46:
882:
559:
191:(warmblooded). Being coldblooded is symplesiomorphic for lizards, turtles, and crocodiles, but they do not form a clade, as crocodiles are more closely related to birds than to lizards and turtles. Thus using coldbloodedness as an apomorphic trait to group crocodiles with lizards and turtles, would be an error, and thus it is a plesiomorphic trait shared by these three clades due to their distant common ancestry.
894:
118:, and does not help in placing an animal in one or the other of these two clades. Ants and beetles share this trait because both clades are descended from the same far distant ancestor. Other clades, e.g. bugs, flies, bees, aphids, and many more clades, all are hexapods and none are either ants nor beetles.
146:
is a synapomorphy for placing any living species into the mammal clade. Note that some mammal species have lost their hair, so the absence of hair does not exclude a species from being a mammal. Another mammalian synapomorphy is milk. All mammals produce milk and no other clade contains animals which
106:
A backbone is a plesiomorphic trait shared by birds and mammals, and does not help in placing an animal in one or the other of these two clades. Birds and mammals share this trait because both clades are descended from the same far distant ancestor. Other clades, e.g. snakes, lizards, turtles, fish,
49:
Imaginary cladogram. The yellow mask is a plesiomorphy for each living masked species, because it is ancestral. It is also a symplesiomorphy for them. But for the four living species as a whole, it is an apomorphy because it is not ancestral for all of them. The yellow tail is a plesiomorphy and
175:
similarity. Because a plesiomorphic character inherited from a common ancestor can appear anywhere in a phylogenetic tree, its presence does not reveal anything about the relationships within the tree. Thus grouping species requires distinguishing ancestral from derived character states.
31:
155:
All of these terms are by definition relative, in that a trait can be a plesiomorphy in one context and an apomorphy in another, e.g. having a backbone is plesiomorphic between birds and mammals, but is apomorphic between them and insects. That is birds and mammals are
84:
Apomorphic and synapomorphic characteristics convey much information about evolutionary clades and can be used to define taxa. However, plesiomorphic and symplesiomorphic characteristics cannot.
124:
are a synapomorphy for placing any living species into the beetle clade, Elytra are plesiomorphic between clades of beetles, e.g. they do not distinguish the
322:
326:
465:
318:
497:
266:
692:
652:
441:
417:
392:
294:
732:
183:, which is the clade containing the lizards, turtles, crocodiles, and birds. Lizards, turtles, and crocodiles are
737:
670:
898:
747:
677:
383:
Patterson, Colin (1982), "Morphological characters and homology", in Joysey, Kenneth A; Friday, A. E. (eds.),
657:
564:
520:
490:
17:
78:
847:
773:
727:
525:
920:
886:
610:
483:
434:
Aristotle's ladder, Darwin's tree : the evolution of visual metaphors for biological order
862:
540:
699:
605:
168:
8:
742:
624:
665:
619:
535:
459:
365:
312:
593:
447:
437:
413:
388:
369:
357:
300:
290:
262:
160:
for which the backbone is a defining synapomorphic characteristic, while insects are
133:
37:
showing the terminology used to describe different patterns of ancestral and derived
81:, all mean a trait shared between species because they share an ancestral species.
682:
636:
349:
129:
67:
38:
783:
412:(3rd ed.), Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc., p. 95,
256:
757:
914:
752:
722:
629:
506:
451:
304:
161:
55:
45:
857:
803:
798:
793:
778:
586:
581:
361:
215:
205:
125:
95:
852:
545:
157:
34:
530:
234:
For a dissenting view, see "About nothing" by Brower and de Pinna 2014.
210:
180:
142:
are a synapomorphy for placing any living species into the bird clade,
92:
353:
136:
is a synapomorphy for placing any living species into the ant clade.
867:
831:
826:
821:
716:
598:
387:, Systematics Association Special Volume 21, London: Academic Press,
200:
188:
184:
172:
139:
340:
Brower, Andrew V. Z.; de Pinna, M. C. C. (2014). "About
Nothing".
