376:(ICN), exsiccatae and their printed matters were explicitly mentioned in the context of valid publication (Article 37). With 1953 (under the Stockholm Code) the printed matters accompanying exsiccatae must be distributed independently of the exsiccatae for effective publication (see, e.g., Vienna Code 2006, Article 30.4). The recent code (Shenzhen Code 2018) does only mention exsiccatae explicitly but gives two exsiccatae as examples for effective publication under Article 30.8, Note 2. This correlates with the minor role that current exsiccatae play today with around 70 series running.
437:, have a descriptive title, one or more editors (or alternatively an editing organisation), printed labels and the single dried specimens have printed schedae with numbers and are distributed in sets/fascicles. The publication size vary depending on the work from very few until up to 70 duplicate specimens per numbered unit. Over time, with the changing goals in the wide field of organismic botany and mycology there were deviations in all aspects. There are exsiccata-like series distributing preserved natural objects other than dried herbarium material. Examples are
45:
36:
527:
not numbered and schedae which are not published as independent schedae work. One of the plant exchange associations that existed more than a hundred years was the Société Française pour l'échange des plantes vasculaires, from 1911 to 2015. This organisation developed a network of plant collectors worldwide, elaborated guidelines for plant collectors and distributed a number of exsiccata-like series, partly numbered, with printed labelsand distributed booklets. The last exsiccata-like series edited by the
526:
Some series do not fulfill all of the ideal criteria for being an exsiccata and might be better named duplicate series. They may, for instance, lack a descriptive title, have in parts handwritten labels with handwritten numbers, have distributed sets that are not uniform, duplicate specimens that are
460:
Especially within the 19th century a number of exsiccata-like series and specimen collections which superficially resemble exsiccatae are known: some are without descriptive titles (instead they may have an organization as header), some without mentioned editors, others with labels that are in parts
424:
the concept for complete digitization of German herbaria is including the mobilisation of this structured historical information using a standard reference list of editors, titles, abbreviations, publication dates and number ranges. This procedure will facilitate the discovery of duplicate exsiccata
809:
Triebel, D., Scholz, P., Hagedorn, G. & Weiss, M. 2004. History of exsiccatal series in cryptogamic botany and mycology as reflected by the web-accessible database of exsiccatae "IndExs – Index of
Exsiccatae". – In Döbbeler, P. & Rambold, G. (eds.), Contributions to Lichenology. Festschrift
1101:
Borsch, Thomas; Stevens, Albert-Dieter; Häffner, Eva; Güntsch, Anton; Berendsohn, Walter G.; Appelhans, Marc; Barilaro, Christina; Beszteri, Bánk; Blattner, Frank; Bossdorf, Oliver; Dalitz, Helmut; Dressler, Stefan; Duque-Thüs, Rhinaixa; Esser, Hans-Joachim; Franzke, Andreas (2020-03-02).
384:
Approximately 10 million of the 350 million botanical specimens in the major herbaria belong to the 2,200 widely distributed exsiccatae and exsiccata-like series. The specimens are either included in the general collections of the major herbaria or kept there as separate fascicles (see
847:"Musci Americani; or, specimens of the mosses collected in British North America, and chiefly among the Rocky Mountains, during the Second Land Arctic Expedition under the command of Captain Franklin, R.N. by Thomas Drummond, Assistant Naturalist ...: IndExs ExsiccataID=905706240"
1425:
Meyer, K. F. 1982. Kräuterbücher, Herbaria und botanische
Prachtwerke – Historische Schätze im Herbarium Haussknecht der FSU. In: Reichtümer und Raritäten, Band II: Kulturhistorische Sammlungen, Museen, Archive, Denkmale, und Gärten der FSU. Jenaer Reden und Schriften 1981,
214:
It was distributed in 1732. The plant material and text information is for the education of physician, pharmacists and teachers. With this goal, the system of exsiccatae is originated from herbarium books with images of plants and fungi, such as the
267:
Musci
Americani; or, specimens of the mosses collected in British North America, and chiefly among the Rocky Mountains, during the Second Land Arctic Expedition under the command of Captain Franklin, R.N. by Thomas Drummond, Assistant Naturalist
317:
was published with the goal of gathering and providing bibliographic information on all types of exsiccatae and exsiccata-like series. Currently more than 2,200 series with more than 1,300 editors are known. The editors are often well known as
425:
specimens in the various herbaria and avoid multiple typing of the same text information. The mobilisation of this data is regarded as an example for creating synergies between institutional herbaria during the digitization process.
