Cholera - Knowledge

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prevention and control of cholera. The World Health Organization (WHO) has prequalified three bivalent cholera vaccines—Dukoral (SBL Vaccines), containing a non-toxic B-subunit of cholera toxin and providing protection against V. cholerae O1; and two vaccines developed using the same transfer of technology—ShanChol (Shantha Biotec) and Euvichol (EuBiologics Co.), which have bivalent O1 and O139 oral killed cholera vaccines. Oral cholera vaccination could be deployed in a diverse range of situations from cholera-endemic areas and locations of humanitarian crises, but no clear consensus exists.

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educating citizens with 13,670 information sessions about human health. These task forces promoted the boiling of water to obtain safe water, and provided chlorine and oral rehydration salts. Ultimately, this helped to control the spread of the disease to other areas and minimize deaths. On the other hand, researchers have shown that most of the citizens infected during the 1991 cholera outbreak in Bangladesh lived in rural areas, and were not recognized by the government's surveillance program. This inhibited physicians' abilities to detect cholera cases early.

2303: 1412: 2450:, if cholera does begin to spread, government preparedness is crucial. A government's ability to contain the disease before it extends to other areas can prevent a high death toll and the development of an epidemic or even pandemic. Effective disease surveillance can ensure that cholera outbreaks are recognized as soon as possible and dealt with appropriately. Oftentimes, this will allow public health programs to determine and control the cause of the cases, whether it is unsanitary water or seafood that have accumulated a lot of 1435: 1553: 2479: 1852: 1455:. Surveillance systems can provide early alerts to outbreaks, therefore leading to coordinated response and assist in preparation of preparedness plans. Efficient surveillance systems can also improve the risk assessment for potential cholera outbreaks. Understanding the seasonality and location of outbreaks provides guidance for improving cholera control activities for the most vulnerable. For prevention to be effective, it is important that cases be reported to national health authorities. 1603: 2199: 62: 607: 1864: 2114: 2462:. While sanitation practices are important, when governments respond quickly and have readily available vaccines, the country will have a lower cholera death toll. Affordability of vaccines can be a problem; if the governments do not provide vaccinations, only the wealthy may be able to afford them and there will be a greater toll on the country's poor. The speed with which government leaders respond to cholera outbreaks is important. 621: 1470: 492: 518: 1810:(with 1911 deaths reported). Between September 2019 and September 2020, a global total of over 450,000 cases and over 900 deaths was reported; however, the accuracy of these numbers suffer from over-reporting from countries that report suspected cases (and not laboratory confirmed cases), as well as under-reporting from countries that do not report official cases (such as Bangladesh, India and Philippines). 2820:(NCDC) announced a total of 1,141 suspected and 65 confirmed cases of cholera with 30 deaths from 96 Local Government Areas (LGAs) in 30 states of the country. NCDC, in its public health advisory, said Abia, Bayelsa, Bauchi, Cross River, Delta, Imo, Katsina, Lagos, Nasarawa and Zamfara states were the 10 states that contributed 90 percent of the burden of cholera in the country at the time. 1906:

diarrhea. De Bondt thus used a common word already in regular use to describe the new disease. This was a frequent practice of the time. It was not until the 1830s that the name for severe yellow diarrhea changed in English from "cholera" to "cholera morbus" to differentiate it from what was then known as "Asiatic cholera", or that associated with origins in India and the East.

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this goal combines surveillance, water sanitation, rehydration treatment and oral vaccines. Specifically, the control strategy focuses on three approaches: i) early detection and response to outbreaks to contain outbreaks, ii) stopping cholera transmission through improved sanitation and vaccines in hotspots, and iii) a global framework for cholera control through the GTFCC.

2217:(1813–1858), who in 1854 found a link between cholera and contaminated drinking water. Dr. Snow proposed a microbial origin for epidemic cholera in 1849. In his major "state of the art" review of 1855, he proposed a substantially complete and correct model for the cause of the disease. In two pioneering epidemiological field studies, he was able to demonstrate human 2466:

A speedy government response backed by a fully functioning health care system and financial resources can prevent cholera's spread. This limits cholera's ability to cause death, or at the very least a decline in education, as children are kept out of school to minimize the risk of infection. Inversely, poor government response can lead to civil unrest and

1438: 1437: 1443: 1441: 1436: 1442: 2494:'s death has traditionally been attributed to cholera, most probably contracted through drinking contaminated water several days earlier. Tchaikovsky's mother died of cholera, and his father became sick with cholera at this time but made a full recovery. Some scholars, however, including English musicologist and Tchaikovsky authority 1355: 4714: 2656:. The story concerns a shy bacteriologist who discovers his young, pretty wife is having an adulterous affair. The doctor exacts revenge on his wife by inducing her to travel with him to mainland China which is in the grips of an horrific cholera outbreak. The ravages of the disease are frankly described in the novel. 1440: 2798:

O1, biotype El Tor, serotype Ogawa, from stool samples from two patients with acute watery diarrhea. There was a rapid increase in the number of cases from several hundred cases in early December 2017 to approximately 2,000 by early January 2018. With intensification of the rains, new cases increased

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Besides contributing to an effective or declining public health care system and water sanitation treatments, government can have indirect effects on cholera control and the effectiveness of a response to cholera. A country's government can impact its ability to prevent disease and control its spread.

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a viable goal. Even though humans are the only host of cholera, the bacterium can persist in the environment without a human host. While global eradication is not possible, elimination of human to human transmission may be possible. Local elimination is possible, which has been underway most recently

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occurred in the Bengal region of India, near Calcutta starting in 1817 through 1824. The disease dispersed from India to Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and Eastern Africa. The movement of British Army and Navy ships and personnel is believed to have contributed to the range of the pandemic,

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supplementation reduced the duration and severity of diarrhea in children with cholera when given with antibiotics and rehydration therapy as needed. It reduced the length of disease by eight hours and the amount of diarrhea stool by 10%. Supplementation appears to be also effective in both treating

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of clear fluid. These symptoms usually start suddenly, half a day to five days after ingestion of the bacteria. The diarrhea is frequently described as "rice water" in nature and may have a fishy odor. An untreated person with cholera may produce 10 to 20 litres (3 to 5 US gal) of diarrhea

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that rely on untreated surface water. Better antimicrobial filters, like those present in advanced individual water treatment hiking kits, are most effective. Public health education and adherence to appropriate sanitation practices are of primary importance to help prevent and control transmission

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Cholera cases are much less frequent in developed countries where governments have helped to establish water sanitation practices and effective medical treatments. In the 19th century the United States, for example, had a severe cholera problem similar to those in some developing countries. It had

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treatments for one to three days shorten the course of the disease and reduce the severity of the symptoms. Use of antibiotics also reduces fluid requirements. People will recover without them, however, if sufficient hydration is maintained. The WHO only recommends antibiotics in those with severe

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ions into the small intestine, creating an ionic pressure which prevents sodium ions from entering the cell. The chloride and sodium ions create a salt-water environment in the small intestines, which through osmosis can pull up to six liters of water per day through the intestinal cells, creating

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In 2017, the WHO launched the "Ending Cholera: a global roadmap to 2030" strategy which aims to reduce cholera deaths by 90% by 2030. The strategy was developed by the Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC) which develops country-specific plans and monitors progress. The approach to achieve

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ran from 1899 to 1923. These epidemics had a lower number of fatalities because physicians and researchers had a greater understanding of the cholera bacteria. Egypt, the Arabian peninsula, Persia, India, and the Philippines were hit hardest during these epidemics. Other areas, such as Germany in

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WHO recommends that oral cholera vaccination be considered in areas where the disease is endemic (with seasonal peaks), as part of the response to outbreaks, or in a humanitarian crisis during which the risk of cholera is high. Oral Cholera Vaccine (OCV) has been recognized as an adjunct tool for

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bacteria turn off the production of some proteins and turn on the production of other proteins as they respond to the series of chemical environments they encounter, passing through the stomach, through the mucous layer of the small intestine, and on to the intestinal wall. Of particular interest

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specimens. Having an effective surveillance program contributes to a government's ability to prevent cholera from spreading. In the year 2000 in the state of Kerala in India, the Kottayam district was determined to be "Cholera-affected"; this pronouncement led to task forces that concentrated on

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and their cities upriver. The island of Manhattan in New York City touches the Atlantic Ocean, where cholera collected from river waters and ship discharges just off the coast. At this time, New York City did not have as effective a sanitation system as it developed in the later 20th century, so

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One injectable vaccine was found to be effective for two to three years. The protective efficacy was 28% lower in children less than five years old. However, as of 2010, it has limited availability. Work is under way to investigate the role of mass vaccination. The WHO recommends immunization of

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developed the first successful cholera inoculation in 1885, the first to immunize humans against a bacterial disease. His vaccine and inoculation was rather controversial and was rejected by his peers and several investigation commissions but it ended up demonstrating its effectiveness and being

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have been identified: Cluster I and Cluster II. For the most part, Cluster I consists of strains from the 1960s and 1970s, while Cluster II largely contains strains from the 1980s and 1990s, based on the change in the clone structure. This grouping of strains is best seen in the strains from the

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genes that produce the toxins, causing diarrhea in the infected person and allowing the bacteria to colonize the intestine. Current research aims at discovering "the signal that makes the cholera bacteria stop swimming and start to colonize (that is, adhere to the cells of) the small intestine."