254:
164:
for which the absence of a backbone is a defining characteristic.
115:
107:
frogs, all have backbones and none are either birds nor mammals.
475:
558:
121:
30:
687:
615:
71:
27:
Ancestral character or trait state shared by two or more taxa
143:
111:
74:, which does not distinguish the clade from other clades.
147:
produce milk. Feathers, and milk are also apomorphies.
284:
255:
Roderick D.M. Page; Edward C. Holmes (14 July 2009).
554:
431:
333:
110:Being a hexapod is plesiomorphic trait shared by
912:
289:. Herron, Jon C., 1962- (5th ed.). Harlow.
339:
491:
248:
258:Molecular Evolution: A Phylogenetic Approach
321:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
498:
484:
464:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
325:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
317:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
382:
167:Species should not be grouped purely by
44:
29:
407:
385:Problems in Phylogenetic Reconstruction
50:symplesiomorphy for all living species.
14:
913:
401:
479:
893:
280:
278:
179:An example is thermo-regulation in
24:
432:Archibald, J. David (2014-08-19).
25:
932:
505:
275:
91:was introduced in 1950 by German
892:
881:
880:
733:Phylogenetic comparative methods
557:
738:Phylogenetic niche conservatism
187:(coldblooded), while birds are
77:Plesiomorphy, symplesiomorphy,
425:
376:
285:Freeman, Scott, 1955- (2015).
228:
66:are synonyms for an ancestral
13:
1:
241:
150:
408:Futuyma, Douglas J. (1998),
7:
658:Phylogenetic reconciliation
565:Evolutionary biology portal
521:Computational phylogenetics
194:
101:
79:apomorphy, and synapomorphy
70:shared by all members of a
10:
937:
876:
848:Phylogenetic nomenclature
840:
814:
766:
708:
645:
574:
552:
513:
261:. John Wiley & Sons.
221:
728:Molecular phylogenetics
678:Distance-matrix methods
526:Molecular phylogenetics
748:Phylogenetics software
662:Probabilistic methods
611:Long branch attraction
51:
42:
541:Evolutionary taxonomy
287:Evolutionary analysis
48:
33:
700:Three-taxon analysis
606:Phylogenetic network
410:Evolutionary Biology
743:Phylogenetic signal
62:("near form") and
671:Bayesian inference
666:Maximum likelihood
52:
43:
908:
907:
653:Maximum parsimony
646:Inference methods
594:Phylogenetic tree
354:10.1111/cla.12050
268:978-1-4443-1336-9
134:metapleural gland
16:(Redirected from
928:
896:
895:
884:
883:
683:Neighbor-joining
637:Ghost population
567:
562:
561:
500:
493:
486:
477:
476:
470:
469:
463:
455:
429:
423:
422:
405:
399:
397:
380:
374:
373:
337:
331:
330:
316:
308:
282:
273:
272:
252:
235:
232:
21:
936:
935:
931:
930:
929:
927:
926:
925:
911:
910:
909:
904:
872:
836:
810:
784:Symplesiomorphy
762:
704:
641:
570:
563:
556:
550:
514:Relevant fields
509:
504:
474:
473:
457:
456:
444:
430:
426:
420:
406:
402:
395:
381:
377:
338:
334:
310:
309:
297:
283:
276:
269:
253:
249:
244:
239:
238:
233:
229:
224:
197:
153:
104:
89:symplesiomorphy
64:symplesiomorphy
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
934:
924:
923:
906:
905:
903:
902:
890:
877:
874:
873:
871:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
844:
842:
838:
837:
835:
834:
829:
824:
818:
816:
812:
811:
809:
808:
807:
806:
801:
796:
788:
787:
786:
781:
770:
768:
764:
763:
761:
760:
758:Phylogeography
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
712:
710:
709:Current topics
706:
705:
703:
702:
697:
696:
695:
690:
685:
675:
674:
673:
668:
660:
655:
649:
647:
643:
642:
640:
639:
634:
633:
632:
622:
613:
608:
603:
602:
601:
591:
590:
589:
578:
576:
575:Basic concepts
572:
571:
569:
568:
553:
551:
549:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
517:
515:
511:
510:
503:
502:
495:
488:
480:
472:
471:
442:
424:
418:
400:
393:
375:
348:(3): 330–336.
