1064:
International Code of
Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP or Cultivated Plant Code) incorporating the Rules and Recommendations for naming plants in cultivation, Eighth Edition, Adopted by the International Union of Biological Sciences International Commission for the Nomenclature of Cultivated
197:
Although the connecting terms mentioned above to indicate rank, such as "var.", are the recommended ones, the ICN allows for other connecting terms in validly published infraspecific taxa. It specifically mentions that Greek letters α, β, γ, etc. can be used in this way in the original document and
347:
There is no requirement for a species to be divided into infraspecific taxa, of whatever rank; in other words, a species does not have to have subspecies, varieties, forms, etc. However, if infraspecific ranks are created, then the name of the type of the species must repeat the specific epithet as
344:, although there are other kinds of type. Like other names, an infraspecific name is attached to a type. Whether a plant should be given a particular infraspecific name can then be decided by comparing it to the type.
499:
When indicating authors for infraspecific names, it is possible to show either just the author(s) of the final, infraspecific epithet, or the authors of both the specific and the infraspecific epithets. Examples:
440:
The same epithet can be used again within a species, at whatever level, only if the names with the re-used epithet are attached to the same type. Thus there can be a form called
64:
198:
further ranks may be added without limit. Names which use these connecting terms are now deprecated (though still legal), but they have an importance because they can be
1089:
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017
668:
624:
85:
Names below the rank of species of cultivated kinds of plants and of animals are regulated by different codes of nomenclature and are formed somewhat differently.
24:
333:
For a proposed infraspecific name to be legitimate it must be in accordance with all the rules of the ICN. Only some of the main points are described here.
68:(ICN). This specifies a three part name for infraspecific taxa, plus a connecting term to indicate the rank of the name. An example of such a name is
1061:
Brickell, C.D.; Alexander, C.; David, J.C.; Hetterscheid, W.L.A.; Leslie, A.C.; Malecot, V.; Jin, X.; Editorial committee; Cubey, J.J. (2009).
62:. A "taxon", plural "taxa", is a group of organisms to be given a particular name. The scientific names of botanical taxa are regulated by the
661:
565:
238:. The ICN allows the possibility that a validly published name could have no defined rank and uses "" as the connecting term in such cases.
348:
its infraspecific epithet. The type acquires this name automatically as soon as any infraspecific rank is created. As an example, consider
635:
name may be attached to any scientific name at the genus level or below. The minimum requirement is to specify a genus name. For example,
1124:
93:
Article 24 of the ICN describes how infraspecific names are constructed. The order of the three parts of an infraspecific name is:
590:
was split from the ICN in 1975. This nomenclature only governs one infraspecific rank, the subspecies, but allows a number of
246:
Like specific epithets, infraspecific epithets cannot be used in isolation as names. Thus the name of a particular species of
97:
genus name, specific epithet, connecting term indicating the rank (not part of the name, but required), infraspecific epithet.
1018:
Oren, Aharon; Arahal, David R.; Göker, Markus; Moore, Edward R. B.; Rossello-Mora, Ramon; Sutcliffe, Iain C. (1 May 2023).
1528:
1513:
1092:, vol. Regnum Vegetabile 154 (electronic ed.), Glashütten: International Association for Plant Taxonomy
514:
This identifies de Wilde as the author who published this name for the subspecies (i.e. who created the epithet
1117:
1523:
622:, i.e. plants specifically created for use in agriculture or horticulture. Such names are regulated by the
254:
19:
This article is about the scientific names of plants and fungi. For the equivalent naming of animals, see
984:
101:
It is customary to italicize all three parts of such a name, but not the connecting term. For example:
859:
826:
487:
If two infraspecific taxa which have different types are accidentally given the same epithet, then a
294:
393:(whose type specimen is also in the Wisconsin State Herbarium), thereby making the type specimen of
1110:
1071:. International Association for Plant Taxonomy and International Society for Horticultural Science.
491:
has been created. The earliest published name is the legitimate one and the other must be changed.
