
7878:
7877:
7874:
7873:
7871:
7870:
7869:
7868:
7852:
7845:
7844:
7843:
7831:
7830:
7829:
7816:
7814:
7808:
7807:
7804:
7803:
7801:
7800:
7799:
7798:
7786:
7785:
7784:
7765:
7763:
7755:
7754:
7752:
7751:
7750:
7749:
7736:
7734:
7728:
7727:
7725:
7724:
7723:
7722:
7701:
7699:
7690:
7681:
7675:
7674:
7671:
7670:
7667:
7666:
7664:
7663:
7662:
7661:
7645:
7644:
7643:
7628:
7627:
7626:
7614:
7613:
7612:
7595:
7593:
7591:Bartonellaceae
7587:
7586:
7584:
7583:
7582:
7581:
7568:
7566:
7557:
7551:
7550:
7547:
7546:
7544:
7543:
7542:
7541:
7529:
7528:
7527:
7515:
7514:
7513:
7492:
7490:
7484:
7483:
7480:
7479:
7476:
7475:
7473:
7472:
7471:
7470:
7457:
7455:
7449:
7448:
7446:
7445:
7444:
7443:
7431:
7430:
7429:
7427:Rickettsialpox
7416:
7414:
7408:
7407:
7405:
7404:
7403:
7402:
7387:
7386:
7385:
7373:
7372:
7371:
7359:
7358:
7357:
7345:
7344:
7343:
7331:
7330:
7329:
7317:
7316:
7315:
7303:
7302:
7301:
7289:
7288:
7287:
7274:
7272:
7263:
7255:
7254:
7252:
7251:
7250:
7249:
7229:
7228:
7227:
7214:
7212:
7203:
7194:Rickettsiaceae
7187:
7178:
7172:
7171:
7164:Pseudomonadota
7160:
7159:
7152:
7145:
7137:
7128:
7127:
7124:
7123:
7109:
7097:
7096:
7094:
7090:
7089:
7086:
7085:
7074:
7063:
7048:
7033:
7017:
7012:
7011:
7009:
7008:Classification
7001:
7000:
6984:
6968:
6952:
6924:(4): 369–381.
6909:
6893:
6887:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6865:
6864:
6853:
6820:
6817:on 2011-02-21.
6799:
6780:
6755:
6744:. June 7, 2020
6729:
6691:
6661:
6639:
6615:
6604:on 2016-03-02.
6571:
6556:
6536:
6525:. 6 April 1878
6508:
6479:
6444:
6417:
6376:
6361:. 2014-11-11.
6346:
6324:
6281:
6259:
6210:
6158:
6109:
6073:
6044:(4): 369–381.
6024:
5982:
5953:(10): 848–54.
5918:
5893:
5869:
5844:
5829:
5814:
5794:
5775:
5760:
5742:
5739:on 2017-04-23.
5715:
5712:on 2017-04-23.
5684:
5661:
5638:
5593:
5562:
5548:(4): 507–514.
5532:
5525:
5507:
5456:
5435:
5424:Apple Podcasts
5406:
5352:
5312:
5296:
5278:
5263:
5156:
5132:
5097:(3): 520–528.
5077:
5033:
4979:
4954:
4936:
4901:
4852:
4801:
4772:(21): 5970–1.
4752:
4717:
4693:, ed. (2008),
4683:
4662:
4613:
4595:
4566:(18): 5124–5.
4546:
4517:(13): 3565–6.
4497:
4461:
4420:
4392:
4343:
4314:(5): 440–448.
4294:
4273:(05): 324–37.
4253:
4229:
4177:
4142:
4093:
4064:
4035:
4033:Baron S et al.
4026:
3990:
3955:
3936:
3909:
3882:(12): 907–10.
3862:
3819:
3767:
3724:
3700:
3649:
3623:
3593:
3537:
3496:
3471:
3428:
3410:
3382:
3333:
3284:
3277:
3251:
3192:
3185:
3167:
3154:(3): 284–293.
3127:
3068:
3019:
2968:
2944:
2917:(3): 227–230.
2901:
2876:
2869:
2849:
2814:
2762:
2713:
2672:
2623:
2574:
2525:
2471:
2446:
2423:10.1086/649541
2394:
2380:
2328:
2271:
2230:
2206:
2161:
2150:
2125:
2088:(3): 590–602.
