85:
22:
523:
856:, isoneotype, isolectotype, etc.) but these are not formally regulated by the Code, and a great many are obsolete and/or idiosyncratic. However, some of these categories can potentially apply to genuine type specimens, such as a neotype; e.g., isotypic/topotypic specimens are preferred to other specimens, when they are available at the time a neotype is chosen (because they are from the same time and/or place as the original type). A topotype is a specimen that was obtained from the same location that the original type specimen came from.
874:
420:
815:, in which the species description included DNA sequences from blood and feather samples. Assuming there is no future question as to the status of such a species, the absence of a type specimen does not invalidate the name, but it may be necessary for the future to designate a neotype for such a taxon, should any questions arise. However, in the case of the bushshrike, ornithologists have argued that the specimen was a rare and hitherto unknown
449:, the type of a species or subspecies is a specimen or series of specimens. The type of a genus or subgenus is a species. The type of a suprageneric taxon (e.g., family, etc.) is a genus. Names higher than superfamily rank do not have types. A "name-bearing type" is a specimen or image that "provides the objective standard of reference whereby the application of the name of a nominal taxon can be determined."
910:
common occurrence), then all of the constituent species must be either moved into the pre-existing genus or disassociated from the original type species and given a new generic name; the old generic name passes into synonymy and is abandoned unless there is a pressing need to make an exception (decided case-by-case, via petition to the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature).
137:
taxa. If there is more than one named type that all appear to be the same taxon, then the oldest name takes precedence and is considered to be the correct name of the material in hand. If on the other hand, the taxon appears never to have been named at all, then the scientist or another qualified expert picks a type specimen and publishes a new name and an official description.
692:, based on the 1994 reporting by Louie Psihoyos of an unpublished proposal by Bob Bakker to do so. However, this designation is invalid both because Edward Cope was not one of the specimens described in Systema Naturae 10th Ed., and therefore not being a syntype is not eligible, and because Stearne's designation in 1959 has seniority and invalidates future designations.
652:. When a species was originally described on the basis of a name-bearing type consisting of multiple specimens, one of those may be designated as the lectotype. Having a single name-bearing type reduces the potential for confusion, especially considering that it is not uncommon for a series of syntypes to contain specimens of more than one species.
1162:"Laws of Botanical Nomenclature adopted by the International Botanical Congress held at Paris in August 1867; together with an Historical Introduction and Commentary by Alphonse de Candolle, Translated from the French; Reprinted from the English translation published by L. Reeve and Co., London, 1868 (with three-page commentary by Asa Gray)"
828:
The various types listed above are necessary because many species were described one or two centuries ago, when a single type specimen, a holotype, was often not designated. Also, types were not always carefully preserved, and intervening events such as wars and fires have resulted in the destruction
539:
A type description must include a diagnosis (typically, a discussion of similarities to and differences from closely related species), and an indication of where the type specimen or specimens are deposited for examination. The geographical location where a type specimen was originally found is known
136:
When identifying material, a scientist attempts to apply a taxon name to a specimen or group of specimens based on their understanding of the relevant taxa, based on (at least) having read the type description(s), preferably also based on an examination of all the type material of all of the relevant
535:
Although in reality biologists may examine many specimens (when available) of a new taxon before writing an official published species description, nonetheless, under the formal rules for naming species (the
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature), a single type must be designated, as part of
291:
A detailed drawing, painting, etc., depicting the plant, from the early days of plant taxonomy. A dried plant was difficult to transport and hard to keep safe for the future; many specimens from the early days of botany have since been lost or damaged. Highly skilled botanical artists were sometimes
928:
or subfamily is formed. As with type species, the type genus is not necessarily the most representative but is usually the earliest described, largest or best-known genus. It is not uncommon for the name of a family to be based upon the name of a type genus that has passed into synonymy; the family
909:
Ideally, a type species best exemplifies the essential characteristics of the genus to which it belongs, but this is subjective and, ultimately, technically irrelevant, as it is not a requirement of the Code. If the type species proves, upon closer examination, to belong to a pre-existing genus (a
819:
of a long-known species, using only the available blood and feather samples. While there is still some debate on the need to deposit actual killed individuals as type specimens, it can be observed that given proper vouchering and storage, tissue samples can be just as valuable should dispute about
635:
A syntype is any one of two or more specimens that is listed in a species description where no holotype was designated; historically, syntypes were often explicitly designated as such, and under the present ICZN this is a requirement, but modern attempts to publish species description based on
832:
The ICZN has existed only since 1961 when the first edition of the Code was published. The ICZN does not always demand a type specimen for the historical validity of a species, and many "type-less" species do exist. The current edition of the Code, Article 75.3, prohibits the designation of a
283:), "is that element to which the name of a taxon is permanently attached." (article 7.2) In botany a type is either a specimen or an illustration. A specimen is a real plant (or one or more parts of a plant or a lot of small plants), dead and kept safe, "curated", in a
1145:
Lois de la nomenclature botanique adoptées par le Congrès
International de Botanique tenu à Paris en août 1867 suivies d'une deuxième édition de l'introduction historique et du commentaire qui accompagnaient la rédaction préparatoire présentée à la
303:
makes for a poor type: the microscope slide may be lost or damaged, or it may be very difficult to find the "plant" in question among whatever else is on the microscope slide. An illustration makes for a much more reliable type (Art 37.5 of the
171:
refers, by definition, to the species of that particular specimen. That species was named and described by
Jardine and Selby in 1828, and the holotype was placed in the museum collection so that other scientists might refer to it as necessary.
559:
Zoological collections are maintained by universities and museums. Ensuring that types are kept in good condition and made available for examination by taxonomists are two important functions of such collections. And, while there is only one
1636:"Terms Used in Bionomenclature: The Naming of Organisms and Plant Communities : Including Terms Used in Botanical, Cultivated Plant, Phylogenetic, Phytosociological, Prokaryote (bacteriological), Virus, and Zoological Nomenclature."
906:). The description of a genus is usually based primarily on its type species, modified and expanded by the features of other included species. The generic name is permanently associated with the name-bearing type of its type species.
608:
An allotype is a specimen of the opposite sex to the holotype, designated from among paratypes. The word was also formerly used for a specimen that shows features not seen in the holotype of a fossil. The term is not regulated by the
202:. Type specimens are theoretically even allowed to be aberrant or deformed individuals or color variations, though this is rarely chosen to be the case, as it makes it hard to determine to which population the individual belonged.
676:
He justified his choice by noting that the specimen that
Linnaeus, who wrote his own autobiography five times, had most studied was probably himself. This sufficiently and correctly designated Linnaeus to be the lectotype for
829:
of the original type material. The validity of a species name often rests upon the availability of original type specimens; or, if the type cannot be found, or one has never existed, upon the clarity of the description.
1205:
McNeill, J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme Van Reine, W.F.; Smith, G.F.; Wiersema, J.H.; Turland, N.J. (2012).
1233:
Frey, Jennifer K.; Yates, Terry L.; Duszynski, Donald W.; Gannon, William L. & Gardner, Scott L. (1992). "Designation and
Curatorial Management of Type Host Specimens (Symbiotypes) for New Parasite Species".
257:
Translation: This single character permits distinguish this type from all other species of the section ... After studying the diverse forms, I came to consider them as belonging to the one and the same specific
249:
Ce seul caractère permet de distinguer ce type de toutes les autres espèces de la section. ... Après avoir étudié ces diverses formes, j'en arrivai à les considérer comme appartenant à un seul et même type
669:
and determined all valid syntypes for the species. Crucially, in 1959, Professor
William Stearne wrote in a passing remark on Linnaeus's contributions, "Linnaeus himself, must stand as the type of his
596:
When the original description designated a holotype, there may be additional specimens that the author designates as additional representatives of the same species, termed paratypes. These are not
336:
is the same and the type of the name is the same, but the extent to which the name actually applies varies greatly. Setting the circumscription of a taxon is done by a taxonomist in a publication.