624:
Sayre, G. 1969. Cryptogamae exsiccatae - an annotated bibliography of published exsiccatae of algae, lichenes, hepaticae, and musci. Introduction, I. General
Cryptogams, II. Algae, III. Lichens. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 19(1):
221:
distributed in the 16th and 17th century, but now contained dried and pressed plant material. Series with scholarly and scientific focus followed few years later. One of that kind of series was published by the Swiss botanist
404:
are optimizing their label data capture with linking the specimen text information to standard abbreviations of the exsiccata series following (online) bibliographies and example label images for disambiguation purposes.
821:"Die Characeen Europa's in getrockneten Exemplaren, unter Mitwirkung mehrerer Freunde der Botanik, gesammelt und herausgegeben von Prof. A. Braun, L. Rabenhorst und E. Stizenberger: IndExs ExsiccataID=1692955391"
342:), the exsiccatae are often not kept in their original sets, but each single numbered specimen unit is inserted in the general collections and filed under the current taxon name, e.g. in M and in HUH (FH).
273:
Some series are devoted to organisms of economical or medicinal relevance, and thus of interest for pharmacists, plant pathologists, veterinarians, people working in horticulture, agriculture and forestry.
643:
Lynge, B. 1922. Index specierum et varietatum lichenum quae collectionibus "Lichenes exsiccati" distributae sunt. 2: Index specierum varietatumque alphabetice dispositus. Nyt Mag. Naturvidensk. 59: 97-192.
634:
Sayre, G. 1975. Cryptogamae exsiccatae - an annotated bibliography of exsiccatae of algae, lichenes, hepaticae, and musci. V. Unpublished
Exsiccatae. I. Collectors. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 19(3): 277-423.
549:) were bounded as splendid book volumes. This kind of unique herbaria might superficially resemble exsiccatae and were offered for purchase to single academic societies and princely courts as for example
175:
are also known under the terms exsiccatal series, exsiccata(e) series, exsiccata(e) works, exsiccatae collections, sometimes exsiccati, exsiccate. Furthermore, the feminine noun term "exsiccata" (Latin,
192:-a) which is used in general for a dried herbarium specimen. There exists also the Latin adjective "exsiccatus, -a, -um" meaning "dried" which is often part of a Latin title of an exsiccata, e.g.
354:. A lot of taxa were described with diagnosis in exsiccatae or exsiccatal-like specimen series using printed labels and schedae booklets for effective publication of the names, see for example
480:
This century saw the increase of the trade and the exchange with plant material: More than 100 societies for plant exchange purposes, mostly with non-commercial goals, were founded, so-called
409:
approaches for herbarium label digitization have instructions about how to recognize exsiccatae and how to mobilize this information in a structured manner. An example is the guideline of the
557:
is used for characterizing botanical art works bounded as books, which contain decorative assortments of pressed plant specimens mounted to the pages, usually arranged in a theme.
259:
Die
Characeen Europa's in getrockneten Exemplaren, unter Mitwirkung mehrerer Freunde der Botanik, gesammelt und herausgegeben von Prof. A. Braun, L. Rabenhorst und E. Stizenberger
373:
82:-ae) is a work with "published, uniform, numbered set of preserved specimens distributed with printed labels". Typically, exsiccatae are numbered collections of dried herbarium
481:
290:
Exsiccatae are well-known reference systems in collection-based life science and biodiversity research. Especially in early, large and widely distributed series like the
1075:
200:
245:
The majority of the 2,200 known exsiccatae appeared in the 19th century. They are often specialised by a single organism group or geographical region. Two examples:
234:. The first fascicle was delivered in 1785. As one of the first Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart promoted the selling of dried plants with several series, among others
1196:"Twenty lessons on British Mosses; first steps to a knowledge of that beautiful tribe of plants ... illustrated with specimens: IndExs ExsiccataID=746541312"
523:
Band I + II, no. 1-86 published by
Theodor Oswald Weigel, Leipzig, who organised the sale of exsiccatae and exsiccata-like series in a professional manner.