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description in his De Medicina Indorum. (The "Indorum" of the title refers to the East Indies. He also gave first European descriptions of other diseases.) But at the time, the word "cholera" was historically used by European physicians to refer to any gastrointestinal upset resulting in yellow

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In the early 1980s, death rates are believed to have still been higher than three million a year. It is difficult to calculate exact numbers of cases, as many go unreported due to concerns that an outbreak may have a negative impact on the tourism of a country. As of 2004, cholera remained both

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Persons who survive an episode of cholera have long-lasting immunity for at least 3 years (the period tested.) A number of safe and effective oral vaccines for cholera are available. The World Health Organization (WHO) has three prequalified oral cholera vaccines (OCVs): Dukoral, Sanchol, and

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or those with an artistic temperament, cholera is a disease which almost entirely affects the poor living in unsanitary conditions. This, and the unpleasant course of the disease – which includes voluminous "rice-water" diarrhea, the hemorrhaging of liquids from the mouth, and violent muscle

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is the preferred solution, often with added potassium. Large volumes and continued replacement until diarrhea has subsided may be needed. Ten percent of a person's body weight in fluid may need to be given in the first two to four hours. This method was first tried on a mass scale during the

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Continued eating speeds the recovery of normal intestinal function. The WHO recommends this generally for cases of diarrhea no matter what the underlying cause. A CDC training manual specifically for cholera states: "Continue to breastfeed your baby if the baby has watery diarrhea, even when

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In collaboration with partners, the Zambia Ministry of Health (MoH) launched a multifaceted public health response that included increased chlorination of the Lusaka municipal water supply, provision of emergency water supplies, water quality monitoring and testing, enhanced surveillance,

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cloth is preferable but other types of used cloth can be used with some effect, though the effectiveness will vary significantly. Used cloth is more effective than new cloth, as the repeated washing reduces the space between the fibers. Water collected in this way has a greatly reduced

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uptake systems, and formation of periplasmic nitrate reductase complexes were induced just before defecation. These induced characteristics allow the cholera vibrios to survive in the "rice water" stools, an environment of limited oxygen and iron, of patients with a cholera infection.

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If commercially produced oral rehydration solutions are too expensive or difficult to obtain, solutions can be made. One such recipe calls for 1 liter of boiled water, 1/2 teaspoon of salt, 6 teaspoons of sugar, and added mashed banana for potassium and to improve taste.

2676:, Mann "presented the disease as emblematic of the final 'bestial degradation' of the sexually transgressive author Gustav von Aschenbach." Contrary to the actual facts of how violently cholera kills, Mann has his protagonist die peacefully on a beach in a deck chair. 694:

People infected with cholera often have diarrhea, and disease transmission may occur if this highly liquid stool, colloquially referred to as "rice-water", contaminates water used by others. A single diarrheal event can cause a one-million fold increase in numbers of

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Between the mid-1850s and the 1900s, cities in developed nations made massive investment in clean water supply and well-separated sewage treatment infrastructures. This eliminated the threat of cholera epidemics from the major developed cities in the world. In 1883,

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children, are more likely to develop a severe case if they become infected. Any individual, even a healthy adult in middle age, can undergo a severe case, and each person's case should be measured by the loss of fluids, preferably in consultation with a professional

500: 1640:, and was found to have much success. Despite widespread beliefs, fruit juices and commercial fizzy drinks like cola are not ideal for rehydration of people with serious infections of the intestines, and their excessive sugar content may even harm water uptake. 4740:, which has been detained at quarantine as a possible cholera carrier since Monday last. Dr. A.H. Doty, health officer of the port, reported the case tonight with the additional information that another cholera patient from the Moltke is under treatment at 2426:

In many developing countries, cholera still reaches its victims through contaminated water sources, and countries without proper sanitation techniques have greater incidence of the disease. Governments can play a role in this. In 2008, for example, the

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alone, between 1847 and 1851, more than one million people died from the disease. It killed 150,000 Americans during the second pandemic. Between 1900 and 1920, perhaps eight million people died of cholera in India. Cholera officially became the first

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for adults aged 18–64 who are travelling to an area of active cholera transmission. It offers limited protection to young children. People who survive an episode of cholera have long-lasting immunity for at least three years (the period tested).

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Stool and swab samples collected in the acute stage of the disease, before antibiotics have been administered, are the most useful specimens for laboratory diagnosis. If an epidemic of cholera is suspected, the most common causative agent is

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Similarly, South Africa's cholera outbreak was exacerbated by the government's policy of privatizing water programs. The wealthy elite of the country were able to afford safe water while others had to use water from cholera-infected rivers.

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lasted from 1826 to 1837 and particularly affected North America and Europe. Advancements in transportation and global trade, and increased human migration, including soldiers, meant that more people were carrying the disease more widely.

3874: 2887:, cholera has left an enduring mark on human and medical history. Cholera pandemics in the 19th and 20th centuries led to the growth of epidemiology as a science and in recent years it has continued to press advances in the concepts of 2225:. His model was not immediately accepted, but it was increasingly seen as plausible as medical microbiology developed over the next 30 years or so. For his work on cholera, John Snow is often regarded as the "Father of Epidemiology". 5441:

Deen J, von Seidlein L, Luquero FJ, Troeger C, Reyburn R, Lopez AL, et al. (January 2016). "The scenario approach for countries considering the addition of oral cholera vaccination in cholera preparedness and control plans".

2002:, which still persists (as of 2018) in developing countries. This pandemic had initially subsided about 1975 and was thought to have ended, but, as noted, it has persisted. There were a rise in cases in the 1990s and since. 1439: 1813:

Although much is known about the mechanisms behind the spread of cholera, researchers still do not have a full understanding of what makes cholera outbreaks happen in some places and not others. Lack of treatment of human

1201:(WHO) recommends focusing on prevention, preparedness, and response to combat the spread of cholera. They also stress the importance of an effective surveillance system. Governments can play a role in all of these areas. 1585:

count—though it will not necessarily be perfectly safe, it is an improvement for poor people with limited options. In Bangladesh this practice was found to decrease rates of cholera by nearly half. It involves folding a

1502:, has an overall efficacy of about 52% during the first year after being given and 62% in the second year, with minimal side effects. It is available in over 60 countries. However, it is not currently recommended by the 476:. The risk of death among those affected is usually less than 5%, given improved treatment, but may be as high as 50% without such access to treatment. Descriptions of cholera are found as early as the 5th century BC in 1837:. As of August 2021 the disease is endemic in Africa and some areas of eastern and western Asia (Bangladesh, India and Yemen). Cholera is not endemic in Europe; all reported cases had a travel history to endemic areas. 2817: 1660:

level may be normal, even though large losses have occurred. As the dehydration is corrected, potassium levels may decrease rapidly, and thus need to be replaced. This is best done by Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS).

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and doing a brief examination. Treatment via hydration and over-the-counter hydration solutions can be started without or before confirmation by laboratory analysis, especially where cholera is a common problem.

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production, which in turn leads to the secretion of water, sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate into the lumen of the small intestine and rapid dehydration. The gene encoding the cholera toxin was introduced into

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detritus. Drinking such water can also result in the disease, even without prior contamination through fecal matter. Selective pressures exist however in the aquatic environment that may reduce the virulence of

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Effective sanitation practices, if instituted and adhered to in time, are usually sufficient to stop an epidemic. There are several points along the cholera transmission path at which its spread may be halted:

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Cholera affects an estimated 2.8 million people worldwide, and causes approximately 95,000 deaths a year (uncertainty range: 21,000–143,000) as of 2015. This occurs mainly in the developing world.

746:. Specifically, animal models indicate that the transcriptional profile of the pathogen changes as it prepares to enter an aquatic environment. This transcriptional change results in a loss of ability of 3245:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 1243:

Sterilization: Proper disposal and treatment of all materials that may have come into contact with the feces of other people with cholera (e.g., clothing, bedding, etc.) are essential. These should be

2022:, in 1854 was the first to identify the importance of contaminated water as its source of transmission. Cholera is now no longer considered a pressing health threat in Europe and North America due to 1627:(ORT), which is highly effective, safe, and simple to administer. Rice-based solutions are preferred to glucose-based ones due to greater efficiency. In severe cases with significant dehydration, 3880: 2806:

The Zambian Ministry of Health implemented a reactive one-dose Oral Cholera Vaccine (OCV) campaign in April 2016 in three Lusaka compounds, followed by a pre-emptive second-round in December.

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DeRoeck D, Clemens JD, Nyamete A, Mahoney RT (April 2005). "Policymakers' views regarding the introduction of new-generation vaccines against typhoid fever, shigellosis and cholera in Asia".

