20:
136:
424:
107:
2612:
300:
207:
226:
During the drying process the specimens are retained within their flimsies at all times to minimize damage, and only the thicker, absorbent drying sheets are replaced. For some plants it may prove helpful to allow the fresh specimen to wilt slightly before being arranged for the press. An opportunity
143:
The techniques for making herbaria have changed little over at least six centuries. They have been an important step in the transformation of the study of plants from a branch of medicine to an independent discipline, and to make available plant material from far away places and over a long period of
380:
of an area. A large collection from a single area is used in writing a field guide or manual to aid in the identification of plants that grow there. With more specimens available, the author or the guide will better understand the variability of form in the plants and the natural distribution over
214:
Commensurate with the need to identify the specimen, it is essential to include in a herbarium sheet as much of the plant as possible (e.g., roots, flowers, stems, leaves, seed, and fruit), or at least representative parts of them in the case of large specimens. To preserve their form and colour,
230:
The specimens, which are then mounted on sheets of stiff white paper, are labelled with all essential data, such as date and place found, description of the plant, altitude, and special habitat conditions. The sheet is then placed in a protective case. As a precaution against insect attack, the
167:(dry garden). He and his students placed freshly gathered plants between two sheets of paper and applied pressure to flatten them and absorb moisture. The dried specimen was then glued onto a page in a book and annotated. This practice was supplemented by the parallel development of the
411:
Many kinds of scientists and naturalists use herbaria to preserve voucher specimens; representative samples of plants used in a particular study to demonstrate precisely the source of their data, or to enable confirmation of identification at a future date.
392:
in one area or may become extinct altogether. In such cases, specimens preserved in a herbarium can represent the only record of the plant's original distribution. Environmental scientists make use of such data to track changes in
261:
No matter the method of preservation, detailed information on where and when the plant and fungus was collected, habitat, color (since it may fade over time), and the name of the collector is usually included.
234:
Certain groups of plants and fungi are soft, bulky, or otherwise not amenable to drying and mounting on sheets. For these plants, other methods of preparation and storage may be used. For example,
55:) but, depending upon the material, may also be stored in boxes or kept in alcohol or other preservative. The specimens in a herbarium are often used as reference material in describing plant
227:
to check, rearrange and further lay out the specimen to best reveal the required features of the plant occurs when the damp absorbent sheets are changed during the drying/pressing process.
334:
used by the herbarium. It also requires familiarity with possible name changes that have occurred since the specimen was collected, since the specimen may be filed under an older name.
772:
275:, which is especially rich in the earlier collections made in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, contains the types of many species founded by the earlier workers in
2442:
373:
in
England. Modern scientists continue to develop novel, non-traditional uses for herbarium specimens that extend beyond what the original collectors could have anticipated.
660:
2447:
485:
1221:
599:
552:
2580:
661:"Herbarius continens species plantarum tum patriarum tum exoticarum ad vivum prout nascuntur in horto infirmariae celeberrimae Abbatiae Diligemensis"
357:
Herbarium collections can have great significance and value to science, and have many uses. Herbaria have long been essential for the study of
2498:
685:
307:
Most herbaria utilize a standard system of organizing their specimens into herbarium cases. Specimen sheets are stacked in groups by the
780:
1179:
Forin, Niccolò; Nigris, Sebastiano; Voyron, Samuele; Girlanda, Mariangela; Vizzini, Alfredo; Casadoro, Giorgio; Baldan, Barbara (2018).
1372:
159:, which lacked sufficient accuracy for identification. At first, he needed to make available plant material, even in winter, hence his
455:
2314:
1289:
615:
890:"The hortus siccus (1566) of Petrus Cadé: a description of the oldest known collection of dried plants made in the Low Countries"
121:
1277:
1361:
45:
The specimens may be whole plants or plant parts; these will usually be in dried form mounted on a sheet of paper (called
1367:
506:
19:
315:
that is labelled on the bottom edge. Groups of species folders are then placed together into larger, heavier folders by
540:
284:
323:
according to the standard system selected for use by the herbarium and placed into pigeonholes in herbarium cabinets.