741:
Grundriss einer
Geschichte und Literatur der Botanik, von Theophrastos Eresios bis auf die neuesten Zeiten, nebst einer Geschichte der botanischen Gärten
532:
1221:
1400:
1296:
1169:
1143:
898:
820:
781:
1195:
846:
755:
872:
531:
finally distributed 20,000 specimen units of vascular plants and started in 1947. The last secretary and in this function editor of the series was
948:"Connecting IndExs Editors and exsiccata IDs with Wikidata for Disambiguation of People Names and Work in Botanical and Mycological Collections"
782:"Calamariae, Gramina et Tripetaloideae Linnaei, quas in usum botanicophilorum collegit et exsiccavit Fr. Ehrhart: IndExs ExsiccataID=2097529087"
1013:
Hertel, H (1982) Die
Exsiccatenwerke des Flechtenherbars der Botanischen Staatssammlung. Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. MĂĽnchen 18: 297-340.
123:
756:"Plantae cryptogamae Linn., quas in locis earum natalibus collegit et exsiccavit Fridericus Ehrhart: IndExs ExsiccataID=282243788"
705:
Stearn, W.T. 1983. Botanical Latin. History, grammar, syntax, terminology and vocabulary. 3. ed. - 1-566. London, North
Pomfret.
338:. How many issues (= sets) of an exsiccata is published and distributed is often unknown. In large institutional herbaria (see
998:
467:
Twenty lessons on British Mosses; first steps to a knowledge of that beautiful tribe of plants ... illustrated with specimens
393:. As a result, most of the iDigBio web portals have a section for accessing specimens of exsiccatae, like the portal of the
295:
990:
Taxonomic literature : a selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types
670:
Stevenson, J.A. 1971. An account of fungus exsiccati containing material from the Americas. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 36: 1-563.
601:
118:
world (uniform and numbered collections of duplicate herbarium specimens). Exsiccatae works represent a special method of
461:
handwritten, and series without sequential numbers as well as series whose sets are not uniform. Some works as that of
389:). Thus, the series are explicitly addressed by joint advanced digitization projects of biodiversity collections like
332:
Taxonomic Literature: A Selective Guide to Botanical Publications and Collections, with Dates, Commentaries, and Types
1401:"Société pour l'échange des plantes vasculaires de l'Europe et du Bassin Méditerranéen: IndExs ExsiccataID=878625024"
1375:"Herbarium. Organ zur Förderung des Austausches wissenschaftlicher Exsiccatensammlungen I, no. 1-37 + II, no. 51-86"
661:
Kohlmeyer, J. 1962. Index alphabeticus Klotzschii et Rabenhorstii herbarii mycologici. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 4: 1-231.
1248:
314:
161:
361:
94:(see figure). Exsiccatae are regarded as scientific contributions of the editor(s) with characteristics from the
1023:
469:
with mounted herbarium specimens are primarily for educational purposes. This is also the case with the series
240:
Calamariae, Gramina et Tripetaloideae Linnaei, quas in usum botanicophilorum collegit et exsiccavit Fr. Ehrhart
1482:
492:. Few of them had business models for selling exsiccatae and exsiccatae-like series. An example is the early
414:
652:
Lynge, B. 1939. Index collectionum "Lichenes Exsiccati" Supplementum I. Nytt Mag. Naturvidensk. 79: 233-323.
1467:
350:
In the 19th century with mid of 20th century, exsiccatae played an important role in botany, mycology and
1322:
462:
946:
Triebel, Dagmar; Uribe-Holguin, Camila; Seifert, Stefan; Weiss, Markus; Scholz, Peter (23 August 2022).