2068:
2006:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1952:Arnold Bennett
1949:
1943:
1932:Lizzie van Zyl
1929:
1923:
1916:
1911:and eponym of
1902:
1896:
1882:
1877:, daughter of
1872:
1858:
1855:Franz Schubert
1852:
1846:
1840:
1830:
1816:
1809:
1803:
1800:Queen Victoria
1793:
1790:William Jenner
1785:Queen Victoria
1778:
1764:
1763:Notable people
1761:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1725:
1722:
1608:
1605:
1577:superspreaders
1569:Stanley Falkow
1466:to ravage the
1435:
1432:
1390:
1387:
1340:
1337:
1290:
1287:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1179:
1174:neighborhood,
1169:
1158:
1151:
1141:
1126:
1120:
1104:
1101:
1086:drug-resistant
1043:
1037:
1025:Main article:
1022:
1019:
1007:nalidixic acid
991:Southeast Asia
971:
968:
950:carriage, the
942:. Small-bowel
928:
925:
881:
878:
865:
862:
860:
857:
803:Sanofi Pasteur
782:
779:
741:
738:
729:
726:
705:
702:
697:
694:
662:Main article:
659:
656:
598:
595:
564:
561:
539:
536:
522:
519:
518:
517:
516:
515:
508:
493:
490:
485:
475:
460:
450:
440:
417:dicrotic pulse
413:
396:) occurs with
369:
366:
324:drinking water
202:abdominal pain
170:
169:
161:
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
127:
121:
120:
119:serotype Typhi
113:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
88:
82:
81:
68:
62:
61:
53:
52:
44:
43:
40:
36:
35:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8727:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8695:Typhoid fever
8693:
8692:
8690:
8669:
8667:
8663:
8662:
8661:
8660:
8656:
8652:
8648:
8647:MALT lymphoma
8644:
8641:
8640:
8639:
8638:
8634:
8630:
8626:
8623:
8622:
8621:
8620:
8616:
8615:
8613:
8611:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8598:
8586:
8584:
8580:
8579:
8578:
8577:
8573:
8569:
8568:
8566:
8564:
8563:Aeromonadales
8560:
8552:
8549:
8548:
8547:
8546:
8542:
8541:
8539:
8537:
8533:
8527:
8526:
8522:
8521:
8519:
8517:
8513:
8507:
8506:
8502:
8500:
8499:
8495:
8491:
8489:
8485:
8484:
8483:
8482:
8478:
8477:
8475:
8473:
8469:
8463:
8462:
8458:
8456:
8455:
8451:
8449:
8448:
8444:
8442:
8441:
8437:
8433:
8430:
8429:
8428:
8427:
8423:
8422:
8420:
8418:
8414:
8406:
8403:
8402:
8401:
8400:
8396:
8395:
8393:
8391:
8390:Thiotrichales
8387:
8379:
8376:
8375:
8374:
8373:
8369:
8365:
8362:
8361:
8360:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8350:
8348:
8346:
8345:Legionellales
8342:
8332:
8329:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8322:
8316:
8308:
8305:
8304:
8303:
8302:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8286:
8280:
8272:
8269:
8268:
8267:
8266:
8262:
8258:
8255:
8254:
8253:
8252:
8248:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8237:
8233:
8232:
8231:
8230:
8229:H. influenzae
8226:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8203:
8187:
8184:
8183:
8182:
8181:
8177:
8173:
8170:
8169:
8168:
8167:
8163:
8159:
8155:
8152:
8151:
8150:
8149:
8145:
8143:
8142:
8137:
8136:
8132:
8128:
8124:
8121:
8120:
8119:
8118:
8114:
8110:
8106:
8102:
8101:
8099:
8095:
8087:
8086:Salmonellosis
8083:
8079:
8078:Typhoid fever
8076:
8075:
8074:
8073:
8069:
8068:
8066:
8064:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8051:
8045:
8044:
8039:
8038:
8034:
8030:
8028:
8024:
8023:
8022:
8021:
8017:
8016:
8014:
8012:
8008:
8002:
8001:
7997:
7993:
7992:
7987:
7984:
7983:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7958:
7957:
7953:
7952:
7949:
7948:
7944:
7940:
7937:
7936:
7935:
7934:
7930:
7926:
7922:
7921:Rhinoscleroma
7919:
7918:
7917:
7916:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7907:
7903:
7900:
7897:
7892:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7879:
7867:
7864:
7863:
7862:
7861:
7857:
7853:
7851:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7839:
7838:
7837:
7836:
7832:
7828:
7825:
7824:
7823:
7822:
7818:
7817:
7815:
7813:
7809:
7797:
7794:
7793:
7792:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7780:
7779:
7778:
7777:
7772:
7771:
7767:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7756:
7748:
7745:
7744:
7743:
7742:
7738:
7737:
7735:
7733:
7729:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7710:
7709:
7708:
7707:
7703:
7702:
7700:
7698:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7676:
7660:
7656:
7653:
7652:
7651:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7639:
7638:
7637:
7633:
7629:
7625:
7622:
7621:
7620:
7619:
7615:
7611:
7608:
7607:
7606:
7605:
7600:
7599:Bartonellosis
7597:
7596:
7594:
7592:
7588:
7580:
7577:
7576:
7575:
7574:
7570:
7569:
7567:
7565:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7552:
7540:
7537:
7536:
7535:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7523:
7522:
7521:
7520:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7505:
7504:
7503:
7502:
7497:
7494:
7493:
7491:
7489:
7485:
7469:
7466:
7465:
7464:
7463:
7459:
7458:
7456:
7454:
7450:
7442:
7439:
7438:
7437:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7425:
7424:
7423:
7422:
7418:
7417:
7415:
7413:
7409:
7401:
7399:
7395:
7394:
7393:
7392:
7388:
7384:
7381:
7380:
7379:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7367:
7366:
7365:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7353:
7352:
7351:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7339:
7338:
7337:
7336:
7332:
7328:
7325:
7324:
7323:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7311:
7310:
7309:
7308:
7304:
7300:
7297:
7296:
7295:
7294:
7290:
7286:
7283:
7282:
7281:
7280:
7276:
7275:
7273:
7271:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7256:
7248:
7244:
7240:
7237:
7236:
7235:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7225:Murine typhus
7223:
7222:
7221:
7220:
7216:
7215:
7213:
7211:
7207:
7204:
7201:
7200:Rickettsioses
7195:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7185:Rickettsiales
7182:
7179:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7158:
7153:
7151:
7146:
7144:
7139:
7138:
7135:
7122:
7119:
7115:
7114:
7110:
7108:
7104:
7103:
7099:
7098:
7095:
7091:
7084:
7080:
7079:
7075:
7073:
7069:
7068:
7064:
7062:
7058:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7047:
7043:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7032:
7028:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7018:
7015:
7010:
7006:
6989:
6985:
6974:
6969:
6958:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6910:
6899:
6894:
6890:
6884:
6880:
6875:
6874:
6862:
6857:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6832:
6831:The Spectator
6824:
6816:
6812:
6811:
6803:
6794:
6793:
6784:
6769:
6765:
6759:
6743:
6739:
6733:
6719:on 2017-04-01
6718:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6695:
6681:on 2024-03-17
6680:
6676:
6672:
6669:Trudy Dehue.
6665:
6657:
6653:
6651:
6643:
6629:
6625:
6619:
6611:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6590:
6585:
6581:
6575:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6557:0-300-03015-0
6553:
6549:
6548:
6540:
6524:
6523:
6518:
6512:
6498:on 2019-12-08
6497:
6493:
6489:
6483:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6448:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6421:
6407:on 2013-02-14
6403:
6399:
6395:
6388:
6387:
6380:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6350:
6334:
6328:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6285:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6263:
6255:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6230:(1): 403–16.
6229:
6225:
6221:
6214:
6206:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6181:(2): 231–41.
6180:
6176:
6172:
6165:
6163:
6154:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6129:(5): 2640–9.
6128:
6124:
6120:
6113:
6097:
6090:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6069:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6028:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5978:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5908:
5904:
5897:
5889:
5885:
5884:
5879:
5873:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5856:
5848:
5840:
5833:
5825:
5818:
5804:
5798:
5790:
5786:
5779:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5757:
5753:
5746:
5738:
5734:
5731:(in German).
5730:
5726:
5719:
5711:
5707:
5704:(in German).
5703:
5699:
5694:
5688:
5680:
5677:(in German).
5676:
5672:
5665:
5657:
5654:(in German).
5653:
5649:
5642:
5634:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5597:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5566:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5536:
5528:
5526:9780199256495
5522:
5518:
5511:
5503:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5476:(11): e1921.
5475:
5471:
5467:
5460:
5445:
5439:
5425:
5421:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5402:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5341:
5337:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5308:
5300:
5292:
5288:
5282:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5260:
5256:
5255:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5169:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5146:
5142:
5136:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5081:
5073:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5056:(3): 206–14.
5055:
5051:
5047:
5040:
5038:
5029:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4964:
4958:
4950:
4946:
4940:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4905:
4897:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4872:(4): 901–37.