1552:
Locupletissimi Rerum naturalium
Thesauri accurata Descriptio, et Iconibus artificiosissimus Expressio, per universam Physices Historiam. Opus, cui in hoc Rerum Genere, nullum par exstitit
148:, or (under the bacteriological code) a description. Some codes consider a subordinate taxon to be the type, but under the botanical code, the type is always a specimen or illustration.
582:
of that species. The holotype is typically placed in a major museum, or similar well-known public collection, so that it is freely available for later examination by other biologists.
183:, particularly those established by early taxonomists, tend to be named after species that are more "typical" for them, but here too this is not always the case and due to changes in
621:
A neotype is a specimen later selected to serve as the single type specimen when an original holotype has been lost or destroyed or where the original author never cited a specimen.
388:
lectotype – a specimen or illustration designated from the original material as the nomenclatural type when there was no holotype specified or the holotype has been lost or destroyed
636:
syntypes are generally frowned upon by practicing taxonomists, and most are gradually being replaced by lectotypes. Those that still exist are still considered name-bearing types.
125:
research collection, but failing that, an image of an individual of that taxon has sometimes been designated as a type. Describing species and appointing type specimens is part of
1599:
665:, designated in 1959. He published the first book considered to be part of taxonomical nomenclature, the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, which included the first description of
476:, thigh bones, part of a pelvis, some ribs, and some arm and shoulder bones. There may be more than one type specimen, but there is (at least in modern times) only one holotype.
403:
epitype – a specimen or illustration selected to serve as an interpretative type, usually when another kind of type does not show the critical features needed for identification
105:
898:
Each genus must have a designated type species (the term "genotype" was once used for this but has been abandoned because the word has become much better known as the term for
394:
syntype – any specimen (or illustration) cited in the original description when there is no holotype, or any one of two or more specimens simultaneously designated as types
1209:
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011
292:
employed by a botanist to make faithful and detailed illustrations. Some such illustrations have become the best record and have been chosen to serve as the type of taxon.
720:
refer to type preparations additional to the hapantotype and designated by the describing author. As with other type designations the use of the prefix "Neo-", such as
1734:
458:
A type specimen is a vernacular term (not a formally defined term) typically used for an individual or fossil that is any of the various name-bearing types for a
700:
A paralectotype is any additional specimen from among a set of syntypes after a lectotype has been designated from among them. These are not name-bearing types.
69:) and on the provision of type material, which is usually available to scientists for examination in a major museum research collection, or similar institution.
513:
are all those specimens included by the author in a taxon's formal description, unless the author explicitly or implicitly excludes them as part of the series.
54:
of that organism is formally associated. In other words, a type is an example that serves to anchor or centralizes the defining features of that particular
320:
is a controversial taxon: some botanists consider it to consist of over a hundred species, and others regard it as a single species. The type of the name
1740:
724:, is employed when a replacement for the original hapantotype is designated, or when an original description did not include a designated type specimen.
610:
84:
503:
712:
where the type consists of two or more specimens of "directly related individuals" within a preparation medium such as a blood smear. The terms
446:
100:
770:
A hypotype is a specimen whose details have previously been published that is used in a supplementary figure or description of the species.
397:
paratype – any specimen (or illustration) cited in the original description that is not the holotype nor an isotype, nor one of the syntypes
1697:
1650:"Reappraisal of the parrots (Aves: Psittacidae) from the Mascarene Islands, with comments on their ecology, morphology, and affinities"
400:
neotype – a specimen or illustration selected to serve as nomenclatural type if no material from the original description is available
381:
provides a listing of the various kinds of types (article 9 and the
Glossary), the most important of which is the holotype. These are
1389:
Stearn, W. T. (1 March 1959). "The Background of Linnaeus's Contributions to the Nomenclature and Methods of Systematic Biology".
1612:
859:
The term fixation is used by the Code for the declaration of a name-bearing type, whether by original or subsequent designation.