1518:
572:
or 'trinomial name'. No connecting term is required as there is only one rank below species, the
78:
699:, an informal naming system for parasites that is included in the botanical code of nomenclature
169:- recommended abbreviation: subsp. (but "ssp." is also in use although not recognised by Art 26)
1364:
155:, connecting term = subvar. (short for "subvarietas" or subvariety), infraspecific epithet =
293:
Sometimes more than three parts will be given; strictly speaking, this is not a name, but a
202:
of current species. The commonest cases use "β" and "b"; examples mentioned in the ICN are
1060:
8:
944:, Appendix I Glossary of terms used and defined in this Code, entry for "legitimate name"
534:
1293:
1237:
1222:
1204:
1354:
1308:
1303:
1190:
1185:
1179:
1020:"International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Prokaryotic Code (2022 Revision)"
689:
488:
286:
where the context makes the species clear. The variety cannot be referred to as just
51:
1472:
1429:
1381:
1370:
1170:
1160:
1149:
1041:
1031:
679:
586:
262:
where the context makes the genus clear. The species cannot be referred to as just
173:
125:
1454:
1440:
1407:
1396:
1390:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1317:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1062:
695:
248:
47:
39:
385:" was automatically created (it is an "autonym"). Soreng created the subspecies
1133:
684:
337:
219:
1507:
1483:
340:. In many cases the type will be a particular preserved specimen stored in a
187:
631:
Although logically below the rank of species (and hence "infraspecific"), a
568:, names of taxa below species rank are formed somewhat differently, using a
472:(in other words, if there is a single type specimen whose classification is
1087:
1036:
1019:
518:). Note that here it was decided not to indicate authority for the species.
350:
1046:
1466:
573:
180:
166:
1376:
1247:
1242:
1233:
341:
1423:
1402:
702:
674:
632:
619:
569:
199:
20:
1102:
1460:
1024:
International
Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
648:
549:); Franco is the author who reduced the taxon to a subspecies of
1215:
1199:
541:; Dunal is the author who was the first to publish the epithet
65:
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
31:
1417:
43:
594:
to be used. The authorship is to be specified in the form "
579:
357:, whose type specimen is in the Wisconsin State Herbarium.
162:
The recommended abbreviations for ranks below species are:
559:
669:
625:
25:
424:. The type specimen would then have the classification
266:. In the same way, the name of a particular variety of
218:
whilst other examples (coming from the fungus database
986:
Wisconsin
Botanical Information System: Type Specimens
241:
88:
618:
does not regulate the names of cultivated plants, of
533:
Here, J.F.Arnold is the author who gave the species,
193:
subforma (subform) - recommended abbreviation: subf.
1017:
989:, Wisconsin State Herbarium, University of Wisconsin
124:, connecting term = var. (short for "varietas" or
606:1999.", i.e. with only the infraspecific author.
328:
1505:
416:would automatically become the type specimen of
408:If in addition to the subspecies any variety of
643:'Arnold Sentinel' is a cultivar of the species
764:, Art. 4; abbreviations from Recommendation 5A
412:were to be created, then the type specimen of
336:A key concept in botanical names is that of a
1118:
662:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
16:Name of a taxon, at a rank lower than species
1125:
1111:
76:, the name of a subvariety of the species
23:. For the names of cultivated plants, see
1086:Turland, N.J.; et al., eds. (2017),
1045:
1035:
964:
962:
705:, a system for naming parasitic bacteria
580:Difference from prokaryotic nomenclature
369:immediately became the type specimen of
1085:
1005:
968:
953:
941:
929:
917:
911:
891:
809:
797:
785:
773:
761:
749:
736:
732:
730:
722:
560:Difference from zoological nomenclature
365:was created, then the type specimen of
1506:
999:
979:
977:
959:
791:
767:
647:(which is propagated vegetatively, by
456:if, and only if, the type specimen of
183:) - recommended abbreviation: subvar.