4871:
4867:
4863:
4856:
4848:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4805:
4797:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4756:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4721:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4679:
4672:
4666:
4658:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4617:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4591:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4550:
4542:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4501:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4465:
4457:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4440:(5): 346–53.
4439:
4435:
4431:
4424:
4410:on 2011-11-02
4409:
4405:
4399:
4397:
4388:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4347:
4339:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4298:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4257:
4243:
4242:wwwnc.cdc.gov
4239:
4233:
4225:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4184:
4182:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4138:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4097:
4083:on 2017-07-27
4082:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4030:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3994:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3971:(11): 990–4.
3970:
3966:
3959:
3951:
3947:
3940:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3913:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3866:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3835:(4): 719–36.
3834:
3830:
3823:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3772:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3728:
3714:
3710:
3704:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3533:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3399:
3392:
3386:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3353:(8): 2271–8.
3352:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3280:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3188:
3182:
3178:
3171:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2872:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2830:(1): 111–25.
2829:
2825:
2818:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2767:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2692:(11): 305–8.
2691:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2399:
2390:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2333:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2130:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2002:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1920:Louis Pasteur
1917:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1833:Wilbur Wright
1831:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1783:, husband of
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1755:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1739:David Gotlieb
1736:
1735:
1730:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1701:B pathogens.
1700:
1696:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1672:Western Front
1669:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1565:Denise Monack
1562:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1469:
1468:Jamaica Plain
1464:
1463:
1457:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1431:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1283:Antonius Musa
1280:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1227:, during the
1226:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1172:Jamaica Plain
1170:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1033:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
983:
981:
977:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
948:hepatobiliary
945:
941:
936:
934:
924:
920:
918:
914:
910:
905:
903:
899:
895:
891:
890:ciprofloxacin
887:
877:
875:
871:
856:
854:
849:
847:
842:
838:
836:
832:
824:
819:
815:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
755:
751:
746:
737:
734:
725:
721:
717:
715:
711:
701:
693:
691:
686:
681:
679:
670:
665:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
630:
627:
623:
619:
616:and with the
615:
612:
608:
604:
590:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
571:
560:
558:
553:
549:
545:
544:Gram-negative
532:
527:
513:
509:
506:
502:
498:
497:cholecystitis
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
480:
476:
473:
469:
465:
461:
458:
454:
451:
448:
444:
443:
441:
438:
437:transaminases
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
411:
407:
403:
402:lymphocytosis
400:and relative
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:
373:
365:
363:
359:
356:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
300:
298:
297:salmonellosis
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
247:
246:
242:
236:
234:
232:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
194:
189:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:Typhoid fever
167:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
87:
83:
78:
72:
69:
67:
63:
59:
54:
50:
45:
41:
37:
34:Typhoid fever
32:
24:
19:
8666:Helicobacter
8665:
8657:
8643:Peptic ulcer
8635:
8617:
8582:
8570:
8543:
8523:
8503:
8496:
8487:
8479:
8459:
8452:
8445:
8438:
8424:
8417:Vibrionaceae
8397:
8370:
8352:
8319:
8299:
8283:
8263:
8249:
8235:
8227:
8215:
8178:
8164:
8146:
8139:
8133:
8103:
8077:
8070:
8041:
8035:
8026:
8018:
7994:
7954:
7945:
7931:
7913:
7854:
7847:
7833:
7819:
7788:
7774:
7768:
7759:
7739:
7704:
7688:Neisseriales
7647:
7635:
7631:
7624:Trench fever
7616:
7602:
7571:
7564:Brucellaceae
7531:
7517:
7511:Anaplasmosis
7499:
7496:Ehrlichiosis
7460:
7441:Scrub typhus
7433:
7419:
7397:
7389:
7375:
7361:
7347:
7333:
7319:
7305:
7291:
7277:
7231:
7217:
7166:-associated
7111:
7100:
7076:
7065:
7050:
7035:
7020:
6992:. Retrieved
6976:. Retrieved
6960:. Retrieved
6921:
6917:
6901:. Retrieved
6878:
6856:
6829:
6823:
6815:the original
6809:
6802:
6791:
6783:
6771:. Retrieved
6767:
6758:
6746:. Retrieved
6741:
6732:
6721:. Retrieved
6717:the original
6704:
6694:
6683:. Retrieved
6679:the original
6674:
6664:
6655:
6649:
6642:
6631:. Retrieved
6627:
6618:
6602:the original
6587:
6574:
6546:
6539:
6527:. Retrieved
6520:
6511:
6500:. Retrieved
6496:the original
6491:
6482:
6457:
6453:
6447:
6430:
6426:
6420:
6409:. Retrieved
6402:the original
6385:
6379:
6367:. Retrieved
6358:
6349:
6337:. Retrieved
6327:
6294:
6290:
6284:
6271:
6262:
6227:
6223:
6213:
6178:
6174:
6126:
6122:
6112:
6100:. Retrieved
6095:
6041:
6037:
6027:
6002:
5998:
5950:
5946:
5910:. Retrieved
5906:
5896:
5881:
5872:
5854:
5847:
5838:
5832:
5823:
5817:
5806:. Retrieved
5797:
5788:
5784:
5778:
5751:
5745:
5737:the original
5732:
5728:
5718:
5710:the original
5705:
5701:
5687:
5678:
5674:
5664:
5655:
5651:
5641:
5606:
5602:
5596:
5579:
5575:
5565:
5557:
5545:
5541:
5535:
5516:
5510:
5473:
5469:
5459:
5448:. Retrieved
5446:. 2008-06-26
5438:
5427:. Retrieved
5423:
5374:
5370:
5344:. Retrieved
5342:. 2007-11-05
5339:
5299:
5291:the original
5281:
5253:
5148:. Retrieved
5144:
5135:
5094:
5090:
5080:
5053:
5049:
5001:
4997:
4970:. Retrieved
4957:
4948:
4939:
4914:
4910:
4904:
4869:
4865:
4855:
4818:
4815:BMC Genomics
4814:
4804:
4769:
4765:
4755:
4733:(6): 724–6.
4730:
4726:
4720:
4694:
4686:
4677:
4665:
4630:
4626:
4616:
4608:the original
4598:
4563:
4559:
4549:
4514:
4510:
4500:
4475:
4471:
4464:
4437:
4433:
4423:
4412:. Retrieved
4408:the original
4360:
4356:
4346:
4311:
4307:
4297:
4270:
4266:
4256:
4245:. Retrieved
4241:
4232:
4197:
4193:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4110:
4106:
4096:
4085:. Retrieved
4081:the original
4076:
4067:
4056:. Retrieved
4052:the original
4047:
4038:
4029:
4007:(3): 245–8.
4004:
4000:
3993:
3968:
3964:
3958:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3922:
3918:
3912:
3879:
3875:
3865:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3787:
3783:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3716:. Retrieved
3712:
3703:
3666:
3662:
3652:
3640:. Retrieved
3636:
3626:
3614:. Retrieved
3610:the original
3605:
3596:
3561:
3557:
3516:(2): 161–9.
3513:
3509:
3499:
3488:. Retrieved
3486:. 2018-10-10
3483:
3474:
3444:(1): 52–63.
3441:
3437:
3431:
3413:
3401:. Retrieved
3397:
3385:
3350:
3346:
3336:
3301:
3297:
3287:
3260:
3254:
3209:
3205:
3195:
3176:
3170:
3151:
3147:
3088:(1): 12827.
3085:
3081:
3071:
3039:(6): 632–9.
3036:
3032:
3022:
2985:
2981:
2971:
2960:. Retrieved
2956:
2947:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2893:. Retrieved
2879:
2859:
2852:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2782:
2778:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2545:(1): 11–13.
2542:
2538:
2528:
2493:
2489:
2456:
2449:
2417:(2): 241–6.
2414:
2410:
2383:
2348:
2344:
2320:the original
2307:
2303:
2262:. Retrieved
2253:
2222:. Retrieved
2218:
2209:
2197:. Retrieved
2188:
2141:
2085:
2081:
2071:
2038:
2034:
2000:
1936:Bloemfontein
1752:
1743:Kuala Lumpur
1734:Streptomyces
1732:
1727:
1710:Arthur Felix
1703:
1692:
1680:
1668:British Army
1665:
1621:
1588:
1555:sp. to form
1550:
1544:
1541:
1528:asymptomatic
1521:
1505:
1494:
1489:George Soper
1477:
1462:Boston Globe
1461:
1448:
1424:
1416:chlorination
1412:John L. Leal
1392:
1380:
1376:
1365:
1350:
1342:
1320:William Budd
1317:
1292:
1276:
1269:
1266:cowpox virus
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1222:
1090:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1021:Epidemiology
1003:
999:azithromycin
984:
980:streptomycin
973:
937:
930:
921:
906:
883:
867:
850:
843:
839:
828:
822:
784:
775:chlorination
766:
759:
735:
731:
722:
718:
713:
707:
699:
684:
682:
675:
625:
600:
574:
568:
566:
563:Transmission
551:
547:
541:
501:endocarditis
488:Encephalitis
405:
371:
360:
352:
340:azithromycin
316:
303:
301:
292:
244:
240:
237:
229:
206:constipation
192:
191:
182:
178:
174:
173:
165:
134:
130:
125:Risk factors
116:
57:
18:
8488:Pseudomonas
8236:Haemophilus
8217:Haemophilus
8172:Yersiniosis
8123:Shigellosis
7827:Melioidosis
7636:B. quintana
7632:B. henselae
7579:Brucellosis
7102:MedlinePlus
6748:February 3,
6369:8 September
6098:. June 2018
5693:Robert Koch
4821:(1): 1007.
