346:
267:
202:, which must be one of the species included when that taxon ("genus" hereafter for brevity) was first formally named or, when no species were included when the genus was named, one of the first species that were subsequently included in it. A genus described after 1930 (1999 for
326:. If a taxon has syntypes, one of those can be selected as the lectotype, upon which act the others lose the status of syntype. A neotype may be designated to replace the previous name-bearing type when the original type is lost or by application to the
381:), and some others. If an illustration or description is used as the basis of a species, the specimen or group of specimens illustrated or described is the name-bearing type (not the illustration or description itself), even if no longer in existence.
305:
recommends that great care should be exercised to ensure the preservation of such specimens. It can either be designated in the publication establishing the name or designated later. In the former case, there is either a single name-bearing type, a
296:
defined as a taxon, rather than as a category of ranks, has an unofficial rank, one of several such ranks between the subgenus and species levels sometimes used by zoologists in taxa with many species; see
214:
contained nine species when first described by Wagler in 1830, but no type species was designated. In 2002, Mausfeld and others used the name for a mainly
African group of skinks, designating
363:
The name-bearing type is usually an individual animal in a museum collection; for example, the name-bearing type (in this case, lectotype) of the skink species currently known as
206:) must have its type species fixed when first named; in taxa described earlier without such an explicit designation, the type species can be fixed subsequently. For example, the
369:(Gray, 1839) is a lizard preserved in the collections of the French Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. Other kinds of name-bearing types are also allowed by the
220:
327:
118:) described by Seba in 1734 and are therefore objective synonyms (the species they refer to, a small South American opossum, is currently known as
234:
18:
836:
Original watercolours donated by
Cornelius Sittardus to Conrad Gesner, and published by Gesner in his (1558–1670) works on aquatic animals
83:
301:.) The name-bearing type of a species-group taxon (hereafter "species" for brevity) is an actual specimen or set of specimens; the
373:, including colonies of asexually reproducing animals, natural casts of fossils, a series of stages of the life cycle of a living
420:
335:
182:
as its type genus and its name consists of the stem of the type genus, Nyctomy-, and the appropriate ending for a tribe, -ini.
902:
829:
891:
Musser, G.G. and
Carleton, M.D. 2005. "Superfamily Muroidea." Pp. 894–1531 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). "
407:
refer to the
International Code for Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999).
338:, which left the identity of the name uncertain, and in 2001 Voss and others selected as the neotype a specimen in the
856:
115:
928:
339:
133:
128:
is based on a different name-bearing type, but is regarded as representing the same taxon; for example, the name
847:
390:
106:, as are two whose name-bearing types are themselves objectively synonymous names; for example, the names
909:
The mammals of
Paracou, French Guiana: a Neotropical lowland rainforest fauna. Part 2. Nonvolant species
120:
817:
Groves, C.P. 2005. "Order
Primates." Pp. 111–184 in Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (eds.).
318:
are considered as syntypes. Name-bearing types designated after the original publication include
314:. In species named before 2000 without explicit designation of a holotype, all specimens in the
153:
365:
276:
8:
881:
125:
898:
852:
835:
825:
355:
103:
46:
at least potentially has a name-bearing type. The name-bearing type can be either a
330:
when the previous name-bearing type cannot be identified. For example, Shaw's name
165:
161:
51:
504:
Mausfeld and
Vrcibradic, 2002, pp. 293–294; Miralles et al., 2009, p. 62
224:), but in 2003, Bauer noted that Loveridge had already fixed the type species of
157:
59:
35:
298:
345:
82:), but because the name-bearing type of the former, a lizard preserved in the
922:
897:, 3rd ed." Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp.
86:
in Paris, does not represent the same species as the
Noronha skink, the name
75:
63:
870:) endemic to the western Atlantic archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, Brazil
266:
199:
55:
378:
315:
254:
132:
Shaw, 1800, is based on a different name-bearing type (a specimen in the
238:), invalidating the later fixation by Mausfeld and others. Accordingly,
168:. The name of a family-group taxon is based on the stem of a designated
824:
Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp.
289:
203:
173:
169:
47:
102:, two names of the same rank that have the same name-bearing type are
374:
350:
319:
271:
867:
863:
810:(Wagler 1830), and the generic assignment of Afro-Malagasy skinks."
248:
and the mostly
African group Mausfeld and others incorrectly called
307:
195:
178:
908:
894:
Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference
820:
Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference
323:
311:
285:
136:), but is currently regarded as representing the same species as
67:
893:
819:
244:
207:
191:
39:
845:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 1999.
114:
Schreber, 1778, were both based on a specimen (now in the
851:
London: International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature.
