27:
617:
269:. Serotypes differ widely between individuals; therefore, if cells from one human (or animal) are introduced into another random human, those cells are often determined to be non-self because they do not match the self-serotype. For this reason, transplants between genetically non-identical humans often induce a problematic immune response in the recipient, leading to
489:
have 187 possible O antigens (6 later removed from list, 3 actually producing no LPS), 53 H antigens, and at least 72 K antigens. Among these three, the O antigen has the best correlation with lineages; as a result, the O antigen is used to define the "serogroup" and is also used to define strains in
583:, whereas the antigen H is tested with a bacterial suspension from a broth culture. The scheme classifies the serovar depending on its antigen formula obtained via the agglutination reactions. Additional serotyping methods and alternative subtyping methodologies have been reviewed by Wattiau et al.
1262:
Arredondo-Alonso, Sergio; Blundell-Hunter, George; Fu, Zuyi; Gladstone, Rebecca A.; Fillol-Salom, Alfred; Loraine, Jessica; Cloutman-Green, Elaine; Johnsen, Pål J.; Samuelsen, Ørjan; Pöntinen, Anna K.; Cléon, François; Chavez-Bueno, Susana; De la Cruz, Miguel A.; Ares, Miguel A.; Vongsouvath,
222:. By analyzing which surface antigen-defining allele(s) are present, these methods can produce faster results. However, their results may not always agree with traditional serotyping, as they can fail to account for factors that affect the expression of antigen-determining genes.
562:
can be subdivided into six subspecies. The process to identify the serovar of the bacterium consists of finding the formula of surface antigens which represent the variations of the bacteria. The traditional method for determining the antigen formula is
1263:
Manivanh; Chmielarczyk, Agnieszka; Horner, Carolyne; Klein, Nigel; McNally, Alan; Reis, Joice N.; Penadés, José R.; Thomson, Nicholas R.; Corander, Jukka; Taylor, Peter W.; McCarthy, Alex J. (15 June 2023).
503:
are only classified by their O antigen, as they are non-motile and produce no flagella. Across the four "species", there are 15 + 11 + 20 + 2 = 48 serotypes. Some of these O antigens have equivalents in
468:
Some antigens are invariant among a taxonomic group. Presence of these antigens would not be useful for classification lower than the species level, but may inform identification. One example is the
231:
962:
Danan C, Fremy S, Moury F, Bohnert ML, Brisabois A (2009). "Determining the serotype of isolated
Salmonella strains in the veterinary sector using the rapid slide agglutination test".
174:. As a result, A9 is now known as a "broad" serotype. For organisms with many possible serotypes, first obtaining a polyvalent match can reduce the number of tests required.
435:. Variation in the O antigen can be caused by genetic differences in the biosynthetic pathway or the tranporter used to move the building-blocks to the outside of the cell.
604:
pathway is used by almost all gram-positive bacteria, by lactococci and streptococci (exopolysacchide), and is also responsible for group 1 and 4 Gram-negative capsules.
891:
1840:
Shobab, Leila; Pleyer, Uwe; Johnsen, Joerdis; Metzner, Sylvia; James, Erick R.; Torun, N.; Fay, Michael P.; Liesenfeld, Oliver; Grigg, Michael E. (1 November 2013).
1122:
Furthermore, the array identified the H types of 97% of the produce STEC strains compared to 65% by serology, including six strains that were mistyped by serology.
1376:
Liu, Bin; Furevi, Axel; Perepelov, Andrei V; Guo, Xi; Cao, Hengchun; Wang, Quan; Reeves, Peter R; Knirel, Yuriy A; Wang, Lei; Widmalm, Göran (24 November 2020).
257:
is capable of discerning a cell as being 'self' or 'non-self' according to that cell's serotype. In humans, that serotype is largely determined by
1781:
Cowan, Graeme J. M.; Creasey, Alison M.; Dhanasarnsombut, Kelwalin; Thomas, Alan W.; Remarque, Edmond J.; Cavanagh, David R. (26 October 2011).
177:
The binding between a surface antigen and the antiserum can be experimentally observed in many forms. A number of bacteria species, including
1060:
However, similar to all molecular assays, genotyping assay does not necessary correlate with phenotypic assay as genes may not be expressed.
1531:
Liu, Bin; Knirel, Yuriy A.; Feng, Lu; Perepelov, Andrei V.; Senchenkova, Sof'ya N.; Wang, Quan; Reeves, Peter R.; Wang, Lei (July 2008).
1705:
Yother, J (2011). "Capsules of
Streptococcus pneumoniae and other bacteria: paradigms for polysaccharide biosynthesis and regulation".