135:
2504:
512:
428:
1399:
531:
518:
1838:
441:
Many universities, museums, and botanical gardens maintain herbaria. Each is assigned an alphabetic code in the
2319:
1311:
579:
573:
494:
198:
came up with the idea of maintaining them on free sheets that allowed their easy re-ordering within cabinets.
1769:
553:
Botanischer Garten und
Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Zentraleinrichtung der Freien Universität Berlin (B)
1077:
337:
Modern herbaria often maintain electronic databases of their collections. Many herbaria have initiatives to
2488:
2075:
1590:
927:
MĂĽller-Wille, Staffan (2006-06-01). "Linnaeus' herbarium cabinet: a piece of furniture and its function".
2570:
2324:
500:
467:
271:, that is, the original specimens on which the study of a species was founded. Thus the herbarium at the
1181:"Next Generation Sequencing of Ancient Fungal Specimens: The Case of the Saccardo Mycological Herbarium"
246:
to preserve their three-dimensional structure. Small specimens, such as saprophytic and plant parasitic
2304:
155:(1490–1556) reintroduced the study of actual plants as opposed to relying on classical texts, such as
2454:
479:
473:
461:
370:
331:
194:(1566) of Petrus Cadé. While most of the early herbaria were prepared with sheets bound into books,
1106:
570:
Chinese
National Herbarium, (Chinese Academy of Sciences) (PE) (Beijing, People's Republic of China)
491:
Naturalis
Biodiversity Center (Nationaal Herbarium Nederland) (AMD, L, U, WAG) (Leiden, Netherlands)
2592:
2437:
1487:
564:
215:
plants collected in the field are carefully arranged and spread flat between thin sheets, known as
2636:
717:
522:
746:
2422:
2346:
693:
546:
327:
2151:
2587:
405:
2309:
2206:
2161:
1833:
1392:
585:
242:
fronds may be stored in labelled boxes. Representative flowers or fruits may be pickled in
156:
1809:
287:, and contains in addition many valuable modern collections. The large herbaria have many
8:
2479:
2024:
423:
91:
39:
2417:
2282:
2060:
1752:
1538:
1434:
1302:
366:
180:
361:, the study of geographic distributions, and the stabilizing of nomenclature. Most of
94:) has occasionally been applied to a herbarium specialising in preserving material of
2641:
2575:
1424:
1419:
1273:
1161:
1153:
1046:
1021:
944:
909:
640:
443:
342:
147:
The oldest traditions of making herbarium collections have been traced to Italy. The
1356:
940:
186:
Although Ghini's herbarium has not survived, the oldest extant herbarium is that of
2361:
2267:
2262:
2216:
2109:
2094:
2055:
1980:
1821:
1745:
1642:
1584:
1344:
1298:
1233:
1202:
1192:
1143:
936:
901:
630:
625:
589:
436:
320:
176:
2156:
2615:
2597:
2459:
2288:
2238:
2226:
2188:
2124:
1951:
1919:
1880:
1853:
1682:
1677:
1568:
1504:
1385:
1263:
451:
The largest herbaria in the world, in approximate order of decreasing size, are:
408:. Even ancient fungaria represent a source for DNA-barcoding of ancient samples.
106:
2509:
2474:
2427:
2409:
2373:
2129:
1956:
1934:
1900:
1875:
1858:
1848:
1843:
1725:
1543:
1528:
1482:
1477:
358:
272:
802:
2630:
2545:
2293:
2211:
2183:
2146:
2114:
2050:
2019:
1970:
1870:
1672:
1655:
1578:
1558:
1499:
1494:
1442:
1287:
Sprague, T. A.; Nelmes, E. (1 October 1931). "The Herbal of
Leonhart Fuchs".
1157:
913:
905:
362:
195:
187:
60:
23:
Herbarium book which dates from 1633. Made by the
Flemish Bernardus Wynhouts.