198:. The name-bearing type for a genus-group taxon is the
38:
that determines the application of a name. Each animal
848:
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 4th ed.
880:
Miralles, A., Chaparro, J.C. and Harvey, M.B. 2009. "
284:Official "species-group" ranks consist of just the
913:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural Histor
907:Voss, R.S., Lunde, D.P. and Simmons, N.B. 2001. "
172:; for example, the Central American rodent tribe
920:
537:, Glossary, "subjective synonym"; Article 61.3.1
806:(Linnaeus 1758), the type species of the genus
342:, which thereby becomes the name-bearing type.
218:Linnaeus, 1758, as the type species (currently
882:Three rare and enigmatic South American skinks
652:Miralles et al., 2009, fig. 7, p. 62
19:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
334:was based on a description of "Le Touan" by
156:and all other ranks below it and above the
567:Musser and Carleton, 2005, p. 1187;
528:
349:This watercolor painting illustrates the
74:(Gray, 1839) has often been used for the
507:
488:
486:
484:
482:
344:
265:
454:
452:
921:
861:Mausfeld, P. and Vrcibradic, D. 2002.
802:Bauer, A.M. 2003. "On the identity of
715:
676:, Article 72.10, Recommendations 72D–F
648:
646:
598:
469:
467:
336:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
727:
479:
93:
769:
703:
691:
679:
655:
622:
610:
586:
574:
549:
449:
84:Muséum national d'histoire naturelle
796:
643:
464:
437:
190:"Genus group" ranks consist of the
13:
864:On the nomenclature of the skink (
14:
940:
546:Voss et al., 2001, pp. 56–58
152:"Family-group" ranks include the
116:British Museum of Natural History
261:
781:
756:
739:
667:
634:
561:
540:
516:, Glossary, "objective synonym"
421:"Loterre: Zoonom: onomatophore"
340:Field Museum of Natural History
242:is now a subjective synonym of
147:
134:Field Museum of Natural History
90:cannot be used for the latter.
812:African Journal of Herpetology
519:
498:
413:
185:
70:group). For example, the name
1:
762:Holthuis, 1996, p. 188;
525:Voss et al., 2001, p. 56
391:Glossary of scientific naming
7:
384:
10:
945:
790:, Articles 72.5.1, 73.4.1
640:Bauer, 2003, pp. 4–5
840:Zoologische Mededelingen
749:, 2001, pp. 57–58;
396:
121:Monodelphis brevicaudata
929:Zoological nomenclature
353:of the slipper lobster
62:group), or one or more
875:Journal of Herpetology
834:Holthuis, L.B. 1996. "
360:
281:
138:Didelphis brevicaudata
108:Didelphis brevicaudata
884:" (first page only).
873:(subscription only).
348:
269:
80:Trachylepis atlantica
366:Trachylepis maculata
277:Trachylepis maculata
142:Didelphys brachyuros
112:Didelphys brachyuros
110:Erxleben, 1777, and
425:skosmos.loterre.fr
361:
282:
221:Lygosoma punctatum
126:subjective synonym
124:). In contrast, a
104:objective synonyms
94:Effect on synonymy
903:978-0-8018-8221-0
830:978-0-8018-8221-0
356:Scyllarides latus
42:regulated by the
28:name-bearing type
936:
804:Lacerta punctata
797:Literature cited
791:
785:
779:
773:
767:
766:, Article 72.5.1
760:
754:
743:
737:
731:
725:
724:, Article 73.2.2
719:
713:
707:
701:
695:
689:
683:
677:
671:
665:
659:
653:
650:
641:
638:
632:
626:
620:
614:
608:
607:, Article 67.2.2
602:
596:
590:
584:
578:
572:
565:
559:
553:
547:
544:
538:
532:
526:
523:
517:
511:
505:
502:
496:
495:, Article 72.1.2
490:
477:
471:
462:
456:
447:
441:
435:
434:
432:
431:
417:
216:Lacerta punctata
160:, including the
944:
943:
939:
938:
937:
935:
934:
933:
919:
918:
799:
794:
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684:
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672:
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644:
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627:
623:
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611:
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579:
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541:
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499:
491:
480:
472:
465:
457:
450:
442:
438:
429:
427:
419:
418:
414:
399:
387:
264:
188:
150:
96:
72:Mabuya maculata
36:biological type
12:
11:
5:
942:
932:
931:
917:
916:
905:
889:
878:
877:36(2):292–295.
