Salmonella - Knowledge

1117:, Paratyphi A, Paratyphi B, and Paratyphi C. In the systemic form of the disease, salmonellae pass through the lymphatic system of the intestine into the blood of the patients (typhoid form) and are carried to various organs (liver, spleen, kidneys) to form secondary foci (septic form). Endotoxins first act on the vascular and nervous apparatus, resulting in increased permeability and decreased tone of the vessels, upset of thermal regulation, and vomiting and diarrhoea. In severe forms of the disease, enough liquid and electrolytes are lost to upset the water-salt metabolism, decrease the circulating blood volume and arterial pressure, and cause 3789: 684: 9284: 76: 9295: 9315: 47: 9325: 9305: 9274: 1566:. It can manifest as five clinical patterns: gastrointestinal tract infection, enteric fever, bacteremia, local infection, and the chronic reservoir state. The initial symptoms are nonspecific fever, weakness, and myalgia among others. In the bacteremia state, it can spread to any parts of the body and this induces localized infection or it forms abscesses. The forms of localized 1237:. This created the need to use expensive antimicrobial drugs in areas of Africa that were very poor, making treatment difficult. The increased prevalence of iNTS in sub-Saharan Africa compared to other regions is thought to be due to the large proportion of the African population with some degree of immune suppression or impairment due to the burden of 1780:. In turn, this made fine structure genetic analysis possible. The large number of mutants led to a revision of genetic nomenclature for bacteria. Many of the uses of transposons as genetic tools, including transposon delivery, mutagenesis, and construction of chromosome rearrangements, were also developed in 1175:. Infection usually occurs when a person ingests foods that contain a high concentration of the bacteria. Infants and young children are much more susceptible to infection, easily achieved by ingesting a small number of bacteria. In infants, infection through inhalation of bacteria-laden dust is possible. 3628:"The type species of the genus Salmonella Lignieres 1900 is Salmonella enterica (ex Kauffmann and Edwards 1952) Le Minor and Popoff 1987, with the type strain LT2T, and conservation of the epithet enterica in Salmonella enterica over all earlier epithets that may be applied to this species. Opinion 80" 5607:

Key FM, Posth C, Esquivel-Gomez LR, Hübler R, Spyrou MA, Neumann GU, Furtwängler A, Sabin S, Burri M, Wissgott A, Lankapalli AK, Vågene ÅJ, Meyer M, Nagel S, Tukhbatova R, Khokhlov A, Chizhevsky A, Hansen S, Belinsky AB, Kalmykov A, Kantorovich AR, Maslov VE, Stockhammer PW, Vai S, Zavattaro M, Riga

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is required for its efficient survival in the host cytosol and establishment of systemic disease. In addition, both T3SS are involved in the colonization of the intestine, induction of intestinal inflammatory responses and diarrhea. These systems contain many genes which must work cooperatively to

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The mechanisms of infection differ between typhoidal and nontyphoidal serotypes, owing to their different targets in the body and the different symptoms that they cause. Both groups must enter by crossing the barrier created by the intestinal cell wall, but once they have passed this barrier, they

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species lead predominantly host-associated lifestyles, but the bacteria were found to be able to persist in a bathroom setting for weeks following contamination, and are frequently isolated from water sources, which act as bacterial reservoirs and may help to facilitate transmission between hosts.

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Thomson NR, Clayton DJ, Windhorst D, Vernikos G, Davidson S, Churcher C, Quail MA, Stevens M, Jones MA, Watson M, Barron A, Layton A, Pickard D, Kingsley RA, Bignell A, Clark L, Harris B, Ormond D, Abdellah Z, Brooks K, Cherevach I, Chillingworth T, Woodward J, Norberczak H, Lord A, Arrowsmith C,

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Risk factors for Salmonella infections include a variety of foods. Meats such as chicken and pork have the possibility to be contaminated. A variety of vegetables and sprouts may also have salmonella. Lastly, a variety of processed foods such as chicken nuggets and pot pies may also contain this

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were due to salmonella infections. At the 5th percentile the estimated amount was 61.8 million cases and at the 95th percentile the estimated amount was 131.6 million cases. The estimated number of deaths due to salmonella was approximately 155,000 deaths. In 2014, in countries such as

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sv. Newport shows signs of adaptation to a plant-colonization lifestyle, which may play a role in its disproportionate association with food-borne illness linked to produce. A variety of functions selected for during sv. Newport persistence in tomatoes have been reported to be similar to those

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of typhoid species. Many findings are transferable and it attenuates the danger for the researcher in case of contamination, but is also limited. For example, it is not possible to study specific typhoidal toxins using this model. However, strong research tools such as the commonly-used mouse

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Molecular modeling and active site analysis of SdiA homolog, a putative quorum sensor for Salmonella typhimurium pathogenicity, reveals the specific binding patterns of AHL transcriptional regulators. It is also known that Salmonella plasmid virulence gene spvB enhances bacterial virulence by

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While in developed countries, nontyphoidal serotypes present mostly as gastrointestinal disease, in sub-Saharan Africa, these serotypes can create a major problem in bloodstream infections, and are the most commonly isolated bacteria from the blood of those presenting with fever. Bloodstream

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samples, but it is not a significant contributor to human salmonellosis. Serotyping can assist in identifying the source of contamination by matching serotypes in people with serotypes in the suspected source of infection. Appropriate prophylactic treatment can be identified from the known

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and heat accelerate their destruction. They perish after being heated to 55 °C (131 °F) for 90 min, or to 60 °C (140 °F) for 12 min, although if inoculated in high fat, high liquid substances like peanut butter, they gain heat resistance and can survive up to 90 °C

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is exposed to stomach acid, to the detergent-like activity of bile in the intestine, to decreasing oxygen supply, to the competing normal gut flora, and finally to antimicrobial peptides present on the surface of the cells lining the intestinal wall. All of these form stresses that

1182:-produced toxins) reach the gastrointestinal tract. Some of the microorganisms are killed in the stomach, while the surviving ones enter the small intestine and multiply in tissues. Gastric acidity is responsible for the destruction of the majority of ingested bacteria, but 2959:

Pin C, Avendaño-Perez G, Cosciani-Cunico E, Gómez N, Gounadakic A, Nychas GJ, Skandamis P, Barker G (March 2011). "Modelling Salmonella concentration throughout the pork supply chain by considering growth and survival in fluctuating conditions of temperature, pH and a(w)".

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has evolved a degree of tolerance to acidic environments that allows a subset of ingested bacteria to survive. Bacterial colonies may also become trapped in mucus produced in the esophagus. By the end of the incubation period, the nearby host cells are poisoned by

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Okoro CK, Kingsley RA, Connor TR, Harris SR, Parry CM, Al-Mashhadani MN, Kariuki S, Msefula CL, Gordon MA, de Pinna E, Wain J, Heyderman RS, Obaro S, Alonso PL, Mandomando I, MacLennan CA, Tapia MD, Levine MM, Tennant SM, Parkhill J, Dougan G (November 2012).

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Bulgaria and Portugal, children under 4 were 32 and 82 times more likely, respectively, to have a salmonella infection. Those who are most susceptible to infection are: children, pregnant women, elderly people, and those with deficient immune systems.

1645:, through some of its serotypes such as Typhimurium and Enteritidis, shows signs that it has the ability to infect several different mammalian host species, while other serotypes, such as Typhi, seem to be restricted to only a few hosts. Two ways that 4129:

Gnanendra S, Anusuya S, Natarajan J (October 2012). "Molecular modeling and active site analysis of SdiA homolog, a putative quorum sensor for Salmonella typhimurium pathogenecity reveals specific binding patterns of AHL transcriptional regulators".

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Vågene ÅJ, Herbig A, Campana MG, Robles García NM, Warinner C, Sabin S, Spyrou MA, Andrades Valtueña A, Huson D, Tuross N, Bos KI, Krause J (March 2018). "Salmonella enterica genomes from victims of a major sixteenth-century epidemic in Mexico".

1449:, water, and immune cells into and out of the intestine. The combination of the inflammation caused by bacterial-mediated endocytosis and the disruption of tight junctions is thought to contribute significantly to the induction of diarrhoea. 647:(later the Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science). It was here that Atkinson described multiple new strains of salmonella, including Salmonella Adelaide, which was isolated in 1943. Atkinson published her work on salmonellas in 1957. 1499:(T3SS) which are expressed at different times during the infection. The T3SS-1 enables the injection of bacterial effectors within the host cytosol. These T3SS-1 effectors stimulate the formation of membrane ruffles allowing the uptake of 1771:

Typhimurium has been instrumental in the development of genetic tools that led to an understanding of fundamental bacterial physiology. These developments were enabled by the discovery of the first generalized transducing phage P22 in

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are known, which may be responsible for as many as 1.4 million illnesses in the United States each year. People who are at risk for severe illness include infants, elderly, organ-transplant recipients, and the immunocompromised.

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Zhou Z, Lundstrøm I, Tran-Dien A, Duchêne S, Alikhan NF, Sergeant MJ, Langridge G, Fotakis AK, Nair S, Stenøien HK, Hamre SS, Casjens S, Christophersen A, Quince C, Thomson NR, Weill FX, Ho SY, Gilbert MT, Achtman M (August 2018).

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agency working with the USDA has a Salmonella Action Plan in place. Recently, it received a two-year plan update in February 2016. Their accomplishments and strategies to reduce Salmonella infection are presented in the plans. The

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infection are estimated to occur each year. A World Health Organization study estimated that 21,650,974 cases of typhoid fever occurred in 2000, 216,510 of which resulted in death, along with 5,412,744 cases of paratyphoid fever.

1245:, and malnutrition, especially in children. The genetic makeup of iNTS is evolving into a more typhoid-like bacterium, able to efficiently spread around the human body. Symptoms are reported to be diverse, including fever, 1570:

infections are arthritis, urinary tract infection, infection of the central nervous system, bone infection, soft tissue infection, etc. Infection may remain as the latent form for a long time, and when the function of

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Spread, in which the bacterium can spread to other organs via cells in the blood (if it succeeded in avoiding the immune defence). Alternatively, bacteria can go back towards the intestine, re-seeding the intestinal

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scheme differentiates serological varieties from each other. Serotypes are usually put into subspecies groups after the genus and species, with the serotypes/serovars capitalized, but not italicized: An example is

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on the skin of reptiles or amphibians can be passed to people who handle the animals. Food and water can also be contaminated with the bacteria if they come in contact with the feces of infected people or animals.

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A, Caramelli D, Skeates R, Beckett J, Gradoli MG, Steuri N, Hafner A, Ramstein M, Siebke I, Lösch S, Erdal YS, Alikhan NF, Zhou Z, Achtman M, Bos K, Reinhold S, Haak W, Kühnert D, Herbig A, Krause J (March 2020).

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Typhimurium (ST313) emerged in the southeast of the African continent 75 years ago, followed by a second wave which came out of central Africa 18 years later. This second wave of iNTS possibly originated in the

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In Germany, food-borne infections must be reported. From 1990 to 2016, the number of officially recorded cases decreased from about 200,000 to about 13,000 cases. In the United States, about 1,200,000 cases of

671:, two methods based on DNA sequences instead of antibody reactions. These methods can be potentially faster, thanks to advances in sequencing technology. These "molecular serotyping" systems actually perform 1081:-related proteins, can contribute in the infection. SPIs are regulated by complex and fine-tuned regulatory networks that allow the gene expression only in the presence of the right environmental stresses. 1692:

have been exposed to similar conditions such as immune systems, similar structures evolved separately to negate these similar, more advanced defenses in hosts. Although many questions remain about how

3839:"Phylogenetics of family Enterobacteriaceae and proposal to reclassify Escherichia hermannii and Salmonella subterranea as Atlantibacter hermannii and Atlantibacter subterranea gen. nov., comb. nov" 1735:

gene, which is unique to sv. Newport, contributes to the strain's fitness in tomatoes, and has homologs in the genomes of other Enterobacteriaceae that are able to colonize plant and animal hosts.

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Li YY, Wang T, Gao S, Xu GM, Niu H, Huang R, Wu SY (February 2016). "Salmonella plasmid virulence gene spvB enhances bacterial virulence by inhibiting autophagy in a zebrafish infection model".

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Kisiela DI, Chattopadhyay S, Libby SJ, Karlinsey JE, Fang FC, Tchesnokova V, Kramer JJ, Beskhlebnaya V, Samadpour M, Grzymajlo K, Ugorski M, Lankau EW, Mackie RI, Clegg S, Sokurenko EV (2012).