1197:
1180:
1008:
2540:
2530:
2432:
2141:
1650:
1617:
1269:
1165:
948:
889:
558:
280:
243:
235:
95:
2356:
2341:
2336:
2272:
2134:
1914:
1885:
1784:
1779:
1627:
1467:
1462:
1447:
312:
220:
1207:
1148:
1131:
279:. It is also rich in types of Australian plants from the collections of
2385:
2378:
2368:
2351:
2034:
2029:
1965:
1757:
1604:
1563:
1457:
1351:
389:
385:
338:
247:
152:
47:
376:
Specimens housed in herbaria may be used to catalogue or identify the
2390:
2119:
1924:
1905:
1816:
1740:
1660:
1612:
1553:
1533:
1472:
593:
288:
239:
116:
64:
966:
139:
Herbarium book with
Japanese plants, Siebold collection Leiden, 1825
2535:
2525:
2469:
2464:
2231:
2104:
2080:
1997:
1667:
1452:
635:
346:
303:
A large herbarium may have hundreds of cases filled with specimens.
266:
83:
71:
1132:"Herbarium specimens as exaptations: New uses for old collections"
1720:
1715:
1632:
1622:
394:
308:
1265:
Herbarium: The Quest to
Preserve and Classify the World's Plants
415:
They may also be a repository of viable seeds for rare species.
345:. These records and images are made publicly accessible via the
326:
Locating a specimen filed in the herbarium requires knowing the
2173:
2065:
1985:
1939:
1929:
1890:
1828:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1408:
620:
276:
265:
The value of a herbarium is much enhanced by the possession of
255:
231:
pressed plant is frozen or poisoned, and the case disinfected.
129:
997:
2397:
2331:
2253:
2221:
2178:
2070:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1990:
1975:
1944:
1865:
1523:
1514:
809:. Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
377:
316:
299:
258:, are often air-dried and packaged in small paper envelopes.
219:(equivalent to sheets of newsprint), and dried, usually in a
206:
125:
75:
56:
36:
869:
2248:
2243:
1895:
1735:
1710:
1705:
1689:
1548:
251:
86:
is a herbarium specialising in specimens of wood. The term
1343:
For links to a specific herbarium or institution, see the
537:
2168:
1730:
1377:
1178:
401:
400:
Herbaria have also proven very useful as source of plant
369:, which contains over 4,000 types and now belongs to the
311:
to which they belong and placed into a large lightweight
486:
Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève
384:
Herbaria also preserve a historical record of change in
1234:"Learn more - The William & Lynda Steere Herbarium"
833:
686:"Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh - What is a herbarium"
63:, some may be specimens distributed in series called
857:
845:
821:
600:
Acharya
Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden
528:Université Montpellier (MPU) (Montpellier, France)
190:from around 1532. and in the Lower Countries the
179:) to supply material, which he established at the
74:to describe an equivalent collection of preserved
602:(Central National Herbarium (CAL), Howrah, India)
319:. The genus folders are then sorted by taxonomic
2628:
994:"Herbarium", Parkstone Press International 2014
42:and associated data used for scientific study.
1130:Heberling, J. Mason; Isaac, Bonnie L. (2017).
1129:
1078:"100 Uses for an Herbarium (Well at Least 72)"
605:Herbarium Hamburgense (HBG) (Hamburg, Germany)
1393:
1286:
875:
2499:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
1238:Index Herbariorum, New York Botanical Garden
926:
887:
779:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from
718:"Preparing and Storing Herbarium Specimens"
1400:
1386:
1364:(online database with 20,000 sheets in HD)
976:. Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
888:Christenhusz, Maarten J. M. (April 2004).
1206:
1196:
1147:
1009:http://indexs.botanischestaatssammlung.de
960:
958:
418:
388:over time. In some cases, plants become
294:
2443:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
1290:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1038:
616:Conservation and restoration of herbaria
456:Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (P)
422:
298:
205:
201:
134:
105:
18:
1003:Triebel, D. & Scholz, P. 2001–2024
541:National Botanic Garden of Belgium (BR)
507:Museum of Natural History of Vienna (W)
223:, between blotters or absorbent paper.
