1390:
394:. On the upper-side base of each seed scale are two ovules that develop into seeds after fertilization by pollen grains. The bract scales develop first, and are conspicuous at the time of pollination; the seed scales develop later to enclose and protect the seeds, with the bract scales often not growing further. The scales open temporarily to receive pollen, then close during fertilization and maturation, and then re-open again at maturity to allow the seed to escape. Maturation takes 6–8 months from pollination in most Pinaceae genera, but 12 months in cedars and 18–24 months (rarely more) in most pines. The cones open either by the seed scales flexing back when they dry out, or (in firs, cedars and
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605:, are narrow. The scales are arranged either spirally, or in decussate whorls of two (opposite pairs) or three, rarely four. The genera with spiral scale arrangement were often treated in a separate family (Taxodiaceae) in the past. In most of the genera, the cones are woody and the seeds have two narrow wings (one along each side of the seed), but in three genera (
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812:, as pollen is unlikely to be blown vertically upward within the crown of one plant, but can drift slowly upward in the wind, blowing from low on one plant to higher on another plant. In some conifers, male cones additionally often grow clustered in large numbers together, while female cones are more often produced singly or in only small clusters.
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1537:
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A further characteristic arrangement of pines is that the male cones are located at the base of the branch, while the female at the tip (of the same or a different branchlet). However, in larches and cedars, both types of cones are always at the tips of short shoots, while both sexes of fir cones are
568:
for a cypress cone) is sometimes used instead of strobilus for members of this family. The female cones have one to 20 ovules on each scale. They often have peltate scales, as opposed to the imbricate cones described above, though some have imbricate scales. The cones are usually small, 0.3–6 cm
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for legs, which can easily be attached by forcing them between the cone scales. Playing with cone cows often includes building an animal enclosure from sticks. For the most part, cone cows have been displaced by manufactured toys, at least in affluent countries, but the creation of cone cows still
741:
Members of the yew family and the closely related
Cephalotaxaceae have the most highly modified cones of any conifer. There is only one scale in the female cone, with a single poisonous ovule. The scale develops into a soft, brightly coloured sweet, juicy, berry-like aril which partly encloses the
830:
Cone crop potential can be predicted in various ways. An early indication of a potential crop can be a period of abnormally hot, dry weather at the time of bud differentiation, particularly if the current and preceding cone crops have been poor (Nienstaedt and Zasada 1990). Estimates of cone crop
413:
pine cones is associated with their moisture content—cones are open when dry and closed when wet. This assures that the small, windborne seeds will be dispersed during relatively dry weather, and thus, the distance traveled from the parent tree will be enhanced. A pine cone will go through many
469:) have the bract and seed scales fully fused, and have only one ovule on each scale. The cones are spherical or nearly so, and large to very large, 5–30 cm diameter, and mature in 18 months. For most species they disintegrate at maturity, to release the seeds although in some such as
742:
deadly seed. The seed alone is poisonous. The whole 'berry' with the seed is eaten by birds, which digest the sugar-rich scale and pass the hard seed undamaged in their droppings, so dispersing the seed far from the parent plant.
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potential can be made by counting female reproductive buds in fall or winter, and an experienced observer can detect the subtle morphological differences and distinguish between reproductive buds and vegetative buds (Eis 1967b).
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As a result of this, pine cones have often been used by people in temperate climates to predict dry and wet weather, usually hanging a harvested pine cone from some string outside to measure the humidity of the air.
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and is the only species in its genus, which is the only genus in its family, which is the only family in its Order. The male cones are on male plants, and female cones on female plants. After emergence of the two
772:, it sets only two more leaves. Those two leaves then continue to grow longer from their base, much like fingernails. This allows it great drought tolerance, which is likely why it has survived in the desert of
1533:
842:
Collection of cones in seed orchards has been facilitated by the counter-intuitive technique of "topping" and collection of cones from the severed crown tops at one-third the cost of collection from untopped
310:
which, when fertilized by pollen, become seeds. The female cone structure varies more markedly between the different conifer families, and is often crucial for the identification of many species of conifers.
414:
cycles of opening and closing during its life span, even after seed dispersal is complete. This process occurs with older cones while attached to branches and even after the older cones have fallen to the
838:
is probably the cheapest method. The viability of seed from cached cones does not vary during current caching, but viability drops essentially to zero after being in caches for 1 or 2 years (Wagg 1964).
371:, etc.) have cones that are imbricate (that is, with scales overlapping each other like fish scales). These pine cones, especially the woody female cones, are considered the "archetypal" tree cones.