8899: 560:. Historically, salmonellae have been clinically categorized as invasive (typhoidal) or noninvasive (nontyphoidal salmonellae) based on host preference and disease manifestations in humans. 1630:

lacking RecA or RecBC protein function are highly sensitive to oxidative compounds synthesized by macrophages, and furthermore these findings indicate that successful systemic infection by

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The organisms enter through the digestive tract and must be ingested in large numbers to cause disease in healthy adults. An infection can only begin after living salmonellae (not merely

4435: 3812: 827:(pig-cholera). After host specificity was recognized not to exist for many species, new strains received species names according to the location at which the new strain was isolated. 4926:

Buchmeier NA, Lipps CJ, So MY, Heffron F (March 1993). "Recombination-deficient mutants of Salmonella typhimurium are avirulent and sensitive to the oxidative burst of macrophages".

3570:"Clonal nature of Salmonella typhi and its genetic relatedness to other salmonellae as shown by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, and proposal of Salmonella bongori comb. nov" 1575:

is deteriorated, it may become activated and consequently, it may secondarily induce spreading infection in the bone several months or several years after acute salmonellosis.

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den Bakker HC, Moreno Switt AI, Govoni G, Cummings CA, Ranieri ML, Degoricija L, Hoelzer K, Rodriguez-Rivera LD, Brown S, Bolchacova E, Furtado MR, Wiedmann M (August 2011).

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test. Most isolates exist in two phases, a motile phase and a non-motile phase. Cultures that are nonmotile upon primary culture may be switched to the motile phase using a

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Most infections are due to ingestion of food contaminated by animal feces, or by human feces (for example, from the hands of a food-service worker at a commercial eatery).

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genomes have been reconstructed from up to 6,500 year old human remains across Western Eurasia, which provides evidence for geographic widespread infections with systemic

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Hata H, Natori T, Mizuno T, Kanazawa I, Eldesouky I, Hayashi M, Miyata M, Fukunaga H, Ohji S, Hosoyama A, Aono E, Yamazoe A, Tsuchikane K, Fujita N, Ezaki T (May 2016).

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during prehistory, and a possible role of the Neolithization process in the evolution of host adaptation. Additional reconstructed genomes from colonial Mexico suggest

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pathogenicity islands (SPIs). These are chromosomal encoded and make a significant contribution to bacterial-host interaction. More traits, like plasmids, flagella or

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an orally administered vaccine for Salmonella in poultry developed by Dr. Sherry Layton has been introduced which prevents the bacteria from contaminating the birds.

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As a natural alternative to traditional antimicrobials, phages are being recognised as highly effective control agents for Salmonella and other foodborne bacteria.

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infection. This is thought to be a more stealthy way of passing the intestinal barrier, and may, therefore, contribute to the fact that lower numbers of typhoidal

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Due to being considered sporadic, between 60% and 80% of salmonella infections cases go undiagnosed. In March 2010, data analysis was completed to estimate an

7190: 7091: 5809: 5021:"Comparative genome analysis of Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 and Salmonella Gallinarum 287/91 provides insights into evolutionary and host adaptation pathways" 3248:

Mortality differences between wholly uninjured and predominantly injured populations were small and consistent (5% level) with a hypothesis of no difference.

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Ames BN, Mccann J, Yamasaki E (December 1975). "Methods for detecting carcinogens and mutagens with the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test".

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Jagels K, Moule S, Mungall K, Sanders M, Whitehead S, Chabalgoity JA, Maskell D, Humphrey T, Roberts M, Barrow PA, Dougan G, Parkhill J (October 2008).

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also provides valuable information on preventative care, such has how to safely handle raw foods, and the correct way to store these products. In the

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Paratyphi A, which are adapted to humans and do not occur in other animals. Nontyphoidal serotypes are more common, and usually cause self-limiting

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Ge H, Lin C, Xu Y, Hu M, Xu Z, Geng S, Jiao X, Chen X (June 2022). "A phage for the controlling of Salmonella in poultry and reducing biofilms".

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could have evolved into its many different serotypes by gaining genetic information from different pathogenic bacteria. The presence of several

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created preventative measures through risk management and risk assessment. From 2005 to 2009, the EFSA placed an approach to reduce exposure to

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is part of the family of Enterobacteriaceae. Its taxonomy has been revised and has the potential to confuse. The genus comprises two species,

9509: 8954: 7749: 7466: 7258: 7163: 6855: 6705: 6689: 6251: 6027: 4546: 4371: 723: 9608: 9207: 8921: 5668:"Pan-genome Analysis of Ancient and Modern Salmonella enterica Demonstrates Genomic Stability of the Invasive Para C Lineage for Millennia" 1310:. Their approach included risk assessment and risk management of poultry, which resulted in a reduction of infection cases by one half. In 9145: 7958: 5857: 5825: 1488:, a network of connective tissue that contains immune cells, and surrounds tissue associated with the immune system throughout the body. 1676:

from bacteria virulence gene (mgtCBR operon) decreases flagellin production during infection by directly base pairing with mRNAs of the

1016:(ATP) in aerobic environments (i.e., when oxygen is available). However, in anaerobic environments (i.e., when oxygen is not available) 655:

Serotyping is done by mixing cells with antibodies for a particular antigen. It can give some idea about risk. A 2014 study showed that

7413: 6880: 4755:"The acetyltransferase activity of the bacterial toxin YopJ of Yersinia is activated by eukaryotic host cell inositol hexakisphosphate" 3300:

Little decrease in viable population of the three species was noted on inoculated pecan halves stored at -18, -7, and 5°C for 32 weeks.

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were found to have certain adhesins in common that have developed out of convergent evolution. This means that, as these strains of

1515:-Containing Vacuole (SCV). The acidification of the SCV leads to the expression of the T3SS-2. The secretion of T3SS-2 effectors by 882:(VI). As specialists in infectious disease are not familiar with the new nomenclature, the traditional nomenclature remains common. 9431: 9027: 8889: 7953: 4477: 1024:— that is, by substituting, instead of oxygen, at least one of four electron acceptors at the end of the electron transport chain: 727: 1111: 9483: 8997: 5845: 1278: 598: 3811:(9th ed.). Institut Pasteur, Paris, France: WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella. p. 7. 2753: 8988: 8936: 8841: 5878: 3721: 3393: 2804: 2526: 2465: 2423: 2244: 2170: 5830: 9328: 9191: 9002: 8931: 8856: 8675: 7757: 2822:"Development of a multiplex PCR technique for detection and epidemiological typing of salmonella in human clinical samples" 2345:

Hardy A (August 1999). "Food, hygiene, and the laboratory. A short history of food poisoning in Britain, circa 1850-1950".

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Nair S, Patel V, Hickey T, Maguire C, Greig DR, Lee W, Godbole G, Grant K, Chattaway MA (August 2019). Ledeboer NA (ed.).

597:(var. Choleraesuis). At the time, Smith was working as a research laboratory assistant in the Veterinary Division of the 9488: 9179: 9057: 4009:"Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Typhi as model organisms: revealing paradigm of host–pathogen interactions" 1862: 1069:

pathogenicity and host interaction has been studied extensively since the 2010s. Most of the important virulent genes of

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Jantsch J, Chikkaballi D, Hensel M (March 2011). "Cellular aspects of immunity to intracellular Salmonella enterica".

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may also develop. Shock of mixed character (with signs of both hypovolemic and septic shock) is more common in severe

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Kerr MC, Wang JT, Castro NA, Hamilton NA, Town L, Brown DL, Meunier FA, Brown NF, Stow JL, Teasdale RD (April 2010).

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released from the dead salmonellae. The local response to the endotoxins is enteritis and gastrointestinal disorder.

890: 517: 9598: 9545: 9201: 9037: 8968: 8963: 8084: 5923: 5871: 1825: 903: 549: 5806: 9578: 9140: 9047: 8911: 8826: 8589: 7968: 5918: 3430: 9514: 3625: 9169: 9042: 8879: 8846: 3397: 2457: 2014:"Same species, different diseases: how and why typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars differ" 1673: 1303: 1005: 541: 4306: 8945: 8335: 8185: 8111: 6002: 5992: 5975: 4330:

Majowicz SE, Musto J, Scallan E, Angulo FJ, Kirk M, O'Brien SJ, Jones TF, Fazil A, Hoekstra RM (March 2010).

2507:"Serotypes Profile of Salmonella Isolates from Meat and Poultry Products, January 1998 through December 2014" 1857: 774:

is notorious for its ability to survive desiccation and can persist for years in dry environments and foods.

636: 9583: 9308: 9174: 8034: 1572: 1485: 688: 352: 55: 4857:"Bacterial protein mimics DNA to sabotage cells' defenses: Study reveals details of Salmonella infections" 4615:"Salmonella stress management and its relevance to behaviour during intestinal colonisation and infection" 9470: 9228: 8926: 8884: 8238: 907: 584: 5292:

de Moraes MH, Soto EB, Salas González I, Desai P, Chu W, Porwollik S, McClelland M, Teplitski M (2018).

9588: 9223: 911: 553: 75: 5818: 3419: 2263:"Intracontinental spread of human invasive Salmonella Typhimurium pathovariants in sub-Saharan Africa" 1047:

serotypes can be divided into two main groups—typhoidal and nontyphoidal. Typhoidal serotypes include

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to their hosts are by the loss of genetic material, and mutation. In more complex mammalian species,

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Serotyping Assay With Traditional Serotyping and Discordance Resolution by Whole Genome Sequencing"

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invading the bloodstream, as well as spreading throughout the body, invading organs, and secreting

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Hapfelmeier S, Hardt WD (October 2005). "A mouse model for S. typhimurium-induced enterocolitis".

618: 144: 9095: 9007: 8448: 8323: 8161: 8156: 7865: 7570: 6007: 4856: 4259:"Invasive non-typhoidal salmonella disease: an emerging and neglected tropical disease in Africa" 4082:"Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium skills to succeed in the host: virulence and regulation" 3626:

Judicial Commission Of The International Committee On Systematics Of Prokaryotes (January 2005).

2068:"Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium skills to succeed in the host: virulence and regulation" 1579: 1441:, a process associated with intestinal inflammation and diarrhoea. They are also able to disrupt 635:

established a salmonella typing laboratory – one of only three in the world at the time – at the

557: 854:. The current (by 2005) nomenclature has thus taken shape, with six recognised subspecies under 440:

and cause salmonellosis, the symptoms of which can be resolved without antibiotics. However, in

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infection, heating food to an internal temperature of 75 °C (167 °F) is recommended.

437: 378: 356: 267: 9462: 1959:"Evaluation of the Complex Nomenclature of the Clinically and Veterinary Significant Pathogen 9185: 9135: 9130: 8874: 8622: 7783: 5970: 4706:"Inhibition of the PtdIns(5) kinase PIKfyve disrupts intracellular replication of Salmonella" 2820:

Alvarez J, Sota M, Vivanco AB, Perales I, Cisterna R, Rementeria A, Garaizar J (April 2004).

1784:. Typhimurium. These genetic tools also led to a simple test for carcinogens, the Ames test. 1373: 1285:. All of these organizations create standards and inspections to ensure public safety in the 778: 610: 587:

was able to grow the pathogen in pure culture. A year after that, medical research scientist

5793: 3740:, Wain J, Weill FX, Nair S, Zhou Z, Sangal V, Krauland MG, Hale JL, Harbottle H, Uesbeck A, 9405: 9383: 9298: 8612: 8441: 8296: 8069: 7621: 6556: 5735: 5679: 5621: 5140: 3109: 3079:"Development and validation of a mathematical model for growth of salmonella in cantaloupe" 1847: 1721: 1713: 1528: 1445:

between the cells of the intestinal wall, impairing the cells' ability to stop the flow of

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that has lost the genetic material which codes for a flagellum to form can evade a host's

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species can be found in the digestive tracts of humans and animals, especially reptiles.

602: 593: 461: 418: 311: 280: 170: 107: 9314: 5739: 5683: 5625: 5610:"Emergence of human-adapted Salmonella enterica is linked to the Neolithization process" 5188:"Evolution of Salmonella enterica virulence via point mutations in the fimbrial adhesin" 5144: 4661:

Haraga A, Ohlson MB, Miller SI (January 2008). "Salmonellae interplay with host cells".

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Luo Y, Huang C, Ye J, Octavia S, Wang H, Dunbar SA, Jin D, Tang YW, Lan R (2020-09-07).

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Yoon KB, Song BJ, Shin MY, Lim HC, Yoon YH, Jeon DY, Ha H, Yang SI, Kim JB (June 2017).