2629:
1310:Davis, Charles C. (20 December 2022).
1261:
955:
863:
851:
839:
827:
727:. National Park Service. November 2009
291:series included in their collections.
1381:
1309:
1007:. Botanische Staatssammlung MĂĽnchen:
683:
513:Swedish Museum of Natural History (S)
429:Swedish Museum of Natural History (S)
16:Scientific collection of dried plants
1069:
1044:
712:
710:
576:(UC/JEPS) (Berkeley, California, US)
448:between one and eight letters long.
122:Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle
967:"Collecting and Pressing Specimens"
580:Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh (E)
13:
1303:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1931.tb00596.x
1185:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
964:
14:
2653:
2448:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
1336:
707:
684:Edinburgh, Royal Botanic Garden.
365:'s collections are housed at the
2611:
2610:
1075:
519:United States National Herbarium
468:Komarov Botanical Institute (LE)
1316:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
1254:
1226:
1215:
1172:
1123:
1099:
1087:. The Yale University Herbarium
1022:"HerbWeb - What is a Herbarium"
1014:
988:
941:10.1016/j.endeavour.2006.03.001
920:
881:
803:"Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium"
495:The Natural History Museum (BM)
70:The same term is often used in
35:) is a collection of preserved
795:
765:
739:
677:
653:
574:University and Jepson Herbaria
503:(Cambridge, Massachusetts, US)
480:Missouri Botanical Garden (MO)
462:New York Botanical Garden (NY)
210:Preparing a plant for mounting
1:
1312:"The herbarium of the future"
646:
92:Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium
2489:History of plant systematics
2076:Thorns, spines, and prickles
1047:"The Importance of Herbaria"
1045:Funk, Vicki (January 2003).
1005:IndExs – Index of Exsiccatae
773:"Wood collection (xylarium)"
753:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
565:University of Copenhagen (C)
7:
1262:Thiers, Barbara M. (2020).
894:Archives of Natural History
609:
534:(LY) (Villeurbanne, France)
525:) (US) (Washington, DC, US)
10:
2658:
2305:Alternation of generations
1407:
1136:American Journal of Botany
547:University of Helsinki (H)
434:
101:
2606:
2554:
2518:
2455:Cultivated plant taxonomy
2418:Biological classification
2408:
2281:
2197:
2093:
2043:
1768:
1698:
1641:
1603:
1577:
1513:
1433:
1415:
876:Sprague & Nelmes 1931
807:plantbio.cals.cornell.edu
582:(Edinburgh, Scotland, UK)
532:Université Claude Bernard
488:(G) (Geneva, Switzerland)
482:(St. Louis, Missouri, US)
474:Royal Botanic Gardens (K)
2315:Evolutionary development
906:10.3366/anh.2004.31.1.30
501:Harvard University (HUH)
470:(St. Petersburg, Russia)
404:for use in taxonomy and
151:physician and botanist,
59:; some specimens may be
1966:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
1368:French Herbaria Network
1198:10.3389/fevo.2018.00129
561:(Chicago, Illinois, US)
523:Smithsonian Institution
381:which the plants grow.
352:
341:specimens to produce a
78:, otherwise known as a
2581:by author abbreviation
2505:Plant taxonomy systems
2423:Botanical nomenclature
1107:"Linnaean Collections"
1051:Plant Science Bulletin
432:
419:Institutional herbaria
304:
295:Collections management
211:
140:
132:
110:Herbarium specimens ("
24:
2588:Botanical expeditions
1373:Montpellier Herbarium
1011:. – München, Germany.
