Phylogenetics - Knowledge

1750: 1148:, compares the correctness of phylogenetic trees generated using fewer taxa and more sites per taxon on the x-axis to more taxa and fewer sites per taxon on the y-axis. With fewer taxa, more genes are sampled amongst the taxonomic group; in comparison, with more taxa added to the taxonomic sampling group, fewer genes are sampled. Each method has the same total number of nucleotide sites sampled. Furthermore, the dotted line represents a 1:1 accuracy between the two sampling methods. As seen in the graphic, most of the plotted points are located below the dotted line, which indicates gravitation toward increased accuracy when sampling fewer taxa with more sites per taxon. The research performed utilizes four different phylogenetic tree construction models to verify the theory; neighbor-joining (NJ), minimum evolution (ME), unweighted maximum parsimony (MP), and maximum likelihood (ML). In the majority of models, sampling fewer taxon with more sites per taxon demonstrated higher accuracy. 1907:

super-spreaders, accumulate mutations in distinct patterns, resulting in noticeable differences in the shape of phylogenetic trees, as illustrated in Fig. 1. Researchers have analyzed the structural characteristics of phylogenetic trees generated from simulated bacterial genome evolution across multiple types of contact networks. By examining simple topological properties of these trees, researchers can classify them into chain-like, homogeneous, or super-spreading dynamics, revealing transmission patterns. These properties form the basis of a computational classifier used to analyze real-world outbreaks. Computational predictions of transmission dynamics for each outbreak often align with known epidemiological data.

1303: 1128: 978: 1941: 151: 5566: 7284: 5985: 706: 7294: 36: 1231: 1827: 7819: 5662: 1529: 693: 1259:, which is the problem solving principle that recommends searching for explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements. Though he did not use these exact words, the principle can be summarized as "Entities must not be multiplied beyond necessity." The principle advocates that when presented with competing hypotheses about the same prediction, one should prefer the one that requires fewest assumptions. 1911: 5997: 1290:, precursor concept, foreshadowed in the 17th century and 18th century by Voltaire, Descartes, and Leibniz, with Leibniz even proposing evolutionary changes to account for observed gaps suggesting that many species had become extinct, others transformed, and different species that share common traits may have at one time been a single race, also foreshadowed by some early Greek philosophers such as 1223: 1768: 1655: 1899: 1895:, which describes probability distributions on trees based on population size, has been adapted for epidemiological purposes. Another source of information within phylogenies that has been explored is "tree shape." These approaches, while computationally intensive, have the potential to provide valuable insights into pathogen transmission dynamics. 2858:. New York: McGraw–Hill, p. 66: "Its shortcomings have been almost universally pointed out by modern authors, but the idea still has a prominent place in biological mythology. The resemblance of early vertebrate embryos is readily explained without resort to mysterious forces compelling each individual to reclimb its phylogenetic tree." 1266:, Rev. Thomas Bayes, a precursor concept. Bayesian probability began a resurgence in the 1950s, allowing scientists in the computing field to pair traditional Bayesian statistics with other more modern techniques. It is now used as a blanket term for several related interpretations of probability as an amount of epistemic confidence. 1919:

super-spreading, and chain-like. They summarized the resulting phylogenies with five metrics describing tree shape. Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the distributions of these metrics across the three types of outbreaks, revealing clear differences in tree topology depending on the underlying host contact network.

1323:), Richard Owen, precursor concept. Homology is the term used to characterize the similarity of features that can be parsimoniously explained by common ancestry. Homoplasy is the term used to describe a feature that has been gained or lost independently in separate lineages over the course of evolution. 1151:

Generally, with the alignment of a relatively equal number of total nucleotide sites, sampling more genes per taxon has higher bootstrapping replicability than sampling more taxa. However, unbalanced datasets within genomic databases make increasing the gene comparison per taxon in uncommonly sampled

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Percentage of inter-ordinal branches reconstructed with a constant number of bases and four phylogenetic tree construction models; neighbor-joining (NJ), minimum evolution (ME), unweighted maximum parsimony (MP), and maximum likelihood (ML). Demonstrates phylogenetic analysis with fewer taxa and more

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that uses similarities and differences of the characteristics of species to interpret their evolutionary relationships and origins. Phylogenetics focuses on whether the characteristics of a species reinforce a phylogenetic inference that it diverged from the most recent common ancestor of a taxonomic

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Phylogenetics has been applied to archaeological artefacts such as the early hominin hand-axes, late Palaeolithic figurines, Neolithic stone arrowheads, Bronze Age ceramics, and historical-period houses. Bayesian methods have also been employed by archaeologists in an attempt to quantify uncertainty

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forensics uses phylogenetic analysis to track the differences in HIV genes and determine the relatedness of two samples. Phylogenetic analysis has been used in criminal trials to exonerate or hold individuals. HIV forensics does have its limitations, i.e., it cannot be the sole proof of transmission

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methods, which are sensitive to how treelike the data is, allow for the reconstruction of relationships among languages, locally and globally. The main two reasons for the use of Bayesian phylogenetics are that (1) diverse scenarios can be included in calculations and (2) the output is a sample of

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Different transmission networks result in quantitatively different tree shapes. To determine whether tree shapes captured information about underlying disease transmission patterns, researchers simulated the evolution of a bacterial genome over three types of outbreak contact networks—homogeneous,

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There are debates if increasing the number of taxa sampled improves phylogenetic accuracy more than increasing the number of genes sampled per taxon. Differences in each method's sampling impact the number of nucleotide sites utilized in a sequence alignment, which may contribute to disagreements.

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There are three types of criticisms about using phylogenetics in philology, the first arguing that languages and species are different entities, therefore you can not use the same methods to study both. The second being how phylogenetic methods are being applied to linguistic data. And the third,

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classic formalization. Hennig is considered the founder of phylogenetic systematics, and published his first works in German of this year. He also asserted a version of the parsimony principle, stating that the presence of amorphous characters in different species 'is always reason for suspecting

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Scatter plots can be used to visualize the relationship between two variables in pathogen transmission analysis, such as the number of infected individuals and the time since infection. These plots can help identify trends and patterns, such as whether the spread of the pathogen is increasing or

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Super-spreader networks give rise to phylogenies with higher Colless imbalance, longer ladder patterns, lower Δw, and deeper trees than those from homogeneous contact networks. Trees from chain-like networks are less variable, deeper, more imbalanced, and narrower than those from other networks.

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Phylogenetic analysis has also been applied to biodiversity studies within the fungi family. Phylogenetic analysis helps understand the evolutionary history of various groups of organisms, identify relationships between different species, and predict future evolutionary changes. Emerging imagery

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The structure of the host contact network significantly impacts the dynamics of outbreaks, and management strategies rely on understanding these transmission patterns. Pathogen genomes spreading through different contact network structures, such as chains, homogeneous networks, or networks with

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data from outbreaks or epidemics of infectious diseases can provide important insights into transmission dynamics and inform public health strategies. Traditionally, studies have combined genomic and epidemiological data to reconstruct transmission events. However, recent research has explored

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first computationally efficient ML (maximum likelihood) algorithm. Felsenstein created the Felsenstein Maximum Likelihood method, used for the inference of phylogeny which evaluates a hypothesis about evolutionary history in terms of the probability that the proposed model and the hypothesized

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and discovery. Phylogenetics allows scientists to organize species and can show which species are likely to have inherited particular traits that are medically useful, such as producing biologically active compounds - those that have effects on the human body. For example, in drug discovery,

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Computational phylogenetics can be used to investigate a language as an evolutionary system. The evolution of human language closely corresponds with human's biological evolution which allows phylogenetic methods to be applied. The concept of a "tree" serves as an efficient way to represent

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displaying the range, median, quartiles, and potential outliers datasets can also be valuable for analyzing pathogen transmission data, helping to identify important features in the data distribution. They may be used to quickly identify differences or similarities in the transmission data.