4478:(1): 40–3.
4200:(1): 9–14.
4077:www.who.int
3952:(1): 33–39.
3484:www.cdc.gov
3403:14 November
2219:www.who.int
2144:. Oup USA.
1964:John Buford
1899:Mary Mallon
1749:Terminology
1708:antigen by
1706:Vi capsular
1676:World War I
1657:agglutinate
1480:Mary Mallon
1443:Mary Mallon
1428:Vietnam War
1357:filamentous
1353:Edwin Klebs
1183:Mary Mallon
1134:James River
1125:(suspected)
1119:(suspected)
1067:S. enterica
1062:S. enterica
995:ceftriaxone
966:infection.
952:gallbladder
917:amoxicillin
894:ceftriaxone
880:Antibiotics
846:hepatitis A
823:S. enterica
781:Vaccination
750:vaccination
636:H-flagellar
607:bone marrow
575:S. enterica
472:peritonitis
470:or diffuse
468:septicaemia
447:Dehydration
406:S. enterica
398:eosinopenia
378:bradycardia
336:antibiotics
332:handwashing
277:bone marrow
273:gallbladder
96:Usual onset
39:Other names
8689:Categories
8668:cellulitis
8251:H. ducreyi
8238:meningitis
7760:ungrouped:
7453:Flea-borne
7412:Mite-borne
7270:Tick-borne
7078:DiseasesDB
6723:2017-03-12
6685:2023-12-06
6656:RTL Nieuws
6633:2021-06-21
6612:required.)
6580:Matthew HC
6502:2019-12-08
6427:The Lancet
6411:2013-03-27
6398:B003WYKJNY
6339:1 November
5912:2021-06-28
5864:1036707621
5808:2012-12-17
5681:: 486–501.
5450:2021-06-29
5429:2021-06-28
5346:2021-06-24
5150:2021-06-29
4707:, pg 665.
4414:2007-08-28
4247:2020-04-21
4087:2017-08-10
4058:2013-04-25
3718:2020-04-21
3709:"UpToDate"
3642:17 January
3490:2020-04-21
3212:(1): 316.
2962:2020-04-21
2895:2013-06-24
2466:1234663430
2224:2024-05-18
1971:References
1821:, the 9th
1796:Edward VII
1767:See also:
1661:antibodies
1589:Salmonella
1581:80/20 rule
1561:gallstones
1552:Salmonella
1546:Salmonella
1501:hemorrhage
1377:Eberthella
1258:(typhus),
1252:(plague),
1097:South Asia
976:resistance
970:Resistance
960:gallstones
940:peritoneum
909:ampicillin
898:cefotaxime
767:Salmonella
740:Prevention
728:Tubex test
685:Salmonella
664:Widal test
658:Widal test
626:Salmonella
622:antibodies
618:Widal test
570:Salmonella
531:water well
425:Rose spots
410:Widal test
394:leukopenia
382:Faget sign
328:sanitation
293:Salmonella
289:sanitation
253:intestines
231:Salmonella
142:Prevention
135:Salmonella
131:Salmonella
8585:infection
8583:Aeromonas
8490:infection
8405:Tularemia
8257:Chancroid
8029:infection
8011:Slow/weak
7925:Pneumonia
7866:Pertussis
7747:Gonorrhea
7400:infection
7113:eMedicine
6840:0038-6952
6796:. Norton.
6713:0190-8286
6460:: 53–79.
6311:0370-1662
6019:0002-9955
5901:Klein C.
5770:897547171
5633:0098-7484
5383:0028-7091
5273:934938999
3925:: 210–3.
3740:: b1159.