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Su LH, Chiu CH (2007). "Salmonella: clinical importance and evolution of nomenclature".

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effectors, leaving others untouched. Salmonella thyroid abscess has also been reported.

1484:. Typhoidal serotypes can use this to achieve dissemination throughout the body via the 1261:

rate of 1140 per 100,000 person-years. In the same analysis, 93.8 million cases of

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infections caused by nontyphoidal salmonellae in Africa were reported in 2012 to have a

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In addition to their importance as pathogens, nontyphoidal Salmonella species such as

9593: 9532: 9392: 9243: 9052: 8738: 8372: 8357: 8339: 8253: 8131: 7842: 6974: 5997: 5960: 5948: 5938: 5751: 5707: 5647: 5593: 5581: 5546: 5542: 5511: 5462: 5413: 5370: 5329: 5271: 5257: 5219: 5168: 5101: 5050: 5000: 4943: 4909: 4897: 4838: 4807:

Choi YS, Cho WJ, Yun SH, Lee SY, Park SH, Park JC, Jang EH, Shin HY (December 2010).

4786: 4735: 4678: 4636: 4595: 4547:"Anzahl der jährlich registrierten Salmonellose-Erkrankungen in Deutschland bis 2016" 4520: 4508: 4353: 4288: 4239: 4225: 4190: 4147: 4111: 4057:"What is the difference between nontyphoidal salmonellae and S typhi or S paratyphi?" 4038: 3989: 3860: 3777: 3717: 3690: 3649: 3599: 3500: 3496: 3376: 3335: 3291: 3239: 3190: 3135: 3059: 3018: 2977: 2941: 2900: 2895: 2870: 2851: 2800: 2735: 2686: 2633: 2578: 2479: 2471: 2461: 2419: 2362: 2292: 2240: 2217: 2212: 2187: 2166: 2135: 2131: 2097: 2045: 1994: 1936: 1872: 1830: 1539: 1396: 1138: 1101: 944: 545: 533: 449: 436:

and can be transferred from animals and between humans. They usually invade only the

410: 394: 386: 364: 5382: 4955: 4159: 3872: 3121: 2886: 2837: 2721: 2203: 2147: 8894: 8806: 8786: 8634: 8604: 8220: 7976: 7918: 7776: 7632: 7390: 7345: 7298: 7136: 6302: 5912: 5763: 5743: 5697: 5687: 5637: 5629: 5573: 5538: 5501: 5493: 5452: 5444: 5405: 5360: 5319: 5309: 5261: 5253: 5209: 5199: 5158: 5148: 5091: 5081: 5040: 5032: 4990: 4982: 4935: 4887: 4828: 4820: 4776: 4766: 4725: 4717: 4690: 4670: 4626: 4585: 4500: 4491:

Samarasekera U (July 2022). "Salmonella Typhimurium outbreak linked to chocolate".

4343: 4278: 4270: 4229: 4221: 4182: 4139: 4101: 4093: 4028: 4020: 3979: 3971: 3940: 3850: 3767: 3757: 3746:"Multilocus sequence typing as a replacement for serotyping in Salmonella enterica" 3680: 3639: 3589: 3581: 3548: 3517:

F. Kauffmann: Die Bakteriologie der Salmonella-Gruppe. Munksgaard, Kopenhagen, 1941

3492: 3366: 3325: 3281: 3273: 3229: 3221: 3180: 3170: 3125: 3117: 3098:"Role of nonhost environments in the lifestyles of Salmonella and Escherichia coli" 3049: 3008: 2969: 2931: 2890: 2882: 2841: 2833: 2725: 2717: 2676: 2668: 2623: 2613: 2568: 2560: 2354: 2331: 2319: 2282: 2274: 2207: 2199: 2127: 2087: 2079: 2035: 2025: 1984: 1974: 1362: 1233:, and early in the event picked up a gene that made it resistant to the antibiotic 989: 703: 576: 263: 117: 9397: 4986: 3585: 3353:

Ma L, Zhang G, Gerner-Smidt P, Mantripragada V, Ezeoke I, Doyle MP (August 2009).

3277: 3262:"Salmonella survival on pecans as influenced by processing and storage conditions" 2920:"Modeling the growth of Salmonella in raw poultry stored under aerobic conditions" 848:

proposed that the serotype V should remain its own species, resurrecting the name

9110: 8816: 8778: 8748: 8594: 8527: 8392: 8377: 8301: 8268: 8116: 8029: 8011: 7913: 7908: 7898: 7880: 7815: 7683: 7587: 7400: 7395: 7149: 6951: 6929: 6744: 6457: 6428: 6378: 6213: 6108: 6076: 5852: 5813: 5577: 5448: 5204: 4631: 4614: 3762: 3437: 3426: 3404: 3054: 3037: 2936: 2919: 2794: 2413: 1777: 1753: 1650: 1543: 1504: 1262: 1234: 711: 21:

This article is about the bacteria. For the disease caused by such bacteria, see

9318: 4892: 4875: 4824: 3371: 3354: 3225: 3013: 2996: 2564: 2310:

Eberth CJ (1880-07-01). "Die Organismen in den Organen bei Typhus abdominalis".

1622:

species must face attack by molecules that challenge genome integrity. Buchmeier

1249:, and respiratory symptoms, often with an absence of gastrointestinal symptoms. 1110:

serotypes which are strictly adapted to humans or higher primates—these include

9233: 8397: 8362: 8258: 7928: 7663: 7602: 7593: 7490: 7446: 7254: 7217: 7131: 7023: 6964: 6467: 6444: 6147: 6060: 6047: 6042: 5943: 5497: 5133:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3330: 3313: 1606:

pathogenesis is the ability of the bacterium to survive and proliferate within

1442: 1434: 1365:

and as such regulate the switch from their normal growth in the intestine into

1299: 1172: 1001: 993: 632: 629: 588: 97: 5747: 5692: 5633: 5409: 4186: 4143: 3553: 3528: 759:

growth kinetics have been developed for chicken, pork, tomatoes, and melons.

9567: 9368: 9238: 8758: 8566: 8427: 8407: 8318: 8283: 8166: 8039: 8019: 7943: 7669: 7323: 7042: 6982: 6959: 6898: 6685: 6568: 6546: 6515: 6489: 6390: 6204: 6095: 6071: 6052: 6023: 5314: 5086: 3741: 3175: 2618: 2475: 2030: 1666: 1654: 1583: 1481: 1376:

inside the host (such as humans), and can be summarised into several stages:

1311: 1157: 1126: 1097: 707: 668: 660: 382: 22: 5153: 4969:

Cano DA, Pucciarelli MG, García-del Portillo F, Casadesús J (January 2002).

4771: 3855: 3838: 2483: 683: 9475: 9288: 9248: 8763: 8584: 8576: 8546: 8417: 8402: 8248: 7986: 7938: 7888: 7529: 7519: 7243: 7035: 7007: 6916: 6836: 6772: 6627: 6602: 6525: 6121: 6103: 5807:

Questions and Answers about commercial and institutional sanitizing methods

5755: 5711: 5651: 5585: 5466: 5417: 5374: 5333: 5223: 5172: 5105: 5054: 5004: 4968: 4901: 4842: 4790: 4739: 4682: 4640: 4599: 4512: 4357: 4292: 4210:"Role of acid tolerance response genes in Salmonella typhimurium virulence" 4194: 4151: 4115: 4042: 3993: 3864: 3781: 3737: 3694: 3653: 3504: 3380: 3339: 3210:"Pathogenicity of Salmonella gallinarum after metabolic injury by freezing" 3194: 3139: 3063: 3022: 2981: 2945: 2904: 2871:"Automated 5' nuclease PCR assay for identification of Salmonella enterica" 2855: 2690: 2637: 2582: 2388: 2366: 2358: 2312:

Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin

2296: 2221: 2139: 2101: 2049: 1998: 1979: 1940: 1611: 1453: 1021: 719: 640: 537: 414: 368: 295: 9501: 5515: 5275: 5036: 4947: 4721: 4243: 3685: 3668: 3644: 3627: 3603: 3295: 3243: 2739: 9444: 9377: 9278: 8864: 8821: 8753: 8733: 8710: 8685: 8489: 8484: 8462: 8455: 8412: 8382: 8352: 8208: 8141: 8074: 8064: 8054: 7501: 7405: 7012: 6939: 5550: 4097: 2672: 2083: 1680:

gene encoding flagellin and promotes degradation. In the study by Kisela

1563: 1547: 1438: 1381: 1230: 1122: 1118: 344: 4674: 4372:"Salmonellosis - Annual Epidemiological Report 2016 [2014 data]" 3975: 3568:

Reeves MW, Evins GM, Heiba AA, Plikaytis BD, Farmer JJ (February 1989).

2706:"The phs gene and hydrogen sulfide production by Salmonella typhimurium" 1634:

requires RecA- and RecBC-mediated recombinational repair of DNA damage.

9436: 9079: 8831: 8796: 8725: 8387: 8347: 8216: 8177: 8136: 8126: 8079: 7981: 7893: 7614: 7506: 7285: 7017: 6944: 6281: 6247: 6127: 5894: 4257:

Feasey NA, Dougan G, Kingsley RA, Heyderman RS, Gordon MA (June 2012).

4024: 2653:"Real-Time PCR Assay for Differentiation of Typhoidal and Nontyphoidal 2323: 1808: 1724:

in the genome of different serotypes has lent credence to this theory.

1657:, which include pathogen specific immune responses, target serovars of 1477: 1413:

Replication, in which the bacterium may reproduce inside the host cell,

1389: 1352:

While travelling to their target tissue in the gastrointestinal tract,

1273:

Successful forms of prevention come from existing entities such as the

1142: 997: 422: 336: 299: 9449: 5365: 5349:"Typhoidal Salmonella: Distinctive virulence factors and pathogenesis" 5348: 4809:"A case of back pain caused by Salmonella spondylitis -A case report-" 3441: 2186:

Brenner FW, Villar RG, Angulo FJ, Tauxe R, Swaminathan B (July 2000).

9418: 9125: 8836: 8768: 8743: 8705: 8670: 8662: 8644: 8629: 8617: 8561: 8538: 8506: 8501: 8291: 8151: 8001: 7996: 7923: 6997: 6263: 5839: 3036:

Li D, Friedrich LM, Danyluk MD, Harris LJ, Schaffner DW (June 2013).

2958: 2754:"UK Standards for Microbiology Investigations: Changing the Phase of 2234: 1813: 1607: 1587: 1559: 1536: 1385: 1366: 898:

serovar Typhimurium. More modern approaches for typing and subtyping

841: 819:"species" was named according to clinical consideration, for example 715: 406: 325: 9339: 5067: 2278: 1137:

may develop in severe cases as a result of renal involvement due to

1063:, meaning they can be transferred between humans and other animals. 9423: 9362: 9100: 8690: 8639: 8495: 8435: 8263: 8233: 8101: 8059: 8044: 7991: 7948: 7933: 7837: 5982: 5898: 5294:"Genome-Wide Comparative Functional Analyses Reveal Adaptations of 4753:

Mittal R, Peak-Chew SY, Sade RS, Vallis Y, McMahon HT (June 2010).

4348: 4331: 1877: 1764: 1134: 1130: 1060: 1037: 830:

In 1987, Le Minor and Popoff used molecular findings to argue that

644: 509: 433: 340: 329: 303: 87: 5185: 4971:"Role of the RecBCD recombination pathway in Salmonella virulence" 4559: 3461:. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 25 November 2013 1460:-positive immune cells, which may be a mechanism key to typhoidal 1388:, penetrate the mucus barrier, and locate themselves close to the 1380:

Approach, in which they travel towards a host cell via intestinal

621:

proposed that the pathogen discovered by Salmon's group be called

46: 8556: 8273: 8243: 8089: 7903: 7847: 7807: 7799: 6269: 3673:

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

3632:

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

1700:

may have evolved through several phases. For example, as Baumler

1523:

The AvrA toxin injected by the SPI1 type III secretion system of

1242: 1078: 1029: 1025: 763:

reproduce asexually with a cell division interval of 40 minutes.

613:, so Salmon and Smith named it "Hog-cholera bacillus". The name 398: 5724: 5291: 4533:§ 6 and § 7 of the German law on infectious disease prevention, 3352: 8700: 8658: 8228: 5017: 4207: 3533:

sp. nov., nom. rev., as the type and only species of the genus

1532: 1511:

further resides within a membrane-bound compartment called the

1452:

Salmonellae are also able to breach the intestinal barrier via

1033: 580: 393:

serotypes can only be transferred between humans and can cause

360: 29: 9410: 4880:

European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Diseases

4332:"The global burden of nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis" 3667:

Tindall BJ, Grimont PA, Garrity GM, Euzéby JP (January 2005).