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within phylogenetic analysis occurs due to inadequate taxon samples. Accuracy may be improved by increasing the number of genetic samples within its monophyletic group. Conversely, increasing sampling from outgroups extraneous to the target stratified population may decrease accuracy.

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or clade-based sampling. The practice occurs given limited resources to compare and analyze every species within a target population. Based on the representative group selected, the construction and accuracy of phylogenetic trees vary, which impacts derived phylogenetic inferences.

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1858, Paleontologist Heinrich Georg Bronn (1800–1862) published a hypothetical tree to illustrating the paleontological "arrival" of new, similar species. following the extinction of an older species. Bronn did not propose a mechanism responsible for such phenomena, precursor

1210: – the phylogenetic history of a species cannot be read directly from its ontogeny, as Haeckel thought would be possible, but characters from ontogeny can be (and have been) used as data for phylogenetic analyses; the more closely related two species are, the more 1351:, precursor concept. Fisher is one of the main contributors to the early 20th-century revival of Darwinism, and has been called the "greatest of Darwin's successors" for his contributions to the revision of the theory of evolution and his use of mathematics to combine 951:

have an origin of venom, and related fish they may contain the trait. Using this approach in studying venomous fish, biologists are able to identify the fish species that may be venomous. Biologist have used this approach in many species such as snakes and lizards. In

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Herberts, Cameron; Annala, Matti; Sipola, Joonatan; Ng, Sarah W. S.; Chen, Xinyi E.; Nurminen, Anssi; Korhonen, Olga V.; Munzur, Aslı D.; Beja, Kevin; Schönlau, Elena; Bernales, Cecily Q.; Ritch, Elie; Bacon, Jack V. W.; Lack, Nathan A.; Nykter, Matti (August 2022).

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genes per taxon matches more often with the replicable consensus tree. The dotted line demonstrates an equal accuracy increase between the two taxon sampling methods. Figure is property of Michael S. Rosenberg and Sudhir Kumar as presented in the journal article

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recapitulates phylogeny", i.e. the development of a single organism during its lifetime, from germ to adult, successively mirrors the adult stages of successive ancestors of the species to which it belongs. But this theory has long been rejected. Instead,

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techniques. The evolutionary processes behind cancer progression are quite different from those in most species and are important to phylogenetic inference; these differences manifest in several areas: the types of aberrations that occur, the rates of

2845:. Springer-Verlag Inc., p. 32: "The so-called basic law of biogenetics is wrong. No buts or ifs can mitigate this fact. It is not even a tiny bit correct or correct in a different form, making it valid in a certain percentage. It is totally wrong." 1891:, which involves analyzing the properties of pathogen phylogenies. Phylodynamics uses theoretical models to compare predicted branch lengths with actual branch lengths in phylogenies to infer transmission patterns. Additionally, 878:

In addition to their use for inferring phylogenetic patterns among taxa, phylogenetic analyses are often employed to represent relationships among genes or individual organisms. Such uses have become central to understanding

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systems and new analysis techniques allow for the discovery of more genetic relationships in biodiverse fields, which can aid in conservation efforts by identifying rare species that could benefit ecosystems globally.

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of the tree. An unrooted tree diagram (a network) makes no assumption about the ancestral line, and does not show the origin or "root" of the taxa in question or the direction of inferred evolutionary transformations.

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relationships between languages and language splits. It also serves as a way of testing hypotheses about the connections and ages of language families. For example, relationships among languages can be shown by using

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For example, phylogenetic trees constructed utilizing a more significant number of total nucleotides are generally more accurate, as supported by phylogenetic trees' bootstrapping replicability from random sampling.

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Marwick, Ben; Matzig, David; Riede, Felix. "Bayesian inference of material culture phylogenies using continuous traits: A birth–death model for Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age arrowheads from Northwestern Europe".

1982:, the study of historical writings and manuscripts, texts were replicated by scribes who copied from their source and alterations - i.e., 'mutations' - occurred when the scribe did not precisely copy the source. 1713:

analysis through faster computer programs and improved molecular techniques have increased the precision of phylogenetic determination, allowing for the identification of species with pharmacological potential.

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Bock, W. J. (2004). Explanations in systematics. Pp. 49–56. In Williams, D. M. and Forey, P. L. (eds) Milestones in Systematics. London: Systematics Association Special Volume Series 67. CRC Press, Boca Raton,

4953: 956:, phylogenetic tools are useful to assess DNA evidence for court cases. The simple phylogenetic tree of viruses A-E shows the relationships between viruses e.g., all viruses are descendants of Virus A. 1964:

as characters. The phylogenetic tree of Indo-European languages shows the relationships between several of the languages in a timeline, as well as the similarity between words and word order.

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is the foundation for modern classification methods. Linnaean classification relies on an organism's phenotype or physical characteristics to group and organize species. With the emergence of

2544: 1729:, an antileukemia drug. Modern techniques now enable researchers to study close relatives of a species to uncover either a higher abundance of important bioactive compounds (e.g., species of 1115:

Unavailable datasets, such as an organism's incomplete DNA and protein amino acid sequences in genomic databases, directly restrict taxonomic sampling. Consequently, a significant source of

870:, which represent the present time or "end" of an evolutionary lineage, respectively. A phylogenetic diagram can be rooted or unrooted. A rooted tree diagram indicates the hypothetical 5332:

Manem, Sébastien (1 December 2020). "Modeling the Evolution of Ceramic Traditions Through a Phylogenetic Analysis of the Chaînes Opératoires: the European Bronze Age as a Case Study".

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ME (minimum evolution), Kidd and Sgaramella-Zonta (it is unclear if this is the pairwise distance method or related to ML as Edwards and Cavalli-Sforza call ML "minimum evolution").

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1840, American Geologist Edward Hitchcock published what is considered to be the first paleontological "Tree of Life". Many critiques, modifications, and explanations would follow.

1517:). One such example tree created by PHYLIP, called a "drawgram", generates rooted trees. This image shown in the figure below shows the evolution of phylogenetic trees over time. 4297:

D. L. Swofford and G. J. Olsen. 1990. Phylogeny reconstruction. In D. M. Hillis and G. Moritz (eds.), Molecular Systematics, pages 411–501. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass.

947:). To find new venoms, scientists turn to phylogenetics to screen for closely related species that may have the same useful traits. The phylogenetic tree shows which species of 2870:"An Essay towards Solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances. By the Late Rev. Mr. Bayes, F. R. S. Communicated by Mr. Price, in a Letter to John Canton, A. M. F. R. S" 4964: 4214:

Archie, James W (1989). "Homoplasy Excess Ratios: New Indices for Measuring Levels of Homoplasy in Phylogenetic Systematics and a Critique of the Consistency Index".

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In phylogenetic analysis, taxon sampling selects a small group of taxa to represent the evolutionary history of its broader population. This process is also known as

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taxa should be recognized as named groups. The degree to which classification depends on inferred evolutionary history differs depending on the school of taxonomy:

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1996, first working methods for BI (Bayesian Inference) independently developed by Li, Mau, and Rannala and Yang and all using MCMC (Markov chain-Monte Carlo).

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2004, 2005, similarity metric (using an approximation to Kolmogorov complexity) or NCD (normalized compression distance), Li et al., Cilibrasi and Vitanyi.

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Wilkinson, M (1994). "Common Cladistic Information and its Consensus Representation: Reduced Adams and Reduced Cladistic Consensus Trees and Profiles".

