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are diagrams that depict evolutionary relationships within groups of taxa. These illustrations are accurate predictive device in modern genetics. They are usually depicted in either tree or ladder form. Synapomorphies then create evidence for historical relationships and their associated hierarchical
213:
and paired appendages in both sharks and dogs, but not in lampreys or close invertebrate relatives, identifies these traits as synapomorphies. This supports the hypothesis that dogs and sharks are more closely related to each other than to lampreys.
227:
structure. Evolutionarily, a synapomorphy is the marker for the most recent common ancestor of the monophyletic group consisting of a set of taxa in a cladogram. What counts as a synapomorphy for one clade may well be a primitive character or
267:
These phylogenetic terms are used to describe different patterns of ancestral and derived character or trait states as stated in the above diagram in association with apomorphies and synapomorphies.
364:
is the case where a character that appears homoplastic given the species tree actually has a single origin on the associated gene tree. Hemiplasy reflects gene tree-species tree discordance due to the
255:) the apomorphy: mammary glands are evolutionarily newer than vertebral column, so mammary glands are an autapomorphy if vertebral column is an apomorphy, but if mammary glands are the
31:
1154:
Copetti D, Búrquez A, Bustamante E, Charboneau JL, Childs KL, Eguiarte LE, Lee S, Liu TL, McMahon MM, Whiteman NK, Wing RA, Wojciechowski MF, Sanderson MJ (November 2017).
1013:
Archie JW (September 1989). "Homoplasy Excess Ratios: New
Indices for Measuring Levels of Homoplasy in Phylogenetic Systematics and a Critique of the Consistency Index".
305:– a derived trait that is found in some or all terminal groups of a clade, and inherited from a common ancestor, for which it was an autapomorphy (i.e., not present in
298:– a derived trait. Apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and inherited from a common ancestor is synapomorphy. Apomorphy unique to a given taxon is autapomorphy.
247:
for mammals in relation to one another—rodents and primates, for example. So the concept can be understood as well in terms of "a character newer than" (
315:– a synapomorphy that has been lost again in many members of the clade. If lost in all but one, it can be hard to distinguish from an autapomorphy.
138:
gait and lack of fur. Thus, these derived traits are also synapomorphies of mammals in general as they are not shared by other vertebrate animals.
676:
Novick LR, Catley KM. Understanding phylogenies in biology: the influence of a
Gestalt perceptual principle. J Exp Psychol Appl. 2007;13:197–223.
811:
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leads to species independently sharing a trait that is different from the trait inferred to have been present in their common ancestor.
630:
1672:
1048:
Wake DB, Wake MH, Specht CD (February 2011). "Homoplasy: from detecting pattern to determining process and mechanism of evolution".
108:
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908:"Chapter 3: Introduction of Phylogenetics and its Molecular Aspects." World Scientific Publishing Company, 1st edition. 2009.
881:
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Pseudoplesiomorphy – is a trait that cannot be identified as neither a plesiomorphy nor an apomorphy that is a reversal.
532:
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591:
499:
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252:
66:
523:
Hillis, David M.; Sadava, David; Hill, Richard W.; Price, Mary V. (2014). "Reconstructing and using phylogenies".
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365:
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182:
631:"Trait Evolution on a Phylogenetic Tree: Relatedness, Similarity, and the Myth of Evolutionary Advancement"
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Reversal – is a loss of derived trait present in ancestor and the reestablishment of a plesiomorphic trait.
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share some features, like a nervous system, that are not synapomorphic because they are also shared by
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449:
17:
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608:
1156:"Extensive gene tree discordance and hemiplasy shaped the genomes of North American columnar cacti"
172:
37:
showing the terminology used to describe different patterns of ancestral and derived character or
1474:
1272:
1093:
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Bioinformatics for
Beginners: Genes, Genomes, Molecular Evolution, Databases and Analytical Tools
356:– trait present in an ancestor but not in direct descendants that reappears in later descendants.
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Futuyma, Douglas J.; Kirkpatrick, Mark (2017). "Phylogeny: The unity and diversity of life".
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345:– derived trait present in two groups or species without a common ancestor due to
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has been gained or lost independently in separate lineages during evolution. This
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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1094:"Homoplasy: A good thread to pull to understand the evolutionary ball of yarn"
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Convergence – independent evolution of a similar trait in two or more taxa.
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The concept of synapomorphy depends on a given clade in the tree of life.
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527:(2nd ed.). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. pp. 325–342.
34:
438:(4th ed.). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. pp. 401–429.
321:– a distinctive derived trait that is unique to a given taxon or group.