1712:, and through the formation of new serovars due to additional 1395:

Adhesion, in which they adhere to a host cell using bacterial

8654: 8306: 7832: 5801: 5784: 5664: 5482:"A proposal for a uniform nomenclature in bacterial genetics" 4256: 1908:. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information 1582:

study also shows how salmonella disrupt specific arms of the

348: 259: 9273: 5606: 4208:

Garcia-del Portillo F, Foster JW, Finlay BB (October 1993).

3616:

Janda JM, Abbott SL (2006). "The Enterobacteria", ASM Press.

1661:

by binding antibodies to structures such as flagella. Thus

678: 401:

and paratyphoid fever. Typhoid fever is caused by typhoidal

343:(all around the cell body, allowing them to move). They are 5479: 4873: 3666: 3416: 1550:(IP6). This leaves the host more susceptible to infection. 1457: 1446: 1290: 1286: 954: 948: 7768: 5480:

Demerec M, Adelberg EA, Clark AJ, Hartman PE (July 1966).

5240:

Bäumler AJ, Tsolis RM, Ficht TA, Adams LG (October 1998).

4874:

Sahli M, Hemmaoui B, Errami N, Benariba F (January 2022).

4329: 4006: 1073:

are encoded in five pathogenicity islands — the so-called

532:

Typhimurium. Further differentiation of strains to assist

8551: 4752: 4128: 3567: 2819: 2381:"FDA/CFSAN—Food Safety A to Z Reference Guide—Salmonella" 2259: 1274: 1238: 520:). The full name of a serotype is given as, for example, 5893: 5797: 3836: 3035: 2185: 2117: 5239: 5119:

Choi E, Han Y, Cho YJ, Nam D, Lee EJ (September 2017).

4925: 1731:

selected for in sv. Typhimurium from animal hosts. The

512:(also serovars) defined on the basis of the somatic O ( 4703: 2650: 2235:

Gillespie, Stephen H., Hawkey, Peter M., eds. (2006).

1372:

The switch to virulence gives access to a replication

929:, the bacterium reported does not belong in the genus 609:

Choleraesuis was thought to be the causative agent of

484:, the latter of which is divided into six subspecies: 5242:"Evolution of host adaptation in Salmonella enterica" 4411:"Prevention | General Information | Salmonella | CDC" 3957: 3355:"Thermal inactivation of Salmonella in peanut butter" 3314:"Fate of Salmonella Inoculated into Beef for Cooking" 2868: 1424:, if now at a systemic site) and further replication. 409:(the septic form). This can lead to life-threatening 363:("aerobically") when it is available, or using other 5346: 3736: 2411: 2239:(2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. 1956: 1716:, and through an approximation of its ancestry. So, 1338: 9033:

2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak

4007:Garai P, Gnanadhas DP, Chakravortty D (July 2012). 3801: 3669:"Nomenclature and taxonomy of the genus Salmonella" 3207: 3159:

Serovar Typhimurium Genes for Desiccation Survival"

1410:

enter the host cell (see variant mechanisms below),

1321:Typhimurium outbreak has been linked to chocolate. 706:, which can readily be detected by growing them on 381:, of which certain serotypes cause illness such as 335:

with cell diameters between about 0.7 and 1.5

5528: 4660: 4399:. Center for Veterinary Medicine, FDA. 2019-06-06. 4376:European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 3429:. The USDA has other resources available at their 2917: 2869:Hoorfar J, Ahrens P, Rådström P (September 2000). 2407: 2405: 2011: 1610:. Phagocytes produce DNA-damaging agents such as 889:based on antigens that the organism presents. The 5347:Johnson R, Mylona E, Frankel G (September 2018). 5287: 5285: 3208:Sorrells KM, Speck ML, Warren JA (January 1970). 2595: 2545:"Antibiotic Resistance Patterns and Serotypes of 452:, which requires immediate antibiotic treatment. 9565: 5395: 4746: 3958:LaRock DL, Chaudhary A, Miller SI (April 2015). 3483:Goldrick BA (March 2003). "Foodborne diseases". 3095: 2606:Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 2385:FDA–Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition 2237:Principles and practice of clinical bacteriology 1597: 777:The bacteria are not destroyed by freezing, but 528:serotype Typhimurium, but can be abbreviated to 371:("anaerobically") when oxygen is not available. 339:, lengths from 2 to 5 μm, and peritrichous 5430: 3311: 2542: 2402: 1212:of 20–25%. Most cases of invasive nontyphoidal 1040:(all of which are less efficient than oxygen). 885:The serotype or serovar is a classification of 667:Newer methods of "serotyping" include xMAP and 601:. The division was under the administration of 5298:sv. Newport to a Plant Colonization Lifestyle" 5282: 4571: 3960:"Salmonellae interactions with host processes" 3526: 3478: 3476: 1059:. They can infect a range of animals, and are 675:of the genes that determine surface antigens. 508:. The taxonomic group contains more than 2500 385:. Most infections are due to the ingestion of 8193: 7784: 5879: 5800:, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by 5235: 5233: 5118: 4806: 4612: 3805:Antigenic Formulae of the Salmonella Serovars 3259: 2553:Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives 2527:"Steps in a Foodborne Outbreak Investigation" 2165:(4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 362–8. 2061: 2059: 1468:are required for infection than nontyphoidal 1437:on the intestinal wall by bacterial-mediated 1344:use different strategies to cause infection. 782:(194 °F) for 30 min. To protect against 9208:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition 9023:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak 8922:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal 4962: 4921: 4919: 4562:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4490: 2994: 2918:Dominguez SA, Schaffner DW (December 2008). 2765:UK Standards for Microbiology Investigations 2703: 2113: 2111: 1433:Nontyphoidal serotypes preferentially enter 1361:can sense and reacts against, and they form 947:, as it was made outside of IJSB and IJSEM. 734:species for detection in a clinical sample. 9146:United Kingdom food information regulations 7959:European Union Council Directive 1999/74/EC 4802: 4800: 4172: 4079: 3730: 3473: 2796:Handbook of Media for Clinical Microbiology 2792: 2697: 2065: 1776:. Typhimurium, that allowed quick and easy 1558:Salmonellosis is known to be able to cause 988:can invade different cell types, including 951:and NCBI agree with the 2016 reassignment. 8200: 8186: 7791: 7777: 5886: 5872: 5230: 3701: 3459:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3442:National Center for Home Food Preservation 3152: 2962:International Journal of Food Microbiology 2456:. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, 2418:. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. 2412:Heymann DA, Alcamo IE, Heymann DL (2006). 2056: 1842:American Public Health Association v. Butz 1696:has evolved into so many different types, 1495:in causing infection is attributed to two 1296:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1148: 45: 8984:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak 5701: 5691: 5641: 5563: 5505: 5456: 5364: 5323: 5313: 5265: 5213: 5203: 5162: 5152: 5095: 5085: 5044: 4994: 4916: 4891: 4832: 4780: 4770: 4729: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4630: 4589: 4578:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 4347: 4282: 4233: 4105: 4032: 3983: 3854: 3771: 3761: 3707: 3684: 3643: 3593: 3552: 3370: 3329: 3285: 3233: 3184: 3174: 3129: 3053: 3012: 2935: 2894: 2845: 2729: 2680: 2627: 2617: 2572: 2286: 2211: 2160: 2108: 2091: 2039: 2029: 1988: 1978: 1836:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak 1747:serovar Typhimurium are commonly used as 1167:Infection with nontyphoidal serotypes of 679:Detection, culture, and growth conditions 9028:2018 Australian strawberry contamination 8890:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident 8207: 5431:Zinder ND, Lederberg J (November 1952). 4797: 4572:Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED (May 2004). 3529:"Request for an Opinion: Designation of 3482: 740:can also be detected and subtyped using 682: 641:Laboratory of Pathology and Bacteriology 605:, a veterinary pathologist. Initially, 591:discovered what would be later known as 8998:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak 5789:United States Department of Agriculture 3795: 3312:Goodfellow SJ, Brown WL (August 1978). 3153:Mandal RK, Kwon YM (8 September 2017). 2549:spp. Isolated at Jeollanam-do in Korea" 2012:Gal-Mor O, Boyle EC, Grassl GA (2014). 1279:United States Department of Agriculture 1088: 664:antibiotic resistance of the serotype. 599:United States Department of Agriculture 583:of typhoid patients. Four years later, 351:, using organic sources. They are also 9566: 9013:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning 8590:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 4647: 4613:Rychlik I, Barrow PA (November 2005). 4565: 3455:"Reptiles, Amphibians, and Salmonella" 3102:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 3096:Winfield MD, Groisman EA (July 2003). 2309: 2154: 1926: 1618:as a defense against pathogens. Thus, 1428: 1347: 1194:About 2,000 serotypes of nontyphoidal 840:, turning former "species" names into 9344: 9343: 8181: 7772: 5867: 3394:Partnership for Food Safety Education 2786: 2746: 2538: 2536: 2521: 2519: 2501: 2499: 2344: 1957:Ryan MP, O'Dwyer J, Adley CC (2017). 925:, was proposed, but according to the 9525:58cb9353-0d98-468c-82e3-0b68076fc0d7 9304: 9192:Institute for Food Safety and Health 8932:Australian meat substitution scandal 8900:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959 8676:Arsenic contamination of groundwater 4574:"The global burden of typhoid fever" 3887:"Species: Atlantibacter subterranea" 1952: 1950: 1868:2008–2009 peanut-borne salmonellosis 1553: 1384:and through active swimming via the 1324: 65:(red) invading cultured human cells 9609:Biological anti-agriculture weapons 9324: 9180:Food Information and Control Agency 5860: — The Merck Veterinary Manual 5796:genomes and related information at 4759:The Journal of Biological Chemistry 3802:Grimont PA, Xavier Weill F (2007). 3710:Salmonella: From Genome to Function 3420:Internal Cooking Temperatures Chart 3260:Beuchat LR, Heaton EK (June 1975). 2995:Pan W, Schaffner DW (August 2010). 2373: 1863:List of foodborne illness outbreaks 811:Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica 746:real-time polymerase chain reaction 659:Reading is very common among young 468:Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica 13: 8025:Avian infectious laryngotracheitis 5785:Food Safety and Inspection Service 4940:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01184.x 3923:"Taxonomy browser (Atlantibacter)" 2704:Clark MA, Barrett EL (June 1987). 2533: 2516: 2496: 2453:Australian Dictionary of Biography 2445: 1637: 1542:activity, and requires binding to 1283:Food Safety and Inspection Service 902:include DNA-based methods such as 14: 9620: 9197:International Food Safety Network 9121:International Food Safety Network 8842:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 8792:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein 8519:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic 8040:Histomoniasis (blackhead disease) 5774: 4397:"Get the Facts about Salmonella!" 3905:"GTDB - Tree at g__Atlantibacter" 2974:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.09.025 1947: 1920: 1527:Typhimurium works to inhibit the 1339:Molecular mechanisms of infection 540:investigation may be achieved by 349:oxidation and reduction reactions 9323: 9313: 9303: 9294: 9293: 9282: 9272: 9202:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety 9038:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal 8969:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak 8964:ICA meat repackaging controversy 8085:Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome 5433:"Genetic exchange in Salmonella" 5258:10.1128/IAI.66.10.4579-4587.1998 4813:Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 4226:10.1128/IAI.61.10.4489-4492.1993 4080:Fàbrega A, Vila J (April 2013). 3787: 3744:, Harrison LH, Brisse S (2012). 3574:Journal of Clinical Microbiology 3497:10.1097/00000446-200303000-00043 2875:Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2826:Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2661:Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2192:Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2161:Ryan I KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). 2132:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00981.x 2066:Fàbrega A, Vila J (April 2013). 1831:The Great Hormel Disaster of '98 1826:1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack 972: 969:should be species of their own. 904:pulsed field gel electrophoresis 691:scientist tests for presence of 571:was first visualized in 1880 by 550:pulsed-field gel electrophoresis 516:) and flagellar H antigens (the 298:and is further divided into six 74: 9141:Quality Assurance International 9048:Food safety incidents in Taiwan 9018:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat 8912:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster 8827:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 7954:Abnormal behaviour in captivity 5718: 5658: 5600: 5557: 5522: 5473: 5424: 5389: 5340: 5179: 5112: 5061: 5011: 4867: 4849: 4697: 4606: 4553: 4539: 4527: 4493:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases 4484: 4470: 4446: 4428: 4403: 4389: 4364: 4323: 4299: 4250: 4201: 4175:Fish & Shellfish Immunology 4166: 4122: 4073: 4049: 4000: 3951: 3933: 3915: 3897: 3879: 3830: 3818:from the original on 2022-10-09 3660: 3619: 3610: 3561: 3520: 3511: 3485:The American Journal of Nursing 3447: 3410: 3387: 3346: 3305: 3253: 3201: 3146: 3122:10.1128/aem.69.7.3687-3694.2003 3089: 3070: 3029: 2988: 2952: 2911: 2887:10.1128/JCM.38.9.3429-3435.2000 2862: 2838:10.1128/JCM.42.4.1734-1738.2004 2813: 2774:from the original on 2022-10-09 2722:10.1128/jb.169.6.2391-2397.1987 2644: 2589: 2439: 2338: 2303: 2253: 2204:10.1128/JCM.38.7.2465-2467.2000 1252: 1216:infection (iNTS) are caused by 1162: 937:was proposed to be assigned to 834:consisted of only one species, 800: 9170:European Food Safety Authority 9043:Food safety incidents in China 8880:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning 8847:Water fluoridation controversy 5728:Nature Ecology & Evolution 5614:Nature Ecology & Evolution 4458:European Food Safety Authority 3941:"GTDB - Tree at g__Salmonella" 3527:Le Minor L, Popoff MY (1987). 3440:fact-sheet page. See also the 3076: 2458:Australian National University 2228: 2179: 2005: 1890: 1812:, an epidemic in 16th-century 1790: 1684:, more pathogenic serovars of 1304:European Food Safety Authority 1006:facultative anaerobic organism 628:In the late 1930s, Australian 617:was not used until 1900, when 542:antibiotic sensitivity testing 347:, obtaining their energy from 1: 4987:10.1128/jb.184.2.592-595.2002 4505:10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00351-6 4275:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61752-2 4132:Journal of Molecular Modeling 4086:Clinical Microbiology Reviews 3586:10.1128/JCM.27.2.313-320.1989 3278:10.1128/AEM.29.6.795-801.1975 2448:"Atkinson, Nancy (1910–1999)" 2072:Clinical Microbiology Reviews 1967:BioMed Research International 1883: 1598:Resistance to oxidative burst 891:Kauffman–White classification 650: 637:Government of South Australia 518:Kauffman–White classification 9175:Food and Drug Administration 8857:Food contamination incidents 8035:Avian sarcoma leukosis virus 5578:10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109432 5543:10.1016/0165-1161(75)90046-1 5449:10.1128/JB.64.5.679-699.1952 5205:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002733 4876:"Salmonella thyroid abscess" 4663:Nature Reviews. Microbiology 4632:10.1016/j.femsre.2005.03.005 4336:Clinical Infectious Diseases 4307:"Salmonella (non-typhoidal)" 3964:Nature Reviews. Microbiology 3763:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002776 3055:10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-398 2937:10.4315/0362-028x-71.12.2429 2793:Snyder JW, Atlas RM (2006). 2387:. 2008-07-03. Archived from 2163:Sherris Medical Microbiology 1756:model build upon the use of 1708:most likely evolved through 1590:proteins) using a family of 1486:mononuclear phagocyte system 943:, but LPSN rejects it as an 689:Food and Drug Administration 56:scanning electron micrograph 7: 9229:Food and drink prohibitions 9003:Bihar school meal poisoning 8927:United Kingdom BSE outbreak 8885:1900 English beer poisoning 8239:Antibiotic use in livestock 7798: 4893:10.1016/j.anorl.2021.05.004 4825:10.4097/kjae.2010.59.S.S233 3843:Microbiology and Immunology 3372:10.4315/0362-028x-72.8.1596 3226:10.1128/AEM.19.1.39-43.1970 3014:10.4315/0362-028X-73.8.1502 2565:10.24171/j.phrp.2017.8.3.08 1819: 1738: 1573:reticular endothelial cells 1224:Enteritidis. A new form of 1202: 1106:Typhoid fever is caused by 908:multiple-loci VNTR analysis 455: 274:. The two known species of 10: 9625: 9224:Curing (food preservation) 8297:Monosodium glutamate (MSG) 5125:-acting leader RNA from a 3359:Journal of Food Protection 3331:10.4315/0362-028x-41.8.598 3318:Journal of Food Protection 3042:Journal of Food Protection 3001:Journal of Food Protection 2924:Journal of Food Protection 2799:. CRC Press. p. 374. 2347:Social History of Medicine 1929:Chang Gung Medical Journal 1497:type III secretion systems 1155: 1095: 921:In 2005, a third species, 912:multilocus sequence typing 804: 730:can be used to enrich for 563: 554:multilocus sequence typing 465: 459: 448:can be invasive and cause 27: 20: 9352: 9267: 9254:Genetically modified food 9216: 9154: 9106:Food labeling regulations 9078: 8974:2008 Chinese milk scandal 8855: 8777: 8724: 8653: 8603: 8575: 8537: 8426: 8334: 8282: 8215: 8107:Infectious bursal disease 8096:Gallid alphaherpesvirus 3 8010: 7967: 7879: 7856: 7806: 7743: 7706: 7580: 7381: 7280:"Acidulodesulfobacteriia" 7266: 7253: 6996: 6928: 6870: 6797: 6697: 6684: 6620: 6539: 6508: 6501: 6406: 6246: 6194: 6035: 6022: 5906: 5858:Overview of Salmonellosis 5748:10.1038/s41559-017-0446-6 5693:10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.058 5634:10.1038/s41559-020-1106-9 5410:10.1016/j.tim.2005.08.008 5302:Frontiers in Microbiology 4619:FEMS Microbiology Reviews 4187:10.1016/j.fsi.2015.12.033 4144:10.1007/s00894-012-1469-1 3708:Porwollik S, ed. (2011). 