273:. In some situations, this effect can be reduced by serotyping both recipient and potential donors to determine the closest HLA match.
1074:"Novel microarray design for molecular serotyping of shiga toxin- producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from fresh produce"
1134:
Frohn C, Fricke L, Puchta JC, Kirchner H (February 2001). "The effect of HLA-C matching on acute renal transplant rejection".
265:. Cells determined to be non-self are usually recognized by the immune system as foreign, causing an immune response, such as
1186:
766:
737:
1891:
Balouz, Virginia; Bracco, Leonel; Ricci, Alejandro D.; Romer, Guadalupe; Agüero, Fernán; Buscaglia, Carlos A. (March 2021).
1978:
1783:"A Malaria Vaccine Based on the Polymorphic Block 2 Region of MSP-1 that Elicits a Broad Serotype-Spanning Immune Response"
1623:
446:
in serotyping. Minute genetic differences in the components of the flagella lead to variations detectable by antibodies.
1968:
1983:
998:
523:
262:
665:
is notorious for its many surface antigen variants. A certain vaccine candidate is designed to cover all of these
1574:"Same species, different diseases: how and why typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars differ"
579:, which reacts with the antigen to produce a mass. The antigen O is tested with a bacterial suspension from an
469:
112:, has over 200 serotypes, based on cell antigens. Only two of them have been observed to produce the potent
199:
are traditionally detected using a slide agglutination test. HLA types are originally determined with the
419:
Most bacteria produce antigenic substances on the outer surface that can be distinguished by serotyping.
405:
214:"Molecular serotyping" refers to methods that replace the antibody-based test with a test based on the
146:
that bind to a set of known antigens. Some antisera detect multiple known antigens and are known as
1020:
Serotyping Assay With
Traditional Serotyping and Discordance Resolution by Whole Genome Sequencing"
200:
179:
1650:"Methodologies for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica subtyping: gold standards and alternatives"
743:
564:
258:
627:
450:
424:
1169:
Wang, L; Wang, Q; Reeves, PR (2010). "The
Variation of O Antigens in Gram-Negative Bacteria".
26:
1973:
661:
1794:
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462:
270:
1742:"Serotypes of Plasmodium falciparum defined by immune serum inhibition of in vitro growth"
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8:
1963:
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on the outer membrane. The outermost portion of the LPS accessible to antibodies is the
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Serotyping often plays an essential role in determining species and subspecies. The
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813:
802:"A Serological Differentiation of Human and Other Groups of Hemolytic Streptococci"
568:
473:
266:
1807:
1324:"Enterobacterial Common Antigen: Synthesis and Function of an Enigmatic Molecule"
849:
Fussell H, Thomas M, Street J, Darke C (1996). "HLA-A9 antibodies and epitopes".
104:
1212:"Serology and genetics of the flagellar antigen of Escherichia coli O157:H7a,7c"
1210:
Ratiner, YA; Salmenlinna, S; Eklund, M; Keskimäki, M; Siitonen, A (March 2003).
1178:
1289:
686:
239:
71:
1014:
Luo Y, Huang C, Ye J, Octavia S, Wang H, Dunbar SA, et al. (2020-09-07).
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serotype is determined by the unique combination of reactions of cell surface
16:
Distinct variation within a species of bacteria or virus or among immune cells
1952:
1908:
1590:
1036:
914:"Capsular serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae using the Quellung reaction"
254:
67:
1858:
1842:"Toxoplasma Serotype Is Associated With Development of Ocular Toxoplasmosis"
1394:
1072:
Lacher, DW; Gangiredla, J; Jackson, SA; Elkins, CA; Feng, PC (August 2014).
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of bacteria, for example, has been determined to have over 2600 serotypes.
63:
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1261:
870:
1673:
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817:
208:
113:
1265:"Evolutionary and functional history of the Escherichia coli K1 capsule"
651:
Many other organisms can be classified using recognition by antibodies.
616:
580:
219:
95:
35:
20:
530:. To date, more than 2600 different serotypes have been identified. A
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31:
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51:
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235:
159:
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The LPS (O) and capsule (K) antigens are themselves important
78:, allowing the epidemiologic classification of organisms to a
1482:"EK3D: an E. coli K antigen 3-dimensional structure database"
1071:
337:
320:
302:
99:
59:
1893:"Serological Approaches for Trypanosoma cruzi Strain Typing"
1173:. Subcellular Biochemistry. Vol. 53. pp. 123–52.
34:
2a and 2b on surface, which are recognized by two distinct
1839:
1426:
542:, the O and H antigens are used. There are two species of
1480:
Kunduru, BR; Nair, SA; Rathinavelan, T (4 January 2016).