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Nelson, G (1979). "Cladistic Analysis and Synthesis: Principles and Definitions, with a Historical Note on Adanson's Familles Des Plantes (1763-1764)".

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is an attributed theory for this occurrence, where nonrelated branches are incorrectly classified together, insinuating a shared evolutionary history.

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Camin-Sokal parsimony, first parsimony (optimization) criterion and first computer program/algorithm for cladistic analysis both by Camin and Sokal.

2568: 2488:"HIV forensics: pitfalls and acceptable standards in the use of phylogenetic analysis as evidence in criminal investigations of HIV transmission" 2261: 1532:

This image depicts a PHYLIP generated drawgram. This drawgram is an example of one of the possible trees the software is capable of generating.

737: 7330: 1016:(phylogenetic systematics) tries to reflect phylogeny in its classifications by only recognizing groups based on shared, derived characters ( 6765: 6065: 1269:

18th century, Pierre Simon (Marquis de Laplace), perhaps first to use ML (maximum likelihood), precursor concept. His work gave way to the

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The modern concept of phylogenetics evolved primarily as a disproof of a previously widely accepted theory. During the late 19th century,

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Rannala, Bruce; Yang, Ziheng (1996). "Probability distribution of molecular evolutionary trees: A new method of phylogenetic inference".

1940: 1330:

1858, elaboration of evolutionary theory, Darwin and Wallace, also in Origin of Species by Darwin the following year, precursor concept.

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in the tree topology and divergence times of stone projectile point shapes in the European Final Palaeolithic and earliest Mesolithic.

1337:, first publishes his phylogeny-based evolutionary tree, precursor concept. Haeckel introduces the now-disproved recapitulation theory. 656: 7796: 7269: 6724: 5255:

Tripp, Allison (2016). "A Cladistics Analysis Exploring Regional Patterning of the Anthropomorphic Figurines from the Gravettian".

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of organisms. Compared to systemization, classification emphasizes whether a species has characteristics of a taxonomic group. The

464: 4794:"Vincristine and Vinblastine Anticancer Catharanthus Alkaloids: Pharmacological Applications and Strategies for Yield Improvement" 2796: 1366:

1921, Tillyard uses term "phylogenetic" and distinguishes between archaic and specialized characters in his classification system.

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This chart displays one of the first published attempts at a paleontological "Tree of Life" by Geologist Edward Hitchcock. (1840)

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NNI (nearest neighbour interchange), first branch-swapping search strategy, developed independently by Robinson and Moore et al.

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kinship, and that their origin by convergence should not be presumed a priori'. This has been considered a foundational view of

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between individuals and phylogenetic analysis which shows transmission relatedness does not indicate direction of transmission.

6075: 1837: 914:, predicting and showing how cell populations vary throughout the progression of the disease and during treatment, using whole 170: 3047:"On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection" 1709:

One use of phylogenetic analysis involves the pharmacological examination of closely related groups of organisms. Advances in

7791: 7032: 6792: 5547: 5518: 5491: 5457: 5272: 4954:"Interdisciplinary Indiscipline? Can Phylogenetic Methods Meaningfully Be Applied to Language Data — and to Dating Language?" 4813: 3523: 2626: 651: 100: 7595: 6389: 5795: 5388:"A macroevolutionary analysis of European Late Upper Palaeolithic stone tool shape using a Bayesian phylodynamic framework" 4792:

Alam, M. Masidur; Naeem, M.; Khan, M. Masroor A.; Uddin, Moin (2017), Naeem, M.; Aftab, Tariq; Khan, M. Masroor A. (eds.),

2183: 1953: 1185:, "We may assume the superiority ceteris paribus of the demonstration which derives from fewer postulates or hypotheses." 598: 4555:

Mau, Bob; Newton, Michael A; Larget, Bret (1999). "Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference via Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods".

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Character compatibility method, also called clique analysis, introduced independently by Camin and Sokal (loc. cit.) and

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O'Brien, Michael J.; Lyman, R. Lee (1 March 2000). "Darwinian Evolutionism Is Applicable to Historical Archaeology".

1870: 1808: 1691: 1494: 1463:. Fitch is known for his work on reconstructing phylogenetic trees from protein and DNA sequences. His definition of 1460: 1341: 1244: 1047: 119: 79: 6844: 1024:

tries to take into account both the branching pattern and "degree of difference" to find a compromise between them.

6849: 6447: 5835: 5198:"Understanding Ancient Hominin Dispersals Using Artefactual Data: A Phylogeographic Analysis of Acheulean Handaxes" 2071: 192: 4502:

Li, Shuying; Pearl, Dennis K; Doss, Hani (2000). "Phylogenetic Tree Construction Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo".

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Historically, phylogenetic screens for pharmacological purposes were used in a basic manner, such as studying the

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scenarios. Such methods are often ambiguous and lack explicit criteria for evaluating alternative hypotheses.

7287: 6874: 6618: 6357: 939:-producing animals are particularly useful. Venoms from these animals produce several important drugs, e.g., 723: 710: 6819: 3539:

Fitch, W. M (1971). "Toward Defining the Course of Evolution: Minimum Change for a Specific Tree Topology".

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in the 6th century BC and the atomists of the 5th century BC, who proposed rudimentary theories of evolution

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ignores phylogenetic speculation altogether, trying to represent the similarity between organisms instead;

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First cladistic analysis of eukaryotes based on combined phenotypic and genotypic evidence Diana Lipscomb.

1380:, Maurice Quenouille (foreshadowed in '46 by Mahalanobis and extended in '58 by Tukey), precursor concept. 68: 7823: 7297: 6891: 5760: 5667: 5623: 5593: 4128:

Bremer, Kåre (1988). "The Limits of Amino Acid Sequence Data in Angiosperm Phylogenetic Reconstruction".

2918: 2801: 2200: 2021: 1952:, the study of the evolution of oral languages and written text and manuscripts, such as in the field of 1456:

First successful application of ML (maximum likelihood) to phylogenetics (for protein sequences), Neyman.

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Hendy, M.D; Penny, David (1982). "Branch and bound algorithms to determine minimal evolutionary trees".

1783:. In particular, this section includes dense text that might be hard to understand by general audiences. 7809: 6993: 6167: 5475: 2192: 2101: 1996: 197: 5142: 6787: 6584: 6394: 6162: 6055: 5950: 5876: 4064: 2086: 2081: 1274: 563: 538: 518: 498: 175: 6916: 5294: 3886:

Felsenstein, Joseph (1981). "Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: A maximum likelihood approach".

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Sokal, Robert R; Rohlf, F. James (1981). "Taxonomic Congruence in the Leptopodomorpha Re-Examined".

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Foundations of complex-system theories: in economics, evolutionary biology, and statistical physics.

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Spencer, Matthew; Davidson, Elizabeth A; Barbrook, Adrian C; Howe, Christopher J (21 April 2004).

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1963, first attempt to use ML (maximum likelihood) for phylogenetics, Edwards and Cavalli-Sforza.

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Hoffmann, Konstantin; Bouckaert, Remco; Greenhill, Simon J; Kühnert, Denise (25 November 2021).

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Neyman, Jerzy (1971). "Molecular studies of evolution: a source of novel statistical problems".

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Wilson, Edward O (1965). "A Consistency Test for Phylogenies Based on Contemporaneous Species".

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decreasing over time, and can highlight potential transmission routes or super-spreader events.

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SPR (subtree pruning and regrafting), TBR (tree bisection and reconnection), Swofford and Olsen.

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Dollo, Louis. 1893. Les lois de l'évolution. Bull. Soc. Belge Géol. Paléont. Hydrol. 7: 164–66.

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Wagner, Warren Herbert (1952). "The fern genus Diellia: structure, affinities, and taxonomy".