3228:1756-0500
2885:"Typhoid"
2215:"Typhoid"
2102:0092-8674
1918:Three of
1869:Mary Todd
1823:President
1699:Paratyphi
1695:Paratyphi
1687:U.S. Army
1681:In 1909,
1632:Hampshire
1400:Maidstone
1366:In 1880,
1325:John Snow
1233:Athenians
1144:Maidstone
1103:Outbreaks
944:resection
874:diarrheal
859:Treatment
648:pneumonia
644:dysentery
632:O-somatic
597:Diagnosis
479:pneumonia
390:epistaxis
210:headaches
159:Prognosis
150:Treatment
66:Specialty
8113:flexneri
8027:Serratia
7841:Glanders
7121:med/2331
6994:June 27,
6978:June 28,
6962:June 27,
6948:30792131
6903:June 27,
6566:10432279
6529:13 April
6474:72753150
6363:Archived
6359:MinnPost
6319:84388525
6276:Archived
6254:17967858
6205:14734525
6153:11953406
6102:June 27,
6068:30792131
5977:18011334
5888:Archived
5658:: 58–74.
5588:15075472
5554:19567383
5502:23166855
5401:19312127
5119:29335577
5072:16412683
5028:32228795
4931:25937612
4896:26180063
4847:25412680
4796:23045488
4657:27594549
4590:22933756
4541:22689247
4492:19174300
4456:15298225
4387:16902221
4338:30138141
4289:21628808
4224:21113180
4172:24119827
4137:29725797
4021:10093945
3931:11816954
3904:19358454
3814:21975746
3754:19493937
3695:31800986
3637:BBC News
3616:10 April
3588:25902360
3579:10644681
3532:22446857
3466:41428479
3458:16489276
3423:Archived
3328:28545155
3246:31167646
3122:27703135
3063:25961941
3014:26973639
2931:27796818
2889:Archived
2844:15081508
2809:25530442
2757:27733281
2708:25811680
2667:27733282
2618:36420914
2569:30629573
2520:29851031
2441:20014951
2375:31612938
2316:18260212
2264:28 March
2258:Archived
2199:28 March
2193:Archived
2156:Archived
2120:23101627
2055:25458731
1652:antigens
1557:biofilms
1524:carriers
1318:In 1847
1237:Spartans
1201:Kinshasa
1195:Dushanbe
1189:Aberdeen
1166:Emsworth
1082:Pakistan
902:Cefixime
888:such as
714:S. typhi
704:Typhidot
629:antigens
624:against
614:cultures
538:Bacteria
533:(center)
505:osteitis
474:sets in.
421:Delirium
338:such as
245:enterica
233:enterica
218:Diarrhea
188:serotype
104:Duration
86:Symptoms
8432:Cholera
8378:Q fever
7981:O104:H4
7976:O157:H7
7630:Either
7259:Spotted
7118:oph/686
7072:D014435
6939:6437314
6848:1766325
6245:2223630
6196:2211772
6059:6437314
5968:1355026
5907:HISTORY
5493:3499407
5392:1911442
5307:oysters
5127:3358440
5099:Bibcode
5019:7253085
4972:20 July
4911:Vaccine
4887:4503790
4838:4289253
4787:3486090
4747:7142746
4648:5180449
4581:3430317
4532:3434757
4447:2622843
4378:1539082
4329:6319573
4215:3255095
4128:6132852
3985:7845753
3896:8187784
3857:3125577
3849:4454162
3805:6532575
3762:3264721
3686:6785806
3558:Vaccine
3523:3336846
3377:9666004
3319:5458098
3237:6551910
3113:5059462
3090:Bibcode
3054:4921243
3005:4774407
2988:: 270.
2939:3825885
2800:4340604
2748:5388903
2699:4584884
2658:5055577
2609:9686137
2560:6342547
2511:6494485
2432:2798017
2366:6792124
2254:cdc.gov
2189:cdc.gov
2111:3500584
2063:2409150
1865:Abraham
1825:of the
1644:opsonin
1473:Ireland
1396:Hamburg
1333:Bristol
1329:cholera
1214:History
1207:Kampala
964:hepatic
927:Surgery
795:Crucell
763:vectors
640:malaria
429:Rhonchi
386:malaise
326:, good
249:serovar
243:subsp.