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420:(4th ed.). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. pp. 27–53.
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The Future of
Phylogenetic Systematics: The Legacy of Willi Hennig
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at a less inclusive or nested clade. For example, the presence of
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654:"Gills, fins and the evolution of vertebrate paired appendages"
416:
Futuyma, Douglas J.; Kirkpatrick, Mark (2017). "Tree of life".
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Kitching, Ian J.; Forey, Peter L.; Williams, David M. (2001).
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456:. University of California Museum of Paleontology. 5 May 2021
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74:
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Brandley MC, Warren DL, Leaché AD, McGuire JA (April 2009).
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Roderick D.M. Page; Edward C. Holmes (14 July 2009).
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Barton N, Briggs D, Eisen J, Goldstein D, Patel N (2007).
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being considered then vertebral column is a plesiomorphy.
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104:
1115:"Hemiplasy: a new term in the lexicon of phylogenetics"
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389:
Roderick D.M. Page; Edward C. Holmes (14 July 2009).
1301:
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Homoplasy: The
Recurrence of Similarity in Evolution
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Encyclopedia of
Ecology and Environmental Management
582:. Tubingen, DEU: Walter de Gruyter. 1996. p.
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134:, which have retained their ancestral traits of a
275:– an ancestral trait shared by two or more taxa.
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859:. Washington D.C.: George Washington University.
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920:"Similarity Happens! The Problem of Homoplasy"
744:Williams D, Schmitt M, Wheeler Q (July 2016).
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876:(1st ed.). Academic Press. p. 51.
688:Molecular Evolution: A Phylogenetic Approach
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392:Molecular Evolution: A Phylogenetic Approach
937:Sanderson MJ, Hufford L (21 October 1996).
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486:(2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 33–45.
96:Examples of apomorphy are the presence of
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825:Russell PJ, Hertz PE, McMillan B (2013).
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109:the evolution of three middle ear bones
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810:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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615:. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
73:is an apomorphy shared by two or more
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906:Bioinformatics: a Swiss Perspective.
628:
1113:Avise JC, Robinson TJ (June 2008).
1100:(Press release). February 25, 2011.
24:
924:Evolution Today & Science News
492:10.1016/B978-0-12-384719-5.00022-8
450:"Reconstructing trees: Cladistics"
25:
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1673:Evolutionary biology terminology
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251:) and "a character older than" (
27:Two concepts on heritable traits
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209:. In contrast, the presence of
152:—coined by German entomologist
854:"Basics of Cladistic Analysis"
750:. Cambridge University Press.
691:. John Wiley & Sons.
568:
541:
13:
1:
974:"Homoplasy and clade support"
609:"Phylogenetic Reconstruction"
372:
170:), meaning "with, together";
828:Biology: The Dynamic Science
771:Simpson MG (9 August 2011).
578:Concise Encyclopedia Biology
484:Encyclopedia of Biodiversity
482:. In Levin, Simon A. (ed.).
180:), meaning "away from"; and
141:
65:from its ancestral form (or
61:or character state that has
7:
1405:Phylogenetic reconciliation
1312:Evolutionary biology portal
1268:Computational phylogenetics
918:Gauger A (April 17, 2012).
652:andrewgillis (2016-04-19).
548:Currie PJ, Padia K (1997).
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83:most recent common ancestor
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870:Choudhuri S (2014-05-09).
190:), meaning "shape, form".
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715:. John Wiley & Sons.
554:. Elsevier. p. 543.
551:Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs
395:. John Wiley & Sons.
81:to have evolved in their
263:Relations to other terms
1475:Molecular phylogenetics
1425:Distance-matrix methods
1273:Molecular phylogenetics
1181:10.1073/pnas.1706367114
1070:10.1126/science.1188545
454:Understanding Evolution
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313:Underlying synapomorphy
89:, synapomorphy implies
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1409:Probabilistic methods
1358:Long branch attraction
328:biological systematics
235:is a synapomorphy for
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1288:Evolutionary taxonomy
991:10.1093/sysbio/syp019
156:—is derived from the
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1447:Three-taxon analysis
1353:Phylogenetic network
831:. Cengage Learning.
629:Baum, David (2008).
347:convergent evolution
336:convergent evolution
309:immediate ancestor).
1490:Phylogenetic signal
1172:2017PNAS..11412003C
1166:(45): 12003–12008.
1062:2011Sci...331.1032W
852:Lipscomb D (1998).
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1413:Maximum likelihood
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978:Systematic Biology
525:Principles of Life
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838:978-1-285-41534-5
774:Plant Systematics
757:978-1-107-11764-8
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709:Calow PP (2009).
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