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responds to the changing chemical environments of the stomach, mucous layers, and intestinal wall. Researchers have discovered a complex cascade of regulatory proteins controls expression of

494: 2867:. India is also characterized by high population density, unsafe drinking water, open drains, and poor sanitation which provide an optimal niche for survival, sustenance and transmission of 2080:

was recommended in the United Kingdom, according to William Thomas Fernie. The first effective human vaccine was developed in 1885, and the first effective antibiotic was developed in 1948.

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if possible. Hands that touch cholera patients or their clothing, bedding, etc., should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected with chlorinated water or other effective antimicrobial agents.

1189: 480:. In Europe, cholera was a term initially used to describe any kind of gastroenteritis, and was not used for this disease until the early 19th century. The study of cholera in England by 1048:

bacteria produce the TcpP/TcpH proteins, which, together with the ToxR/ToxS proteins, activate the expression of the ToxT regulatory protein. ToxT then directly activates expression of

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Surveillance and prompt reporting allow for containing cholera epidemics rapidly. Cholera exists as a seasonal disease in many endemic countries, occurring annually mostly during

1417: 1325:), or antimicrobial filtration in any area where cholera may be present. Chlorination and boiling are often the least expensive and most effective means of halting transmission. 553:

Fever is rare and should raise suspicion for secondary infection. Patients can be lethargic and might have sunken eyes, dry mouth, cold clammy skin, or wrinkled hands and feet.

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The most common error in caring for patients with cholera is to underestimate the speed and volume of fluids required. In most cases, cholera can be successfully treated with

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in Southeast Asia, evaluated the pathophysiology of the disease using modern laboratory chemistry techniques. He developed a protocol for rehydration. His research led the

4474:"Pandemic spread of cholera: genetic diversity and relationships within the seventh pandemic clone of Vibrio cholerae determined by amplified fragment length polymorphism" 2236: 796:). Children are also more susceptible, with two- to four-year-olds having the highest rates of infection. Individuals' susceptibility to cholera is also affected by their 2041:

flag if any crew members or passengers had cholera. No one aboard a vessel flying a yellow flag would be allowed ashore for an extended period, typically 30 to 40 days.

755: 2911:,"The infection is not likely to spread directly from one person to another; therefore, casual contact with an infected person is not a risk factor for becoming ill." 2803:

epidemiologic investigations, a cholera vaccination campaign, aggressive case management and health care worker training, and laboratory testing of clinical samples.

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to conserve energy and nutrients by changing the mix of proteins that they express in response to the changed chemical surroundings. On reaching the intestinal wall,

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in the environment. The source of the contamination is typically other people with cholera when their untreated diarrheal discharge is allowed to get into waterways,

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and sanitation practices, cholera is rare. For example, the last major outbreak of cholera in the United States occurred in 1910–1911. Cholera is mainly a risk in

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If people with cholera are treated quickly and properly, the mortality rate is less than 1%; however, with untreated cholera, the mortality rate rises to 50–60%.

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that are given by mouth provide reasonable protection for about six months, and confer the added benefit of protecting against another type of diarrhea caused by

7443: 6158: 5667: 4880: 8820: 6729: 6036:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010" 534:

a day. Severe cholera, without treatment, kills about half of affected individuals. If the severe diarrhea is not treated, it can result in life-threatening

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through the human digestive system and an increased infectivity state. Furthermore, the researchers found the bacterium creates a hyperinfected state where

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drops due to dehydration, peripheral pulse is rapid and thready, and urine output decreases with time. Muscle cramping and weakness, altered consciousness,

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contractions which continue even after death – has discouraged the disease from being romanticized, or even being factually presented in popular culture.

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Hawgood BJ (February 2007). "Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine, CIE (1860–1930): prophylactic vaccination against cholera and bubonic plague in British India".

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Early outbreaks in the Indian subcontinent are believed to have been the result of crowded, poor living conditions, as well as the presence of pools of

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have been the genetic mechanisms by which cholera bacteria turn on the protein production of the toxins that interact with host cell mechanisms to pump

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because of his insights about transmission via contaminated water, and a map of the same was the first recorded incidence of epidemiological tracking.

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system, contracted cholera in 1873 at the age of 17. He was bedridden for nine months, and near death multiple times, but survived and fully recovered.

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John TJ, Rajappan K, Arjunan KK (August 2004). "Communicable diseases monitored by disease surveillance in Kottayam district, Kerala state, India".

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for most of the 20th century, but it reappeared toward the end of that century, beginning with a severe outbreak in Peru. This was followed by the

6352: 9873: 8286: 429:(ORS), the replacement of fluids and electrolytes by using slightly sweet and salty solutions. Rice-based solutions are preferred. In children, 9449: 7246: 5780: 5737: 4242:"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Association between Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Exposures and Cholera in Case–Control Studies" 8212:""It depends how one understands it:" a qualitative study on differential uptake of oral cholera vaccine in three compounds in Lusaka, Zambia" 5805:

Krishna BV, Patil AB, Chandrasekhar MR (March 2006). "Fluoroquinolone-resistant Vibrio cholerae isolated during a cholera outbreak in India".

1264:: In cholera-affected areas, sewage and fecal sludge need to be treated and managed carefully in order to stop the spread of this disease via 959:, while the A2 chain fits into the central pore of the B subunit ring. Upon binding, the complex is taken into the cell via receptor-mediated 9725: 4661: 7062: 2753:, cholera is "a looming background presence rather than a central figure requiring vile description." The novel was adapted in 2007 for the 1964:

erupted in 1846, persisted until 1860, extended to North Africa, and reached North and South America. It was introduced to North America at

1691:. Testing for resistance during an outbreak can help determine appropriate future choices. Other antibiotics proven to be effective include 7037: 6964: 4414: 2435:. The Haitian government's inability to provide safe drinking water after the 2010 earthquake led to an increase in cholera cases as well. 1949:

since the ships carried people with the disease to the shores of the Indian Ocean, from Africa to Indonesia, and north to China and Japan.

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million bacteria must typically be ingested to cause cholera in a normal healthy adult. This dose, however, is less in those with lowered

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drops 90% within 24 hours of entering the water, and furthermore that this loss in culturability is associated with a loss in virulence.

8954: 7373: 5531: 4135:, World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, undated but citing sources from '07, '04, '03, '04, and '05. 3567: 3536: 452:

Cholera continues to affect an estimated 3–5 million people worldwide and causes 28,800–130,000 deaths a year. To date, seven

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According to Colwell, the quality and inclusiveness of a country's health care system affects the control of cholera, as it did in the

1503: 7066: 5899: 11442: 4915: 7459:"Cholera vaccines. A brief summary of the March 2010 position paper" (PDF). World Health Organization. Retrieved September 19, 2013. 7442:. Republic of Haiti, Ministry of Public Health and Population, National Directorate for Water Supply and Sanitation. February 2013. 7217: 1307:

Sources: Warnings about possible cholera contamination should be posted around contaminated water sources with directions on how to

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Choe C, Raschky PA (January 2016). "Media, institutions, and government action: Prevention vs. palliation in the time of cholera".

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has been described as the "homeland of cholera", with regular outbreaks and pronounced seasonality. In India, where the disease is

2524:. This marks the worst cholera outbreak in recent history, as well as the best documented cholera outbreak in modern public health. 6764: 5334: 4289:

O'Neal CJ, Jobling MG, Holmes RK, Hol WG (August 2005). "Structural basis for the activation of cholera toxin by human ARF6-GTP".

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to symptomatic infections have ranged from 3 to 100. Cholera has been nicknamed the "blue death" because a person's skin may turn

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1892 (primarily the city of Hamburg, where more than 8.600 people died) and Naples from 1910 to 1911, also had severe outbreaks.

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Pauw J (2003). "The politics of underdevelopment: metered to death-how a water experiment caused riots and a cholera epidemic".

2938: 2048:, that the disease was transmitted by bad air. Some believed that abdominal chilling made one more susceptible, and flannel and 9578: 9464: 9424: 9409: 3331: 1590:

four to eight times. Between uses the cloth should be rinsed in clean water and dried in the sun to kill any bacteria on it. A

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A modelling approach using satellite data can enhance our ability to develop cholera risk maps in several regions of the globe.

1067: 963:. Once inside the cell, the disulfide bond is reduced, and the A1 subunit is freed to bind with a human partner protein called 83: 8779:

Mukharji PB (2012). "The 'Cholera Cloud' in the Nineteenth-Century 'British World': History of an Object-Without-an-Essence".

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Huber V (June 2006). "The Unification of the Globe by Disease? The International Sanitary Conferences on Cholera, 1851–1894".

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O139. However, if neither of these organisms is isolated, it is necessary to send stool specimens to a reference laboratory.

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have occurred in the developing world, with the most recent beginning in 1961, and continuing today. The illness is rare in

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Bertranpetit J, Calafell F (2007). "Genetic and Geographical Variability in Cystic Fibrosis: Evolutionary Considerations".