995:
In
Finland there is a fairground with cone cow sculptures large enough for children to ride on. In Sweden, a video game was released in which the player may build virtual cone cows. Swedish artist
1323:
721:(the only member of the family) are similar to those of some Cupressaceae, but larger, 6–11 cm long; the scales are imbricate and spirally arranged, and have 5-9 ovules on each scale.
655:
927:
of cultures where conifers are common. Examples of their use includes seasonal wreaths and decorations, fire starters, bird feeders, toys, etc. An intriguing derivation of the
1704:
Nienstaedt, H. 1981. Top pruning white spruce seed orchard grafts does not reduce cone production. USDA, For. Serv., Tree Plant. Notes 32(2):9–13. (Cited in Coates et al. 1994).
671:
279:) is structurally similar across all conifers, differing only in small ways (mostly in scale arrangement) from species to species. Extending out from a central axis are
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is named after the pine cone. Pine cones were also used as symbols of fertility in ancient
Assyrian art. In Christian symbolism, they are closely related to the
560:, etc.) differ in that the bract and seed scales are fully fused, with the bract visible as no more than a small lump or spine on the scale. The botanical term
497:
are similar in function, though not in development, to those of the
Taxaceae (q.v. below), being berry-like with the scales highly modified, evolved to attract
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into dispersing the seeds. In most of the genera, two to ten or more scales are fused together into a usually swollen, brightly coloured, soft, edible fleshy
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268:
of a conifer cone refers to the first year's growth of a seed scale on the cone, showing up as a protuberance at the end of the two-year-old scale.
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517:), the scales are minute and not fleshy, but the seed coat develops a fleshy layer instead, the cone having the appearance of one to three small
1276:
1307:
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Slayton, S.H. 1969. A new technique for cone collection. USDA, For. Serv., Tree Plant. Notes 20(3):13. (Cited in
Nienstaedt and Zasada 1990).
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691:
477:, the seeds are winged and separate readily from the seed scale, but in the other two genera, the seed is wingless and fused to the scale.
992:(cone animals). Schools and other institutions teach children how to make cone cows as part of outdoors education on nature and history.
418:. The condition of fallen pine cones is a crude indication of the forest floor's moisture content, which is an important indication of
1794:"Motives include life in the countryside, which shows both the cone cow, a doll in a traditional outfit, and a horse and carriage toy"
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several scales may be fertile. The fleshy scale complex is 0.5–3 cm long, and the seeds 4–10 mm long. In some genera (e.g.
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808:), with female usually on the higher branches towards the top of the plant. This distribution is thought to improve chances of
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display, a closed, damp cone of suitable size is inserted into a narrow-mouthed bottle and allowed to open upon drying.
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Dozens of male cones (orange and flower-like) occur in a cluster; the female cone is still immature (olive green).
505:. Usually, only one or two scales at the apex of the cone are fertile, each bearing a single wingless seed, but in
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takes advantage of the fact that pine cones open and close based on their level of dryness. In constructing
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always from side buds, never terminal. There is also some diversity in bearing in
Cupressaceae. Some,
1899:
1894:
1686:
Wagg, J.W.B. 1964. Viability of white spruce seed from squirrel-cut cones. For. Chron. 40(1):98–110.
1602:
Dawson, Colin; Vincent, Julian F. V.; Rocca, Anne-Marie. 1997. How pine cones open. Nature 390: 668.
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branch with cones of different ages; two-year old cones will disperse seeds during fall and winter.
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Cones are also used as decorative elements in architecture such as on top of the posts surrounding
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on a central stem. The seeds have a hard coat evolved to resist digestion in the bird's stomach.
42:
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risk. Closed cones indicate damp conditions while open cones indicate the forest floor is dry.
324:
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Eis, S. 1967b. Cone crops of white and black spruce are predictable. For. Chron. 43(3):247–252.
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for instance, have little or no differentiation in the positions of male and female cones.
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Because of their widespread occurrence, conifer cones have been a traditional part of the
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406:(egg-shaped), and small to very large, from 2–60 cm long and 1–20 cm broad.
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trees are not conifers, their mature seed bearing structures closely resemble cones.
800:
For most species found in
Australia, male and female cones occur on the same plant (
792:
398:) by the cones disintegrating with the seed scales falling off. The cones are conic,
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252:
and much less conspicuous even at full maturity. The name "cone" derives from Greek
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is unique cone-bearing plant is not considered a conifer, but belongs in the Order
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249:
1021:
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948:, made by children using material found in nature. The most common design is a
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Cone cows are a part of children's culture in
Finland where they are known as
834:
White spruce seed collection is expensive, and collection from cone caches of
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1085:, immature pine cones are harvested in late spring and boiled to make sweet
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1775:"a little book about cone cows, small fears, swarming helicopters and such"
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and without decreasing cone production (Slayton 1969, Nienstaedt 1981).