3554:10.1099/00207713-37-4-465 3398:Fight BAC! Basic Brochure 3163:Frontiers in Microbiology 2188:"Salmonella nomenclature" 2018:Frontiers in Microbiology 1858:Host–pathogen interaction 1401:type III secretion system 940:Atlantibacter subterranea 927:World Health Organization 714:, such as is used in the 314:(1850–1914), an American 157: 152: 71:Scientific classification 69: 53: 44: 37: 9116:Food safety in Australia 8312:High-fructose corn syrup 7871:List of poultry feathers 7537:"Thermodesulfovibrionia" 7275:Acidulodesulfobacteriota 6290:"Thermosediminibacteria" 6228:"Marinamargulisbacteria" 5781:Background on Salmonella 5498:10.1093/genetics/54.1.61 5315:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00877 5087:10.1186/1471-2164-12-425 3176:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01723 2767:: 8–10. 8 January 2015. 2619:10.3389/fcimb.2020.00452 2031:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00391 1710:horizontal gene transfer 1476:cells are able to enter 1057:gastrointestinal disease 980:species are facultative 355:, capable of generating 328:-forming, predominantly 302:that include over 2,650 28:Not to be confused with 9599:Rodent-carried diseases 9096:Acceptable daily intake 9008:2013 horse meat scandal 8449:Clostridium perfringens 8162:Tibial dyschondroplasia 8157:Squamous cell carcinoma 7866:List of chicken colours 7571:Thermodesulfobacteriota 7372:"Thermosulfidibacteria" 6231:"Riflemargulisbacteria" 5822:as an emerging pathogen 5566:Veterinary Microbiology 5437:Journal of Bacteriology 5154:10.1073/pnas.1705437114 4975:Journal of Bacteriology 4772:10.1074/jbc.M110.126581 3856:10.1111/1348-0421.12374 3541:Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol 2710:Journal of Bacteriology 1626:showed that mutants of 1580:Imperial College London 1491:Much of the success of 982:intracellular pathogens 821:Salmonella typhi-murium 755:Mathematical models of 558:whole genome sequencing 379:intracellular pathogens 153:Species and subspecies 9579:Gram-negative bacteria 9164:Centre for Food Safety 8979:2008 Irish pork crisis 8681:Benzene in soft drinks 7727:Salinosulfoleibacteria 7545:"Lambdaproteobacteria" 7367:Thermosulfidibacterota 6644:"Macinerneyibacteriia" 6287:"Thermoanaerobacteria" 6214:Vampirovibrionophyceae 5398:Trends in Microbiology 5246:Infection and Immunity 4928:Molecular Microbiology 4535:Infektionsschutzgesetz 4214:Infection and Immunity 3714:Caister Academic Press 1592:zinc metalloproteinase 1085:inhibiting autophagy. 1014:adenosine triphosphate 923:Salmonella subterranea 748:(qPCR) from extracted 695: 438:gastrointestinal tract 357:adenosine triphosphate 268:gram-negative bacteria 9186:Food Standards Agency 9136:Organic certification 9131:Nutrition facts label 8875:Esing Bakery incident 8663:environment pollution 6639:Macinerneyibacteriota 5678:(15): 2420–2428.e10. 5353:Cellular Microbiology 5037:10.1101/gr.077404.108 4722:10.1038/emboj.2010.28 3686:10.1099/ijs.0.63580-0 3645:10.1099/ijs.0.63579-0 3155:"Global Screening of 3085:on November 20, 2013. 2120:Immunological Reviews 1722:pathogenicity islands 1714:pathogenicity islands 1392:lining the intestine, 1171:generally results in 686: 619:Joseph Leon Lignières 556:, and, increasingly, 353:facultative anaerobes 8955:2006 North American 8613:Acesulfame potassium 8442:Campylobacter jejuni 8336:Intestinal parasites 8209:Consumer food safety 8070:Dermanyssus gallinae 7622:Polarisedimenticolia 7610:"Guanabaribacteriia" 7552:Schekmaniibacteriota 7293:"Desulfurobacteriia" 7208:"Handelsmanbacteria" 7196:"Krumholzibacteriia" 6759:Firestoneibacteriota 6739:Desantisiibacteriota 6557:Coprothermobacterota 6437:"Absconditabacteria" 6354:"Desulfitobacteriia" 6223:Margulisiibacteriota 4819:(Suppl): S233–S237. 4098:10.1128/CMR.00066-12 3927:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 3266:Applied Microbiology 3214:Applied Microbiology 2968:(Suppl 1): S96-102. 2673:10.1128/JCM.00167-19 2598:"Comparison of xMAP 2359:10.1093/shm/12.2.293 2084:10.1128/CMR.00066-12 1980:10.1155/2017/3782182 1848:Bismuth sulfite agar 1529:innate immune system 1012:uses oxygen to make 585:Georg Theodor Gaffky 389:by feces. Typhoidal 9584:Pathogenic bacteria 9259:Conspiracy theories 8812:Heterocyclic amines 8716:Shellfish poisoning 7756:Alternative views: 7628:Thermoanaerobaculia 7431:"Anaeroferrophilia" 7383:Deltaproteobacteria 7355:Desulfobacterota G 7218:Neomarinimicrobiota 7191:Krumholzibacteriota 7092:Edwardsiibacteriota 6818:"Hinthialibacteria" 6597:"Thermodesulfobiia" 6562:Coprothermobacteria 6374:"Halanaerobiaeota" 6322:"Thermaerobacteria" 6209:"Sericytochromatia" 5840:Salmonella motility 5740:2018NatEE...2..520V 5684:2018CBio...28E2420Z 5626:2020NatEE...4..324K 5145:2017PNAS..11410232C 5139:(38): 10232–10237. 4765:(26): 19927–19934. 4675:10.1038/nrmicro1788 4478:"Content not found" 4269:(9835): 2489–2499. 3976:10.1038/nrmicro3420 3945:gtdb.ecogenomic.org 3909:gtdb.ecogenomic.org 3531:Salmonella enterica 3157:Salmonella enterica 3114:2003ApEnM..69.3687W 1853:Food testing strips 1520:achieve infection. 1505:nonphagocytic cells 1456:and trafficking by 1429:Mechanisms of entry 1422:secondary infection 1406:Invasion, in which 1348:Switch to virulence 1222:Salmonella enterica 1218:Salmonella enterica 957:RS202 reports that 945:invalid publication 896:Salmonella enterica 807:Salmonella enterica 698:Most subspecies of 603:Daniel Elmer Salmon 594:Salmonella enterica 548:techniques such as 522:Salmonella enterica 462:Salmonella enterica 312:Daniel Elmer Salmon 281:Salmonella enterica 236:Salmonella enterica 225:Salmonella enterica 214:Salmonella enterica 202:Salmonella enterica 190:Salmonella enterica 179:Salmonella enterica 171:Salmonella enterica 108:Gammaproteobacteria 8917:Toxic oil syndrome 8870:Swill milk scandal 8696:Diethylstilbestrol 8368:Diphyllobothriasis 8050:Campylobacteriosis 7484:"Methylomirabilia" 7434:"Deferrimicrobiia" 7318:"Calescibacteriia" 7144:"Raymondbacteriia" 7126:"Fermentibacteria" 7085:Delongiibacteriota 7066:Coatesiibacteriota 6893:Lindowiibacteriota 6813:Hinthialibacterota 6592:Thermodesulfobiota 6440:"Andersenbacteria" 6366:"Syntrophomonadia" 6357:"Desulfotomaculia" 6348:"Carboxydothermia" 6179:"Eudoremicrobiia" 6164:"Heboniibacteriia" 5851:2011-12-09 at the 5812:2017-06-29 at the 4025:10.4161/viru.21087 3436:2013-06-05 at the 3431:Safe Food Handling 3425:2012-05-03 at the 3403:2013-08-31 at the 2324:10.1007/BF01995472 1247:hepatosplenomegaly 1210:case fatality rate 844:. In 1989, Reeves 696: 514:lipopolysaccharide 442:sub-Saharan Africa 365:electron acceptors 316:veterinary surgeon 287:Salmonella bongori 272:Enterobacteriaceae 162:Salmonella bongori 128:Enterobacteriaceae 9589:Tropical diseases 9561: 9560: 9533:Open Tree of Life 9346:Taxon identifiers 9337: 9336: 9244:Food preservation 9053:Foodborne illness 8605:Sugar substitutes 8358:Cryptosporidiosis 8340:parasitic disease 8254:HGH controversies 8221:food contaminants 8175: 8174: 8132:Newcastle disease 8112:Infectious coryza 7766: 7765: 7702: 7701: 7698: 7697: 7653:Leptospirillaeota 7607:"Fischerbacteria" 7479:Methylomirabilota 7455:Desulfuromonadota 7426:Deferrimicrobiota 7350:"Deferribacteria" 7313:Calescibacteriota 7303:"Campylobacteria" 7237:Tianyaibacteriota 7211:"Latescibacteria" 7121:Fermentibacterota 7099:Eiseniibacteriota 7001:(Sphingobacteria) 6975:Verrucomicrobiota 6933:(Planctobacteria) 6830:"Hydrogenedentia" 6732:"Tritonobacteria" 6616: 6615: 6482:"Saccharimonadia" 6463:"Howlettbacteria" 6402: 6401: 6386:"Selenobacteria" 6351:"Dehalobacteriia" 6345:"Carboxydocellia" 6340:Desulfotomaculota 6330:"Hydrogenisporia" 6319:"Symbiobacteriia" 6308:"Proteinivoracia" 6152:"Abditibacteriia" 6065:"Geothermincolia" 5531:Mutation Research 5366:10.1111/cmi.12939 5252:(10): 4579–4587. 5031:(10): 1624–1637. 4220:(10): 4489–4492. 4138:(10): 4709–4719. 3723:978-1-904455-73-8 3679:(Pt 1): 521–524. 3638:(Pt 1): 519–520. 2930:(12): 2429–2435. 2806:978-0-8493-3795-6 2467:978-0-522-84459-7 2425:978-0-7910-8500-4 2273:(11): 1215–1221. 2246:978-0-470-01796-8 2172:978-0-8385-8529-0 1873:Wright County Egg 1554:Clinical symptoms 1540:acetyltransferase 1531:by virtue of its 1363:virulence factors 1325:Global monitoring 1289:For example, the 1119:hypovolemic shock 1102:Paratyphoid fever 823:(mouse-typhoid), 716:triple sugar iron 546:molecular biology 450:paratyphoid fever 411:hypovolemic shock 395:foodborne illness 387:food contaminated 251: 250: 243: 232: 221: 210: 197: 186: 175: 166: 148: 16:Genus of bacteria 9616: 9554: 9553: 9541: 9540: 9528: 9527: 9518: 9517: 9505: 9504: 9492: 9491: 9479: 9478: 9466: 9465: 9453: 9452: 9440: 9439: 9427: 9426: 9414: 9413: 9401: 9400: 9388: 9387: 9386: 9373: 9372: 9371: 9341: 9340: 9327: 9326: 9317: 9307: 9306: 9297: 9296: 9289:Drink portal 9287: 9286: 9285: 9277: 9276: 9188:(United Kingdom) 8937:Jack in the Box 8908: 8895:Minamata disease 8807:Food irradiation 8787:4-Hydroxynonenal 8635:Sodium cyclamate 8478:Escherichia coli 8470:Escherichia coli 8202: 8195: 8188: 8179: 8178: 7919:Broiler industry 7793: 7786: 7779: 7770: 7769: 7658:"Leptospirillia" 7633:Vicinamibacteria 7564:"Entotheonellia" 7460:Desulfuromonadia 7391:Bdellovibrionota 7359:Syntrophorhabdia 7346:Deferribacterota 7299:Campylobacterota 7264: 7263: 7203:Latescibacterota 7137:Chitinivibrionia 7114:"Tariuqbacteria" 6987:Verrucomicrobiia 6825:Hydrogenedentota 6788:Ratteibacteriota 6781:"Velamenicoccia" 6766:Goldiibacteriota 6729:"Erginobacteria" 6723:"Ancaeobacteria" 6695: 6694: 6675:Walliibacteriota 6663:Rifleibacteriota 6656:"Muiribacteriia" 6585:"Lithacetigenia" 6506: 6505: 6476:"Microgenomatia" 6453:"Doudnabacteria" 6298:"Dethiobacteria" 6257: 6237:"Termititenacia" 6201:Cyanobacteriota 6185:"Eremiobacteria" 6116:"Limnocylindria" 6090:"Bipolaricaulia" 6033: 6032: 5935: 5915: 5888: 5881: 5874: 5865: 5864: 5846:Avian Salmonella 5768: 5767: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5705: 5695: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5645: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5561: 5555: 5554: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5509: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5460: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5368: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5327: 5317: 5289: 5280: 5279: 5269: 5237: 5228: 5227: 5217: 5207: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5166: 5156: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5099: 5089: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5048: 5015: 5009: 5008: 4998: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4923: 4914: 4913: 4895: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4853: 4847: 4846: 4836: 4804: 4795: 4794: 4784: 4774: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4733: 4716:(8): 1331–1347. 4710:The EMBO Journal 4701: 4695: 4694: 4658: 4645: 4644: 4634: 4625:(5): 1021–1040. 4610: 4604: 4603: 4593: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4422: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4383: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4351: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4317: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4286: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4237: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4109: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4067: 4061:www.medscape.com 4053: 4047: 4046: 4036: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3987: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3858: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3817: 3810: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3791: 3785: 3775: 3765: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3688: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3647: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3597: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3524: 3518: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3480: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3451: 3445: 3414: 3408: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3374: 3365:(8): 1596–1601. 3350: 3344: 3343: 3333: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3289: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3237: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3188: 3178: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3133: 3108:(7): 3687–3694. 3093: 3087: 3086: 3081:. Archived from 3074: 3068: 3067: 3057: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3016: 3007:(8): 1502–1505. 2992: 2986: 2985: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2939: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2898: 2881:(9): 3429–3435. 2866: 2860: 2859: 2849: 2832:(4): 1734–1738. 2817: 2811: 2810: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2773: 2762: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2733: 2716:(6): 2391–2397. 2701: 2695: 2694: 2684: 2667:(8): e00167–19. 2648: 2642: 2641: 2631: 2621: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2576: 2540: 2531: 2530: 2523: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2503: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2490: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2409: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2396: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2290: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2232: 2226: 2225: 2215: 2198:(7): 2465–2467. 2183: 2177: 2176: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2115: 2106: 2105: 2095: 2063: 2054: 2053: 2043: 2033: 2009: 2003: 2002: 1992: 1982: 1954: 1945: 1944: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1894: 1806:as the cause of 1704:have suggested, 1482:macropinocytosis 1020:produces ATP by 990:epithelial cells 918:-based methods. 914:, and multiplex- 825:S. cholerae-suis 815:Initially, each 704:hydrogen sulfide 498:S. e. diarizonae 324:species are non- 310:was named after 292:S. enterica 242: 231: 220: 209: 196: 185: 174: 165: 143: 118:Enterobacterales 79: 78: 49: 35: 34: 9624: 9623: 9619: 9618: 9617: 9615: 9614: 9613: 9604:Bacteria genera 9564: 9563: 9562: 9557: 9549: 9544: 9536: 9531: 9523: 9521: 9513: 9508: 9502:salmonella.html 9500: 9495: 9487: 9482: 9474: 9469: 9461: 9456: 9448: 9443: 9435: 9430: 9422: 9417: 9409: 9404: 9396: 9391: 9382: 9381: 9376: 9367: 9366: 9361: 9348: 9338: 9333: 9283: 9281: 9279:Food portal 9271: 9263: 9212: 9150: 9111:Food libel laws 9074: 8902: 8851: 8817:Modified starch 8779:Food processing 8773: 8720: 8649: 8599: 8595:Sodium benzoate 8571: 8533: 8528:Vibrio cholerae 8422: 8393:Gnathostomiasis 8378:Fasciolopsiasis 8330: 8278: 8269:Mercury in fish 8211: 8206: 8176: 8171: 8122:Marek's disease 8030:Avian influenza 8006: 7963: 7914:Poultry farming 7909:Chicken tractor 7899:Furnished cages 7875: 7852: 7802: 7797: 7767: 7762: 7750:Bergey's Manual 7739: 7694: 7689:"Pseudomonadia" 7599:"Aminicenantia" 7588:Acidobacteriota 7576: 7559:Tectimicrobiota 7441:Deferrisomatota 7401:Bdellovibrionia 7396:Bacteriovoracia 7377: 7335:Dadaibacteriota 7257: 7249: 7244:Zixiibacteriota 7230:"Marinisomatia" 7184:"Stahlbacteria" 7157:"Glassbacteria" 7150:Gemmatimonadota 7059:"Cloacimonadia" 7024:Ignavibacteriia 7000: 6992: 6979:Kiritimatiellia 6969:"Uabimicrobiia" 6952:Planctomycetota 6932: 6924: 6873:bacteriobiontes 6872: 6866: 6849:"Saltatorellae" 6793: 6745:Elusimicrobiota 6688: 6680: 6668:"Ozemibacteria" 6651:Muiribacteriota 6612: 6580:Lithacetigenota 6569:Dictyoglomerota 6535: 6497: 6485:"Torokbacteria" 6479:"Paceibacteria" 6473:"Kazanbacteria" 6458:Gracilibacteria 6450:"Dojkabacteria" 6429:Patescibacteria 6422:"Elulimicrobia" 6398: 6316:"Sulfobacillia" 6255: 6254: 6250: 6242: 6234:"Saganbacteria" 6195:Cyanoprokaryota 6190: 6174:Eremiobacterota 6142:"Dormibacteria" 6137:Dormiibacterota 6113:Ktedonobacteria 6109:Dehalococcoidia 6085:Bipolaricaulota 6077:Thermoleophilia 6068:"Humimicrobiia" 6026: 6018: 6017: 5933: 5911: 5902: 5892: 5853:Wayback Machine 5814:Wayback Machine 5777: 5772: 5771: 5723: 5719: 5672:Current Biology 5663: 5659: 5605: 5601: 5562: 5558: 5527: 5523: 5478: 5474: 5429: 5425: 5404:(10): 497–503. 