1336:
1309:
1217:
644:
A lectotype is a specimen later selected to serve as the single type specimen for species originally described from a set of
385:
holotype – the single specimen or illustration that the author(s) clearly indicated to be the nomenclatural type of a name
1566:
Bauer, Aaron M. (2002). "Albertus Seba, Cabinet of Natural Curiosities. The Complete Plates in Colour, 1734–1765. 2001".
235:
In some older taxonomic works the word "type" has sometimes been used differently. The meaning was similar in the first
803:
Recently, some species have been described where the type specimen was released alive back into the wild, such as the
155:
in London, there is a bird specimen numbered 1886.6.24.20. This is a specimen of a kind of bird commonly known as the
1772:
194:
or onomatophore is sometimes used, to denote the fact that biological types do not define "typical" individuals or
1777:
328:
is a "big" species) or whether the circumscription is limited to only one small species among the other hundred (
1649:
1061:"New species without dead bodies: a case for photo-based descriptions, illustrated by a striking new species of
199:
152:
1299:
943:
407:
The word "type" appears in botanical literature as a part of some older terms that have no status under the
1762:
65:
that includes some organisms and excludes others, based on a detailed published description (for example a
1767:
837:
unless there is "an exceptional need" for "clarifying the taxonomic status" of a species (Article 75.2).
1491:
578:
When a single specimen is clearly designated in the original description, this specimen is known as the
351:(published on or after 1 January 2007, article 37) at these ranks, a type should not be an illustration.
313:
78:
1232:
788:" informally refers to a type specimen or a part of it that has been stolen, or improperly relocated.
1277:
971:
224:
1585:
21:
1635:
1493:
A taxonomic study of the Haemoproteidae (Apicomplexa: Haemosporina) of the Avian order Strigiformes
1180:
528:
1550:
732:
An illustration on which a new species or subspecies was based. For instance, the Burmese python,
841:
556:(or symbiotype) is used to indicate the host organism from which the type specimen was obtained.
145:
126:
1623:
Kleptotype. (n.d.). Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Retrieved November 21, 2022, from
268:
564:
designated, there can be other "type" specimens, the following of which are formally defined:
287:(or the equivalent for fungi). Examples of where an illustration may serve as a type include:
522:
464:
1746:
1123:. Australian National Botanic Gardens, Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research
469:
175:
At least for type specimens there is no requirement for a "typical" individual to be used.
113:, or in some cases specimens. Types are of great significance to biologists, especially to
27:
840:
There are many other permutations and variations on terms using the suffix "-type" (e.g.,
8:
1624:
685:
344:
324:
is the same whether the circumscription of the species includes all those small species (
66:
797:
1472:
1259:
1251:
1097:
1060:
1016:
141:
1207:
1191:(2: Comptes-redus des séances de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique): 163–217.
1037:
1672:
1437:
1406:
1371:
1344:
1305:
1213:
1102:
1084:
853:
804:
649:
597:
191:
62:
61:
A taxon is a scientifically named grouping of organisms with other like organisms, a
1426:"Know Thyself: Responsible Science and the Lectotype of Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758"
1360:"Know Thyself: Responsible Science and the Lectotype of Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758"
1263:
1664:
1531:
1464:
1398:
1243:
1092:
1074:
1008:
925:
764:
473:
436:
366:
300:
180:
109:(ICN), the scientific name of every taxon is almost always based on one particular
996:
58:. In older usage (pre-1900 in botany), a type was a taxon rather than a specimen.
43:
1638: (2010). United Kingdom: Global Biodiversity Information Facility.
1518:
Peirce, M. A.; Bennett, G. F. (1992). "Neohapantotype and paraneohapantotypes of
1455:
Hansen, Hans V.; Seberg, Ole (1984). "Paralectotype, a new type term in botany".