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approach to classification became known as the "phyletic" approach. It can be traced back to

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Li, M.; Chen, X.; Li, X.; Ma, B.; Vitanyi, P.M.B. (December 2004). "The Similarity Metric".

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Felsenstein, J (1985). "Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap".

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This Needs rewriting and citing so as to be helpful, clear, and encyclopedic; the section's

1251:, English philosopher, theologian, and Franciscan friar, but the idea actually goes back to 7710: 7520: 7470: 7169: 7064: 6998: 6799: 6714: 6630: 6542: 6525: 6452: 6442: 6152: 6060: 6044: 5802: 5708: 5399: 5209: 5154: 4625: 3895: 2684: 2419: 2299: 2188: 2076: 1513:. A free computational phylogenetics package of programs for inferring evolutionary trees ( 1377: 1270: 1263: 1077: 1043: 848: 528: 300: 185: 142: 93: 6804: 6674: 4839: 4105: 4088: 3444:

Quesne, Walter J. Le (1969). "A Method of Selection of Characters in Numerical Taxonomy".

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Phylogenetic Subtree of fungi containing different biodiverse sections of the fungi group.

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Kluge, A. G; Farris, J. S (1969). "Quantitative Phyletics and the Evolution of Anurans".

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1995, reduced consensus RPC (reduced partition consensus) for unrooted trees, Wilkinson.

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Farris, James S (1969). "A Successive Approximations Approach to Character Weighting".

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1994, reduced consensus: RCC (reduced cladistic consensus) for rooted trees, Wilkinson.

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about the relationships that reflect the evolutionary history of a group of organisms.

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Efron B. (1979). Bootstrap methods: another look at the jackknife. Ann. Stat. 7: 1–26.

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Farris, James S (1976). "Phylogenetic Classification of Fossils with Recent Species".

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Archibald, J. David (2008). "Edward Hitchcock's Pre-Darwinian (1840) 'Tree of Life'".

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One small clade of fish, showing how venom has evolved multiple times.