1791: 8826: 4637: 9378: 7985: 5702: 5246: 2164:, 1832—the outdated public health advice demonstrates the lack of understanding of the disease and its causative factors. 9383: 8603:"Pandemics and the politics of difference: rewriting the history of internationalism through nineteenth-century cholera" 6504:"Pandemics and the politics of difference: rewriting the history of internationalism through nineteenth-century cholera" 2287:

during cholera and then oral rehydration is possible. The formulation of the fluid replacement solution was 4 g of

10129: 9669: 9486: 9439: 9362: 9332: 3361: 2754: 2402: 2222: 7097:(in Portuguese). Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade. The link leads to a library catalogue where the book can be found. 10257: 9900: 9718: 9132: 8020: 7434: 6750: 6625: 6576: 6554: 4891: 3022: 2891:, basic membrane biology, and transmembrane signaling and in the use of scientific information and treatment design. 1818:

and lack of treatment of drinking water greatly facilitate its spread. Bodies of water have been found to serve as a

6915: 2044:

Historically many different claimed remedies have existed in folklore. Many of the older remedies were based on the

337:, cold skin, decreased skin elasticity, and wrinkling of the hands and feet. Dehydration can cause the skin to turn 10693: 9444: 9404: 9352: 7794: 3494: 2704: 5664: 1806:

called it "the worst cholera outbreak in the world". In 2019, 93% of the reported 923,037 cholera cases were from

10698: 10239: 9357: 4697:"CHOLERA KILLS BOY; EIGHTH DEATH HERE; All Other Suspected Cases Now in Quarantine and Show No Alarming Symptoms" 2350: 2180: 2096: 1846: 1560:

washing utensils and vegetables. The woman on the right is putting a sari filter onto a water-collecting pot (or

1181:

O1. The associated diarrheal illness should be referred to as cholera and must be reported in the United States.

414: 6418:

Something New Under The Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth Century World (The Global Century Series)

5613: 5363:"News from the World Health Organization: Epidemiological Methods for Environmental Health Initiatives in WHO". 10271: 9865: 9459: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 6726: 2725: 2553: 2060:..Dr Hahnemann laid down three main remedies that would be curative in that disease; in early and simple cases 976: 446: 11361: 5915:"Oral rehydration salts, zinc supplement and rota virus vaccine in the management of childhood acute diarrhea" 2533: 10087: 8199:

from the original on 2021-04-20 – via International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.

3926: 1142:. In those samples that test positive, further testing should be done to determine antibiotic resistance. In 1107: 8186: 7918:

Asimov, Isaac (1982), Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (2nd rev. ed.), Doubleday

1913:, both of which provide ideal conditions for cholera to thrive. The disease first spread by travelers along 11472: 11437: 11257: 10581: 10017: 9711: 9648: 9643: 9414: 8588:

Gilbert, Pamela K. "Cholera and Nation: Doctoring the Social Body in Victorian England" (SUNY Press, 2008).

8085:"Identification of cholera hotspots in Zambia: A spatiotemporal analysis of cholera data from 2008 to 2017" 7033: 6297: 4862: 2884: 2505: 2407: 2213:

One of the major contributions to fighting cholera was made by the physician and pioneer medical scientist

2161: 2128: 1834: 1830: 1787: 1507: 1482:

recognized for it: out of the 30 thousand people he vaccinated only 54 died. Russian-Jewish bacteriologist

1033:

that would not naturally produce the protein toxins, researchers have investigated the mechanisms by which

610: 7721: 5648: 5267: 2372:. From the various experiments they conducted, the researchers found a correlation between the passage of 1215:

Although cholera may be life-threatening, prevention of the disease is normally straightforward if proper

1122:

cases. New generation antimicrobials have been discovered which are effective against cholera bacteria in

725:

also exists outside the human body in natural water sources, either by itself or through interacting with

10918: 10912: 10528: 9790: 9663: 9337: 8924: 6272: 3383: 2749: 2509: 2459: 2428: 1868: 1795: 1763: 1374: 505: 9098: 2622:("consumption") which in literature and the arts was often romanticized as a disease of denizens of the 1968:, via Irish immigrants from the Great Famine. In this pandemic, Brazil was affected for the first time. 1333:, though very basic, have significantly reduced the occurrence of cholera when used in poor villages in 11452: 10997: 9532: 9399: 6349: 3460: 2577: 2495: 2005:

Cholera became widespread in the 19th century. Since then it has killed tens of millions of people. In

1986:

pandemic was from 1881 to 1896. It started in India and spread to Europe, Asia, and South America. The

1390: 4433:"Multiple intraintestinal signals coordinate the regulation of Vibrio cholerae virulence determinants" 4036:"Transmission of Vibrio cholerae is antagonized by lytic phage and entry into the aquatic environment" 3728:

King AA, Ionides EL, Pascual M, Bouma MJ (August 2008). "Inapparent infections and cholera dynamics".

1975:

lasted from 1863 to 1875, spreading from India to Naples and Spain, and reaching the United States at

926:

bacteria out into the drinking water of the next host if proper sanitation measures are not in place.

10718: 10553: 10522: 10452: 10233: 9975: 8928: 6190:

International Coordinating Group (ICG) on Vaccine Provision for Cholera, Meningitis, and Yellow Fever

5730: 4965:

Bornside GH (1982). "Waldemar Haffkine's Cholera Vaccines and the Ferran-Haffkine Priority Dispute".

4887: 1637: 1198: 964: 952:

on the surface of the intestinal epithelium cells. The A1 portion of the A subunit is an enzyme that

941:: a single copy of the A subunit (part A), and five copies of the B subunit (part B), connected by a 864: 751: 7578: 7250: 5784: 2744: 1288:

into the environment need to be prevented. In many cholera affected zones, there is a low degree of

11193: 11096: 10975: 10713: 10708: 10592: 10381: 10200: 10123: 10115: 9677: 9637: 9552: 9316: 9192: 9025: 3839: 2733: 2649: 2491: 2262: 1995: 1901:

References to cholera appear in the European literature as early as 1642, from the Dutch physician

1624: 1607: 1486:

also developed a human cholera vaccine in July 1892. He conducted a massive inoculation program in

1322: 1119: 993: 985: 972: 770: 426: 313:. Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe. The classic symptom is large amounts of watery 214: 8863:

Roth M (1997). "Cholera, Community, and Public Health in Gold Rush Sacramento and San Francisco".

1933:

have occurred since the early 19th century; the first one did not reach the Americas. The seventh

1506:(CDC) for most people traveling from the United States to endemic countries. The vaccine that the 11397: 11277: 11237: 11179: 10898: 10665: 10101: 10059: 9808: 9629: 8210:

Heyerdahl LW, Pugliese-Garcia M, Nkwemu S, Tembo T, Mwamba C, Demolis R, et al. (May 2019).

8137:

Sinyange N, Brunkard JM, Kapata N, Mazaba ML, Musonda KG, Hamoonga R, et al. (18 May 2018).

4808: 4411: 2799:

on a daily basis reaching a peak on the first week of January 2018 with over 700 cases reported.

2685: 2543: 2123: 1972: 1953: 1366: 1261: 1020:

the massive amounts of diarrhea. The host can become rapidly dehydrated unless treated properly.

922:

that give the infected person a watery diarrhea. This carries the multiplying new generations of

649: 111: 7041: 6972: 3876:

Oceans, Climate, and Health: Cholera as a Model of Infectious Diseases in a Changing Environment

11213: 11131: 11090: 11086: 10967: 10961: 10728: 10438: 10373: 10167: 10073: 10045: 9979: 9828: 9624: 8011: 7573: 7182:

Chatterjee HN (November 1953). "Control of vomiting in cholera and oral replacement of fluid".

6478: 3076:"Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Information for Public Health & Medical Professionals" 2758: 2681: 1987: 1983: 1976: 1961: 1945: 1751:

and preventing infectious diarrhea due to other causes among children in the developing world.

1573: 903:

that lines the small intestine to reach the intestinal walls where they can attach and thrive.

837: 793: 707:

supplies. Drinking any contaminated water and eating any foods washed in the water, as well as

9065: 7948: 7942: 7366: 7090: 7006: 6616: 5546: 5481: 4835: 4125: 2788:, widespread cholera outbreaks have occurred since 1977, most commonly in the capital city of 11230: 11219: 11017: 10647: 10473: 10444: 10251: 10011: 9965: 9611: 9125: 8989: 6940: 5515: 3551: 3520: 2447: 2432: 2346: 2266: 2214: 2015: 1688: 1349:

and before handling food or eating is also recommended for cholera prevention by WHO Africa.

1095: 853: 589: 481: 330: 120: 6893: 6567: 6470: 5895: 5342: 4948: 4781: 3831: 3293: 1000: 11391: 11351: 11304: 11186: 10837: 10795: 10775: 10732: 10588: 10387: 10067: 8841: 7334: 7285: 7070: 4923: 4756: 4358: 4298: 4034:

Nelson EJ, Chowdhury A, Flynn J, Schild S, Bourassa L, Shao Y, et al. (October 2008).

3927:"Cholera Biology and Genetics | NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases" 3737: 2072:. These are the Trio Cholera remedies used by homoeopaths around the world. T. J. Ritter's 2031: 1398: 1317:: All water used for drinking, washing, or cooking should be sterilized by either boiling, 818: 430: 218: 6035: 6034:

Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (December 2012).