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473:, the cone weighing up to 10 kilograms (22 lb) is shed intact. In
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plants. It is usually woody, ovoid to globular, including scales and
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31:
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The
Continuum Encyclopedia of Symbols by Udo Becker (2000) Page 234
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has created artwork with cone cows, which has been included in an
960:
776:, while all other representatives from its order are now extinct.
1380:
1032:
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661:
Long slender cones and winged seeds of
California incense-cedar (
553:
459:
217:
283:(modified leaves). Under each microsporophyll is one or several
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364:
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inches long, and often spherical or nearly so, like those of
565:
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20:
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enjoys some popularity as an outdoor activity for children.
886:. These are not cones, although they closely resemble them.
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844:
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352:
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scales, and the seed scales (or ovuliferous scales), one
360:
859:
Developing pineapple pseudocone galls on Norway spruce.
314:
1025:
Pine cone statue from the Cortile della Pigna of the
724:
1717:. Familycrafts.about.com. 2013-08-23. Archived from
1645:. In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
390:
by each bract scale, derived from a highly modified
1837:. Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper. 2018
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1875:Gymnosperm cone images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
1070:. Cones are also occasionally used as a charge in
1881:
1806:image of the stamp from the official postal site
1636:
1564:Flight through the ÎĽCT image stack, lateral view
260:. The individual plates of a cone are known as
796:Larch cone with unusual branch growth from tip
216:arranged around a central axis, especially in
1667:(USDA) – via Southern Research Station.
1055:
1809:
1738:
1584:Flight through the ÎĽCT image stack, top view
779:
382:The female cone has two types of scale: the
1637:Nienstaedt, Hans; Zasada, John C. (1990).
256:(pine cone), which also gave name to the
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1613:"Ask a Scientist: Pine Cone Wet and Dry"
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1031:
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882:pseudocones caused by the woolly aphid,
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1665:United States Department of Agriculture
1476:Photographs of the cone, front and back
1066:or a bronze cone in the narthex of the
1882:
1500:Various sections through the 3D object
480:
429:
524:
1761:Kapsyljakt med Anki och Pytte review
1698:
1630:
1615:. Newton.dep.anl.gov. Archived from
1159:A pine cone covered in ice after an
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
1827:
1689:
1680:
1671:
409:After ripening, the opening of non-
315:Female cone of the conifer families
197:
13:
964:Four cones in the coat of arms of
725:Taxaceae and Cephalotaxaceae cones
645:Spherical cone of Nootka cypress (
621:), the seeds are wingless, and in
232:structures. The woody cone is the
208:usage) is a seed-bearing organ on
14:
1911:
1862:
1741:"Pine Cone in the Bottle Display"
1463:cone by micro computed tomography
378:Image of a young pine cone center
319:
166:Immature male or pollen cones of
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1301:male cones ready to cast pollen.
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1871:Images of various conifer-cones
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1014:The bronze pine cone (left) in
41:needs additional citations for
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878:are prone to the formation of
850:
140:) cone, the heaviest pine cone
16:Reproductive organ on conifers
1:
1589:
1054:, the central element of the
825:
788:Male cone of cedar of Lebanon
228:(conifer clade) contains the
168:Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine
1661:United States Forest Service
1488:3D visualisation of the cone
1317:cone showing seeds (arrows).
1092:
952:or pine cone with sticks or
915:Cone in the coat of arms of
677:Cones and wingless seeds of
148:Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (
19:For cones in Cycadales, see
7:
1739:zupperzipper (2008-07-13).
1543:Flight around the 3D object
1123:
936:the pine cone in the bottle
625:, the cones are fleshy and
10:
1916:
1869:Arboretum de Villardebelle
1835:"Pineal (as an adjective)"
1715:"Pine Cone Craft Projects"
1313:Cross section of maturing
1286:receptive for pollination.
1239:caused by Adelges abietis.
1145:
1108:featuring three pine cones
1007:among other classic toys.
