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investigates their evolutionary histories, and (f) considers their environmental adaptations. This is a field with a long history that in recent years has experienced a notable renaissance, principally with respect to theoretical content. Part of the theoretical material has to do with evolutionary areas (topics e and f above), the rest relates especially to the problem of classification. Taxonomy is that part of
Systematics concerned with topics (a) to (d) above.
3935:
1904:
1914:
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31:
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208:
Systematics uses taxonomy as a primary tool in understanding, as nothing about an organism's relationships with other living things can be understood without it first being properly studied and described in sufficient detail to identify and classify it correctly. Scientific classifications are aids
184:
For example, Webster's 9th New
Collegiate Dictionary of 1987 treats "classification", "taxonomy", and "systematics" as synonyms. According to this work, the terms originated in 1790, c. 1828, and in 1888 respectively. Some claim systematics alone deals specifically with relationships through time,
180:
Taxonomy, systematic biology, systematics, biosystematics, scientific classification, biological classification, phylogenetics: At various times in history, all these words have had overlapping, related meanings. However, in modern usage, they can all be considered synonyms of each other.
164:
Systematic biology (hereafter called simply systematics) is the field that (a) provides scientific names for organisms, (b) describes them, (c) preserves collections of them, (d) provides classifications for the organisms, keys for their identification, and data on their distributions, (e)
197:, is more specifically the identification, description, and naming (i.e. nomenclature) of organisms, while "classification" focuses on placing organisms within hierarchical groups that show their relationships to other organisms. All of these biological disciplines can deal with both
119:
identifies and classifies animals based on the evolutionary units that comprise a species, as well as their importance in evolution itself. Factors such as mutations, genetic divergence, and hybridization all are considered evolutionary units.
127:
Studying the diversity of organisms and the differentiation between extinct and living creatures. Biologists study the well-understood relationships by making many different diagrams and "trees" (cladograms, phylogenetic trees, phylogenies,
87:
In the study of biological systematics, researchers use the different branches to further understand the relationships between differing organisms. These branches are used to determine the applications and uses for modern day systematics.
192:
Europeans tend to use the terms "systematics" and "biosystematics" for the study of biodiversity as a whole, whereas North
Americans tend to use "taxonomy" more frequently. However, taxonomy, and in particular
213:, a scientist who specializes in systematics, must, therefore, be able to use existing classification systems, or at least know them well enough to skilfully justify not using them.
189:, broadly dealing with the inferred hierarchy of organisms. This means it would be a subset of taxonomy as it is sometimes regarded, but the inverse is claimed by others.
137:
Manipulating and controlling the natural world. This includes the practice of 'biological control', the intentional introduction of natural predators and disease.
1636:
131:
Including the scientific names of organisms, species descriptions and overviews, taxonomic orders, and classifications of evolutionary and organism histories.
483:
123:
With the specific branches, researchers are able to determine the applications and uses for modern-day systematics. These applications include:
1950:
1385:
685:
503:
Michener, Charles D., John O. Corliss, Richard S. Cowan, Peter H. Raven, Curtis W. Sabrosky, Donald S. Squires, and G. W. Wharton (1970).
149:
provided an early definition of systematics in 1830, although he wrote of "systematic botany" rather than using the term "systematics".
2490:
2416:
454:
1889:
1344:
219:
was an attempt to determine the relationships of organisms through a measure of overall similarity, making no distinction between
695:
2449:
2411:
1652:
1412:
606:
596:
582:
538:
57:
are used to study the evolution of traits (e.g., anatomical or molecular characteristics) and the distribution of organisms (
103:
classifies and identifies animals based on the analysis of the material that makes up the living part of a cell—such as the
3700:
2215:
1009:
49:, phylogenies). Phylogenies have two components: branching order (showing group relationships, graphically represented in
601:
Wiley, Edward O. and Bruce S. Lieberman. 2011. "Phylogenetics: Theory and
Practice of Phylogenetic Systematics, 2nd edn."
3282:
1735:
655:
251:
Taxonomic characters are the taxonomic attributes that can be used to provide the evidence from which relationships (the
3984:
2870:
1397:
1057:
516:
Brusca, R. C., & Brusca, G. J. (2003). Invertebrates (2nd ed.). Sunderland, Mass. : Sinauer
Associates, p. 27
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1943:
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Mayr, Ernst and Peter D. Ashlock (1991). Principles of
Systematic Zoology, (2nd edn.) New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 159.