859:
843:
832:
815:
798:
795:
793:
792:
780:
778:, Article 72.5
768:
755:
753:, Article 75.1
738:
726:
714:
712:, Article 74.1
702:
700:, Article 73.2
690:
688:, Article 73.1
678:
666:
664:, Article 45.1
654:
642:
633:
631:, Article 69.1
621:
619:, Article 67.4
609:
597:
595:, Article 67.2
585:
583:, Article 42.1
573:
571:, Article 29.2
560:
558:, Article 35.1
548:
539:
527:
518:
506:
497:
478:
476:, Article 67.1
463:
448:
446:, Article 61.1
436:
411:
410:
409:
403:References to
398:
395:
394:
393:
386:
383:
310:, or a set of
299:Taxonomic rank
263:
260:
230:Scincus agilis
187:
184:
149:
146:
95:
92:
64:type specimens
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
941:
930:
927:
926:
924:
914:
910:
906:
904:
900:
896:
895:
890:
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879:
876:
872:
871:
866:
865:
860:
858:
857:0-85301-006-4
854:
850:
849:
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841:
837:
833:
831:
827:
823:
821:
816:
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:
789:
784:
777:
772:
765:
759:
752:
748:
742:
735:
730:
723:
718:
711:
706:
699:
694:
687:
682:
675:
670:
663:
658:
649:
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613:
606:
601:
594:
589:
582:
577:
570:
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557:
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536:
531:
522:
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510:
501:
494:
489:
487:
485:
483:
475:
470:
468:
460:
455:
453:
445:
440:
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422:
416:
412:
408:
404:
401:
400:
392:
389:
388:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:
358:
357:
352:
347:
343:
341:
337:
333:
332:Viverra touan
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
300:
295:
294:species group
291:
287:
279:
278:
273:
268:
262:Species group
259:
257:
256:
251:
247:
246:
241:
237:
236:
235:Mabuya agilis
231:
227:
223:
222:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
183:
181:
180:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
130:Viverra touan
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
76:Noronha skink
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
20:
915:y 263:1–236.
912:
892:
885:
874:
869:
862:
846:
839:
818:
811:
807:
803:
787:
783:
775:
771:
763:
758:
750:
746:
741:
736:, Article 75
733:
729:
721:
717:
709:
705:
697:
693:
685:
681:
673:
669:
661:
657:
636:
628:
624:
616:
612:
604:
600:
592:
588:
580:
576:
568:
563:
555:
551:
542:
534:
530:
521:
513:
509:
500:
492:
473:
461:, Article 63
458:
443:
439:
428:. Retrieved
424:
415:
406:
402:
370:
364:
362:
354:
331:
302:
293:
283:
275:
253:
252:is known as
249:
243:
239:
233:
229:
225:
219:
215:
211:
200:type species
189:
177:
151:
148:Family group
141:
137:
129:
119:
111:
107:
99:
97:
87:
79:
71:
56:type species
43:
32:onomatophore
31:
27:
23:
17:
15:
888:2012:47–68.
842:70:169–196.
379:hapantotype
316:type series
292:. (Note: a
255:Trachylepis
232:(currently
228:in 1957 as
186:Genus group
154:superfamily
78:(currently
430:2024-03-29
328:Commission
320:lectotypes
290:subspecies
174:Nyctomyini
170:type genus
98:Under the
48:type genus
16:Under the
822:, 3rd ed.
375:protistan
351:lectotype
272:lectotype
204:ichnotaxa
923:Category
808:Euprepis
385:See also
324:neotypes
312:syntypes
308:holotype
250:Euprepis
240:Euprepis
226:Euprepis
212:Euprepis
196:subgenus
179:Nyctomys
88:maculata
54:group),
886:Zootaxa
814:52:1–7.
286:species
68:species
34:is the
26:), the
901:
868:Mabuya
855:
828:
747:et al.
405:"Code"
245:Mabuya
210:genus
162:family
52:family
745:Voss
397:Notes
208:skink
192:genus
166:tribe
158:genus
60:genus
40:taxon
899:ISBN
853:ISBN
826:ISBN
788:Code
776:Code
764:Code
751:Code
734:Code
722:Code
710:Code
698:Code
686:Code
674:Code
662:Code
629:Code
617:Code
605:Code
593:Code
581:Code
569:Code
556:Code
535:Code
514:Code
493:Code
474:Code
459:Code
444:Code
371:Code
322:and
303:Code
288:and
270:The
194:and
176:has
164:and
140:and
100:ICZN
44:Code
24:Code
911:."
838:".
377:(a
274:of
30:or
925::
645:^
481:^
466:^
451:^
423:.
258:.
144:.
433:.
359:.
280:.
66:(
58:(
50:(
22:(
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