1003:and featured on a Swedish
867:Pseudocone on Sitka spruce
647:Chamaecyparis nootkatensis
564:(plural galbuli; from the
489:Berry-like Podocarpus cone
18:
1205:Immature female pine cone
1056:
944:are traditional homemade
907:Home-made spruce cone cow
780:Location and distribution
1653:Silvics of North America
984:where they are known as
603:California incense-cedar
597:, while others, such as
1785:Posten.se press release
715:The cones and seeds of
1438:The cone structure of
1282:Young female cones of
1109:
1043:
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920:
908:
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683:Platycladus orientalis
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440:Araucaria angustifolia
379:
344:
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141:
1817:"Pine Cone Preserves"
1763:"You build cone cows"
1512:Semi-transparent view
1106:Parthon de Von family
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761:Welwitschia mirabilis
746:Welwitschiaceae cones
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711:Sciadopityaceae cones
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377:
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327:
165:
151:Pseudotsuga menziesii
147:
131:
697:Berry-like cones of
663:Calocedrus decurrens
50:improve this article
1459:Visualisation of a
1058:Fontana della Pigna
810:cross-fertilization
481:Podocarpaceae cones
471:Araucaria bidwillii
430:Araucariaceae cones
347:The members of the
158:) young female cone
1790:2010-09-13 at the
1453:Top of a pine cone
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763:is often called a
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679:Chinese arborvitae
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525:Cupressaceae cones
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1396:Pinus canariensis
1217:Pollen cone of a
1190:Female cone of a
1077:In some parts of
1052:Da Ponte Fountain
1037:Da Ponte fountain
932:mechanical puzzle
929:impossible bottle
493:The cones of the
340:Young cones of a
332:female strobilus.
294:The female cone (
244:, which produces
236:, which produces
126:
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1907:
1900:Heraldic charges
1895:Plant morphology
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330:Pinus sylvestris
281:microsporophylls
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132:A mature female
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1792:Wayback Machine
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1743:. Instructables
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1655:. Vol. 1.
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925:arts and crafts
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271:The male cone (
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224:. The cone of
138:Pinus coulteri
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1839:. Retrieved
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1719:the original
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1641:Picea glauca
1640:
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1621:. Retrieved
1617:the original
1607:
1598:
1460:
1400:Gran Canaria
1237:Sitka spruce
1130:Conifer nuts
1118:tree of life
1114:pineal gland
1111:
1102:Coat of arms
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134:Coulter pine
112:
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93:
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60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1344:Cluster of
1268:Blue spruce
997:Lasse Ă…berg
851:Pseudocones
752:Welwitschia
733:Berry-like
718:Sciadopitys
608:Platycladus
514:Prumnopitys
508:Saxegothaea
400:cylindrical
349:pine family
342:blue spruce
328:Anatomy of
306:) contains
277:pollen cone
234:female cone
1884:Categories
1841:27 October
1773:Ă…bergs ABC
1747:2013-08-30
1725:2013-08-30
1623:2013-08-30
1590:References
1524:Midsection
1414:Pine cones
1365:Arborvitae
1270:with cones
1135:Parastichy
978:Käpylehmät
826:Cone crops
770:cotyledons
612:Microbiota
550:arborvitae
411:serotinous
250:herbaceous
210:gymnosperm
204:in formal
176:scopulorum
76:newspapers
1461:Cupressus
1348:cones in
1161:ice storm
1140:Strobilus
1093:Symbolism
1087:preserves
976:(plural:
974:Käpylehmä
942:Cone cows
819:Cupressus
623:Juniperus
618:Juniperus
546:cypresses
454:Araucaria
392:branchlet
388:subtended
300:seed cone
242:male cone
226:Pinophyta
206:botanical
193:strobilus
106:June 2009
1890:Conifers
1788:Archived
1663:(USFS),
1648:Conifers
1350:HokkaidĹŤ
1124:See also
1072:heraldic
990:kottdjur
562:galbulus
558:redwoods
554:junipers
466:Wollemia
420:wildfire
218:conifers
202:strobili
188:pinecone
1381:Ukraine
1146:Gallery
1104:of the
1083:Georgia
986:kottkor
966:Sulkava
954:matches
917:Sarrant
774:Namibia
631:galbuli
588:⁄
574:⁄
475:Agathis
460:Agathis
369:larches
357:spruces
291:sacs).
90:scholar
1079:Russia
982:Sweden
980:) and
950:spruce
889:While
872:Norway
365:cedars
308:ovules
289:pollen
264:. The
262:scales
246:pollen
240:. The
222:cycads
214:bracts
155:glauca
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
1367:cone.
1048:Koper
1041:Koper
891:alder
845:trees
806:shrub
627:berry
566:Latin
536:cones
519:plums
499:birds
404:ovoid
384:bract
353:pines
302:, or
254:konos
238:seeds
174:var.
153:var.
97:JSTOR
83:books
21:Cycad
1843:2018
1177:pine
1112:The
1081:and
1064:Rome
946:toys
874:and
802:tree
737:cone
615:and
601:and
503:aril
361:firs
266:umbo
220:and
69:news
1235:on
1062:in
1050:'s
1039:in
988:or
804:or
735:yew
633:).
569:or
402:or
275:or
198:pl.
186:or
170:. (
52:by
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94:·
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