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Explaining the biodiversity of the planet and its organisms. The systematic study is that of conservation.
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42:
160:" (terms that are often confused and used interchangeably) in relationship to one another as follows:
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of Earth's various organisms through time. Today's systematists generally make extensive use of
61:). Systematics, in other words, is used to understand the evolutionary history of life on Earth.
1959:
45:
among living things through time. Relationships are visualized as evolutionary trees (synonyms:
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53:) and branch length (showing amount of evolution). Phylogenetic trees of species and higher
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8:
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507:. Division of Biology and Agriculture, National Research Council. Washington, D.C. 25 pp.
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is the study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the
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in recording and reporting information to other scientists and to laymen. The
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Biological systematics classifies species by using three specific branches.
64:
The word systematics is derived from the Latin word of
Ancient Greek origin
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2010:
2005:
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1995:
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418:– an intensively studied nucleic acid that has been useful in phylogenetics
227:(derived traits). From the late-20th century onwards, it was superseded by
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409:
403:
255:) between taxa are inferred. Kinds of taxonomic characters include:
252:
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112:
108:
34:
A comparison of phylogenetic and phenetic (character-based) concepts
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531:
Dry Store Room No. 1: The Secret Life of the
Natural History Museum
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30:
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2885:
2807:
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2712:
2055:
492:
99:, uses biological statistics to identify and classify animals.
576:
Biological
Systematics: Principles and Applications, 3rd edn.
3202:
3101:
3033:
3021:
2759:
2707:
1088:
628:
428:, comparative biology. adaptation, or evolutionary mechanisms
406:– a methodology in systematics that does not infer phylogeny
231:, which rejects plesiomorphies in attempting to resolve the
3081:
3066:
3006:
2682:
2571:
2527:
412:– the historical relationships between lineages of organism
54:
2427:
623:
19:"Systematic biology" redirects here. For the journal, see
2860:
618:
141:
2744:
424:– use of evolutionary trees in other studies, such as
455:"Systematics: Meaning, Branches and Its Application"
331:
Courtship and other ethological isolating mechanisms
574:Brower, Andrew V. Z. and Randall T. Schuh. 2021.
71:which means systematic arrangement of organisms.
3971:
561:Mayr, Ernst and Peter D. Ashlock (1991), p. 162.
362:Sympatric-allopatric relationship of populations
2443:
1944:
649:
505:Systematics In Support of Biological Research
82:
619:Society of Australian Systematic Biologists
359:General biogeographic distribution patterns
2450:
2436:
1951:
1937:
656:
642:
173:while the term "systematic" was coined by
2417:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
481:What is systematics and what is taxonomy?
1890:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
663:
29:
1958:
279:Karyology and other cytological factors
246:
3972:
525:
2431:
2412:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1932:
1653:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
637:
519:
142:Definition and relation with taxonomy
3944:
449:
447:
258:
3954:
270:Special structures (e.g. genitalia)
185:and that it can be synonymous with
13:
2871:Evolutionary developmental biology
1058:Evolutionary developmental biology
568:
169:The term "taxonomy" was coined by
156:defined "systematic biology" and "
14:
3996:
2896:Post-transcriptional modification
612:
444:
316:Restriction endonuclease analyses
3953:
3943:
3934:
3933:
3921:
3272:
1912:
1903:
1902:
624:Society of Systematic Biologists
422:Phylogenetic comparative methods
307:Amino acid sequences of proteins
1715:Extended evolutionary synthesis
904:Gene-centered view of evolution
1843:Hologenome theory of evolution
1710:History of molecular evolution
936:Evolutionarily stable strategy
825:Last universal common ancestor
555:
546:
510:
497:
472:
223:(shared ancestral traits) and
1:
1637:Renaissance and Enlightenment
432:
273:Internal morphology (anatomy)
1848:Missing heritability problem
1475:Gamete differentiation/sexes
533:, London: Harper Perennial,
171:Augustin Pyramus de Candolle
79:' as the title of his book.
25:Systematics (disambiguation)
7:
2457:
587:Simpson, Michael G. 2005.