567:(Copenhagen, Denmark)
497:(London, England, UK)
464:(Bronx, New York, US)
426:
406:molecular systematics
302:
209:
202:Specimen preservation
138:
109:
22:
2320:Evolutionary history
2310:Double fertilization
2162:Cellular respiration
1222:Wiley online library
586:Herbarium Bogoriense
559:The Field Museum (F)
1539:Non-vascular plants
1362:Lamarck's Herbarium
1149:10.3732/ajb.1700125
1111:The Linnean Society
549:(Helsinki, Finland)
515:(Stockholm, Sweden)
431:, Stockholm, Sweden
163:(winter garden) or
2044:Surface structures
1839:Flower development
965:Chater, Arthur O.
476:(Kew, England, UK)
433:
397:and human impact.
367:Linnaean Herbarium
305:
212:
181:University of Pisa
141:
133:
25:
2624:
2623:
2263:Herbaceous plants
2089:
2088:
1357:Linnean Herbarium
1352:Index Herbariorum
1279:978-1-64326-052-5
842:, pp. 15–16.
641:Virtual herbarium
555:(Berlin, Germany)
509:(Vienna, Austria)
444:Index Herbariorum
343:virtual herbarium
169:Hortus simplicium
2649:
2614:
2613:
2593:Individual trees
2268:Secondary growth
2239:Succulent plants
2227:Prostrate shrubs
2110:Apical dominance
2095:Plant physiology
2056:Epicuticular wax
1601:
1600:
1594:
1585:Plant morphology
1402:
1395:
1388:
1379:
1378:
1345:List of herbaria
1331:
1329:
1327:
1306:
1297:(325): 545–642.
1283:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1230:
1224:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1200:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1151:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1085:peabody.yale.edu
1082:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1018:
1012:
1001:
995:
992:
986:
985:
983:
981:
971:
962:
953:
952:
924:
918:
917:
885:
879:
873:
867:
861:
855:
849:
843:
837:
831:
825:
819:
818:
816:
814:
799:
793:
792:
790:
788:
769:
763:
762:
760:
758:
743:
737:
736:
734:
732:
722:
714:
705:
704:
702:
701:
692:. Archived from
681:
675:
674:
672:
671:
657:
631:Plant collecting
626:List of herbaria
590:Bogor, West Java
543:(Meise, Belgium)
437:List of herbaria
281:Sir Joseph Banks
177:botanical garden
2657:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2602:
2571:Botanical terms
2564:
2550:
2514:
2460:Citrus taxonomy
2438:Author citation
2404:
2298:
2277:
2199:
2193:
2189:Turgor pressure
2097:
2085:
2039:
1854:Floral symmetry
1772:
1764:
1694:
1683:Vascular bundle
1678:Vascular tissue
1637:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1573:
1544:Vascular plants
1509:
1505:Plant pathology
1429:
1411:
1406:
1339:
1334:
1325:
1323:
1280:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1242:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1216:
1177:
1173:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1113:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1058:
1043:
1039:
1030:
1028:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1002:
998:
993:
989:
979:
977:
974:www.bsbi.org.uk
969:
963:
956:
925:
921:
886:
882:
874:
870:
862:
858:
850:
846:
838:
834:
826:
822:
812:
810:
801:
800:
796:
786:
784:
783:on 17 July 2016
771:
770:
766:
756:
754:
745:
744:
740:
730:
728:
725:Conserve O Gram
720:
716:
715:
708:
699:
697:
690:www.rbge.org.uk
682:
678:
669:
667:
659:
658:
654:
649:
612:
458:(Paris, France)
439:
421:
371:Linnean Society
355:
349:when possible.
297:
204:
161:Hortus hiemalis
104:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2655:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2637:Plant taxonomy
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2561:Related topics
2559:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2510:Taxonomic rank
2507:
2502:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2462:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2428:Botanical name
2420:
2414:
2412:
2410:Plant taxonomy
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2386:Megasporangium
2383:
2382:
2381:
2374:Microsporangia
2366:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
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2212:Cushion plants
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2147:Plant hormones
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2130:Photosynthesis
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1849:Floral formula
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1844:Floral diagram
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1773:(incl. Flower)
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1529:Archaeplastida
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1483:Phytogeography
1480:
1478:Phytochemistry
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1435:Subdisciplines
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1337:External links
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1142:(7): 963–965.