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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4791: 1757: 1467:has been referenced in many research publications. 1297:1837, Darwin's notebooks show an evolutionary tree 1042:involve computational approaches implementing the 4393:"Estimating Character Weights During Tree Search" 3836:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 3086: 2459: 2457: 2187: 1935: 1536:history would give rise to the observed data set. 1146:Taxon Sampling, Bioinformatics, and Phylogenomics 1134:Taxon Sampling, Bioinformatics, and Phylogenomics 1066:describing the evolution of characters observed. 7831: 5358: 4746: 3576:"Comparison of labeled trees with valency three" 2829:"Early Evolution and Development: Ernst Haeckel" 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2542: 2348: 2255: 2253: 1644: 1062:. All these depend upon an implicit or explicit 5448:Schuh, Randall T.; Brower, Andrew V.Z. 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Greenwood Village, CO: Roberts and Company. 5474: 5307: 4987: 4985: 3508:Statistical Decision Theory and Related Topics 2738: 2454: 1401:1960, "cladistic" coined by Cain and Harrison. 1342:Dollo's Law of Character State Irreversibility 966: 862:The tips of a phylogenetic tree can be living 7324: 6029: 5594: 3611:"Phylogenetic analysis: Concepts and methods" 3044: 2723: 2250: 1975:trees and not a single tree with true claim. 1450:1970, Wagner parsimony generalized by Farris. 1234:Phylogenetic tree suggested by Haeckel (1866) 1165:The term "phylogeny" derives from the German 731: 3238: 2479: 1789:. There might be a discussion about this on 1575:1987, neighbor-joining method Saitou and Nei 1500:Bootstrap, Bradley Efron, precursor concept. 1166: 1102: 5447: 5334:Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 5033:Retzlaff, Nancy; Stadler, Peter F. (2018). 4982: 4837: 4615: 4501: 4309:"Homoplasy and the Choice Among Cladograms" 4006: 3885: 3609:Kidd, K. K; Sgaramella-Zonta, L. A (1971). 3416: 2745:Evolutionary Journal of the Linnean Society 2650:Narratives and Theories in Natural History. 2567:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2278: 7331: 7317: 6036: 6022: 5601: 5587: 4959:. In Peter Forster; Colin Renfrew (eds.). 4711: 3936: 3850: 3293: 2867: 2465:"Drug discovery - Understanding Evolution" 1523:Majority consensus, Margush and MacMorris. 1080:or similar observable traits (i.e. in the 738: 724: 7797:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry 5509:Baum, David A.; Smith, Stacey D. (2013). 5508: 5419: 5231: 5221: 5143:"Phylogenetics of artificial manuscripts" 5117: 5107: 5066: 5011:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011516-034142 5009: 4928: 4871: 4760: 4688: 4568: 4515: 4466: 4439: 4408: 4324: 4266: 4104: 4086: 4063: 3626: 3593: 3311: 3294:Camin, Joseph H; Sokal, Robert R (1965). 3062: 3045:Darwin, Charles; Wallace, Alfred (1858). 3005: 2991: 2936: 2885: 2764: 2706: 2696: 2670: 2503: 2382: 1871:Learn how and when to remove this message 1809:Learn how and when to remove this message 1692:Learn how and when to remove this message 1442:CI (consistency index), Kluge and Farris. 1217: 1171:, introduced by Haeckel in 1866, and the 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 7270:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance 6043: 4951: 4666: 4390: 4355: 4306: 3963: 3573: 3412: 3410: 3140: 1939: 1909: 1897: 1843:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1748: 1611:DDI (data decisiveness index), Goloboff. 1527: 1301: 1229: 1221: 1126: 976: 828:. These relationships are determined by 7338: 5535: 4749:IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 4714:IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 3229:Webster's 9th New Collegiate Dictionary 2815: 1637:2003, symmetrical resampling, Goloboff. 14: 7832: 5196:Lycett, Stephen J. (14 October 2009). 5195: 4991: 4844:Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health 4248: 4213: 4170: 4127: 4049: 3765: 3738: 3711: 3676: 3505: 3478: 3443: 3378: 3334: 3202: 3175: 2794: 2259: 1855:to additional sources at this section. 1572:1986, MacClade, Maddison and Maddison. 1481:1976, prefix system for ranks, Farris. 851:. The result of such an analysis is a 7792:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 7312: 7033:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion 6017: 5582: 5331: 5254: 4894: 4833: 4831: 4106:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040454 3649: 3538: 3407: 3265:"The reconstruction of evolution" in 2937:Archibald, J. David (1 August 2009). 2671:Rosenberg, Michael (28 August 2001). 2237: 1592:HER (homoplasy excess ratio), Archie. 1581:Bremer support (decay index), Bremer. 1578:1988, Hennig86 (version 1.5), Farris 1189:Ernst Haeckel's recapitulation theory 5996: 1954:quantitative comparative linguistics 1944:Phylogeny of Indo-European languages 1820: 1761: 1648: 58:adding citations to reliable sources 29: 1439:Wagner parsimony, Kluge and Farris. 988:is the identification, naming, and 24: 6438:Evolutionary developmental biology 4992:Bowern, Claire (14 January 2018). 4828: 4681:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2003.tb00376.x 4410:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1993.tb00209.x 4370:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1991.tb00046.x 4326:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1991.tb00035.x 4268:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00551.x 4185:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1989.tb00573.x 4142:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1988.tb02497.x 3978:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1985.tb00417.x 3615:American Journal of Human Genetics 3516:10.1016/B978-0-12-307550-5.50005-8 3313:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1965.tb01722.x 3281:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1963.tb00786.x 3253:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1960.tb05828.x 3099:(8): 2466–76, discussion 2477–85. 3064:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1858.tb02500.x 2260:Harris, Katherine (23 June 2019). 1836:relies largely or entirely upon a 1664:tone or style may not reflect the 1273:, which can be directly linked to 1152:organisms increasingly difficult. 25: 7851: 5608: 5558: 4901:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2994:Journal of the History of Biology 2943:Journal of the History of Biology 2543:CK-12 Foundation (6 March 2021). 1619:1993, implied weighting Goloboff. 1547:Branch and bound, Hendy and Penny 1526:Strict consensus, Sokal and Rohlf 996:system developed in the 1700s by 832:, methods that focus on observed 7817: 7292: 7283: 7282: 5995: 5984: 5983: 5836:Phylogenetic comparative methods 5660: 5564: 4579:10.1111/j.0006-341X.1999.00001.x 4251:"Combinable Component Consensus" 3812:Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 3105:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01041.x 2505:10.1111/j.1468-1293.2007.00486.x 2072:Phylogenetic comparative methods 1825: 1766: 1674:guide to writing better articles 1653: 1028:Inference of a phylogenetic tree 760: 705: 704: 691: 149: 34: 7095:Extended evolutionary synthesis 6284:Gene-centered view of evolution 5841:Phylogenetic niche conservatism 5440: 5379: 5352: 5325: 5301: 5248: 5189: 5134: 5083: 5026: 4945: 4888: 4785: 4740: 4705: 4660: 4609: 4548: 4495: 4460: 4433: 4384: 4349: 4300: 4291: 4242: 4207: 4164: 4121: 4093:Molecular Biology and Evolution 4080: 4043: 4000: 3957: 3930: 3879: 3844: 3803: 3794: 3759: 3732: 3705: 3670: 3643: 3602: 3581:Journal of Combinatorial Theory 3567: 3532: 3499: 3472: 3437: 3372: 3363: 3328: 3287: 3259: 3232: 3223: 3196: 3169: 3134: 3080: 3071: 3038: 2985: 2930: 2912: 2903: 2894: 2861: 2848: 2835: 2821: 2788: 2642: 2632: 2611: 2575: 1758:Infectious disease epidemiology 1740: 1704: 1361:20th century "modern synthesis" 1319:(the latter now referred to as 855:—a diagram containing a set of 698:Evolutionary biology portal 45:needs additional citations for 7223:Hologenome theory of evolution 7090:History of molecular evolution 6316:Evolutionarily stable strategy 6205:Last universal common ancestor 5147:Journal of Theoretical Biology 5035:"Phylogenetics beyond biology" 4618:Journal of Molecular Evolution 4526:10.1080/01621459.2000.10474227 3888:Journal of Molecular Evolution 2412:Nature Ecology & Evolution 2399: 2342: 2238:Itzik, Peer (1 January 2001). 2231: 2209: 2165: 2158:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 2145: 2125: 1936:Disciplines other than biology 1484:1977, Dollo parsimony, Farris. 1425:English translation of Hennig. 930:Phylogenetics can also aid in 894:Phylogenetics is component of 657:Creation–evolution controversy 411:History of evolutionary theory 13: 1: 7017:Renaissance and Enlightenment 5569:The dictionary definition of 5542:. Columbia University Press. 5096:Journal of Language Evolution 4994:"Computational Phylogenetics" 3826:(inactive 17 September 2024). 3824:10.1016/S0092-8240(81)90019-7 2868:Bayes, Mr; Price, Mr (1763). 2118: 1645:Uses of phylogenetic analysis 1478:1972, Adams consensus, Adams. 7228:Missing heritability problem 6855:Gamete differentiation/sexes 5223:10.1371/journal.pone.0007404 4998:Annual Review of Linguistics 4806:10.1007/978-3-319-51620-2_11 4087:Saitou, N.; Nei, M. (1987). 3951:10.1016/0025-5564(82)90027-X 3595:10.1016/0095-8956(71)90020-7 2843:The Beginnings of Human Life 2831:. UC Museum of Paleontology. 1398:1953, "cladogenesis" coined. 