5843:

Leibovici-Weissman Y, Neuberger A, Bitterman R, Sinclair D, Salam MA, Paul M (June 2014).

2828: 2792:. In 2017, an outbreak of cholera was declared in Zambia after laboratory confirmation of 1998:

originated in 1961 in Indonesia and is marked by the emergence of a new strain, nicknamed

1615:

traveling to get treatment. Adults and older children should continue to eat frequently."

8: 11467: 11369: 11314: 10983: 10859: 10804: 10752: 10671: 10614: 10567: 10502: 10350: 10342: 10336: 10053: 10039: 9908: 9742: 9734: 9604: 9014: 8007: 7225: 6790: 5287:"Vaccines for preventing cholera: killed whole cell or other subunit vaccines (injected)" 4719: 3832: 2737: 2653: 2633: 2602: 2559: 2539: 2302: 1895: 1722:

Antibiotics improve outcomes in those who are both severely and not severely dehydrated.

1632: 1478: 1220: 844:

carriers of the mutation (who are not affected by cystic fibrosis) are more resistant to

457: 438: 353: 7289: 7272:

Merrell DS, Butler SM, Qadri F, Dolganov NA, Alam A, Cohen MB, et al. (June 2002).

6188: 6143: 6070: 4362: 4302: 3741: 3243:

Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (October 2016).

2095:

and the extensive Mississippi River valley system, as well as the major ports along the

668:

it is more often water. Food transmission can occur when people harvest seafood such as

11462: 11457: 11357: 11268: 10769: 10758: 10679: 10623: 10411: 10109: 10095: 10025: 10002: 9478: 8948: 8880: 8812: 8796: 8762: 8737: 8691: 8666: 8653: 8624: 8550: 8498: 8457: 8440: 8419: 8376: 8336: 8311: 8238: 8211: 8163: 8138: 8111: 8084: 7896: 7869: 7772: 7614: 7543: 7500: 7306: 7273: 7159: 7134: 6875: 6827: 6810: 6768: 6704: 6679: 6525: 6119: 6102: 6083: 6011: 5984: 5941: 5914: 5869: 5844: 5418: 5391: 5311: 5286: 5215: 5190: 5120: 5087: 5068: 5012: 4561: 4322: 4266: 4241: 4217: 4190: 4111: 4086: 4062: 4035: 4011: 3986: 3951: 3815: 3790: 3771: 3705: 3680: 3661: 3437: 3412: 3269: 3244: 3184: 3159: 3075: 2606: 2265:, a Bengali scientist, was the first to formulate and demonstrate the effectiveness of 2145: 2027: 2011: 1872: 1557: 1499: 1318: 1314: 1228: 716: 665: 554: 222: 90: 7759: 7742: 7630: 7195: 6227: 6051: 5455: 4498: 4473: 3649: 3260: 3175: 1515: 11432: 11342: 11308: 11172: 11104: 10867: 10845: 10814: 10265: 10031: 9684: 9568: 9527: 9036: 8849: 8816: 8804: 8767: 8713: 8696: 8657: 8628: 8575: 8558: 8523: 8506: 8462: 8427: 8384: 8341: 8243: 8168: 8116: 8083:

Mwaba J, Debes AK, Shea P, Mukonka V, Chewe O, Chisenga C, et al. (April 2020).

8044: 8016: 7952: 7901: 7764: 7668: 7622: 7583: 7535: 7492: 7416: 7311: 7199: 7164: 7113: 6867: 6832: 6709: 6660: 6621: 6595: 6572: 6550: 6529: 6482: 6471: 6380: 6329: 6231: 6194: 6124: 6075: 6060: 6016: 5946: 5874: 5822: 5593: 5552: 5521: 5487: 5459: 5423: 5316: 5220: 5161: 5125: 5107: 5060: 5020: 4982: 4841: 4814: 4787: 4737: 4617: 4584: 4553: 4503: 4454: 4386: 4381: 4346: 4314: 4271: 4222: 4168: 4158: 4067: 4016: 3906: 3843: 3763: 3710: 3665: 3653: 3557: 3526: 3442: 3323: 3299: 3274: 3189: 3127: 3117: 3037: 2946: 2766: 2684:

also hid from the audience the actual course of the disease. Mann's novella was also

2369: 2354: 1819: 1483: 661: 434: 357: 180: 78: 10786: 10743: 10638: 9019: 8738:"Global Cholera Epidemiology: Opportunities to Reduce the Burden of Cholera by 2030" 8537:

Evans RJ (1988). "Epidemics and Revolutions: Cholera in Nineteenth-Century Europe".

7547: 7504: 6879: 5072: 4605: 4565: 2413:

The GTFCC targets 47 countries, 13 of which have established vaccination campaigns.

2232:, but its exact nature and his results were not widely known. In the same year, the 1044:

determinants. In responding to the chemical environment at the intestinal wall, the

393: 352:, with some types producing more severe disease than others. It is spread mostly by 11427: 11333: 11248: 11039: 10886: 10873: 10688: 10305: 10287: 10194: 10153: 10081: 9951: 9780: 9496: 9118: 8872: 8788: 8757: 8749: 8686: 8678: 8645: 8614: 8542: 8490: 8452: 8411: 8368: 8331: 8323: 8233: 8223: 8158: 8150: 8106: 8096: 7891: 7881: 7776: 7754: 7699: 7695: 7660: 7527: 7482: 7406: 7301: 7293: 7191: 7154: 7146: 6997:[Microscopic observations and pathological deductions on Asiatic cholera]. 6859: 6822: 6699: 6691: 6650: 6515: 6223: 6114: 6087: 6065: 6055: 6047: 6006: 5996: 5936: 5926: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5814: 5762: 5583: 5580:

The treatment of diarrhoea: a manual for physicians and other senior health workers

5451: 5413: 5403: 5372: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5115: 5099: 5052: 4974: 4741: 4545: 4493: 4485: 4444: 4376: 4366: 4326: 4306: 4261: 4253: 4212: 4202: 4150: 4106: 4098: 4057: 4047: 4006: 3998: 3810: 3802: 3775: 3753: 3745: 3700: 3692: 3645: 3432: 3424: 3264: 3256: 3210: 3179: 3171: 2689: 2677: 2587: 2530:, Polish poet and novelist, is thought to have died of cholera in Istanbul in 1855. 2057: 2023: 1930: 1680: 1289: 1029: 968: 967:(Arf6). Binding exposes its active site, allowing it to permanently ribosylate the 953: 805: 653: 453: 409: 301: 266: 152: 9076: 7664: 7601:

Siddique AK, Zaman K, Baqui AH, Akram K, Mutsuddy P, Eusof A, et al. (1992).

5088:"Killed oral cholera vaccines: history, development and implementation challenges" 4489: 2478: 1766:

and the 2004 outbreak in India, death can occur within two hours of becoming ill.

1552: 238:

Less than 1% mortality rate with proper treatment, untreated mortality rate 50–60%

11283: 11204: 11158: 11063: 11003: 10938: 10880: 10849: 10841: 10544: 10514: 10508: 10391: 10220: 10144: 9971: 9854: 9813: 9654: 9618: 9522: 9233: 9197: 9160: 9030: 8101: 7886: 7014: 6902: 6797: 6733: 6589: 6370: 6356: 6001: 5818: 5671: 5408: 5149: 4978: 4418: 4207: 4132: 4052: 2888: 2794: 2668: 2567: 2527: 2443: 2288: 2175: 2104: 1902: 1851: 1712: 1704: 1464: 1402: 1308: 1297: 1277: 1224: 1147: 1074: 1062: 1007: 938: 896: 825: 734: 625: 601: 569: 418: 404: 309: 297: 204: 147: 33: 9895: 8372: 8263:"As cholera ravages Lagos, other Nigerian states, here is what you need to know" 7531: 6863: 5684: 5189:

Sinclair D, Abba K, Zaman K, Qadri F, Graves PM (March 2011). Sinclair D (ed.).

5142: 4736:

A case of cholera developed today in the steerage of the Hamburg-American liner

3879:. Rice University: James A Baker III Institute for Public Policy. Archived from 2198: 11383: 11033: 11027: 10890: 10628: 10159: 9926: 9896: 9823: 9818: 9803: 9583: 9542: 9041: 7094:

Relatório da Direcção do Hospital de Cholericos de N.S. da Conceição em Coimbra

5898:(Report). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). November 28, 2011. 5765:(Report). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). November 28, 2011. 5614:"Community Health Worker Training Materials for Cholera Prevention and Control" 5238: 5003:

Bornside GH (1981). "Jaime Ferran and Preventive Inoculation Against Cholera".

4351:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3696: 2697: 2638: 2513: 2499: 2339:, and successfully demonstrated the method of transmission of cholera pathogen 2325: 2307: 2229: 2006: 1965: 1910: 1880: 1370: 942: 704: 577: 473: 400: 381: 325:

may also occur. Diarrhea can be so severe that it leads within hours to severe

196: 169: 22: 8649: 8619: 8602: 8520:

Africa in the Time of Cholera: A History of Pandemics from 1817 to the Present

8228: 7150: 6695: 6520: 6503: 5706: 5285:

Graves PM, Deeks JJ, Demicheli V, Jefferson T (August 2010). Graves PM (ed.).