5394: 5390: 5345: 5341: 5290: 5283: 5238: 5231: 5198:(6): e1002733. 5184: 5180: 5129:virulence gene" 5117: 5113: 5066: 5062: 5025:Genome Research 5016: 5012: 4967: 4963: 4924: 4917: 4872: 4868: 4855: 4854: 4850: 4805: 4798: 4751: 4747: 4702: 4698: 4659: 4648: 4611: 4607: 4570: 4566: 4558: 4554: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4532: 4528: 4489: 4485: 4480:. 3 March 2022. 4476: 4475: 4471: 4462: 4460: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4420: 4418: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4381: 4379: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4328: 4324: 4315: 4313: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4255: 4251: 4206: 4202: 4171: 4167: 4127: 4123: 4078: 4074: 4065: 4063: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4005: 4001: 3956: 3952: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3885: 3884: 3880: 3835: 3831: 3821: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3800: 3796: 3786: 3756:(6): e1002776. 3735: 3731: 3724: 3706: 3702: 3665: 3661: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3566: 3562: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3481: 3474: 3464: 3462: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3438:Wayback Machine 3427:Wayback Machine 3415: 3411: 3405:Wayback Machine 3392: 3388: 3351: 3347: 3310: 3306: 3258: 3254: 3206: 3202: 3151: 3147: 3094: 3090: 3075: 3071: 3034: 3030: 2993: 2989: 2957: 2953: 2916: 2912: 2867: 2863: 2818: 2814: 2807: 2791: 2787: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2760: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2702: 2698: 2649: 2645: 2594: 2590: 2541: 2534: 2525: 2524: 2517: 2509: 2505: 2504: 2497: 2488: 2486: 2468: 2444: 2440: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2410: 2403: 2394: 2392: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2343: 2339: 2308: 2304: 2279:10.1038/ng.2423 2267:Nature Genetics 2258: 2254: 2247: 2233: 2229: 2184: 2180: 2173: 2159: 2155: 2116: 2109: 2064: 2057: 2010: 2006: 1955: 1948: 1925: 1921: 1911: 1909: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1822: 1793: 1778:genetic editing 1754:gastroenteritis 1741: 1649:serotypes have 1640: 1638:Host adaptation 1600: 1556: 1443:tight junctions 1431: 1420:Re-invasion (a 1350: 1341: 1327: 1263:gastroenteritis 1255: 1235:chloramphenicol 1220:Typhimurium or 1205: 1165: 1160: 1154: 1104: 1094: 1002:dendritic cells 975: 866:(serotype II), 813: 803: 712:ferrous sulfate 681: 653: 577:Peyer's patches 566: 538:epidemiological 470: 464: 458: 444:, nontyphoidal 417:, and requires 142: 73: 54:Color-enhanced 33: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9622: 9612: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9559: 9558: 9556: 9555: 9542: 9529: 9519: 9506: 9493: 9480: 9467: 9454: 9441: 9428: 9415: 9402: 9389: 9374: 9358: 9356: 9350: 9349: 9335: 9334: 9332: 9331: 9321: 9311: 9301: 9291: 9268: 9265: 9264: 9262: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9234:Food marketing 9231: 9226: 9220: 9218: 9217:Related topics 9214: 9213: 9211: 9210: 9205: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9183: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9160: 9158: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9092: 9090: 9076: 9075: 9073: 9072: 9071: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8952: 8943: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8861: 8859: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8802:Food additives 8799: 8794: 8789: 8783: 8781: 8775: 8774: 8772: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8730: 8728: 8722: 8721: 8719: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8667: 8665: 8651: 8650: 8648: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8626: 8625: 8615: 8609: 8607: 8601: 8600: 8598: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8581: 8579: 8573: 8572: 8570: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8543: 8541: 8535: 8534: 8532: 8531: 8524: 8516: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8474: 8466: 8459: 8452: 8445: 8438: 8432: 8430: 8428:Microorganisms 8424: 8423: 8421: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8398:Paragonimiasis 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8363:Cyclosporiasis 8360: 8355: 8350: 8344: 8342: 8332: 8331: 8329: 8328: 8327: 8326: 8316: 8315: 8314: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8288: 8286: 8284:Food additives 8280: 8279: 8277: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8259:Lead poisoning 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8225: 8223: 8213: 8212: 8205: 8204: 8197: 8190: 8182: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8016: 8014: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7973: 7971: 7965: 7964: 7962: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7929:Forced molting 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7885: 7883: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7873: 7868: 7862: 7860: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7824: 7823: 7812: 7810: 7804: 7803: 7796: 7795: 7788: 7781: 7773: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7760: 7754: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7737: 7730: 7723: 7722: 7721: 7710: 7708: 7704: 7703: 7700: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7693: 7692: 7691: 7690: 7687: 7680: 7673: 7664:Pseudomonadota 7661: 7660: 7659: 7649: 7648: 7647: 7637: 7636: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7618: 7611: 7608: 7605: 7603:Blastocatellia 7600: 7597: 7594:Acidobacteriia 7584: 7582: 7578: 7577: 7575: 7574: 7567: 7566: 7565: 7555: 7548: 7547: 7546: 7540: 7539: 7538: 7535: 7527: 7526: 7525: 7517: 7516: 7515: 7512: 7511:"Bradymonadia" 7509: 7499: 7498: 7497: 7496:"Moduliflexia" 7487: 7486: 7485: 7475: 7474: 7473: 7463: 7462: 7461: 7451: 7450: 7449: 7447:Deferrisomatia 7437: 7436: 7435: 7432: 7422: 7421: 7420: 7410: 7409: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7387: 7385: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7375: 7374: 7373: 7363: 7362: 7361: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7343: 7342: 7341: 7340:"Dadabacteria" 7331: 7330: 7329: 7321: 7320: 7319: 7309: 7308: 7307: 7304: 7296: 7295: 7294: 7291: 7283: 7282: 7281: 7270: 7268: 7261: 7255:Proteobacteria 7251: 7250: 7248: 7247: 7240: 7233: 7232: 7231: 7225:Marinisomatota 7221: 7214: 7213: 7212: 7209: 7199: 7198: 7197: 7187: 7186: 7185: 7182: 7181:"Hydrothermia" 7172: 7171: 7170: 7160: 7159: 7158: 7155: 7154:Gemmatimonadia 7147: 7146: 7145: 7142: 7139: 7132:Fibrobacterota 7129: 7128: 7127: 7117: 7116: 7115: 7112: 7111:"Electryoneia" 7102: 7095: 7088: 7081: 7080: 7079: 7078:"Cosmopolitia" 7069: 7062: 7061: 7060: 7054:Cloacimonadota 7050: 7049: 7048: 7040: 7039: 7038: 7033: 7030: 7029:"Kapabacteria" 7027: 7020: 7015: 7004: 7002: 6994: 6993: 6991: 6990: 6989: 6988: 6985: 6980: 6972: 6971: 6970: 6967: 6965:Planctomycetia 6962: 6957: 6949: 6948: 6947: 6936: 6934: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6920: 6913: 6910: 6907: 6906:"Brachyspirae" 6904: 6903:"Brevinematia" 6896: 6889: 6888: 6887: 6876: 6874: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6864: 6863: 6862: 6852: 6851: 6850: 6844:Saltatorellota 6840: 6837:Poribacteriota 6833: 6832: 6831: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6809: 6806:Abyssubacteria 6801: 6799: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6791: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6779: 6769: 6762: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6750: 6749:Elusimicrobiia 6742: 6735: 6734: 6733: 6730: 6727: 6726:"Auribacteria" 6724: 6714: 6713: 6712: 6701: 6699: 6692: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6678: 6671: 6670: 6669: 6659: 6658: 6657: 6647: 6646: 6645: 6635: 6634: 6633: 6628:Fusobacteriota 6624: 6622: 6618: 6617: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6610: 6609: 6608: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6588: 6587: 6586: 6576: 6575: 6574: 6573:Dictyoglomeria 6566: 6565: 6564: 6554: 6553: 6552: 6543: 6541: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6533: 6532: 6531: 6523: 6522: 6521: 6512: 6510: 6503: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6495: 6494: 6493: 6486: 6483: 6480: 6477: 6474: 6471: 6468:Katanobacteria 6464: 6461: 6454: 6451: 6448: 6445:Berkelbacteria 6441: 6438: 6435: 6425: 6424: 6423: 6412: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6394: 6384: 6383: 6382: 6372: 6371: 6370: 6369:"Thermincolia" 6367: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6352: 6349: 6346: 6336: 6335: 6334: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6323: 6320: 6317: 6311: 6310: 6309: 6306: 6303:Natranaerobiia 6299: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6288: 6285: 6275: 6274: 6273: 6260: 6258: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6240: 6239: 6238: 6235: 6232: 6229: 6219: 6218: 6217: 6210: 6207: 6198: 6196: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6186: 6183: 6177: 6170: 6169: 6168: 6165: 6162: 6161:Fimbriimonadia 6159: 6158:Chthonomonadia 6156: 6153: 6148:Armatimonadota 6145: 6144: 6143: 6133: 6132: 6131: 6119: 6118: 6117: 6114: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6093: 6092: 6091: 6081: 6080: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6066: 6063: 6061:Coriobacteriia 6058: 6057:"Aquicultoria" 6055: 6050: 6048:Acidimicrobiia 6043:Actinomycetota 6039: 6037: 6030: 6020: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6011: 6008:Mesomycetozoea 6005: 6000: 5990: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5957: 5956: 5944:Diaphoretickes 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5908: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5901:classification 5891: 5890: 5883: 5876: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5855: 5843: 5837: 5828: 5816: 5804: 5791: 5776: 5775:External links 5773: 5770: 5769: 5734:(3): 520–528. 5717: 5657: 5620:(3): 324–333. 5599: 5556: 5537:(6): 347–364. 5521: 5472: 5443:(5): 679–699. 5423: 5388: 5339: 5281: 5229: 5192:PLOS Pathogens 5178: 5111: 5060: 5010: 4981:(2): 592–595. 4961: 4934:(6): 933–936. 4915: 4866: 4848: 4796: 4745: 4696: 4646: 4605: 4584:(5): 346–353. 4564: 4552: 4538: 4526: 4483: 4469: 4445: 4427: 4402: 4388: 4363: 4349:10.1086/650733 4342:(6): 882–889. 4322: 4298: 4249: 4200: 4165: 4121: 4092:(2): 308–341. 4072: 4048: 4019:(4): 377–388. 3999: 3970:(4): 191–205. 3950: 3932: 3914: 3896: 3878: 3849:(5): 303–311. 3829: 3794: 3750:PLOS Pathogens 3729: 3722: 3700: 3659: 3618: 3609: 3580:(2): 313–320. 3560: 3547:(4): 465–468. 3519: 3510: 3491:(3): 105–106. 3472: 3446: 3409: 3386: 3345: 3324:(8): 598–605. 3304: 3272:(6): 795–801. 3252: 3200: 3169:(1723): 1723. 3145: 3088: 3069: 3048:(6): 953–958. 3028: 2987: 2951: 2910: 2861: 2812: 2805: 2785: 2745: 2696: 2643: 2588: 2559:(3): 211–219. 2532: 2515: 2495: 2466: 2438: 2424: 2401: 2372: 2353:(2): 293–311. 2337: 2302: 2252: 2245: 2227: 2178: 2171: 2153: 2126:(1): 185–195. 2107: 2078:(2): 308–341. 2055: 2004: 1946: 1935:(3): 210–219. 1919: 1888: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1821: 1818: 1792: 1789: 1740: 1737: 1655:immune systems 1639: 1636: 1602:A hallmark of 1599: 1596: 1555: 1552: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1418: 1414: 1411: 1404: 1393: 1349: 1346: 1340: 1337: 1326: 1323: 1300:European Union 1254: 1251: 1204: 1201: 1173:food poisoning 1164: 1161: 1153: 1147: 1093: 1087: 974: 971: 935:S. subterranea 862:(serotype I), 802: 799: 680: 677: 652: 649: 633:Nancy Atkinson 630:bacteriologist 625:in his honor. 589:Theobald Smith 565: 562: 502:S. e. houtenae 494:S. e. arizonae 486:S. e. enterica 457: 454: 432:serotypes are 419:intensive care 333:enterobacteria 270:of the family 249: 248: 247: 246: 245: 244: 233: 222: 211: 198: 187: 167: 155: 154: 150: 149: 135: 131: 130: 125: 121: 120: 115: 111: 110: 105: 101: 100: 98:Pseudomonadota 95: 91: 90: 85: 81: 80: 67: 66: 51: 50: 42: 41: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9621: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9552: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9534: 9530: 9526: 9520: 9516: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9498: 9494: 9490: 9485: 9481: 9477: 9472: 9468: 9464: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9446: 9442: 9438: 9433: 9429: 9425: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9407: 9403: 9399: 9394: 9390: 9385: 9379: 9375: 9370: 9364: 9360: 9359: 9357: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9342: 9330: 9322: 9320: 9316: 9312: 9310: 9302: 9300: 9292: 9290: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9269: 9266: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9239:Food politics 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9215: 9209: 9206: 9204:(South Korea) 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9187: 9184: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9165: 9162: 9161: 9159: 9157: 9153: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9093: 9091: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9069: 9068:United States 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9055: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8992: 8989:2011 Germany 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8958: 8953: 8951: 8949: 8946:1996 Odwalla 8944: 8942: 8940: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8906: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8862: 8860: 8858: 8854: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8784: 8782: 8780: 8776: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8731: 8729: 8727: 8723: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8668: 8666: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8652: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8624: 8621: 8620: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8610: 8608: 8606: 8602: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8582: 8580: 8578: 8577:Preservatives 8574: 8568: 8567:Methamidophos 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8544: 8542: 8540: 8536: 8530: 8529: 8525: 8523: 8522: 8517: 8515: 8514: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8497: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8479: 8475: 8473: 8471: 8467: 8465: 8464: 8460: 8458: 8457: 8453: 8451: 8450: 8446: 8444: 8443: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8429: 8425: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8408:Toxoplasmosis 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8325: 8322: 8321: 8320: 8319:Vegetable oil 8317: 8313: 8310: 8309: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8285: 8281: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8226: 8224: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8203: 8198: 8196: 8191: 8189: 8184: 8183: 8180: 8168: 8167:Toxoplasmosis 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8097: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8020:Aspergillosis 8018: 8017: 8015: 8013: 8009: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7974: 7972: 7970: 7966: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7944:Chick culling 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7924:Beak trimming 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7878: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7863: 7861: 7859: 7855: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7822: 7819: 7818: 7817: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7794: 