642:Evolution as fact and theory 7: 5761:Phylogenetic reconciliation 5668:Evolutionary biology portal 5624:Computational phylogenetics 5265:10.1007/978-3-319-25928-4_8 2841:Blechschmidt, Erich (1977) 2802:Online Etymology Dictionary 2022:EDGE of Existence programme 1989: 1902:Pathogen Transmission Trees 1544:PHYSIS, Mikevich and Farris 1280:1809, evolutionary theory, 1160: 1034:Computational phylogenetics 967:Taxonomy and classification 10: 7856: 6860:Life cycles/nuclear phases 6412:Trivers–Willard hypothesis 5392:Royal Society Open Science 5346:10.1007/s10816-019-09434-w 5167:10.1016/j.jtbi.2003.11.022 4391:Goloboff, Pablo A (1993). 4307:Goloboff, Pablo A (1991). 2432:10.1038/s41559-022-01790-3 2312:10.1038/s41586-022-04975-9 2102:Phylogeny (psychoanalysis) 1997:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 1373:" coined by Lucien Cuénot. 1311:1843, distinction between 1155: 1031: 970: 677:Nature-nurture controversy 7779: 7346: 7278: 7178: 7103: 7007: 6934: 6890: 6745: 6649: 6466: 6425: 6358:Parent–offspring conflict 6294: 6163:Earliest known life forms 6084: 6051: 5979: 5951:Phylogenetic nomenclature 5943: 5917: 5869: 5811: 5748: 5677: 5655: 5616: 5051:10.1007/s12064-018-0264-7 4913:10.3758/s13423-016-1072-z 3143:The Canadian Entomologist 3016:10.1007/s10739-008-9163-y 2955:10.1007/s10739-008-9163-y 2757:10.1080/10635150390132894 2648:Auyang, Sunny Y. (1998). 2182:"tribe, clan, race", and 2138:Dictionary.com Unabridged 2087:Phylogenetic tree viewers 2082:Phylogenetic nomenclature 1495:maximum agreement subtree 1490:Nelson consensus, Nelson. 1275:least absolute deviations 1144:The graphic presented in 1103:Impacts of taxon sampling 1086:overall similarity of DNA 564:Evolutionary neuroscience 539:Evolutionary epistemology 519:Evolutionary anthropology 499:Applications of evolution 7211:Cultural group selection 7075:The eclipse of Darwinism 7047:On the Origin of Species 7022:Transmutation of species 5536:Stuessy, Tod F. (2009). 3939:Mathematical Biosciences 3269:Annals of Human Genetics 2856:The Process of Evolution 2795:Harper, Douglas (2010). 2263:Taxonomy & Phylogeny 2186:"origin, source, birth" 1288:Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck 554:Evolutionary linguistics 549:Evolutionary game theory 524:Evolutionary computation 7216:Dual inheritance theory 7055:History of paleontology 5831:Molecular phylogenetics 5781:Distance-matrix methods 5629:Molecular phylogenetics 5373:10.1023/A:1009556427520 4952:Heggarty, Paul (2006). 4771:10.1109/TIT.2005.844059 4726:10.1109/TIT.2004.838101 4454:10.1093/sysbio/43.3.343 4074:10.1093/sysbio/34.4.397 3664:10.1093/sysbio/21.4.390 3553:10.1093/sysbio/20.4.406 3267:"Abstracts of Papers". 2546:Linnaean Classification 2355:Nature Reviews Genetics 2202:A Greek-English lexicon 2042:Microbial phylogenetics 994:Linnaean classification 667:Objections to evolution 574:Evolutionary psychology 569:Evolutionary physiology 514:Evolutionary aesthetics 493:Fields and applications 475:History of paleontology 7406:Biological engineering 6904:Punctuated equilibrium 6225:Non-adaptive radiation 6173:Evolutionary arms race 5851:Phylogenetics software 5765:Probabilistic methods 5714:Long branch attraction 5257:Cultural Phylogenetics 3726:10.1093/sysbio/26.1.77 3574:Robinson, D.F (1971). 3493:10.1093/sysbio/19.1.83 3176:Hennig, Willi (1950). 2887:10.1098/rstl.1763.0053 2698:10.1073/pnas.191248498 2584:Phylogenetic Inference 2092:Phylogenetics software 1945: 1915: 1903: 1754: 1725:, known for producing 1634:1999, Winclada, Nixon. 1533: 1390:phylogenetic inference 1307: 1283:Philosophie Zoologique 1235: 1227: 1218:Timeline of key points 1167: 1137: 1122:Long branch attraction 1040:phylogenetic inference 982: 830:phylogenetic inference 820:) is the study of the 599:Speciation experiments 579:Experimental evolution 534:Evolutionary economics 356:Recent human evolution 214:Processes and outcomes 7491:Developmental biology 7466:Computational biology 7446:Cellular microbiology 7196:Evolutionary medicine 7070:Mendelian inheritance 6778:Biological complexity 6766:Programmed cell death 6458:Phenotypic plasticity 6178:Evolutionary pressure 6168:Evidence of evolution 6066:Timeline of evolution 5644:Evolutionary taxonomy 5319:10.31235/osf.io/j2kva 5039:Theory in Biosciences 4249:Bremer, Kåre (1990). 3780:10.1093/biomet/66.1.7 3753:10.1093/sysbio/28.1.1 3431:10.1093/sysbio/18.1.1 2924:13 March 2014 at the 2919:Darwin's Tree of Life 2189:Liddell, Henry George 2027:Evolutionary taxonomy 1972:Bayesian phylogenetic 1943: 1913: 1901: 1884:Whole-genome sequence 1752: 1531: 1465:orthologous sequences 1305: 1233: 1225: 1214:their embryos share. 1199:recapitulation theory 1130: 1022:evolutionary taxonomy 980: 925:genetic recombination 559:Evolutionary medicine 504:Biosocial criminology 470:History of speciation 383:Evolutionary taxonomy 346:Timeline of evolution 7824:Evolutionary biology 7711:Reproductive biology 7596:Mathematical biology 7521:Evolutionary biology 7471:Conservation biology 7170:Teleology in biology 7065:Blending inheritance 6443:Genetic assimilation 6306:Artificial selection 6045:Evolutionary biology 5803:Three-taxon analysis 5709:Phylogenetic network 5109:10.1093/jole/lzab005 4895:Pagel, Mark (2017). 2549:. Biology LibreTexts 2367:10.1038/nrg.2016.170 2266:. Biology LibreTexts 2240:"Phylogenetic Trees" 2077:Phylogenetic network 1849:improve this article 1779:confusing or unclear 1378:Jackknife resampling 1271:Laplace distribution 1264:Bayesian probability 529:Evolutionary ecology 143:Evolutionary biology 54:improve this article 7496:Ecological genetics 7340:Branches of biology 7233:Molecular evolution 7191:Ecological genetics 7060:Transitional fossil 6850:Sexual reproduction 6690:endomembrane system 6619:pollinator-mediated 6575:dolphins and whales 6353:Parental investment 5846:Phylogenetic signal 5412:10.1098/rsos.240321 5404:2024RSOS...1140321M 5214:2009PLoSO...4.7404L 5159:2004JThBi.227..503S 4856:10.1093/emph/eou018 4630:1996JMolE..43..304R 3900:1981JMolE..17..368F 2689:2001PNAS...9810751R 2683:(19): 10751–10756. 2424:2022NatEE...6.1077N 2304:2022Natur.608..199H 2197:Jones, Henry Stuart 2047:Molecular phylogeny 1787:clarify the article 1245:parsimony principle 1182:Posterior Analytics 1179:, who wrote in his 1109:stratified sampling 1044:optimality criteria 631:Social implications 619:Universal Darwinism 609:Island biogeography 544:Evolutionary ethics 509:Ecological genetics 455:Molecular evolution 393:Transitional fossil 221:Population genetics 137:Part of a series on 7787:History of biology 7721:Structural biology 7706:Relational biology 7531:Generative biology 7526:Freshwater biology 7206:Cultural evolution 6321:Fisher's principle 6250:Handicap principle 6240:Parallel evolution 6104:Adaptive radiation 5774:Bayesian inference 5769:Maximum likelihood 4970:on 28 January 2021 4638:10.1007/BF02338839 4469:Systematic Biology 4442:Systematic Biology 4216:Systematic Zoology 4052:Systematic Biology 3908:10.1007/BF01734359 3853:Systematic Zoology 3741:Systematic Biology 3714:Systematic Biology 3679:Systematic Zoology 3652:Systematic Biology 3541:Systematic Biology 3481:Systematic Biology 3446:Systematic Zoology 3419:Systematic Biology 3381:Systematic Zoology 3337:Systematic Zoology 3275:(1): 103–5. 1963. 2161:. Merriam-Webster. 1946: 1916: 1904: 1755: 1534: 1511:Joseph Felsenstein 1353:Mendelian genetics 1308: 1236: 1228: 1138: 1064:mathematical model 1060:Bayesian inference 1052:maximum likelihood 983: 662:Theistic evolution 594:Selective breeding 306:Parallel evolution 271:Adaptive radiation 7805: 7804: 7726:Synthetic biology 7606:Molecular biology 7461:Cognitive biology 7306: 7305: 6922:Uniformitarianism 6875:Sex-determination 6380:Sexual dimorphism 6375:Natural selection 6279:Unit of selection 6245:Signalling theory 6011: 6010: 5756:Maximum parsimony 5749:Inference methods 5697:Phylogenetic tree 5549:978-0-231-14712-5 5520:978-1-936221-16-5 5493:978-1-902937-33-5 5459:978-0-8014-4799-0 5274:978-3-319-25926-0 4815:978-3-319-51620-2 4720:(12): 3250–3264. 3525:978-0-12-307550-5 3510:. pp. 1–27. 3155:10.4039/Ent5335-2 2627:978-0-87893-097-5 2298:(7921): 199–208. 2037:Maximum parsimony 2017:Coalescent theory 1893:coalescent theory 1881: 1880: 1873: 1819: 1818: 1811: 1702: 1701: 1694: 1668:used on Knowledge 1666:encyclopedic tone 1461:maximum parsimony 1357:natural selection 1038:Usual methods of 916:genome sequencing 853:phylogenetic tree 748: 747: 439:Origin of Species 241:Natural selection 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 7847: 7822: 7821: 7813: 7451:Chemical biology 7333: 7326: 7319: 7310: 7309: 7296: 7286: 7285: 7085:Modern synthesis 6845:Multicellularity 6840:Mosaic evolution 6725:auditory ossicle 6407:Social selection 6390:Flowering plants 6385:Sexual selection 6038: 6031: 6024: 6015: 6014: 5999: 5998: 5987: 5986: 5786:Neighbor-joining 5740:Ghost population 5670: 5665: 5664: 5603: 5596: 5589: 5580: 5579: 5568: 5553: 5532: 5505: 5471: 5434: 5433: 5423: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5292: 5288: 5286: 5278: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5235: 5225: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5121: 5111: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5070: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5013: 4989: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4969: 4958: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4932: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4875: 4835: 4826: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4764: 4755:(4): 1523–1545. 