493:http://evolvingthoughts.net
376:
319:Other molecular differences
304:Electrophoretic differences
267:General external morphology
10:
4001:
1480:Life cycles/nuclear phases
1032:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
18:
3985:Biological classification
3915:
3884:
3446:
3416:
3382:Polymerase chain reaction
3342:Green fluorescent protein
3292:
3281:
3270:
3178:
3110:
3042:
2982:
2919:Earliest known life forms
2904:
2851:
2768:
2675:
2515:
2506:
2465:
2399:
1966:
1898:
1798:
1723:
1627:
1554:
1510:
1365:
1269:
1086:
1045:
978:Parent–offspring conflict
914:
783:Earliest known life forms
704:
671:
395:– a school of systematics
284:Physiological characters
264:Morphological characters
83:Branches and applications
1831:Cultural group selection
1695:The eclipse of Darwinism
1667:On the Origin of Species
1642:Transmutation of species
629:The Willi Hennig Society
437:
393:Evolutionary systematics
177:the father of taxonomy.
117:Experimental systematics
3434:species discovery curve
2562:Response to environment
1836:Dual inheritance theory
1675:History of paleontology
334:Other behavior patterns
293:Genic sterility factors
101:Biochemical systematics
3907:Plant morphology terms
3511:Biological engineering
3193:Biological interaction
2026:Biological engineering
1524:Punctuated equilibrium
845:Non-adaptive radiation
793:Evolutionary arms race
356:Geographic characters
339:Ecological characters
328:Behavioral characters
301:Immunological distance
167:
35:
23:. For other uses, see
3596:Developmental biology
3571:Computational biology
3551:Cellular microbiology
2891:Mendelian inheritance
2803:Energy transformation
2111:Developmental biology
2086:Computational biology
2066:Cellular microbiology
1816:Evolutionary medicine
1690:Mendelian inheritance
1398:Biological complexity
1386:Programmed cell death
1078:Phenotypic plasticity
798:Evolutionary pressure
788:Evidence of evolution
686:Timeline of evolution
313:DNA and RNA sequences
298:Molecular characters
162:
93:Numerical systematics
33:
3980:Evolutionary biology
3816:Reproductive biology
3701:Mathematical biology
3626:Evolutionary biology
3576:Conservation biology
3387:Two-hybrid screening
3357:Protein purification
3188:Biogeochemical cycle
3150:Internal environment
2798:Cellular respiration
2331:Reproductive biology
2216:Mathematical biology
2141:Evolutionary biology
2091:Conservation biology
1790:Teleology in biology
1685:Blending inheritance
1063:Genetic assimilation
926:Artificial selection
665:Evolutionary biology
247:Taxonomic characters
243:to study organisms.
3601:Ecological genetics
3312:Gel electrophoresis
3302:Genetic engineering
3255:Population dynamics
3165:Reproductive system
2116:Ecological genetics
1960:Branches of biology
1853:Molecular evolution
1811:Ecological genetics
1680:Transitional fossil
1470:Sexual reproduction
1310:endomembrane system
1239:pollinator-mediated
1195:dolphins and whales
973:Parental investment
399:Global biodiversity
351:Parasites and hosts
348:Seasonal variations
3928:Biology portal
3826:Structural biology
3811:Relational biology
3636:Generative biology
3631:Freshwater biology
3429:mark and recapture
3377:Restriction enzyme
3170:Respiratory system
3125:Circulatory system
3052:Epidermis (botany)
2407:History of biology
2341:Structural biology
2326:Relational biology
2151:Generative biology
2146:Freshwater biology
1826:Cultural evolution
941:Fisher's principle
870:Handicap principle
860:Parallel evolution
724:Adaptive radiation
486:2016-08-27 at the
459:Biology Discussion
342:Habit and habitats
152:In 1970 Michener
47:phylogenetic trees
36:
21:Systematic Biology
3967:
3966:
3831:Synthetic biology
3711:Molecular biology
3566:Cognitive biology
3442:
3441:
3268:
3267:
2959:Natural selection
2740:Organic compounds
2637:Scientific method
2627:Emergent property
2568:Hierarchy of life
2538:Energy processing