1133:
596:
has 93 capsular serotypes. 91 of these serotypes use the
247:
985:. Clinical Immunobiology. Vol. 4. pp. 99–111.
848:
526:
scheme is the basis for naming the manifold serovars of
1624:"Serotypes and the Importance of Serotyping Salmonella"
1479:
1378:"Structure and genetics of Escherichia coli O antigens"
82:. A group of serovars with common antigens is called a
1890:
1530:
961:
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1375:
162:
is now subdivided into two more specific serotypes ("
912:
Habib, M; Porter, BD; Satzke, C (24 February 2014).
892:"Laboratory Protocol: "Serotyping of Shigella spp.""
1571:
1739:
1648:Wattiau P, Boland C, Bertrand S (November 2011).
1013:
980:
911:
1950:
1024:Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
571:. The agglutination between the antigen and the
225:
1533:"Structure and genetics of Shigella O antigens"
1171:Endotoxins: Structure, Function and Recognition
74:are classified together based on their surface
1168:
793:
756:
732:(4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch.
724:Baron EJ (1996). Baron S; et al. (eds.).
218:sequence – therefore actually a kind of
1257:
1255:
1127:
1944:HLA Allele and Haplotype Frequency Database
1427:Wang L; Rothemund D; Reeves PR (May 2003).
1371:
1369:
1321:
276:
187:visible under a microscope. Others such as
1740:Chulay, JD; Haynes, JD; Diggs, CL (1985).
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957:
955:
842:
799:
757:Ryan KJ, Ray CG, Sherris JC, eds. (2004).
158:. For example, what was once described as
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1746:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
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925:
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689:, can be serotyped using whole parasites.
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1420:
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1322:Rai, AK; Mitchell, AM (11 August 2020).
787:The American Heritage Medical Dictionary
723:
229:
25:
1572:Gal-Mor O, Boyle EC, Grassl GA (2014).
952:
899:WHO Global Foodborne Infections Network
282:Serotypes according to HLA (MHC) locus
119:Serotypes were discovered in hemolytic
1951:
1719:10.1146/annurev.micro.62.081307.162944
1704:
1654:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1078:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
886:
884:
882:
880:
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116:that results in cholera: O1 and O139.
108:, the species of bacteria that causes
1136:Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation
717:
806:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
611:
877:
508:, which also cladistically include
13:
1846:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
991:10.1016/B978-0-12-070004-2.50012-8
863:10.1111/j.1399-0039.1996.tb02558.x
646:
138:is the process of determining the
14:
1995:
1937:
983:The Serology of HLA-A, -B, and -C
918:Journal of Visualized Experiments
789:. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2007.
677:can be classified into serotypes.
442:on motile bacteria is called the
50:is a distinct variation within a
1550:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00114.x
1216:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
615:
586:
263:major histocompatibility complex
261:(HLA), the human version of the
66:of different individuals. These
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1733:
1698:
1641:
1616:
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1524:
1449:10.1128/JB.185.9.2936-2943.2003
1429:"Species-Wide Variation in the
1315:
1228:10.1128/JCM.41.3.1033-1040.2003
1162:
1007:
203:. Newer procedures include the
142:of an organism, using prepared
123:by the American microbiologist
981:Kissmeyer-Nielsen, F. (1980).
974:
905:
775:
470:enterobacterial common antigen
1:
1707:Annual Review of Microbiology
761:(4th ed.). McGraw Hill.
710:
524:Kauffman–White classification
515:
280:
226:Role in organ transplantation
30:Two serotypes 1a and 1b with
1808:10.1371/journal.pone.0026616
800:Lancefield RC (March 1933).
759:Sherris Medical Microbiology
730:Baron's Medical Microbiology
386:
369:
352:
334:
317:
299:
130:
7:
1979:Infraspecific bacteria taxa
1433:Flagellin (H-Antigen) Gene"
1179:10.1007/978-90-481-9078-2_6
693:
493:
490:taxonomy and epidemiology.
414:
10:
2000:
1290:10.1038/s41467-023-39052-w
607:
479:
242:with anti-A3 alloreactive
18:
1969:Biological classification
1578:Frontiers in Microbiology
1537:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
1382:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
403:
38:, 3a and 3b, respectively
1984:Infraspecific virus taxa
1909:10.1016/j.pt.2020.12.002
1591:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00391
1037:10.3389/fcimb.2020.00452
594:Streptococcus pneumoniae
575:is made with a specific
472:(ECA), universal to all
449:Some bacteria produce a
404:*DP and many Cw require
277:Human leukocyte antigens
201:complement fixation test
180:Streptococcus pneumoniae
19:Not to be confused with
1437:Journal of Bacteriology
259:human leukocyte antigen
80:level below the species
1897:Trends in Parasitology
1486:Nucleic Acids Research
624:This section is empty.