1477:
262:
236:
Arbores, frutices et suffrutices Linnaei quas in usum dendrophilorum collegit et exsiccavit Fr. Ehrhart
184:-ae) for exsiccata series is often not clearly distinguished from the neuter noun "exsiccatum" (Latin,
17:
529:
Société pour l'Échange des Plantes vasculaires de l'Europe et du Bassin méditerranéen et correspondant
1049:
250:
1374:
1349:"Herbarium. Organ zur Förderung des Austausches wissenschaftlicher Exsiccatensammlungen I, no. 1-50"
1270:
716:
417:
used at major herbaria are able to handle data on exsiccata series and single exsiccata specimens.
232:
Plantae cryptogamae Linn., quas in locis earum natalibus collegit et exsiccavit Fridericus Ehrhart
446:
223:
119:
575:
497:
474:
351:
133:) with information on each single numbered exsiccatal unit. Extensions of the concept occur.
99:
1104:"A complete digitization of German herbaria is possible, sensible and should be started now"
739:
519:
and institutional herbaria. For more than two decades (1908-1932) there existed the journal
1452:
1348:
327:
205:
334:(7 volumes) and in the 8 volumes of the supplement series with the first 6 co-authored by
8:
988:
537:
335:
128:
111:
107:
83:
1249:"Educational exsiccatae: Ferdinand von Mueller's botanical lessons in colonial Victoria"
680:
275:
199:
The oldest series known as an exsiccata is that of the German naturalist and pharmacist
1472:
969:
319:
307:
254:
44:
35:
521:
Herbarium. Organ zur Förderung des Austausches wissenschaftlicher Exsiccatensammlungen
1462:
1457:
1442:
1125:
994:
973:
516:
454:
401:
386:
303:
87:
511:
reflect the purpose of sale and subscription in delivering exsiccatae, e.g. that in
122:. The text in the printed matters/published booklets is basically a list of labels (
1115:
959:
438:
434:
339:
899:"Fungi Rhenani exsiccati a Leopoldo Fuckel collecti: IndExs ExsiccataID=566312909"
1447:
493:
406:
369:
322:. In the case that they published exsiccatae, the series are explicitly cited in
246:
216:
54:
1076:"BGBM Herbonauten, Leitfaden, Identifizieren von Etiketten aus Exsiccatenwerken"
299:
157:
137:
27:
Published sets of preserved botanical specimens distributed with printed labels
1436:
1222:"Educational collections of Australian plants: IndExs ExsiccataID=2142420223"
1129:
1024:"Index of Botanical Publications, Exsiccatae known to the Harvard University"
356:
323:
227:
928:
433:
Ideally, exsiccatae comprise dried plant or fungus material as a result of
1379:
Frankfurt/M: Univ.-Bibl., Herbarium. Band I, no. 1-37 + Band II, no. 51-86
90:
published in several duplicate sets with a common theme or title, such as
1120:
964:
947:
550:
1103:
145:
515:. The recipients and buyers were private plant collectors, as well as
488:. They were busy announcing new material in scientific journals like
115:
546:
496:, a society, which financially supported the scientific voyages of
421:
390:
149:
103:
95:
945:
873:"Herbarium mycologicum oeconomicum: IndExs ExsiccataID=23396611"
553:
did at the beginning of the 19th century. In few cases the term
374:
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
917:
1144:"Diatomacearum species typicae: IndExs ExsiccataID=359129600"
302:
are among the 2,700 numbered specimen units, now labelled as
153:
141:
810:
in Honour of Hannes Hertel. Biblioth. Lichenol. 88: 671-690.
1381:. Universitätsbibliothek J.C. Senckenberg Frankfurt am Main
1100:
545:
Some individual historical collections of mounted plants (
993:(2nd ed.). Utrecht: Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema.
576:"A bibliographic account of exsiccatae containing fungi"
477:. These works are regularly treated as library objects.