1106:
779:
494:
1142:
885:
727:
609:
464:is the same as the type specimen of
1132:
974:
852:
803:
317:; the name of the subform would be
242:Abbreviation of infraspecific names
89:Construction of infraspecific names
13:
819:
716:
176:) - recommended abbreviation: var.
14:
1540:
190:) - recommended abbreviation: f.
1162:
1151:
1356:
1295:
1079:
1054:
1011:
947:
935:
923:
545:for this taxon (as the species
297:. The ICN gives the example of
1485:
1474:
1442:
1431:
1224:
1206:
755:
742:
639:'Cerise Queen' is a cultivar;
329:Legitimate infraspecific names
278:, which can be abbreviated to
258:, which can be abbreviated to
1:
709:
592:infrasubspecific subdivisions
272:Acanthocalycium klimpelianum
268:Acanthocalycium klimpelianum
255:Acanthocalycium klimpelianum
106:Acanthocalycium klimpelianum
7:
874:. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew
841:. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew
654:
361:As soon as a subspecies of
128:), infraspecific epithet =
10:
1545:
448:as well as the subspecies
397:also the type specimen of
18:
1529:Biological classification
1140:
204:Cynoglossum cheirifolium
566:zoological nomenclature
137:Astrophytum myriostigma
82:(bishop's hat cactus).
79:Astrophytum myriostigma
70:Astrophytum myriostigma
1514:Botanical nomenclature
1037:10.1099/ijsem.0.005585
901:in Art. 50E.Ex 7, or
788:, Art. 4.3 and Art. 2
776:, Note 1 to Art. 32.1
537:, its botanical name
212:Polyporus fomentarius
151:, specific epithet =
120:, specific epithet =
748:See the examples in
1524:Biology terminology
1191:Infrakingdom/Branch
535:European black pine
56:infraspecific taxon
1463:
1420:
1399:
1373:
1331:
1265:
1230:
1218:
1182:
1173:
932:, Art. 24.1, Ex. 1
908:in Art. 37.3.Ex. 5
896:Agaricus compactus
814:Boletus applanatus
526:J.F.Arnold subsp.
495:Specifying authors
36:infraspecific name
1501:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1459:
1416:
1395:
1369:
1327:
1261:
1220:
1214:
1178:
1171:
906:longipedicellatum
903:Geranium andicola
829:Agaricus plexipes
800:, Art. 24.4 Ex. 9
690:Variant (biology)
610:Cultivated plants
596:Bacillus subtilis
356:
224:Agaricus plexipes
1536:
1487:
1476:
1444:
1433:
1358:
1297:
1226:
1208:
1164:
1153:
1143:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1039:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
996:
995:
994:
981:
972:
966:
957:
951:
945:
939:
933:
927:
921:
915:
909:
889:
883:
882:
880:
879:
872:Species Fungorum
856:
850:
849:
847:
846:
839:Species Fungorum
823:
817:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
753:
746:
740:
734:
725:
720:
680:Strain (biology)
587:Prokaryotic Code
354:
319:Saxifraga aizoon
299:Saxifraga aizoon
1544:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1455:Species complex
1205:Superdivision (
1136:
1134:Taxonomic ranks
1131:
1095:
1093:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1059:
1055:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1000:
992:
990:
983:
982:
975:
967:
960:
952:
948:
940:
936:
928:
924:
916:
912:
894:, for instance
890:
886:
877:
875:
858:
857:
853:
844:
842:
825:
824:
820:
816:of Appendix III
808:
804:
796:
792:
784:
780:
772:
768:
760:
756:
747:
743:
735:
728:
721:
717:
712:
696:Forma specialis
657:
612:
582:
562:
547:Pinus salzmanii
530:(Dunal) Franco
505:Adenia aculeata
497:
331:
260:A. klimpelianum
249:Acanthocalycium
244:
118:Acanthocalycium