4744: 4738: 4737: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4692: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4572: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4519: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4412: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4328: 4304: 4298: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4270: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4108: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4067: 4065:10.1.1.1000.3956 4047: 4041: 4040: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3835: 3827: 3807: 3801: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3630: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3414: 3405: 3404: 3376: 3370: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3315: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3236: 3230: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3084: 3078: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3009: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2934: 2928: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2901: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2865: 2859: 2852: 2846: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2768: 2736: 2721: 2720: 2710: 2700: 2668: 2657: 2646: 2640: 2636: 2630: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2602: 2598: 2596: 2588: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2566: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2540: 2534: 2533: 2507: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2461: 2452: 2451: 2418:(8): 1077–1089. 2403: 2397: 2396: 2386: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2257: 2248: 2247: 2244:www.cs.tau.ac.il 2235: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2219:. Biology online 2213: 2207: 2206: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2149: 2143: 2142: 2129: 1876: 1869: 1865: 1862: 1856: 1829: 1828: 1821: 1814: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1794: 1770: 1769: 1762: 1697: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1677: 1676:for suggestions. 1672:See Knowledge's 1657: 1656: 1649: 1249:William of Ockam 1208:ontogeny evolves 1170: 998:Carolus Linnaeus 954:forensic science 902:In the field of 836:traits, such as 819: 818: 815: 814: 811: 806: 805: 802: 799: 796: 793: 790: 787: 784: 781: 778: 775: 772: 769: 766: 740: 733: 726: 713: 708: 707: 700: 696: 695: 672:Level of support 465:Current research 450:Modern synthesis 445:Before synthesis 398:Extinction event 156:Darwin's finches 153: 134: 133: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 7855: 7854: 7850: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7845: 7844: 7830: 7829: 7828: 7816: 7808: 7806: 7801: 7775: 7736:Systems biology 7701:Quantum biology 7342: 7337: 7307: 7302: 7274: 7201:Group selection 7174: 7099: 7003: 6930: 6892:Tempo and modes 6886: 6741: 6645: 6462: 6421: 6297: 6290: 6267:Species complex 6080: 6071:History of life 6047: 6042: 6012: 6007: 5975: 5939: 5913: 5887:Symplesiomorphy 5865: 5807: 5744: 5673: 5666: 5659: 5653: 5617:Relevant fields 5612: 5607: 5561: 5556: 5550: 5521: 5494: 5482:, eds. (2006). 5460: 5443: 5438: 5437: 5384: 5380: 5357: 5353: 5340:(4): 992–1039. 5330: 5326: 5306: 5302: 5290: 5289: 5280: 5279: 5275: 5253: 5249: 5194: 5190: 5139: 5135: 5088: 5084: 5031: 5027: 4990: 4983: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4956: 4950: 4946: 4893: 4889: 4836: 4829: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4790: 4786: 4745: 4741: 4710: 4706: 4665: 4661: 4614: 4610: 4553: 4549: 4500: 4496: 4481:10.2307/2413604 4465: 4461: 4438: 4434: 4389: 4385: 4354: 4350: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4292: 4247: 4243: 4228:10.2307/2992286 4212: 4208: 4169: 4165: 4126: 4122: 4085: 4081: 4048: 4044: 4021:10.2307/2408678 4005: 4001: 3962: 3958: 3935: 3931: 3884: 3880: 3865:10.2307/2413252 3849: 3845: 3829: 3828: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3764: 3760: 3737: 3733: 3710: 3706: 3691:10.2307/2412495 3675: 3671: 3648: 3644: 3607: 3603: 3572: 3568: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3504: 3500: 3477: 3473: 3458:10.2307/2412604 3442: 3438: 3415: 3408: 3393:10.2307/2412182 3377: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3349:10.2307/2411550 3333: 3329: 3292: 3288: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3201: 3197: 3174: 3170: 3139: 3135: 3125: 3123: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3043: 3039: 3007:10.1.1.688.7842 2990: 2986: 2935: 2931: 2926:Wayback Machine 2917: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2866: 2862: 2853: 2849: 2840: 2836: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2793: 2789: 2779: 2777: 2737: 2724: 2669: 2660: 2647: 2643: 2637: 2633: 2616: 2612: 2600: 2599: 2590: 2589: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2560: 2559: 2552: 2550: 2541: 2537: 2484: 2480: 2470: 2468: 2463: 2462: 2455: 2404: 2400: 2347: 2343: 2283: 2279: 2269: 2267: 2258: 2251: 2236: 2232: 2222: 2220: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2170: 2166: 2151: 2150: 2146: 2131: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2032:Language family 1992: 1938: 1877: 1866: 1860: 1857: 1851:by introducing 1842: 1830: 1826: 1815: 1804: 1798: 1795: 1784: 1771: 1767: 1760: 1743: 1707: 1698: 1687: 1681: 1678: 1671: 1658: 1654: 1647: 1558:First issue of 1241:lex parsimoniae 1220: 1191: 1163: 1158: 1105: 1074:distance matrix 1046:and methods of 1036: 1030: 975: 969: 872:common ancestor 808: 763: 759: 744: 703: 690: 689: 682: 681: 632: 624: 623: 494: 486: 485: 484: 412: 404: 403: 402: 351:Human evolution 341:History of life 325: 324:Natural history 317: 316: 315: 215: 207: 162: 126: 115: 109: 106: 69:"Phylogenetics" 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7853: 7843: 7842: 7827: 7826: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7783: 7781: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7591:Marine biology 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7401:Bioinformatics 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7347: 7344: 7343: 7336: 7335: 7328: 7321: 7313: 7304: 7303: 7301: 7300: 7290: 7279: 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4827: 4814: 4784: 4739: 4704: 4659: 4608: 4570:10.1.1.139.498 4547: 4517:10.1.1.40.4461 4494: 4475:(3): 435–439. 4459: 4448:(3): 343–368. 4432: 4383: 4364:(4): 395–406. 4348: 4319:(3): 215–232. 4299: 4290: 4261:(4): 369–372. 4241: 4222:(3): 253–269. 4206: 4179:(4): 417–419. 4163: 4136:(4): 795–803. 4120: 4079: 4058:(4): 397–403. 4042: 4015:(4): 783–791. 3999: 3956: 3929: 3878: 3843: 3802: 3793: 3758: 3731: 3704: 3685:(3): 271–282. 3669: 3658:(4): 390–397. 3642: 3601: 3566: 3531: 3524: 3498: 3471: 3452:(2): 201–205. 3436: 3406: 3371: 3362: 3327: 3286: 3258: 3231: 3222: 3211:(1–6): 1–212. 3195: 3168: 3133: 3079: 3070: 3037: 2984: 2949:(3): 561–592. 2929: 2911: 2902: 2893: 2860: 2847: 2834: 2820: 2808: 2787: 2751:(1): 119–124. 2722: 2658: 2641: 2631: 2610: 2601:|website= 2574: 2535: 2498:(6): 382–387. 2478: 2453: 2398: 2361:(4): 213–229. 2341: 2277: 2249: 2230: 2208: 2164: 2153:"phylogenetic" 2144: 2141:(Online). n.d. 2133:"phylogenetic" 2123: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2114: 2109: 2107:Phylogeography 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2012:Biomathematics 2009: 2007:Bioinformatics 2004: 1999: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1937: 1934: 1879: 1878: 1861:September 2024 1847:. Please help 1833: 1831: 1824: 1817: 1816: 1774: 1772: 1765: 1759: 1756: 1742: 1739: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1661: 1659: 1652: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1556: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1537: 1524: 1518: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1498: 1491: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1457: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1411: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1385:Willi Hennig's 1381: 1374: 1367: 1364: 1345: 1338: 1331: 1328: 1324: 1309: 1298: 1295: 1278: 1267: 1260: 1239:14th century, 1219: 1216: 1190: 1187: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1104: 1101: 1032:Main article: 1029: 1026: 1018:synapomorphies 990:classification 971:Main article: 968: 965: 941:ACE inhibitors 910:and molecular 847:sequences, or 746: 745: 743: 742: 735: 728: 720: 717: 716: 715: 714: 701: 684: 683: 680: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 652:Social effects 649: 644: 639: 633: 630: 629: 626: 625: 622: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 495: 492: 491: 488: 487: 483: 482: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 435: 430: 425: 420: 414: 413: 410: 409: 406: 405: 401: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 378:Classification 375: 370: 365: 360: 359: 358: 348: 343: 338: 336:Common descent 333: 331:Origin of life 327: 326: 323: 322: 319: 318: 314: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 217: 216: 213: 212: 209: 208: 206: 205: 200: 195: 189: 188: 183: 178: 173: 167: 164: 163: 154: 146: 145: 139: 138: 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7852: 7841: 7840:Phylogenetics 7838: 7837: 7835: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7814: 7811: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7782: 7778: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7671:Phylogenetics 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7566:Human biology 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7456:Chronobiology 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7431:Biotechnology 7429: 7427: 7426:Biostatistics 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7348: 7345: 7341: 7334: 7329: 7327: 7322: 7320: 7315: 7314: 7311: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7289: 7281: 7280: 7277: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7243:Phylogenetics 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7203: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7177: 7171: 7168: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7152: 7149: 7148: 7147: 7146:Structuralism 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7121:Catastrophism 