602:"Conserving Exsiccata for the Clothworkers' Foundation"
1170:"Hough's American woods: IndExs ExsiccataID=345792896"
941:
939:
937:
313:
In 2001, a web portal with underlying database called
379:
278:
published some exsiccatal series of this kind, e.g.,
1297:"Unio itineraria 1835: IndExs ExsiccataID=646135040"
345:
934:
805:
803:
1434:
800:
500:and distributed series with printed labels like
952:Biodiversity Information Science and Standards
372:. In the Vienna rules (1906) of the ICBN, now
65:), published in 26 fascicles from 1823 to 1852
1323:"A Grammatical Dictionary of Botanical Latin"
1030:. Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries
987:Stafleu, Frans A.; Cowan, Richard S. (1976).
156:. A printed bibliography on works devoted to
986:
471:Educational collections of Australian plants
368:. These printed matters are often so-called
1050:"Consortium of Midwest Herbaria Exsiccatae"
567:
513:A Grammatical Dictionary of Botanical Latin
708:
1119:
963:
929:http://indexs.botanischestaatssammlung.de
737:
428:
140:and treatments on exsiccatae devoted to
1246:
923:Triebel, D. & Scholz, P. 2001–2024
595:
593:
573:
285:
14:
1435:
927:. Botanische Staatssammlung MĂĽnchen:
717:"On the world's "Lichenes exsiccati""
714:
53:Front cover and dried specimens from
590:
507:Some modern definitions of the term
296:Karl Wilhelm Gottlieb Leopold Fuckel
1407:. Botanische Staatssammlung MĂĽnchen
1303:. Botanische Staatssammlung MĂĽnchen
1228:. Botanische Staatssammlung MĂĽnchen
1202:. Botanische Staatssammlung MĂĽnchen
1176:. Botanische Staatssammlung MĂĽnchen
1150:. Botanische Staatssammlung MĂĽnchen
905:. Botanische Staatssammlung MĂĽnchen
879:. Botanische Staatssammlung MĂĽnchen
853:. Botanische Staatssammlung MĂĽnchen
827:. Botanische Staatssammlung MĂĽnchen
788:. Botanische Staatssammlung MĂĽnchen
762:. Botanische Staatssammlung MĂĽnchen
744:(in German). éditeur non identifié.
212:Herbarium vivum recens collectum...
110:like journals and magazines and in
24:
721:NYT Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne
380:Herbarium digitization initiatives
25:
1494:
599:
346:ICBN/ ICN articles and exsiccatae
280:Herbarium mycologicum oeconomicum
1353:BHL, Herbarium. Band I, no. 1-50
1056:. Consortium of Midwest Herbaria
738:Schultes, Joseph August (1817).
167:
164:online database closes the gap.
136:There are several comprehensive
43:
34:
1419:
1393:
1367:
1355:. Biodiversity Heritage Library
1341:
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362:Alexander Alfonsovich Grossheim
1271:"Pflanzentauschorganisationen"
685:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
673:
664:
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646:
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628:
618:
502:Schimper, Unio Itineraria 1835
415:collections management systems
395:Consortium of Midwest Herbaria
13:
1:
560:
443:Diatomacearum species typicae
366:Plantae orientales exsiccatae
112:serial formats with fascicles
106:, titles, often published in
98:world (published booklets of
1405:IndExs - Index of Exsiccatae
1301:IndExs - Index of Exsiccatae
1277:. Christof Nikolaus Schröder
1226:IndExs – Index of Exsiccatae
1200:IndExs - Index of Exsiccatae
1174:IndExs – Index of Exsiccatae
1148:IndExs – Index of Exsiccatae
925:IndExs – Index of Exsiccatae
903:IndExs - Index of Exsiccatae
877:IndExs - Index of Exsiccatae
851:IndExs - Index of Exsiccatae
825:IndExs - Index of Exsiccatae
786:IndExs - Index of Exsiccatae
760:IndExs - Index of Exsiccatae
486:Pflanzentauschorganisationen
482:plant exchange organizations
315:IndExs – Index of Exsiccatae
162:IndExs – Index of Exsiccatae
7:
1329:. Missouri Botanical Garden
1108:Research Ideas and Outcomes
1082:. Botanischer Garten Berlin
574:Pfister, Donald H. (1985).