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114:") of various
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1579:Plant anatomy
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1500:Plant ecology
1498:
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1495:Plant anatomy
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1443:Archaeobotany
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1076:Funk, Vicki.
1072:
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907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
884:
877:
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866:, p. 20.
865:
860:
854:, p. 16.
853:
848:
841:
836:
830:, p. 13.
829:
824:
808:
804:
798:
782:
778:
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768:
752:
748:
742:
726:
719:
713:
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696:on 2016-03-06
695:
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363:Carl Linnaeus
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236:conifer cones
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208:
199:
197:
196:Carl Linnaeus
193:
192:hortus siccus
189:
188:Gherardo Cibo
184:
182:
178:
174:
173:Orto botanico
170:
166:
165:Hortus siccus
162:
158:
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137:
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99:
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96:horticultural
93:
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68:
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62:
58:
54:
50:
49:
43:
41:
38:
34:
30:
21:
2541:Horticulture
2531:Floriculture
2493:
2433:Correct name
2283:Reproduction
2273:Woody plants
2198:Plant growth
2157:Gas Exchange
2142:Phytomelanin
2020:Plant embryo
1770:Reproductive
1618:Phragmoplast
1342:
1324:. Retrieved
1322:(5): 412–423
1319:
1315:
1294:
1288:
1270:Timber Press
1264:
1255:Bibliography
1241:. Retrieved
1237:
1228:
1217:
1208:2318/1792554
1188:
1184:
1174:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1114:. Retrieved
1110:
1101:
1089:. Retrieved
1084:
1071:
1059:. Retrieved
1054:
1050:
1040:
1029:. Retrieved
1026:apps.kew.org
1025:
1016:
1004:
999:
990:
978:. Retrieved
973:
935:(2): 60–64.
932:
928:
922:
900:(1): 30–43.
897:
893:
883:
871:
859:
847:
835:
823:
811:. Retrieved
806:
797:
785:. Retrieved
781:the original
776:
767:
755:. Retrieved
750:
741:
729:. Retrieved
724:
698:. Retrieved
694:the original
689:
679:
668:. Retrieved
665:lib.ugent.be
664:
655:
450:
442:
440:
414:
410:
399:
383:
375:
356:
336:
328:nomenclature
325:
306:
285:Robert Brown
267:
264:
260:
244:formaldehyde
233:
229:
225:
216:
213:
191:
185:
172:
168:
164:
160:
148:
146:
142:
115:
111:
87:
79:
69:
52:
46:
44:
32:
28:
26:
2357:Pollen tube
2352:Pollinators
2342:Pollination
2337:Germination
2152:Respiration
2135:Chlorophyll
1981:Pedicellate
1915:Gametophyte
1834:Aestivation
1785:Antheridium
1780:Archegonium
1628:Plasmodesma
1605:Plant cells
1468:Paleobotany
1463:Ethnobotany
1448:Astrobotany
864:Thiers 2020
852:Thiers 2020
840:Thiers 2020
828:Thiers 2020
777:www.kew.org
751:www.kew.org
747:"Fungarium"
221:plant press
183:in 1544.