222:enteric
179:typhoid
91:spleen)
8154:Plague
8117:boydii
8109:sonnei
7210:Typhus
7107:001332
6946:
6936:
6885:
6846:
6838:
6773:4 July
6711:
6606:
6564:
6554:
6472:
6396:
6317:
6309:
6252:
6242:
6203:
6193:
6151:
6144:127943
6141:
6066:
6056:
6017:
5975:
5965:
5862:
5768:
5758:
5631:
5586:
5552:
5523:
5500:
5490:
5399:
5389:
5381:
5271:
5261:
5125:
5117:
5070:
5026:
5016:
4929:
4894:
4884:
4845:
4835:
4794:
4784:
4745:
4711:
4655:
4645:
4588:
4578:
4539:
4529:
4490:
4454:
4444:
4385:
4375:
4336:
4326:
4287:
4222:
4212:
4170:
4135:
4125:
4019:
3983:
3929:
3902:
3894:
3855:
3847:
3812:
3802:
3760:
3752:
3693:
3683:
3586:
3576:
3530:
3520:
3464:
3456:
3375:
3368:105030
3365:
3326:
3316:
3275:
3244:
3234:
3226:
3183:
3120:
3110:
3061:
3051:
3012:
3002:
2937:
2929:
2867:
2842:
2807:
2797:
2779:Lancet
2755:
2745:
2727:Lancet
2706:
2696:
2665:
2655:
2637:Lancet
2616:
2606:
2567:
2557:
2518:
2508:
2464:
2439:
2429:
2373:
2363:
2314:
2148:
2118:
2108:
2100:
2061:
2053:
2035:Lancet
1811:Queen
1697:A and
1628:Netley
1597:spleen
1585:Monack
1573:Monack
1456:Boston
1414:. The
1303:typhus
1268:, and
1176:Boston
1045:
1039:
833:, the
773:, the
756:, 1943
690:titres
521:Causes
503:, and
419:wave.
362:Typhus
330:, and
265:spleen
112:Causes
73:
23:Typhus
8551:HACEK
8331:HACEK
8271:HACEK
7782:HACEK
7261:fever
7083:27829
7046:A01.0
6470:S2CID
6405:(PDF)
6390:(PDF)
6315:S2CID
6092:(PDF)
5123:S2CID
4966:(PDF)
4674:(PDF)
3900:S2CID
3845:JSTOR
3758:S2CID
3462:S2CID
3394:(PDF)
2935:S2CID
2323:(PDF)
2300:(PDF)
2059:S2CID
1997:(PDF)
1718:Ty21a
1601:liver
1339:Cause
1244:Typhi
791:Ty21a
678:Widal
646:, or
611:stool
609:, or
603:blood
464:ileum
346:, or
285:feces
281:blood
269:liver
198:fever
137:Typhi
8097:H2S−
8063:H2S+
8054:Lac−
7906:Lac+
7067:MeSH
7056:9-CM
7031:1A07
6996:2021
6980:2021
6964:2021
6944:PMID
6905:2021
6883:ISBN
6844:OCLC
6836:ISSN
6775:2018
6750:2022
6709:ISSN
6562:OCLC
6552:ISBN
6531:2020
6394:ASIN
6371:2017
6341:2010
6307:ISSN
6250:PMID
6201:PMID
6149:PMID
6104:2021
6064:PMID
6015:ISSN
5973:PMID
5860:OCLC
5766:OCLC
5756:ISBN
5629:ISSN
5584:PMID
5550:PMID
5521:ISBN
5498:PMID
5397:PMID
5379:ISSN
5269:OCLC
5259:ISBN
5115:PMID
5068:PMID
5024:PMID
4974:2021
4927:PMID
4892:PMID
4843:PMID
4792:PMID
4743:PMID
4709:ISBN
4653:PMID
4586:PMID
4537:PMID
4488:PMID
4452:PMID
4383:PMID
4334:PMID
4285:PMID
4220:PMID
4168:PMID
4133:PMID
4017:PMID
3981:PMID
3927:PMID
3892:PMID
3853:PMID
3810:PMID
3788:2011
3750:PMID
3691:PMID
3644:2020
3618:2017
3584:PMID
3528:PMID
3454:PMID
3405:2019
3373:PMID
3324:PMID
3302:2017
3273:ISBN
3242:PMID
3224:ISSN
3181:ISBN
3118:PMID
3059:PMID
3010:PMID
2927:PMID
2865:ISBN
2840:PMID
2805:PMID
2753:PMID
2704:PMID
2663:PMID
2614:PMID
2592:2022
2565:PMID
2516:PMID
2494:2018
2462:OCLC
2437:PMID
2371:PMID
2312:PMID
2266:2015
2201:2015
2146:ISBN
2116:PMID
2098:ISSN
2082:Cell
2051:PMID
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