332:
295:
274:
267:
246:
245:
243:
240:
237:
236:
226:
225:
223:
220:
219:
218:
213:
208:
203:
196:
193:
152:
149:
130:horned beetles
103:
100:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
933:
922:
921:Phylogenetics
919:
918:
916:
901:
900:
891:
889:
888:
879:
878:
875:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
843:
839:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
819:
817:
813:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
791:
789:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
775:
772:
771:
769:
765:
759:
756:
754:
753:Phylogenomics
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
723:DNA barcoding
721:
719:
718:
714:
713:
711:
707:
701:
698:
694:
693:Least squares
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
680:
679:
676:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
648:
644:
638:
635:
631:
630:Ghost lineage
628:
627:
626:
623:
621:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
600:
597:
596:
595:
592:
588:
585:
584:
583:
580:
579:
577:
573:
566:
560:
555:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
516:
512:
508:
507:Phylogenetics
501:
496:
494:
489:
487:
482:
481:
478:
467:
461:
453:
449:
445:
443:9780231537667
439:
435:
428:
421:
419:0-87893-189-9
415:
411:
404:
396:
394:0-12-391250-4
390:
386:
379:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
336:
328:
324:
320:
314:
306:
302:
298:
296:9781292061276
292:
288:
281:
279:
270:
264:
260:
259:
251:
247:
231:
227:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
192:
190:
186:
182:
177:
174:
170:
165:
163:
162:invertebrates
159:
148:
145:
141:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
117:
113:
108:
99:
97:
94:
90:
85:
82:
80:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
56:phylogenetics
47:
40:
36:
32:
19:
897:
885:
858:Sister group
841:Nomenclature
804:Autapomorphy
799:Synapomorphy
779:Plesiomorphy
767:Group traits
715:
587:Cladogenesis
582:Phylogenesis
436:. New York.
433:
427:
409:
403:
384:
378:
345:
341:
335:
286:
257:
250:
230:
216:Synapomorphy
206:Autapomorphy
178:
166:
154:
138:
126:dung beetles
120:
109:
105:
96:Willi Hennig
93:entomologist
88:
86:
83:
76:
63:
60:plesiomorphy
59:
53:
853:Crown group
815:Group types
546:Systematics
189:endothermic
185:ectothermic
169:morphologic
158:vertebrates
35:Phylogenies
18:Plesiomorph
531:Cladistics
342:Cladistics
242:References
211:Cladistics
181:Sauropsida
151:Discussion
868:Supertree
832:Polyphyly
827:Paraphyly
822:Monophyly
794:Apomorphy
774:Primitive
717:PhyloCode
599:Cladogram
460:cite book
452:884645828
370:221550586
313:cite book
305:903941931
201:Apomorphy
128:from the
87:The term
68:character
915:Category
887:Category
790:Derived
536:Taxonomy
362:34788975
195:See also
140:Feathers
102:Examples
899:Commons
625:Lineage
173:genetic
116:beetles
41:states.
450:
440:
416:
391:
368:
360:
303:
293:
265:
132:. The
122:Elytra
863:Basal
688:UPGMA
620:Grade
616:Clade
366:S2CID
222:Notes
72:clade
39:trait
466:link
448:OCLC
438:ISBN
414:ISBN
389:ISBN
358:PMID
327:link
323:link
319:link
301:OCLC
291:ISBN
263:ISBN
144:hair
114:and
112:ants
58:, a
618:vs
350:doi
171:or
54:In
917::
462:}}
458:{{
446:.
364:.
356:.
346:30
344:.
315:}}
311:{{
299:.
277:^
98:.
499:e
492:t
485:v
468:)
454:.
398:.
372:.
352::
329:)
307:.
271:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