157:Dioscorides
90:(as in the
2631:Categories
2379:Microspore
2369:Sporangium
2347:Artificial
2035:Sporophyte
2030:Sporophyll
2025:Receptacle
1920:Gynandrium
1790:Androecium
1699:Vegetative
1569:Angiosperm
1564:Gymnosperm
1458:Dendrology
1243:2023-05-16
1116:2019-10-23
1091:2 February
1061:2 February
1031:2016-03-25
980:2 February
813:2 February
787:2 February
757:2 February
700:2016-03-25
670:2020-08-27
647:References
386:vegetation
248:microfungi
153:Luca Ghini
65:exsiccatae
48:exsiccatum
2576:Botanists
2494:Herbarium
2391:Megaspore
2289:Evolution
2232:Subshrubs
2200:and habit
2125:Nutrition
2120:Cellulose
2115:Bulk flow
2098:Materials
2061:Epidermis
1925:Gynoecium
1906:Endosperm
1901:Dispersal
1817:Staminode
1753:Sessility
1741:Cataphyll
1661:Mesophyll
1613:Cell wall
1554:Lycophyte
1534:Bryophyte
1488:Geobotany
1473:Phycology
1158:1537-2197
929:Endeavour
914:0260-9541
594:Indonesia
289:exsiccata
117:Nepenthes
112:exsiccata
88:hortorium
80:fungarium
53:exsiccata
40:specimens
31:(plural:
29:herbarium
2642:Herbaria
2616:Category
2536:Forestry
2526:Agronomy
2519:Practice
2470:Cultivar
2465:Cultigen
2325:timeline
2217:Rosettes
2105:Aleurone
2081:Trichome
1998:Perianth
1810:Filament
1668:Meristem
1591:glossary
1453:Bryology
1326:11 March
1166:28701296
949:16600379
731:24 March
636:Oshibana
610:See also
347:Internet
339:digitize
217:flimsies
98:origin.
84:xylarium
72:mycology
51:, plur.
33:herbaria
2294:Ecology
2051:Cuticle
1881:Capsule
1871:Anatomy
1822:Tapetum
1746:Petiole
1721:Rhizome
1716:Rhizoid
1643:Tissues
1633:Vacuole
1623:Plastid
1425:Outline
1420:History
1057:(3): 94
395:climate
390:extinct
309:species
256:lichens
149:Bologna
120:at the
102:History
2598:Plants
2501:(IAPT)
2254:Lianas
2222:Shrubs
2174:Starch
2066:Nectar
1986:Raceme
1952:Stigma
1940:Locule
1930:Carpel
1891:Pyrena
1829:Flower
1805:Anther
1800:Stamen
1795:Pollen
1517:groups
1409:Botany
1276:
1164:
1156:
947:
912:
621:Herbal
588:(BO) (
321:family
313:folder
277:botany
252:mosses
144:time.
130:France
2558:Lists
2475:Group
2398:Spore
2332:Flora
2249:Vines
2244:Trees
2207:Habit
2179:Sugar
2071:Stoma
2013:Sepal
2008:Petal
2003:Tepal
1991:Umbel
1976:Bract
1957:Style
1945:Ovule
1935:Ovary
1876:Berry
1866:Fruit
1859:Whorl
1726:Shoot
1524:Algae
1515:Plant
1081:(PDF)
970:(PDF)
721:(PDF)
378:flora
317:genus
268:types
126:Paris
76:fungi
61:types
37:plant
2480:Grex
2362:Self
1896:Seed
1758:Stem
1736:Leaf
1711:Root
1706:Bulb
1690:Wood
1651:Cork
1549:Fern
1328:2024
1274:ISBN
1162:PMID
1154:ISSN
1093:2016
1063:2016
982:2016
945:PMID
910:ISSN
815:2016
789:2016
759:2016
733:2016
427:The
353:Uses
330:and
283:and
254:and
240:palm
238:and
82:. A
57:taxa
2169:Sap
1886:Nut
1731:Bud
1299:doi
1203:hdl
1193:doi
1144:doi
1140:104
937:doi
902:doi
402:DNA
171:or
124:in
2633::
1320:38
1318:.
1314:.
1295:48
1293:.
1272:.
1268:.
1236:.
1201:.
1191:.
1187:.
1183:.
1160:.
1152:.
1138:.
1134:.
1109:.
1083:.
1055:49
1053:.
1049:.
1024:.
972:.
957:^
943:.
933:30
931:.
908:.
898:31
896:.
892:.
805:.
775:.
749:.
723:.
709:^
688:.
663:.
592:,
250:,
128:,
67:.
27:A
1593:)
1589:(
1401:e
1394:t
1387:v
1347:.
1330:.
1305:.
1301::
1282:.
1246:.
1211:.
1205::
1195::
1189:6
1168:.
1146::
1119:.
1095:.
1065:.
1034:.
984:.
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