1143:
816:
484:
156:
51:
1161:
873:
734:
429:
130:
1668:
1535:
1301:
Terms Used in Bionomenclature. The naming of organisms (and plant communities)
1120:
1756:
1676:
1441:
1410:
1375:
1204:
1088:
1079:
886:
740:
656:
144:
applied to the organism in question, a type can be a specimen, a culture, an
88:
1278:"The Code Online | International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature"
796:
Type illustrations have also been used by zoologists, as in the case of the
1402:
1106:
948:
868:
752:
661:
480:
954:
878:
510:
184:
419:
1476:
1425:
1359:
1255:
1020:
919:
849:
808:
785:
779:
499:
472:
in 1856 at Feldhofer in the Neander Valley in Germany, consisting of a
424:
296:
114:
1040:. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany
800:, which is known only from historical illustrations and descriptions.
1568:
International Society for the History and Bibliography of Herpetology
1304:. Copenhagen: Global Biodiversity Information Facility. p. 216.
965:
959:
938:
751:
An ergatotype is a specimen selected to represent a worker member in
709:
317:
284:
219:
122:
1468:
1247:
1012:
1499:(Doctorate thesis). Memorial University of Newfound land. p. 3
903:
899:
591:
573:
492:
164:
47:
1069:
834:
645:
630:
459:
359:
214:
35:
295:
A detailed picture of something that can be seen only through a
1181:"Rosa Synstylae: études sur les roses de la section Synstyleés"
1038:"Botanical nomenclature, types, & standard reference works"
210:
176:
118:
106:
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
1430:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
1364:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
506:
that is the name-bearing type of a nominal family-group taxon.
1212:. Vol. Regnum Vegetabile 154. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG.
488:
370:
355:
348:
240:
77:"Type specimen" redirects here. For the mineralogy term, see
55:
891:
195:
16:
Specimen(s) to which a scientific name is formally attached
1454:
739:
is one of many species that are based on illustrations by
117:. Types are usually physical specimens that are kept in a
968:– a type of intrasubspecific taxon of pathogenic bacteria
1728:
1602:
Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 201-205.
1625:
https://en_ichthyology.en-academic.com/9763/kleptotype
1592:
1185:
Bulletin de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique
929:
name does not need to be changed in such a situation.
791:
209:
is somewhat complicated by slightly different uses in
99:
According to a precise set of rules laid down in the
1341:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
1052:
823:
1605:
1293:
1291:
1141:
924:A type genus is a genus from which the name of a
462:. For example, the type specimen for the species
198:, but rather fix a scientific name to a specific
1754:
1059:Marshall, Stephen A.; Evenhuis, Neal L. (2015).
1058:
1065:Hesse (Diptera, Bombyliidae) from South Africa"
994:
468:was the specimen "Neanderthal-1" discovered by
151:For example, in the research collection of the
1288:
46:(or in some cases a group of specimens) of an
1729:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
1517:
1031:
1029:
763:"Hypotype" redirects here. For the moth, see
101:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
247:
159:, which currently bears the scientific name
91:'s remains constitute the type specimen for
990:
988:
986:
962:– genetic sequence data from type specimens
487:that is the name-bearing type of a nominal
441:3) dorsal and 4) ventral aspect of paratype
1611:Glime, J. M., & Wagner, D. H. (2013).
1297:
1178:
1149:. Genève et Bale: J.-B. Baillière et fils.
1026:
1490:Bishop, M. A. W. (1989). "introduction".
1096:
1078:
347:can have a type of its own. For most new
223:, type-based definitions are replaced by
1690:
1598:Baker, N. T., & Timm, R. M. (1976).
1166:The American Journal of Science and Arts
983:
872:
521:
517:
418:
369:has the same type as that of one of its
358:has the same type as that of one of its
83:
20:
1747:Zoological Type Nomenclature (Evenhuis)
1511:
1159:
997:"The Type Concept in Systematic Botany"
648:. In zoology, a lectotype is a kind of
239:, but has a meaning closer to the term
1755:
1489:
1483:
1423:
1388:
1357:
1168:. Series II, Volume 46 (63–74, 75–77).