91:
40:scientific name
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1542:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1519:Plant taxonomy
1516:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1480:
1469:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1437:
1426:
1421:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1367:
1362:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1231:
1212:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1176:
1168:
1157:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1053:
1010:
998:
973:
958:
946:
934:
922:
910:
884:
851:
818:
802:
790:
778:
766:
754:
741:
726:
714:
713:
711:
708:
707:
706:
700:
692:
687:
685:Race (biology)
682:
677:
672:
665:
656:
653:
611:
608:
581:
578:
561:
558:
557:
556:
555:
554:
521:
520:
519:
496:
493:
438:
437:
406:
330:
327:
295:classification
243:
240:
220:Index Fungorum
195:
194:
191:
184:
177:
170:
160:
159:
144:
143:
133:
132:
113:
112:
99:
98:
90:
87:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1541:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1490:
1489:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1175:
1174:/Superkingdom
1169:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1067:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1002:
988:
987:
980:
978:
970:
965:
963:
955:
950:
943:
938:
931:
926:
919:
914:
907:
904:
900:
899:sarcocephalus
897:
893:
888:
873:
869:
867:
863:
862:Peziza capula
855:
840:
836:
834:
830:
822:
815:
811:
806:
799:
794:
787:
782:
775:
770:
763:
758:
751:
745:
738:
733:
731:
724:
719:
715:
704:
701:
698:
697:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
670:
666:
664:
663:
659:
658:
652:
650:
646:
645:P. nigra
642:
638:
634:
629:
627:
626:
621:
617:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
588:
577:
575:
571:
567:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
531:
529:
525:
522:
517:
513:
512:
510:
506:
503:
502:
501:
492:
490:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:
358:
353:
352:
345:
343:
339:
334:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
256:
251:
250:
239:
237:
233:
232:Peziza capula
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
192:
189:
185:
182:
179:subvarietas (
178:
175:
171:
168:
165:
164:
163:
158:
154:
150:
147:genus name =
146:
145:
142:
138:
135:
134:
131:
127:
123:
119:
116:genus name =
115:
114:
111:
107:
104:
103:
102:
96:
95:
94:
86:
83:
81:
80:
75:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
26:
22:
1482:
1471:
1439:
1428:
1353:
1292:
1221:
1203:
1159:
1148:
1094:, retrieved
1088:
1080:Bibliography
1063:
1056:
1047:10261/338243
1027:
1023:
1013:
1006:Turland 2017
1001:
991:, retrieved
985:
969:Turland 2017
954:Turland 2017
949:
942:Turland 2017
937:
930:Turland 2017
925:
918:Turland 2017
913:
905:
902:
898:
895:
892:Turland 2017
887:
876:. Retrieved
871:
865:
861:
854:
843:. Retrieved
838:
832:
828:
821:
813:
810:Turland 2017
805:
798:Turland 2017
793:
786:Turland 2017
781:
774:Turland 2017
769:
762:Turland 2017
757:
750:Turland 2017
744:
737:Turland 2017
723:Turland 2017
718:
694:
667:
660:
644:
640:
636:
630:
623:
615:
613:
603:
599:
595:
591:
585:
583:
563:
550:
546:
542:
538:
527:
523:
515:
508:
504:
498:
486:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
439:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
377:. The name "
374:
370:
366:
362:
349:
346:
335:
332:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
292:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
264:klimpelianum
263:
259:
253:
247:
245:
235:
231:
227:
223:
215:
211:
207:
203:
196:
161:
156:
152:
148:
140:
136:
129:
122:klimpelianum
121:
117:
109:
105:
100:
92:
84:
77:
73:
69:
63:
60:infraspecies
59:
55:
35:
29:
1382:Infrafamily
1365:Superfamily
1279:Subterclass
1248:Microphylum
1243:Infraphylum
1238:Subdivision
1200:Superphylum
1008:, Art. 53.3
920:, Art. 24.1
833:fuliginaria
641:Pinus nigra
551:Pinus nigra
539:Pinus nigra
524:Pinus nigra
474:Poa secunda
466:Poa secunda
458:Poa secunda
450:Poa secunda
442:Poa secunda
426:Poa secunda
418:Poa secunda
410:Poa secunda
399:Poa secunda
387:Poa secunda
379:Poa secunda
371:Poa secunda
363:Poa secunda
351:Poa secunda
311:multicaulis
228:fuliginaria
206:β Anchusa (
153:myriostigma
149:Astrophytum
1508:Categories
1467:Subspecies
1408:Infratribe
1391:Supertribe
1340:Infraorder
1323:Superorder
1294:Division (
1274:Infraclass
1257:Superclass
1223:Division (
1186:Subkingdom
1161:Subrealm (
1096:2019-02-21
993:2011-06-01
878:2019-02-21
845:2019-02-21
710:References
600:spizizenii
574:subspecies
528:salzmannii
482:juncifolia
478:juncifolia
470:juncifolia
462:juncifolia
454:juncifolia
446:juncifolia
414:P. secunda
395:P. secunda
391:juncifolia
367:P. secunda
307:brevifolia
288:macranthum
284:macranthum
276:macranthum
216:applanatus
181:subvariety
172:varietas (
167:subspecies
130:macranthum
110:macranthum
54:, i.e. an
46:below the
1473:Variety (
1430:Section (
1377:Subfamily
1355:Section (
1345:Parvorder
1318:Magnorder
1284:Parvclass
1234:Subphylum
971:, Art. 26
752:, Art. 24
739:, Art. 24
628:(ICNCP).
620:cultivars
602:Nakamura
543:salzmanii
511:de Wilde
342:herbarium
323:surculosa
315:surculosa
200:basionyms
1441:Series (
1424:Subgenus
1403:Subtribe
1335:Suborder
1269:Subclass
956:, Art. 7
812:, entry
703:Pathovar
675:Cultivar
655:See also
637:Achillea
633:cultivar
570:trinomen
305:subvar.
139:subvar.
72:subvar.
42:for any
21:Trinomen
1461:Species
1180:Kingdom
1150:Realm (
649:cloning
598:subsp.
516:inermis
509:inermis
507:subsp.
489:homonym
476:subsp.
468:subsp.
452:subsp.
434:secunda
430:secunda
428:subsp.
422:secunda
403:secunda
401:subsp.
389:subsp.
383:secunda
381:subsp.
375:secunda
373:subsp.
355:J.Presl
186:forma (
174:variety
157:glabrum
141:glabrum
126:variety
74:glabrum
52:species
38:is the
1484:Form (
1371:Family
1309:Cohort
1304:Legion
1216:Phylum
1172:Domain
1065:Plants
1030:(5a).
866:cernua
604:et al.
321:subf.
313:subf.
303:aizoon
236:cernua
222:) are
210:) and
208:lanata
32:botany
1418:Genus
1397:Tribe
1329:Order
1263:Class
1069:(PDF)
868:page"
835:page"
432:var.
420:var.
301:var.
282:var.
280:A. k.
274:var.
108:var.
44:taxon
34:, an
1486:bot.
1475:bot.
1443:bot.
1432:bot.
1357:zoo.
1296:zoo.
1225:bot.
1207:bot.
1163:vir.
1152:vir.
614:The
584:The
338:type
230:and
188:form
48:rank
1042:hdl
1032:doi
651:).
616:ICN
564:In
484:).
480:f.
460:f.
444:f.
309:f.
270:is
252:is
58:or
50:of
30:In
1510::
1040:.
1028:73
1026:.
1022:.
976:^
961:^
870:.
864:ß
837:.
831:b
729:^
576:.
325:.
290:.
234:ß
226:b
214:β
1488:)
1477:)
1445:)
1434:)
1359:)
1298:)
1236:/
1227:)
1219:/
1209:)
1202:/
1165:)
1154:)
1126:e
1119:t
1112:v
1050:.
1044::
1034::
881:.
860:"
848:.
827:"
553:.
436:.
405:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.