2425:
2424:
2346:Synthetic biology
2226:Molecular biology
2081:Cognitive biology
1926:
1925:
1542:Uniformitarianism
1495:Sex-determination
1000:Sexual dimorphism
995:Natural selection
899:Unit of selection
865:Signalling theory
607:978-0-470-90596-8
597:978-0-12-644460-5
589:Plant Systematics
583:978-1-5017-5277-3
540:978-0-00-720989-7
416:16S ribosomal RNA
373:
372:
310:DNA hybridization
287:Metabolic factors
241:computer programs
237:molecular biology
16:Branch of biology
3992:
3957:
3956:
3947:
3946:
3937:
3936:
3930:
3926:
3925:
3902:Ecological terms
3556:Chemical biology
3417:Field techniques
3290:
3289:
3276:
3135:Digestive system
3130:Endocrine system
2703:Chemical element
2662:Biology journals
2558:Self-replication
2513:
2512:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2429:
2428:
2071:Chemical biology
1953:
1946:
1939:
1930:
1929:
1916:
1906:
1905:
1705:Modern synthesis
1465:Multicellularity
1460:Mosaic evolution
1345:auditory ossicle
1027:Social selection
1010:Flowering plants
1005:Sexual selection
658:
651:
644:
635:
634:
562:
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553:
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3920:
3919:
3911:
3897:Botanical terms
3880:
3879:
3878:
3839:Systems biology
3806:Quantum biology
3438:
3412:
3294:
3284:
3277:
3264:
3174:
3155:Muscular system
3112:
3106:
3097:Vascular tissue
3044:
3038:
2978:
2939:History of life
2900:
2881:Gene regulation
2876:Gene expression
2847:
2764:
2671:
2502:
2461:
2456:
2426:
2421:
2395:
2356:Systems biology
2321:Quantum biology
1962:
1957:
1927:
1922:
1894:
1821:Group selection
1794:
1719:
1623:
1550:
1512:Tempo and modes
1506:
1361:
1265:
1082:
1041:
917:
910:
887:Species complex
700:
691:History of life
667:
662:
615:
571:
569:Further reading
566:
565:
560:
556:
551:
547:
541:
527:Fortey, Richard
524:
520:
515:
511:
502:
498:
491:. Available on
488:Wayback Machine
478:Wilkins, J. S.
477:
473:
464:
462:
453:
452:
445:
440:
435:
379:
374:
290:Body secretions
249:
144:
85:
77:Systema Naturae
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3696:Marine biology
3693:
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3668:
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3339:
3337:DNA microarray
3334:
3332:DNA sequencing
3329:
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3322:Centrifugation
3319:
3317:Chromatography
3314:
3309:
3307:Transformation
3304:
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3287:
3279:
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3257:
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3218:Climate change
3215:
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3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3160:Nervous system
3157:
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3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3108:
3107:
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3092:Vascular plant
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2949:Microevolution
2946:
2944:Macroevolution
2941:
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2899:
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2849:
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2840:
2838:Photosynthesis
2835:
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2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2793:Cell signaling
2790:
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2695:
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2676:Chemical basis
2673:
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2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
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2642:Taxonomic rank
2639:
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2622:Reductionistic
2619:
2565:
2530:
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2517:
2510:
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2211:Marine biology
2208:
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2183:
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2021:Bioinformatics
2018:
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850:Origin of life
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768:Common descent
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3776:Phylogenetics
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3671:Human biology
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3561:Chronobiology
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3536:Biotechnology
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3372:Southern blot
3370:
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3367:Northern blot
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3145:Immune system
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44:
43:relationships
40:
32:
26:
22:
3821:Sociobiology
3801:Protistology
3766:Photobiology
3761:Pharmacology
3751:Parasitology
3746:Paleontology
3726:Neuroscience
3706:Microbiology
3616:Epidemiology
3586:Cytogenetics
3546:Cell biology
3526:Biosemiotics
3516:Biomechanics
3496:Biogeography
3491:Biochemistry
3486:Bacteriology
3481:Astrobiology
3405:
3398:
3391:
3362:Western blot
3352:Enzyme assay
3327:Cell culture
3228:Conservation
3113:and function
3111:Animal form
3045:and function
2818:Fermentation
2596:Organ system
2554:Reproduction
2532:Properties (
2350:
2336:Sociobiology
2316:Protistology
2281:Photobiology
2276:Pharmacology
2266:Parasitology
2261:Paleontology
2241:Neuroscience
2221:Microbiology
2131:Epidemiology
2101:Cytogenetics
2061:Cell biology
2041:Biosemiotics
2031:Biomechanics
2011:Biogeography
2006:Biochemistry
2001:Bacteriology
1996:Astrobiology
1884:
1875:Polymorphism
1858:Astrobiology
1806:Biogeography
1761:Saltationism
1751:Orthogenesis
1736:Alternatives
1665:
1651:
1584:Cospeciation
1579:Cladogenesis
1528:Saltationism
1485:Mating types
1408:Color vision
1393:Avian flight
1315:mitochondria
1053:Canalisation
931:Biodiversity
676:Introduction
588:
575:
557:
548:
530:
521:
512:
504:
499:
479:
474:
463:. Retrieved
461:. 2016-05-27
458:
426:biodiversity
367:
250:
215:
210:
207:
191:
183:
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168:
163:
153:
151:
147:John Lindley
145:
122:
116:
100:
96:
92:
90:
86:
65:
63:
59:biogeography
38:
37:
3959:WikiProject
3869:Xenobiology
3864:Virophysics
3835:Systematics
3791:Primatology
3736:Ornithology
3676:Ichthyology
3661:Herpetology
3656:Gerontology
3621:Epigenetics
3581:Cryobiology
3471:Agrostology
3461:Aerobiology
3456:Abiogenesis
3293:Laboratory
3140:Homeostasis
3043:Plant form
2866:Epigenetics
2788:Cell theory
2688:Amino acids
2667:Common name
2657:Peer review
2632:Mechanistic
2386:Xenobiology
2381:Virophysics
2351:Systematics
2306:Primatology
2251:Ornithology
2191:Ichthyology
2176:Herpetology
2171:Gerontology
2136:Epigenetics
2096:Cryobiology
1986:Agrostology
1976:Aerobiology
1971:Abiogenesis
1885:Systematics
1756:Mutationism
1574:Catagenesis
1502:Snake venom
1435:Eusociality
1413:in primates
1403:Cooperation
1331:In animals
1151:butterflies
1124:Cephalopods
1114:Brachiopods
1046:Development
1020:Mate choice
773:Convergence
756:Coevolution
714:Abiogenesis
387:methodology
225:apomorphies
211:systematist
205:organisms.
39:Systematics
3974:Categories
3885:Glossaries
3854:Toxicology
3849:Teratology
3796:Proteomics
3781:Physiology
3721:Neontology
3686:Lipidology
3681:Immunology
3651:Geobiology
3611:Embryology
3591:Dendrology
3521:Biophysics
3501:Biogeology
3295:techniques
3250:Microbiome
3077:Plant stem
2969:Speciation
2914:Adaptation
2843:Prokaryote
2823:Metabolism
2783:Cell cycle
2614:>
2610:>
2606:>
2604:Population
2602:>
2598:>
2594:>
2590:>
2586:>
2582:>
2578:>
2574:>
2550:Regulation
2534:Adaptation
2371:Toxicology