316:of the taxon. For example, the common
1600:"Modern type concepts in entomology."
1578:
1565:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1200:
1198:
1035:
548:. In the case of parasites, the term
391:isotype – a duplicate of the holotype
1648:Hume, Julian Pender (25 June 2007).
1647:
1548:
1121:"Plant names – a basic introduction"
1113:
889:, is the type species for the genus
230:
1698:"Topotype Definition & Meaning"
1555:. Amsterdam: Janssonio-Waesbergios.
792:Alternatives to preserved specimens
13:
1613:"Herbarium methods and exchanges."
1337:"Who is the type of Homo sapiens?"
1318:
1195:
439:and 2) ventral aspect of holotype,
163:. This particular specimen is the
14:
1789:
1718:
820:the validity of a species arise.
824:Formalisation of the type system
695:
684:It has also been suggested that
332:is a "small" species). The name
72:
1641:
1629:
1617:
1559:
1542:
1448:
1417:
1382:
1351:
1270:
862:
755:which have polymorphic castes.
1226:
1172:
1153:
1135:
703:
452:
312:A type does not determine the
237:Laws of Botanical Nomenclature
1:
977:
944:Glossary of scientific naming
913:
773:
746:
414:
727:
639:
262:
7:
1737:Glossary section (archived)
1236:The Journal of Parasitology
932:
758:
603:
585:
567:
536:the published description.
411:: for example a clonotype.
167:for that species; the name
10:
1794:
1524:Journal of Natural History
1142:de Candolle, A.P. (1867).
1001:American Journal of Botany
917:
866:
777:
762:
628:
624:
616:
589:
571:
200:operational taxonomic unit
79:type specimen (mineralogy)
76:
1669:10.11646/zootaxa.1513.1.1
1536:10.1080/00222939200770431
1424:Spamer, Earle E. (1999).
1358:Spamer, Earle E. (1999).
1298:Hawksworth, D.L. (2010).
972:Principle of typification
425:gossamer-winged butterfly
1080:10.3897/zookeys.525.6143
995:Hitchcock, A.S. (1921),
529:Mormopterus acetabulosus
225:phylogenetic definitions
1773:Zoological nomenclature
1549:Seba, Albertus (1734).
447:zoological nomenclature
127:scientific nomenclature
1778:Botanical nomenclature
1731:, the official website
1588:. University of Basel.
895:
532:
442:
299:. A tiny "plant" on a
269:botanical nomenclature
260:
254:
248:
205:The usage of the term
153:Natural History Museum
96:
31:
1741:A compendium of terms
1586:"Compendium of Types"
1520:Haemoproteus passeris
876:
688:is the lectotype for
659:is the lectotype for
526:Type illustration of
525:
518:Use of type specimens
465:Homo neanderthalensis
422:
343:Only a species or an
339:Miscellaneous notes:
255:
245:
243:in some other works:
87:
24:
1403:10.2307/sysbio/8.1.4
470:Johann Karl Fuhlrott
334:Taraxacum officinale
330:Taraxacum officinale
326:Taraxacum officinale
322:Taraxacum officinale
190:be. Hence, the term
28:Marocaster coronatus
1763:Biological concepts
1179:Crépin, F. (1886).
900:a different concept
813:Laniarius liberatus
345:infraspecific taxon
67:species description
1768:Taxonomy (biology)
1391:Systematic Biology
1036:Nicholson, Dan H.
896:
708:A special case in
598:name-bearing types
533:
443:
281:nomenclatural type
97:
32:
25:Type specimen for
1311:978-87-92020-09-3
1219:978-3-87429-425-6
805:Bulo Burti boubou
735:Python bivittatus
650:name-bearing type
231:Older terminology
192:name-bearing type
142:nomenclature code
140:Depending on the
1785:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1654:
1645:
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1615:
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1596:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1576:
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1563:
1557:
1556:
1546:
1540:
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1515:
1509:
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1506:
1504:
1498:
1487:
1481:
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1452:
1446:
1445:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1347:on 5 March 2016.