4536:

Sack DA, Sack RB, Chaignat CL (August 2006). "Getting serious about cholera".

4154: 3135: 900: 11421: 11379: 11295: 11122: 11077: 10818: 10810: 10653: 10420: 10331: 10185: 9991: 9957: 9932: 9917: 9691: 9506: 9218: 8546: 8415: 8287:"NCDC: 30 Deaths in 30 States as Cholera Outbreak Hits Nigeria – THISDAYLIVE" 5111: 5103: 5056: 3353: 2693: 2573: 2549: 2483: 2467: 2329: 2321: 2311: 2052:

were included in army kits. In the 1854–1855 outbreak in Naples, homeopathic

2045: 1979:

in 1873. It spread throughout the Mississippi River system on the continent.

1926: 1735: 1716: 1692: 1602: 1531: 1487: 1265: 1070: 996: 930: 906:

Once the cholera bacteria reach the intestinal wall, they no longer need the

773: 726: 399:

Prevention methods against cholera include improved sanitation and access to

322: 104: 9004: 8753: 5931: 5842: 4449: 4432: 4371: 4310: 3428: 1534:

results, with a decrease in the amount of contamination in the environment.

11375: 11149: 10356: 10296: 10243: 10228: 10173: 9849: 9760: 9491: 9238: 9223: 9213: 8920:

Prevention and control of cholera outbreaks: WHO policy and recommendations

8829: 8808: 8771: 8700: 8682: 8562: 8510: 8466: 8431: 8345: 8247: 8172: 8154: 8120: 8002: 7905: 7768: 7672: 7587: 7539: 7496: 7420: 7315: 7203: 6836: 6713: 6664: 6128: 6079: 6020: 5950: 5878: 5826: 5463: 5427: 5392:"The cholera pandemic, still with us after half a century: time to rethink" 5376: 5320: 5224: 5129: 5064: 4557: 4507: 4458: 4318: 4275: 4226: 4126:

Prevention and control of cholera outbreaks: WHO policy and recommendations

4071: 4020: 3870: 3767: 3714: 3657: 3446: 3278: 3193: 3131: 3045: 3041: 2852: 2623: 2619: 2583: 2517: 2334: 2280: 2107:

rather than specifically to what is now defined as the disease of cholera.

2049: 1762:

For certain genetic strains of cholera, such as the one present during the

1727: 1723: 1708: 1700: 1696: 1547: 1342: 1326: 1301: 1244: 1111: 1103: 1082: 880: 841: 813: 801: 789: 543: 485: 373: 334: 200: 9087: 8792: 8388: 8312:"Cholera epidemic in and around Kolkata, India: endemicity and management" 7626: 7168: 6871: 6235: 5024: 4986: 4390: 4257: 4172: 3985:

Nelson EJ, Harris JB, Morris JG, Calderwood SB, Camilli A (October 2009).

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Cooper DB (1986). "The New 'Black Death': Cholera in Brazil, 1855–1856".

8441:"History of Cholera Outbreaks in Iran during the 19th and 20th Centuries" 7487: 7470: 7411: 7394: 7091:

da Costa Simões, António Augusto, de Macedo Pinto, José Ferreira (1856).

6995:"Osservazioni microscopiche e deduzioni patologiche sul cholera asiatico" 6811:"The diffusion of cholera in the United States in the nineteenth century" 6444: 4102: 3758: 3486: 2848: 2660: 2252: 2206: 2184: 1914: 1822:

of infection, and seafood shipped long distances can spread the disease.

1731: 1676: 1628: 1285: 1281: 1177:

O139 should be reported and handled in the same manner as that caused by

960: 949: 730: 700: 688: 565: 562: 539: 535: 361: 326: 226: 159: 116: 70: 8800: 8327: 7618: 7297: 6298:"All Entries by BONDT, Jacob de, Jacobus Bontius: HistoryofMedicine.com" 5520:(5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 43. 5016: 4662:"Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of Epidemic Dysentery and Cholera" 4549: 4002: 3749: 2431:

was due partly to the government's role, according to a report from the

1300:, as they do not flush with water, may be an interesting alternative to 61: 10323: 9573: 9082: 8884: 8502: 8380: 7061: 7016:

Osservazioni microscopiche e deduzioni patologiche sul cholera asiatico

6542: 6432:

Death in Hamburg: Society and Politics in the Cholera Years, 1830–1910.

5705:. The Mother and Child Health and Education Trust. 2010. Archived from 5588: 3556:(3. ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 77. 2864: 2860: 2713: 2381: 2275: 2092: 2084:

three large cholera outbreaks in the 1800s, which can be attributed to

2077: 2038: 1669: 1569: 1452: 1334: 1293: 1269: 1216: 1099: 895:

production. When the surviving bacteria exit the stomach and reach the

833: 797: 657: 606: 442: 389: 377: 185: 165: 9703: 8833: 8554: 8423: 7870:"The 2010 cholera outbreak in Haiti: how science solved a controversy" 6214:

Blake PA (September 1993). "Epidemiology of cholera in the Americas".

6159:"Yemen Now Faces 'The Worst Cholera Outbreak In The World,' U.N. Says" 5606: 2314:

and successfully demonstrated the transmission of cholera pathogen by

2014:

in the United States due to the significant effects it had on health.

1863: 765:

Both toxic and non-toxic strains exist. Non-toxic strains can acquire

11137: 10989: 10657: 10598: 10479: 9770: 9547: 9243: 9071: 8907:

Cholera, chloroform, and the science of medicine: a life of John Snow

8187:

Emergency Plan of Action Final Report Zambia: Cholera Outbreak Lusaka

7791:"AFP: Riot police break up Zimbabwe protests as cholera deaths mount" 7028: 7026: 3806: 3158:

Harris JB, LaRocque RC, Qadri F, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB (June 2012).

2717: 2233: 1938: 1929:

and the rest of the world, (hence the name "Asiatic cholera"). Seven

1657: 1049: 1041: 956: 911: 907: 708: 639: 573: 365: 293: 233: 32:, a milder disease that can be caused by non-cholera toxin producing 29: 8972: 8876: 8494: 3987:"Cholera transmission: the host, pathogen and bacteriophage dynamic" 10573: 9833: 9775: 9750: 9093: 8359:

Lacey SW (1 May 1995). "Cholera: Calamitous Past, Ominous Future".

8209: 8043:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp. 239–240. 6655: 6638: 6376: 2856: 2729: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2284: 2270: 1934: 1826: 1780: 1653: 1582: 1527: 1511: 1321:, ozone water treatment, ultraviolet light sterilization (e.g., by 1248: 1163: 1143: 1135: 1016: 934: 919: 888: 829: 809: 766: 712: 681: 643: 581: 558: 547: 530: 526: 477: 461: 369: 345: 338: 318: 314: 305: 100: 96: 7372:(Report). Global Task Force on Cholera Control. 2017. p. 18. 7023: 5807:

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

5736:. World Health Organization Global Task Force on Cholera Control. 4119: 3636:

Sack DA, Sack RB, Nair GB, Siddique AK (January 2004). "Cholera".

2247:, two Portuguese researchers, are believed to have done the same. 620: 484:

between 1849 and 1854 led to significant advances in the field of

11110: 10464: 10429: 9765: 9755: 6850:

Lacey SW (May 1995). "Cholera: calamitous past, ominous future".

6103:"Vibrio cholerae and cholera: out of the water and into the host" 4581:

Real-Time PCR in microbiology: From diagnosis to characterization

3829: 3116:(4th ed.). University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. 2840: 2832: 2721: 2664: 2563: 2292: 2119: 2053: 2019: 1856: 1561: 1495: 1273: 892: 884: 869: 738: 715:, can cause a person to contract an infection. Cholera is rarely 684: 465: 385: 173: 4240:

Wolfe M, Kaur M, Yates T, Woodin M, Lantagne D (2 August 2018).

4149:. Novartis Foundation Symposia. Vol. 197. pp. 97–118. 2076:

book lists tomato syrup as a home remedy from northern America.

2030:

of water supplies, but it still strongly affects populations in

1469: 517: 417:(FDA) approved a single-dose, live, oral cholera vaccine called 73:

due to cholera, causing sunken eyes and wrinkled hands and skin.

9942: 9166: 8999: 8984: 7436:

National Plan for the Elimination of Cholera in Haiti 2013-2022

5271: 2789: 2785: 2642: 2641:

presents the course of a cholera epidemic across the island of

2218: 1922: 1918: 1362: 1346: 1280:, release of untreated sewage, or dumping of fecal sludge from 1257: 1251: 673: 669: 469: 21:

This article is about the bacterial disease. For the dish, see

8947: 7395:"A new era in the history of cholera: the road to elimination" 5574: 5572: 5440: 4147:

Ciba Foundation Symposium 197 – Variation in the Human Genome

3112:

O1 and O139, and Other Pathogenic Vibrios". In Baron S (ed.).