451:polysaccharide capsule
425:Gram-negative bacteria
423:Almost all species of
250:
39:
1859:10.1093/infdis/jit313
1395:10.1093/femsre/fuz028
1341:10.1128/mBio.01914-20
1269:Nature Communications
662:Plasmodium falciparum
463:pathogenicity factors
233:
29:
1674:10.1128/AEM.05527-11
1148:10.1093/ndt/16.2.355
1099:10.1128/AEM.01049-14
1016:"Comparison of xMAP
818:10.1084/jem.57.4.571
744:(via NCBI Bookshelf)
600:enzyme pathway. The
271:transplant rejection
1799:2011PLoSO...626616C
1666:2011ApEnM..77.7877W
1499:10.1093/nar/gkv1313
1281:2023NatCo..14.3294A
1090:2014ApEnM..80.4677L
560:Salmonella enterica
555:Salmonella enterica
427:produce a layer of
283:
246:containing Anti-A3
205:latex fixation test
549:Salmonella bongori
429:lipopolysaccharide
281:
251:
207:and various other
125:Rebecca Lancefield
40:
1188:978-90-481-9077-5
1084:(15): 4677–4682.
768:978-0-8385-8529-0
739:978-0-9631172-1-2
682:Trypanosoma cruzi
674:Toxoplasma gondii
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234:Agglutination of
185:Quellung reaction
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1142:(2): 355–60.
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1974:Microbiology
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216:nucleic acid
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209:immunoassays
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121:streptococci
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64:immune cells
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41:
1275:(1): 3294.
114:enterotoxin
88:serocomplex
1964:Speciation
1953:Categories
1713:: 563–81.
1633:16 October
1018:Salmonella
711:References
581:agar plate
544:Salmonella
540:Salmonella
532:Salmonella
528:Salmonella
517:Salmonella
220:genotyping
197:Salmonella
156:monovalent
148:polyvalent
136:Serotyping
96:Salmonella
36:antibodies
21:Stereotype
783:"Serovar"
705:Morphovar
667:serotypes
659:pathogen
455:K antigen
444:H antigen
433:O antigen
287:HLA Locus
238:positive
131:Procedure
127:in 1933.
84:serogroup
62:or among
1959:Serology
1927:33436314
1878:23878321
1827:22073118
1787:PLOS ONE
1727:21721938
1692:21856826
1610:25136336
1559:18422615
1518:26615200
1467:12700273
1414:31778182
1360:32788387
1309:37322051
1300:10272209
1246:12624026
1197:20593265
1156:11158412
1118:24837388
1056:33014887
946:24637727
836:19870148
694:See also
577:antisera
573:antibody
536:antigens
510:Shigella
501:Shigella
495:Shigella
440:flagella
415:Bacteria
244:antisera
189:Shigella
144:antisera
140:serotype
76:antigens
56:bacteria
44:serotype
32:antigens
1918:8900812
1869:3789564
1818:3202563
1795:Bibcode
1768:3893775
1759:2536403
1683:3209009
1662:Bibcode
1601:4120697
1584:: 391.
1509:4702918
1405:7685785
1351:7439462
1277:Bibcode
1109:4148803
1086:Bibcode
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970:: 13–8.
937:4131683
871:8773320
827:2132252
657:malaria
608:Viruses
506:E. coli
487:E. coli
481:E. coli
406:SSP-PCR
193:E. coli
172:HLA-A24
168:HLA-A23
110:cholera
52:species
48:serovar
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700:Biovar
569:slides
538:. For
236:HLA-A3
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160:HLA-A9
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895:(PDF)
191:(and
152:broad
100:genus
72:cells
60:virus
1923:PMID
1874:PMID
1823:PMID
1764:PMID
1723:PMID
1688:PMID
1635:2014
1606:PMID
1555:PMID
1514:PMID
1463:PMID
1410:PMID
1356:PMID
1328:mBio
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1193:PMID
1183:ISBN
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1715:doi
1678:PMC
1670:doi
1628:CDC
1596:PMC
1586:doi
1545:doi
1504:PMC
1494:doi
1453:PMC
1445:doi
1441:185
1400:PMC
1390:doi
1346:PMC
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1295:PMC
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1232:PMC
1224:doi
1175:doi
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1104:PMC
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1042:PMC
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987:doi
932:PMC
922:doi
859:doi
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814:doi
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314:15
248:IgM
150:or
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