7789: 7787: 7782: 7780: 7775: 7774: 7771: 7759: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7746: 7745: 7742: 7735: 7734:Teskebacteria 7731: 7728: 7724: 7720:"Qinglongiia" 7719: 7718: 7716: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7705: 7688: 7685: 7684:Magnetococcia 7681: 7678: 7677:Mariprofundia 7674: 7671: 7670:Caulobacteria 7667: 7666: 7665: 7662: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7650: 7646:"Canglongiia" 7645: 7644: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7623: 7619: 7616: 7612: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7598: 7595: 7591: 7590: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7579: 7572: 7568: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7556: 7553: 7549: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7531: 7528: 7523: 7522: 7521: 7518: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7503: 7500: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7491:Moduliflexota 7488: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7476: 7471: 7470: 7468: 7464: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7445: 7444: 7442: 7438: 7433: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7423: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7384: 7380: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7349: 7348: 7347: 7344: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7332: 7327: 7326: 7325: 7324:Chrysiogenota 7322: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7310: 7306:Desulfurellia 7305: 7302: 7301: 7300: 7297: 7292: 7289: 7288: 7287: 7284: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7245: 7241: 7238: 7234: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7222: 7219: 7215: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7200: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7188: 7183: 7180: 7179: 7177: 7176:Hydrothermota 7173: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7161: 7156: 7153: 7152: 7151: 7148: 7143: 7141:Fibrobacteria 7140: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7133: 7130: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7118: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7106:Electryoneota 7103: 7100: 7096: 7093: 7089: 7086: 7082: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7070: 7067: 7063: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7051: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7043:Calditrichota 7041: 7037: 7034: 7031: 7028: 7025: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7009: 7006: 7005: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6986: 6984: 6983:Lentisphaeria 6981: 6978: 6977: 6976: 6973: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6960:Phycisphaeria 6958: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6950: 6946: 6943: 6942: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6918: 6914: 6912:"Leptospiria" 6911: 6909:"Exilispiria" 6908: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6900: 6899:Spirochaetota 6897: 6894: 6890: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6869: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6853: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6841: 6838: 6834: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6822: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6810: 6807: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6796: 6789: 6785: 6780: 6778:"Omnitrophia" 6777: 6776: 6774: 6770: 6767: 6763: 6760: 6756: 6752:Endomicrobiia 6751: 6748: 6747: 6746: 6743: 6740: 6736: 6731: 6728: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6718:Auribacterota 6715: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6687: 6686:Hydrobacteria 6683: 6676: 6672: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6660: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6648: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6636: 6632:Fusobacteriia 6631: 6630: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6621:Fusobacterida 6619: 6607:"Thermotogia" 6606: 6605: 6604: 6601: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6589: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6577: 6572: 6571: 6570: 6567: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6558: 6555: 6550: 6549: 6548: 6547:Caldisericota 6545: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6529: 6528: 6527: 6524: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6516:Atribacterota 6514: 6513: 6511: 6509:Synergistetes 6507: 6504: 6500: 6491: 6490:Wirthbacteria 6487: 6484: 6481: 6478: 6475: 6472: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6455: 6452: 6449: 6446: 6442: 6439: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6426: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6405: 6392: 6391:Selenomonadia 6388: 6387: 6385: 6380: 6379:Halanaerobiia 6376: 6375: 6373: 6368: 6365: 6363:"Peptococcia" 6362: 6359: 6356: 6353: 6350: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6337: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6321: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6307: 6304: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6289: 6286: 6283: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6271: 6267: 6266: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6215: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6205:Cyanobacteria 6203: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6193: 6184: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6171: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6155:Armatimonadia 6154: 6151: 6150: 6149: 6146: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6134: 6129: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6120: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100:"Caldilineia" 6099: 6098: 6097: 6096:Chloroflexota 6094: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6072:Rubrobacteria 6070: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6053:Actinomycetia 6051: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6028:BV1, BV3, BV5 6025: 6024:Terrabacteria 6021: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5984: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5971:Stramenopiles 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5934:(major groups 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5914: 5910: 5909: 5905: 5900: 5896: 5889: 5884: 5882: 5877: 5875: 5870: 5869: 5866: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5850: 5847: 5844: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5829: 5827: 5823: 5821: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5721: 5713: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5661: 5653: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5603: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5560: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5525: 5517: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5476: 5468: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5427: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5392: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5359:(9): e12939. 5358: 5354: 5350: 5343: 5335: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5297: 5288: 5286: 5277: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5236: 5234: 5225: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5182: 5174: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5128: 5124: 5115: 5107: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5064: 5056: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5014: 5006: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4965: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4922: 4920: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4870: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4801: 4792: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4568: 4561: 4556: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4487: 4479: 4473: 4459: 4455: 4449: 4441: 4440:fsis.usda.gov 4437: 4431: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4398: 4392: 4377: 4373: 4367: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4326: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4253: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4204: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4169: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4125: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4003: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3882: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3814: 3807: 3806: 3798: 3790: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3725: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3622: 3613: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3564: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3523: 3514: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3477: 3460: 3456: 3450: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3413: 3406: 3402: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3308: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3256: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3204: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3158: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3092: 3084: 3080: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2955: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2816: 2808: 2802: 2798: 2797: 2789: 2770: 2766: 2759: 2757: 2749: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2700: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2656: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2601: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2548: 2539: 2537: 2529:. 2018-11-09. 2528: 2522: 2520: 2508: 2502: 2500: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2449: 2442: 2427: 2421: 2417: 2416: 2408: 2406: 2391:on 2009-03-02 2390: 2386: 2382: 2376: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2314:(in German). 2313: 2306: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2256: 2248: 2242: 2238: 2231: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2182: 2174: 2168: 2164: 2157: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2114: 2112: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2062: 2060: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2008: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1962: 1953: 1951: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1923: 1907: 1906:NCBI taxonomy 1903: 1901: 1893: 1889: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1810: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1760:Typhimurium. 1759: 1755: 1750: 1746: 1736: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1667:immune system 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1586:(e.g. 3 of 5 1585: 1584:immune system 1581: 1576: 1574: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1375: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1345: 1336: 1333: 1322: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1312:Latin America 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1200: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1159: 1158:Salmonellosis 1152: 1149:Nontyphoidal 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1127:salmonellosis 1124: 1120: 1116: 1114: 1109: 1103: 1099: 1098:Typhoid fever 1092: 1086: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 973:Pathogenicity 970: 968: 964: 963:S. diarizonae 960: 956: 952: 950: 946: 942: 941: 936: 932: 928: 924: 919: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 892: 888: 883: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 852: 847: 843: 839: 838: 833: 828: 826: 822: 818: 812: 808: 798: 795: 791: 787: 785: 780: 775: 773: 768: 764: 762: 758: 753: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 694: 690: 685: 676: 674: 670: 669:real-time PCR 665: 662: 658: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 631: 626: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 595: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 561: 559: 555: 551: 547: 544:and by other 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 490:S. e. salamae 487: 483: 479: 475: 469: 463: 453: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 428:Nontyphoidal 426: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 383:salmonellosis 380: 376: 372: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 331: 327: 323: 319: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 288: 283: 282: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 256: 241: 237: 234: 230: 226: 223: 219: 215: 212: 208: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 188: 184: 180: 177: 176: 173: 172: 168: 164: 163: 159: 158: 156: 151: 146: 141: 140: 136: 133: 132: 129: 126: 123: 122: 119: 116: 113: 112: 109: 106: 103: 102: 99: 96: 93: 92: 89: 86: 83: 82: 77: 72: 68: 64: 62: 57: 52: 48: 43: 40: 36: 31: 24: 23:Salmonellosis 19: 9353: 9249:Food quality 9156:Institutions 8990: 8956: 8947: 8938: 8822:Nitrosamines 8585:Benzoic acid 8547:Chlorpyrifos 8526: 8520: 8512: 8511: 8494: 8477: 8469: 8461: 8454: 8447: 8440: 8418:Trichuriasis 8403:Toxocariasis 8373:Enterobiasis 8249:Formaldehyde 8146: 8094: 8002:Rooster Flag 7987:Cockfighting 7939:Chick sexing 7889:Battery cage 7748: 7715:Qinglongiota 7641:Canglongiota 7530:Nitrospirota 7520:Nitrospinota 7472:"Lernaellia" 7328:Chrysiogenia 7169:"Heilongiia" 7073:Cosmopoliota 7047:Calditrichia 7036:Rhodothermia 7032:"Kryptoniia" 7008:Bacteroidota 6917:Spirochaetia 6861:"Sumerlaeia" 6773:Omnitrophota 6711:"Aerophobia" 6603:Thermotogota 6551:Caldisericia 6526:Synergistota 6520:Atribacteria 6502:Thermotogida 6333:Limnochordia 6327:Bacillota G 6313:Bacillota E 6295:Bacillota D 6277:Bacillota A 6167:"Zipacnadia" 6122:Deinococcota 6104:Chloroflexia 5993:Opisthokonta 5835:nomenclature 5832: 5819: 5731: 5727: 5720: 5675: 5671: 5660: 5617: 5613: 5602: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5534: 5530: 5524: 5492:(1): 61–76. 5489: 5485: 5475: 5440: 5436: 5426: 5401: 5397: 5391: 5356: 5352: 5342: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5249: 5245: 5195: 5191: 5181: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5077: 5074:BMC Genomics 5073: 5063: 5028: 5024: 5013: 4978: 4974: 4964: 4931: 4927: 4886:(1): 51–52. 4883: 4879: 4869: 4861:Sciencedaily 4860: 4851: 4816: 4812: 4762: 4758: 4748: 4713: 4709: 4699: 4669:(1): 53–66. 4666: 4662: 4622: 4618: 4608: 4581: 4577: 4567: 4555: 4541: 4534: 4529: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4472: 4461:. Retrieved 4457: 4454:"Salmonella" 4448: 4439: 4436:"Salmonella" 4430: 4419:. Retrieved 4417:. 2019-03-06 4414: 4405: 4391: 4380:. Retrieved 4378:. 2016-01-31 4375: 4366: 4339: 4335: 4325: 4314:. Retrieved 4310: 4301: 4266: 4262: 4252: 4217: 4213: 4203: 4178: 4174: 4168: 4135: 4131: 4124: 4089: 4085: 4075: 4064:. Retrieved 4060: 4051: 4016: 4012: 4002: 3967: 3963: 3953: 3944: 3935: 3926: 3917: 3908: 3899: 3891:lpsn.dsmz.de 3890: 3881: 3846: 3842: 3832: 3820:. Retrieved 3804: 3797: 3753: 3749: 3732: 3709: 3703: 3676: 3672: 3662: 3635: 3631: 3621: 3612: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3544: 3540: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3513: 3488: 3484: 3463:. Retrieved 3458: 3449: 3412: 3389: 3362: 3358: 3348: 3321: 3317: 3307: 3299: 3269: 3265: 3255: 3247: 3220:(1): 39–43. 3217: 3213: 3203: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3148: 3105: 3101: 3091: 3083:the original 3072: 3045: 3041: 3031: 3004: 3000: 2990: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2927: 2923: 2913: 2878: 2874: 2864: 2829: 2825: 2815: 2795: 2788: 2776:. 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