2410:. Haiti aims to achieve certification of elimination by 2022. 2103:

Cholera morbus is a historical term that was used to refer to

1576:

method for reducing the contamination of drinking water. Used

945:. The five B subunits form a five-membered ring that binds to 887:. The few surviving bacteria conserve their energy and stored 750:

to be cultured on standard media, a phenotype referred to as '

281: 8900:

Investigating Cholera in Broad Street: A History in Documents

8406:

Arnold D (1986). "Cholera and Colonialism in British India".

5284: 2844: 2521: 2296: 2188: 1815: 1807: 1799: 1591: 1421: 1394: 1115: 557:, a deep and labored breathing pattern, can occur because of 460:, and affects children most severely. Cholera occurs as both 8846:

The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866

8667:"Cholera in Haiti and Other Caribbean Regions, 19th Century" 8136: 7650: 7032: 5086:

Lopez AL, Gonzales ML, Aldaba JG, Nair GB (September 2014).

3984: 1898:

as evidenced by its prevalence in the region for centuries.

1518:, that is effective for adults aged 18–64 as a single dose. 1397:. This type of toilet stops transmission of disease via the 8572:

Death in Hamburg: Society and Politics in the Cholera Years

7092: 6326:

The cholera years: the United States in 1832, 1849 and 1866

5569: 4344: 4184: 4182: 3678: 3522:

The Cholera Years the United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866

2880: 2385: 2377: 2187:(third from the right) on a cholera research expedition in 1747: 1577: 1232: 585: 368:

is a common source. Humans are the only known host for the

284: 9110: 8139:"Cholera Epidemic — Lusaka, Zambia, October 2017–May 2018" 8041:

Epidemics and Society: From the Black Death to the Present

7271: 6547:

Health impacts of globalization: towards global governance

4347:"Regulatory cascade controls virulence in Vibrio cholerae" 4288: 4033: 3791:"The blue death Disease, disaster, and the water we drink" 2221:

contamination was the most probable disease vector in two

433:

has also been found to improve outcomes. In severe cases,

275: 7348: 5804: 5162:"Waldemar Haffkine: The vaccine pioneer the world forgot" 4345:

DiRita VJ, Parsot C, Jander G, Mekalanos JJ (June 1991).

4188: 3679:

Azman AS, Rudolph KE, Cummings DA, Lessler J (May 2013).

2945:. Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology. Archived from 1803: 1523: 1146:

situations, a clinical diagnosis may be made by taking a

946: 852:

channel proteins interferes with bacteria binding to the

848:

infections. In this model, the genetic deficiency in the

5731:"First steps for managing an outbreak of acute diarrhea" 4179: 3413:"Cholera: Immunity and Prospects in Vaccine Development" 2601:

known for his contributions to the design of the modern

2228:

The bacterium was isolated in 1854 by Italian anatomist

1594:

cloth appears to work as well but is not as affordable.

1311:

the water (boiling, chlorination etc.) for possible use.

891:

during the passage through the stomach by shutting down

758:' (ABNC). One study indicates that the culturability of 445:

may be beneficial. The choice of antibiotic is aided by

341:. Symptoms start two hours to five days after exposure. 8729:

Cholera in Post-Revolutionary Paris: A Cultural History

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Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History

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A Companion to the Anthropology of Environmental Health

3727: 3681:"The incubation period of cholera: a systematic review" 3157: 2259:

with a microscope as the bacillus causing the disease.

1855:

Disposal of dead bodies during the cholera epidemic in

8958:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 262–267. 8475:

A Darkened House: Cholera in Nineteenth-Century Canada

5188: 4967:

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

3242: 2716:. It tells the story of Angelo Pardi, a young Italian 2068:

or with excessive evacuations and profuse cold sweat,

1719:, also may be used, but resistance has been reported. 8082: 6445:"Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection | Cholera | CDC" 6323: 5966:"Toward A New Strategy For Fighting Cholera In Haiti" 4813:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 24. 4246:

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

4191:"Intestinal Colonization Dynamics of Vibrio cholerae" 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 2401:

The WHO and the GTFCC do not consider global cholera

1081:

has revealed variation in the genetic structure. Two

521:

Typical cholera diarrhea that looks like "rice water"

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cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