1343:. Archived from
1333:
1316:
1315:
1295:
1286:
1285:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1160:Weddell (1868).
1157:
1151:
1150:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1100:
1082:
1073:(525): 117–127.
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1033:
1024:
1023:
992:
811:), described as
798:RĂ©union parakeet
765:Hypotype (genus)
718:lectohapantotype
554:
553:
546:
545:
301:microscope slide
252:
169:Circus assimilis
161:Circus assimilis
42:is a particular
1793:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1753:
1752:
1721:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1702:Merriam-Webster
1696:
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1679:
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1469:10.2307/1220790
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1356:
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1248:10.2307/3283335
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1013:10.2307/2434993
993:
984:
980:
935:
922:
916:
871:
865:
826:
794:
782:
776:
768:
761:
749:
730:
714:parahapantotype
706:
698:
642:
633:
627:
619:
606:
594:
588:
576:
570:
551:
550:
543:
542:
520:
485:nominal species
455:
440:
434:
417:
314:circumscription
265:
233:
157:spotted harrier
103:(ICZN) and the
82:
75:
52:scientific name
17:
12:
11:
5:
1791:
1781:
1780:
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1770:
1765:
1751:
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1738:
1732:
1720:
1719:External links
1717:
1715:
1714:
1689:
1663:(1513): 1–76.
1640:
1628:
1616:
1604:
1591:
1577:
1558:
1541:
1530:(3): 689–690.
1522:Kruse, 1890".
1510:
1482:
1463:(4): 707–711.
1447:
1416:
1381:
1350:
1317:
1310:
1287:
1269:
1242:(5): 930–993.
1225:
1218:
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1025:
1007:(5): 251–255,
981:
979:
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918:Main article:
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822:
793:
790:
778:Main article:
775:
772:
760:
757:
748:
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726:
722:Neohapantotype
705:
702:
697:
694:
641:
638:
629:Main article:
626:
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590:Main article:
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572:Main article:
569:
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131:alpha taxonomy
74:
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942:
940:
937:
936:
930:
927:
921:
911:
907:
905:
901:
894:
893:
888:
885:described by
884:
880:
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857:
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843:
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821:
818:
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801:
799:
789:
787:
781:
771:
766:
756:
754:
753:hymenopterans
744:
742:
741:Albertus Seba
738:
736:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
701:
696:Paralectotype
693:
691:
687:
682:
680:
675:
672:
671:Homo sapiens.
668:
664:
663:
658:
657:Carl Linnaeus
653:
651:
647:
637:
632:
622:
614:
612:
601:
599:
593:
583:
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575:
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557:
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547:
544:type locality
537:
531:
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512:
508:
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504:nominal genus
501:
497:
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373:(article 10).
372:
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362:(article 10).
361:
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138:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
107:
102:
94:
90:
89:Carl Linnaeus
86:
80:
73:Type specimen
70:
68:
64:
59:
57:
53:
50:to which the
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
29:
23:
19:
1724:
1705:. Retrieved
1701:
1692:
1680:. Retrieved
1660:
1656:
1643:
1631:
1619:
1607:
1594:
1580:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1551:
1544:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1501:. Retrieved
1492:
1485:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1345:the original
1340:
1300:
1282:www.iczn.org
1281:
1272:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1208:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1165:
1155:
1144:
1137:
1125:. Retrieved
1115:
1068:
1062:
1054:
1042:. Retrieved
1004:
1000:
949:Nomen dubium
923:
908:
897:
890:
882:
869:Type species
863:Type species
858:
845:
839:
831:
827:
812:
802:
795:
783:
769:
750:
733:
731:
721:
717:
713:
707:
699:
690:Homo sapiens
689:
683:
679:Homo sapiens
678:
674:
670:
667:Homo sapiens
666:
662:Homo sapiens
660:
654:
643:
634:
620:
607:
595:
579:
577:
561:
558:
549:
541:
538:
534:
527:
481:type species
463:
444:
428:
408:
406:
378:
376:
338:
333:
329:
325:
321:
311:
305:
280:
276:
272:
266:
256:
246:
236:
234:
218:
206:
204:
187:
174:
168:
160:
150:
146:illustration
139:
135:
110:
104:
98:
93:Homo sapiens
92:
60:
39:
33:
26:
18:
1436:: 109–114.