2366:Teratology
2311:Proteomics
2296:Physiology
2236:Neontology
2201:Lipidology
2196:Immunology
2166:Geobiology
2126:Embryology
2106:Dendrology
2036:Biophysics
2016:Biogeology
1746:Lamarckism
1724:Philosophy
1647:David Hume
1609:Peripatric
1604:Parapatric
1589:Ecological
1569:Anagenesis
1564:Allopatric
1556:Speciation
1520:Gradualism
1445:Metabolism
1305:chromosome
1295:Eukaryotes
1073:Modularity
990:Population
916:Population
877:Speciation
855:Panspermia
808:Extinction
803:Exaptation
778:Divergence
751:Cladistics
739:Reciprocal
719:Adaptation
465:2017-04-12
433:References
383:Cladistics
276:Embryology
229:cladistics
109:organelles
51:cladograms
3771:Phycology
3756:Pathology
3741:Osteology
3731:Nutrition
3691:Mammalogy
3666:Histology
3407:in silico
3283:Research
3260:Resources
3233:Ecosystem
3223:Community
3208:Biosphere
3120:Breathing
3002:Eukaryote
2984:Diversity
2934:Gene flow
2906:Evolution
2813:Eukaryote
2725:Molecules
2616:Biosphere
2612:Ecosystem
2608:Community
2580:Organelle
2475:Evolution
2286:Phycology
2271:Pathology
2256:Osteology
2246:Nutrition
2206:Mammalogy
2181:Histology
1880:Protocell
1731:Darwinism
1619:Sympatric
1368:processes
1256:Tetrapods
1205:Kangaroos
1131:Dinosaurs
1068:Inversion
1037:Variation
958:Gene flow
951:Inclusive
761:Mutualism
706:Evolution
410:Phylogeny
404:Phenetics
253:phylogeny
233:phylogeny
217:Phenetics
113:cytoplasm
3939:Category
3859:Virology
3844:Taxonomy
3786:Pomology
3716:Mycology
3646:Genomics
3641:Genetics
3466:Agronomy
3447:Branches
3400:in vitro
2997:Bacteria
2974:Taxonomy
2954:Mutation
2924:Function
2853:Genetics
2755:Proteins
2600:Organism
2576:Molecule
2560:),
2516:Overview
2491:Timeline
2471:Genetics
2400:See also
2376:Virology
2361:Taxonomy
2301:Pomology
2231:Mycology
2161:Genomics
2156:Genetics
1981:Agronomy
1908:Category
1783:Vitalism
1778:Theistic
1771:Spandrel
1455:Morality
1450:Monogamy
1325:plastids
1290:Flagella
1246:Reptiles
1227:sea cows
1210:primates
1119:Molluscs
1097:Bacteria
985:Mutation
918:genetics
894:Taxonomy
840:Mismatch
820:Homology
734:Cheating
729:Altruism
529:(2008),
484:Archived
377:See also
158:taxonomy
97:biometry
3949:Commons
3892:Biology
3874:Zoology
3606:Ecology
3476:Anatomy
3393:in vivo
3285:methods
3238:Habitat
3213:Climate
3198:Biomass
3180:Ecology
3027:Protist
2992:Archaea
2886:Genomes
2833:Mitosis
2828:Meiosis
2750:Polymer
2730:Monomer
2718:Quantum
2552:,
2548:,
2544:,
2540:,
2536:,
2523:Science
2508:Biology
2486:History
2481:Outline
2459:Biology
2391:Zoology
2121:Ecology
1991:Anatomy
1799:Related
1629:History
1490:Meiosis
1425:Empathy
1420:Emotion
1320:nucleus
1261:Viruses
1251:Spiders
1163:Mammals
1146:Insects
946:Fitness
882:Species
681:Outline
239:and of
199:extinct
105:nucleus
67:systema
3541:Botany
3347:vector
3203:Biomes
3072:Phloem
3057:Flower
3017:Fungus
3012:Animal
2808:Enzyme
2713:Matter
2708:Lipids
2647:Theory
2588:Tissue
2542:Growth
2056:Botany
1918:Portal
1594:Hybrid
1430:Ethics
1272:organs
1234:Plants
1220:lemurs
1215:humans
1200:horses
1190:hyenas
1178:wolves
1173:canids
1107:origin
605:
595:
581:
537:
368:
203:extant
154:et al.
128:etc.).
111:, and
75:used '
3243:niche
3102:Xylem
3087:Shoot
3034:Virus
3022:Plant
2770:Cells
2760:Water
2683:Atoms
2592:Organ
2546:Order
2498:Index
1381:Death
1376:Aging
1355:brain
1141:Fungi
1102:Birds
1015:Fungi
813:Event
696:Index
438:Notes
95:, or
3082:Root
3067:Leaf
3007:Alga
2584:Cell
2572:Atom
2528:Life
1868:Tree
1340:hair
1280:Cell
1183:dogs
1168:cats
1158:Life
1136:Fish
1089:taxa
603:ISBN
593:ISBN
579:ISBN
535:ISBN
385:– a
345:Food
201:and
55:taxa
2861:DNA
2778:ATP
2652:Law
1366:Of
1335:eye
1285:DNA
1270:Of
1087:Of
3976::
2745:pH
2473:,
591:.
457:.
446:^
115:.
107:,
2618:)
2570:(
2564:)
2556:(
2477:)
2451:e
2444:t
2437:v
1952:e
1945:t
1938:v
1544:/
1535:/
1526:/
1522:/
657:e
650:t
643:v
468:.
69:,
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