7119: 7118: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7102: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7080:Neo-Darwinism 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7049: 7048: 7044: 7043: 7042: 7039: 7035: 7034: 7030: 7029: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7014: 7012: 7010: 7006: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6994:Reinforcement 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6933: 6927: 6926:Catastrophism 6923: 6920: 6918: 6917:Macromutation 6914: 6913:Micromutation 6911: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6889: 6883: 6880: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6820:Immune system 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6794: 6791: 6790: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6758: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6744: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6680:symbiogenesis 6678: 6677: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6648: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6612: 6608: 6605: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6555: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6465: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6424: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6349: 6348:Kin selection 6346: 6344: 6343:Genetic drift 6341: 6339: 6336: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6293: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6258: 6255: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6050: 6046: 6039: 6034: 6032: 6027: 6025: 6020: 6019: 6016: 6004: 6003: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5982: 5981: 5978: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5856:Phylogenomics 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5826:DNA barcoding 5824: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5801: 5797: 5796:Least squares 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5779: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5741: 5738: 5734: 5733:Ghost lineage 5731: 5730: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5695: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5676: 5669: 5663: 5658: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5610:Phylogenetics 5604: 5599: 5597: 5592: 5590: 5585: 5584: 5581: 5575:at Wiktionary 5574: 5573: 5572:phylogenetics 5567: 5563: 5562: 5551: 5545: 5541: 5540: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5516: 5512: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5451: 5446: 5445: 5431: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5382: 5374: 5370: 5367:(1): 71–112. 5366: 5362: 5355: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5328: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5304: 5296: 5284: 5276: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5251: 5243: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5208:(10): e7404. 5207: 5203: 5199: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5137: 5129: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4988: 4986: 4966: 4962: 4955: 4948: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4891: 4883: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4850:(1): 96–108. 4849: 4845: 4841: 4834: 4832: 4817: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4708: 4700: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4675:(4): 324–32. 4674: 4670: 4663: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4624:(3): 304–11. 4623: 4619: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4551: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4498: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4463: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4436: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4387: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4352: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4303: 4294: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4210: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4167: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4124: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4099:(4): 406–25. 4098: 4094: 4090: 4083: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4003: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3972:(2): 127–40. 3971: 3967: 3960: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3894:(6): 368–76. 3893: 3889: 3882: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3839: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3621:(3): 235–52. 3620: 3616: 3612: 3605: 3596: 3591: 3588:(2): 105–19. 3587: 3583: 3582: 3577: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3547:(4): 406–16. 3546: 3542: 3535: 3527: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3475: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3411: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3387:(4): 374–85. 3386: 3382: 3375: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3343:(3): 214–20. 3342: 3338: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3306:(3): 311–26. 3305: 3301: 3297: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3262: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3199: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3137: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3083: 3074: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3003: 3000:(3): 561–92. 2999: 2995: 2988: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2933: 2927: 2923: 2920: 2915: 2906: 2897: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2857: 2851: 2844: 2838: 2830: 2824: 2817: 2812: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2791: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2655: 2651: 2645: 2635: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2619:Invertebrates 2614: 2606: 2594: 2586: 2585: 2578: 2570: 2564: 2548: 2547: 2539: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2482: 2467:. 7 July 2021 2466: 2460: 2458: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2402: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2345: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2281: 2265: 2264: 2256: 2254: 2245: 2241: 2234: 2218: 2212: 2204: 2203: 2198: 2194: 2193:Scott, Robert 2190: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2174: 2168: 2160: 2159: 2154: 2148: 2140: 2139: 2134: 2128: 2124: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2097:Phylogenomics 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2062:Phylodynamics 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1987: 1983: 1981: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1963: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1942: 1933: 1930: 1924: 1920: 1912: 1908: 1900: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1889:phylodynamics 1885: 1875: 1872: 1864: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1838:single source 1834:This section 1832: 1823: 1822: 1813: 1810: 1802: 1799:February 2024 1792: 1791:the talk page 1788: 1782: 1780: 1775:This article 1773: 1764: 1763: 1751: 1747: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1712: 1696: 1693: 1685: 1682:February 2024 1675: 1669: 1667: 1660: 1651: 1650: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1607: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1596: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1585: 1580: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1551: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1540: 1530: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1432: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1421: 1416: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1349:Ronald Fisher 1346: 1343: 1339: 1336: 1335:Ernst Haeckel 1332: 1329: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1304: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1258: 1257:Occam's razor 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1237: 1232: 1224: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1195:Ernst Haeckel 1186: 1184: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1153: 1149: 1147: 1142: 1135: 1129: 1125: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1110: 1100: 1098: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1035: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 979: 974: 964: 961: 957: 955: 950: 946: 942: 938: 933: 928: 926: 922: 917: 913: 909: 905: 900: 897: 892: 890: 886: 883:, evolution, 882: 876: 873: 869: 865: 860: 858: 854: 850: 846: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 817: 757: 756:phylogenetics 753: 741: 736: 734: 729: 727: 722: 721: 719: 718: 712: 702: 699: 694: 688: 687: 686: 685: 678: 675: 673: 670: 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165: 161: 157: 152: 148: 147: 144: 141: 140: 136: 135: 132: 124: 121: 113: 110:February 2024 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 7716:Sociobiology 7696:Protistology 7670: 7661:Photobiology 7656:Pharmacology 7646:Parasitology 7641:Paleontology 7621:Neuroscience 7601:Microbiology 7511:Epidemiology 7481:Cytogenetics 7441:Cell biology 7421:Biosemiotics 7411:Biomechanics 7391:Biogeography 7386:Biochemistry 7381:Bacteriology 7376:Astrobiology 7255:Polymorphism 7242: 7238:Astrobiology 7186:Biogeography 7141:Saltationism 7131:Orthogenesis 7116:Alternatives 7045: 7031: 6964:Cospeciation 6959:Cladogenesis 6908:Saltationism 6865:Mating types 6788:Color vision 6773:Avian flight 6695:mitochondria 6433:Canalisation 6311:Biodiversity 6056:Introduction 6000: 5988: 5961:Sister group 5944:Nomenclature 5907:Autapomorphy 5902:Synapomorphy 5882:Plesiomorphy 5870:Group traits 5818: 5690:Cladogenesis 5685:Phylogenesis 5609: 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