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Oxford University Press. 7992:. 7 April 1893. p. 1. 7858:, 431–35; Holden, 373–400. 6639:"The origin of quarantine" 4979:10.1093/jhmas/xxxvii.4.399 4606:"Antibiotic resistance in 4583:. Caister Academic Press. 4085:Archivist (1 March 1997). 3697:10.1016/j.jinf.2012.11.013 3036:(13): 117–28. March 2010. 2237:Joaquim Balcells i Pascual 2173: 1869:2008–2009 cholera outbreak 1844: 1545: 1462: 1391:urine-diverting dry toilet 1296:that do not contribute to 1211:WASH § Health aspects 1208: 1060: 792:(for instance those using 599: 27: 20: 11332: 11294: 11267: 11247: 11203: 11148: 11121: 11076: 11050: 11014: 10946: 10937: 10829: 10794: 10785: 10742: 10719:Hemolytic-uremic syndrome 10637: 10622: 10613: 10554:Burkholderia pseudomallei 10543: 10523:Chromobacterium violaceum 10490: 10463: 10453:Meningococcal septicaemia 10428: 10419: 10410: 10322: 10295: 10286: 10234:Anaplasma phagocytophilum 10219: 10184: 10143: 10001: 9990: 9941: 9925: 9916: 9907: 9842: 9809:African sleeping sickness 9789: 9741: 9596: 9561: 9515: 9477: 9392: 9371: 9325: 9279: 9272: 9252: 9206: 9188: 9181: 9155: 9148: 9051: 8966: 8929:World Health Organization 8865:Pacific Historical Review 8650:10.1017/S0018246X06005280 8620:10.1017/S1740022820000236 8607:Journal of Global History 8601:Huber V (November 2020). 8373:10.1093/clinids/20.5.1409 8229:10.1186/s12879-019-4072-6 7151:10.1017/s0025727300036905 7133:Ruxin JN (October 1994). 6864:10.1093/clinids/20.5.1409 6696:10.1017/S0025727300021281 6678:Renbourn ET (July 1957). 6521:10.1017/S1740022820000236 6508:Journal of Global History 6502:Huber V (November 2020). 6350:Cholera's seven pandemics 6302:www.historyofmedicine.com 6107:FEMS Microbiology Reviews 5913:Telmesani AM (May 2010). 5486:. Springer. p. 330. 5243:CDC disease info: Cholera 4888:World Health Organization 4881:"Cholera and food safety" 4155:10.1002/9780470514887.ch6 4087:"Cholera phage discovery" 3354:"Diagnosis and Detection" 2779: 2510:outbreak swept over Haiti 1884: 1879:The word cholera is from 1638:Bangladesh Liberation War 1618: 1199:World Health Organization 965:ADP-ribosylation factor 6 756:active but non-culturable 752:viable but non-culturable 250: 242: 232: 210: 191: 179: 158: 142: 134: 126: 110: 89: 77: 68: 59: 51: 46: 11194:Plesiomonas shigelloides 10976:Brazilian purpuric fever 10593:Bordetella parapertussis 10382:Bartonella bacilliformis 10201:Flea-borne spotted fever 10131:Rickettsia aeschlimannii 10124:Rickettsia aeschlimannii 10116:American tick bite fever 9678:The Horseman on the Roof 9193:Oral rehydration therapy 8261:Ileyemi M (2024-06-18). 8064:Holden S (17 May 1996). 7741:Kapp C (February 2009). 7110:Plagues in World History 6999:Gazzetta Medica Italiana 6594:. ABC-CLIO. p. 99. 6473:Plagues in World History 5390:Ryan ET (January 2011). 5104:10.1177/2051013614537819 5057:10.1258/j.jmb.2007.05-59 3685:The Journal of Infection 2823: 2705:The Horseman on the Roof 2263:Hemendra Nath Chatterjee 2203:How to avoid the cholera 1835:2018–2023 Haitian crisis 1625:oral rehydration therapy 1608:oral rehydration therapy 1323:solar water disinfection 986:horizontal gene transfer 973:heterotrimeric G protein 687:and the oysters eat the 672:in waters infected with 660:. Most cholera cases in 595: 215:Oral rehydration therapy 95:Large amounts of watery 28:Not to be confused with 11362:Guillain–Barré syndrome 11278:Cardiobacterium hominis 11238:Acinetobacter baumannii 11180:Vibrio parahaemolyticus 10899:Yersinia enterocolitica 10666:Klebsiella granulomatis 10102:African tick bite fever 10060:North Asian tick typhus 9855:Priority review voucher 9410:2009 (Papua New Guinea) 8955:Encyclopædia Britannica 8216:BMC Infectious Diseases 5932:10.4103/1319-1683.71988 4834:Singer M (2016-05-31). 4579:Mackay IM, ed. (2007). 4372:10.1073/pnas.88.12.5403 4311:10.1126/science.1113398 2734:a film of the same name 2316:bacterial enteric toxin 1262:fecal sludge management 937:complex made up of six 808:, such as persons with 711:living in the affected 652:is usually through the 441:, may be required, and 11214:Pseudomonas aeruginosa 11132:Francisella tularensis 11091:Legionella longbeachae 11087:Legionella pneumophila 10729:Enterobacter aerogenes 10374:Bacillary angiomatosis 10168:Orientia tsutsugamushi 10074:Queensland tick typhus 10046:Japanese spotted fever 9980:Flying squirrel typhus 9333:1832 (Lord Wellington) 8748:(suppl 3): S137–S140. 8683:10.3201/eid1711.110958 8638:The Historical Journal 8594:Cholera: The Biography 8547:10.1093/past/120.1.123 8483:Social Science History 8416:10.1093/past/113.1.118 8310:Mandal S (July 2011). 8155:10.15585/mmwr.mm6719a5 8012:AIDS and Its Metaphors 5896:Cholera-Zinc Treatment 4861:Gili E (9 June 2015). 4715:"More Cholera in Port" 3423:(Suppl 3): S141–S146. 2836: 2745:Gabriel Garcia Márquez 2710:Le Hussard sur le toit 2487: 2318: 2210: 2195: 2056:was used according to 1977:New Orleans, Louisiana 1946:first cholera pandemic 1876: 1860: 1794:. In October 2016, an 1764:2010 epidemic in Haiti 1611: 1574:appropriate technology 1565: 1474: 1448: 1194: 988:. Virulent strains of 876: 838:heterozygous advantage 794:proton pump inhibitors 630: 617: 590:electrolyte imbalances 522: 509: 427:oral rehydration salts 11231:Moraxella catarrhalis 11097:Legionnaires' disease 11018:Pasteurella multocida 10648:Klebsiella pneumoniae 10445:Meningococcal disease 10252:Ehrlichia chaffeensis 10012:Rickettsia rickettsii 9976:Brill–Zinsser disease 9966:Rickettsia prowazekii 9612:Memories and Vagaries 9348:1849-1850 (Tennessee) 8895:(Cambridge UP, 1995). 8793:10.1353/bhm.2012.0050 8754:10.1093/infdis/jiy486 8267:Premium Times Nigeria 8015:. New York: Picador. 7793:. AFP. Archived from 7715:"Cholera in Zimbabwe" 6815:Geographical Analysis 6163:National Public Radio 6061:10536/DRO/DU:30050819 5480:Ramamurthy T (2010). 5143:haffkineinstitute.org 4951:on February 11, 2015. 4604:Ramamurthy T (2008). 4450:10.1093/femspd/ftx126 4437:Pathogens and Disease 4258:10.4269/ajtmh.17-0897 3429:10.1093/infdis/jiy414 3360:. February 10, 2015. 2831: 2755:film of the same name 2726:1832 cholera epidemic 2481: 2448:James Baker Institute 2433:James Baker Institute 2347:Robert Allan Phillips 2310:, who discovered the 2305: 2267:oral rehydration salt 2201: 2183: 2126:bringing cholera, in 1925:, and from Europe to 1866: 1854: 1798:began in war-ravaged 1730:may work better than 1605: 1568:Developed for use in 1555: 1472: 1446: 1209:Further information: 1192: 1096:antibiotic resistance 1090:Antibiotic resistance 992:carry a variant of a 867: 854:intestinal epithelium 623: 609: 572:associated with poor 520: 503: 458:high-income countries 380:, insufficient clean 333:. This may result in 331:electrolyte imbalance 195:Improved sanitation, 121:electrolyte imbalance 69:A person with severe 11392:Helicobacter cinaedi 11352:Campylobacter jejuni 11305:Aeromonas hydrophila 11187:Vibrio alginolyticus 10838:Shigella dysenteriae 10776:Citrobacter freundii 10733:Enterobacter cloacae 10589:Bordetella pertussis 10068:Rickettsia australis 9487:Chicago cholera myth 9435:2018–2019 (Zimbabwe) 9379:1913 (Romanian Army) 8518:Echenberg M (2011). 8316:Oman Medical Journal 7973:The Utility of Force 7488:10.1056/NEJMp1012997 7253:on September 1, 2017 7009:on 18 November 2015. 6771:on December 24, 2013 5674:, foreignpolicy.com. 5654:on December 3, 2013. 5377:10.1093/ije/22.5.961 5371:(5): 961–962. 1993. 4727:on December 16, 2008 4103:10.1136/adc.76.3.274 3550:Timmreck TC (2002). 3493:. October 27, 2014. 3384:"Cholera Fact Sheet" 3330:. November 7, 2014. 3255:(10053): 1459–1544. 3217:. November 7, 2014. 3114:Medical Microbiology 2943:and Asiatic Cholera" 2295:and 1000 ml of 2032:developing countries 1841:History of outbreaks 1742:Zinc supplementation 1377:, killing thousands. 1229:developing countries 1120:multi-drug resistant 918:start producing the 819:health care provider 666:developing countries 431:zinc supplementation 317:lasting a few days. 219:zinc supplementation 11473:Waterborne diseases 11438:Foodborne illnesses 11370:Helicobacter pylori 10860:Bacillary dysentery 10805:Salmonella enterica 10753:Serratia marcescens 10672:Granuloma inguinale 10568:Burkholderia mallei 10503:Eikenella corrodens 10351:Bartonella quintana 10343:Cat-scratch disease 10337:Bartonella henselae 10054:Rickettsia sibirica 10040:Rickettsia japonica 9743:Diseases of poverty 9735:Diseases of poverty 9605:Mastro-don Gesualdo 9597:Cultural depictions 9455:2023 (South Africa) 9420:2012 (Sierra Leone) 9363:1854 (Broad Street) 8727:Kudlick CJ (1996). 8328:10.5001/omj.2011.71 8291:www.thisdaylive.com 8039:Snowden FM (2019). 8008:Illness as Metaphor 7727:on 20 October 2013. 7298:10.1038/nature00778 7290:2002Natur.417..642M 6969:History of Vaccines 6614:J. N. Hays (2005). 6046:(9859): 2095–2128. 5781:"Cholera treatment" 5514:Merrill RM (2010). 4720:The Washington Post 4550:10.1056/NEJMp068144 4363:1991PNAS...88.5403D 4303:2005Sci...309.1093O 4297:(5737): 1093–1096. 4003:10.1038/nrmicro2204 3750:10.1038/nature07084 3742:2008Natur.454..877K 3170:(9835): 2466–2476. 3082:. January 6, 2015. 2738:Jean-Paul Rappeneau 2724:, caught up in the 2654:W. Somerset Maugham 2634:Mastro-don Gesualdo 2603:alternating current 2566:soldier and German 2560:Carl von Clausewitz 2417:Society and culture 2160:Hand bill from the 1896:Indian subcontinent 1796:outbreak of cholera 1479:Jaume Ferran i Clua 1221:developed countries 1114:. Rapid diagnostic 1086:African continent. 662:developed countries 168:, not enough clean 11358:Campylobacteriosis 11269:Cardiobacteriaceae 10770:Citrobacter koseri 10680:Klebsiella oxytoca 10110:Rickettsia parkeri 10096:Rickettsia africae 10026:Rickettsia conorii 9791:Neglected diseases 9776:Diarrheal diseases 9465:2023–2024 (Zambia) 9425:2014–2015 (Africa) 9052:External resources 8940: – 8927: – 8891:Snowden, Frank M. 8539:Past & Present 8473:Bilson, Geoffrey. 8408:Past & Present 8070:The New York Times 7941:Haynes SW (1997). 7412:10.1093/ije/dyt229 6901:2015-11-06 at the 6796:2013-10-25 at the 6732:2013-05-14 at the 6402:Plagues and People 6355:2016-03-02 at the 6259:www.ecdc.europa.eu 5787:on 6 November 2012 5670:2013-12-20 at the 5335:"Cholera vaccines" 5274:on April 15, 2017. 5148:2015-09-24 at the 4701:The New York Times 4417:2012-05-05 at the 4131:2011-11-22 at the 3051:on April 13, 2015. 2837: 2816:In June 2024, the 2686:made into an opera 2674:Der Tod in Venedig 2652:, a 1925 novel by 2614:In popular culture 2607:electricity supply 2488: 2324:medical scientist 2319: 2211: 2196: 2146:Pedro II of Brazil 2012:reportable disease 1917:(land and sea) to 1877: 1873:sub-Saharan Africa 1861: 1612: 1566: 1558:Matlab, Bangladesh 1510:(FDA) recommends, 1500:whole-cell vaccine 1477:Spanish physician 1475: 1449: 1315:Water purification 1195: 1008:genetic mechanisms 933:(CTX or CT) is an 883:conditions of the 877: 800:, with those with 631: 618: 555:Kussmaul breathing 523: 513:Signs and symptoms 510: 435:intravenous fluids 223:intravenous fluids 84:Infectious disease 11453:Tropical diseases 11415: 11414: 11411: 11410: 11343:Campylobacterales 11328: 11327: 11309:Aeromonas veronii 11173:