10:
1499:
681:"Definition of EXSICCATAE"
449:, and slides of wood, see
441:with microorganisms, see
251:Gottlob Ludwig Rabenhorst
201:Johann Balthasar Ehrhart
114:) and features from the
86:or preserved biological
447:Hamilton Lanphere Smith
400:Approaches to generate
224:Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart
120:scholarly communication
1247:Maroske, Sara (2007).
498:Georg Wilhelm Schimper
1080:BGBM Herbonauten Wiki
931:. – München, Germany.
475:Ferdinand von Mueller
429:Exsiccata-like series
352:binomial nomenclature
100:scientific literature
1483:Botanical literature
1121:10.3897/rio.6.e50675
1054:CMH Exsiccati Search
965:10.3897/biss.6.93585
328:Richard Sumner Cowan
286:Relevance in science
57:'s exsiccata series
1468:History of mycology
413:.. In general, the
336:Erik Albert Mennega
108:serial publications
715:Lynge, B. (1913).
490:Flora (Regensburg)
364:in the schedae of
255:Ernst Stizenberger
194:Lichenes exsiccati
92:Lichenes Helvetici
59:Lichenes Helvetici
1478:History of botany
1000:978-90-313-0224-6
687:. Merriam-Webster
517:learned societies
455:Romeyn Beck Hough
387:Index Herbariorum
330:'s standard work
298:, many taxonomic
257:have distributed
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435:plant collecting
411:BGBM Herbonauten
402:virtual herbaria
340:List of herbaria
276:Felix von ThĂĽmen
209:
160:is missing. The
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465:with the title
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348:
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263:Thomas Drummond
247:Alexander Braun
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357:Iris camillae
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324:Frans Stafleu
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168:Early history
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63:Swiss lichens
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37:
19:
1421:
1411:15 September
1409:. Retrieved
1404:
1395:
1383:. Retrieved
1378:
1369:
1357:. Retrieved
1352:
1343:
1333:18 September
1331:. Retrieved
1327:MO Databases
1326:
1317:
1307:15 September
1305:. Retrieved
1300:
1291:
1281:18 September
1279:. Retrieved
1274:
1265:
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1225:
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1199:
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1180:15 September
1178:. Retrieved
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1147:
1138:
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1107:
1096:
1086:18 September
1084:. Retrieved
1079:
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1058:. Retrieved
1053:
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1034:18 September
1032:. Retrieved
1028:Publications
1027:
1018:
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909:18 September
907:. Retrieved
902:
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855:. Retrieved
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583:
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479:
473:, edited by
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261:in 1878 and
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1453:Lichenology
1259:(1): 37–47.
551:Giorgio Jan
536: [
420:Similar as
320:taxonomists
204: [
127: [
1437:Categories
1359:10 October
1114:: e50675.
611:2022-09-18
561:References
453:edited by
445:edited by
308:lectotypes
265:published
173:Exsiccatae
146:bryophytes
18:Exsiccatum
1473:Phycology
1232:25 August
1130:2367-7163
974:251791081
727:: 95–122.
580:Mycotaxon
555:exsiccata
509:exsiccata
270:in 1828.
116:herbarium
84:specimens
72:Exsiccata
1463:Mycology
1458:Bryology
1443:Herbaria
1275:CNSflora
586:: 1–139.
547:herbaria
304:isotypes
74:(Latin,
1385:31 July
1206:29 June
422:iDigBio
391:iDigBio
210:called
150:lichens
124:schedae
104:editors
96:library
88:samples
1448:Botany
1128:
997:
972:
625:1-174.
970:S2CID
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190:plur.
182:plur.
180:-ae,
154:fungi
142:algae
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80:plur.
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1426:FSU.
1413:2022
1387:2024
1361:2022
1335:2022
1309:2022
1283:2022
1234:2024
1208:2024
1182:2022
1156:2022
1126:ISSN
1088:2022
1062:2022
1036:2022
995:ISBN
911:2022
885:2022
859:2022
833:2022
794:2022
768:2022
693:2022
326:and
253:and
238:and
188:-i,
186:gen.
178:gen.
152:and
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606:Kew
306:or
294:of
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