1397:(1): 4–22.
1370:: 109–114.
1127:17 November
1063:Marleyimyia
1044:17 November
955:Nomen nudum
879:common toad
817:color morph
704:Hapantotype
686:Edward Cope
511:type series
453:Definitions
306:Vienna Code
250:spécifique.
185:systematics
115:taxonomists
1757:Categories
1743:(archived)
1682:13 January
978:References
920:Type genus
914:Type genus
850:generitype
844:, cotype,
809:bushshrike
786:kleptotype
784:The term "
780:Kleptotype
774:Kleptotype
747:Ergatotype
710:Protistans
655:Formally,
500:type genus
415:In zoology
297:microscope
1725:ICZN Code
1677:1175-5334
1442:0097-3157
1411:1063-5157
1376:0097-3157
1089:1313-2970
966:Pathotype
960:Genetypes
951:(zoology)
939:Archetype
883:Bufo bufo
728:Iconotype
640:Lectotype
552:type host
318:dandelion
285:herbarium
263:In botany
220:PhyloCode
217:. In the
123:herbarium
1735:Fishbase
1707:18 April
1503:18 April
1264:82003952
1107:26487819
933:See also
904:genetics
887:Linnaeus
846:topotype
842:allotype
759:Hypotype
743:(1734).
646:syntypes
604:Allotype
592:Paratype
586:Paratype
580:holotype
574:Holotype
568:Holotype
562:holotype
493:subgenus
474:skullcap
308:, 2006).
181:families
165:holotype
111:specimen
48:organism
44:specimen
1657:Zootaxa
1477:1220790
1256:3283335
1146:congrès
1098:4607853
1070:ZooKeys
1021:2434993
854:isotype
835:neotype
631:Syntype
625:Syntype
617:Neotype
540:as its
502:is the
483:is the
460:species
360:species
215:zoology
36:biology
1675:
1475:
1440:
1409:
1374:
1308:
1262:
1254:
1216:
1105:
1095:
1087:
1019:
926:family
437:dorsal
371:genera
367:family
211:botany
188:cannot
177:Genera
119:museum
1749:(PDF)
1653:(PDF)
1497:(PDF)
1473:JSTOR
1457:Taxon
1260:S2CID
1252:JSTOR
1017:JSTOR
489:genus
356:genus
277:typus
258:type.
241:taxon
56:taxon
1709:2024
1684:2011
1673:ISSN
1661:1513
1505:2024
1438:ISSN
1407:ISSN
1372:ISSN
1306:ISBN
1214:ISBN
1129:2015
1103:PMID
1085:ISSN
1046:2015
892:Bufo
877:The
716:and
611:ICZN
509:The
377:The
349:taxa
273:type
271:, a
213:and
207:type
196:taxa
179:and
129:and
40:type
38:, a
1665:doi
1532:doi
1465:doi
1434:149
1399:doi
1368:149
1244:doi
1093:PMC
1075:doi
1009:doi
902:in
807:(a
491:or
445:In
435:1)
409:ICN
379:ICN
267:In
121:or
63:set
34:In
1759::
1727::
1700:.
1671:.
1659:.
1655:.
1570:.
1528:26
1526:.
1471:.
1461:33
1459:.
1432:.
1428:.
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1393:.
1366:.
1362:.
1339:.
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1258:.
1250:.
1240:78
1238:.
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1189:25
1187:.
1183:.
1164:.
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1067:.
1028:^
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999:,
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613:.
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498:A
479:A
427:,
423:A
365:A
354:A
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1572:3
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1534::
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1401::
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1314:.
1284:.
1266:.
1246::
1222:.
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495:.
433::
275:(
95:.
81:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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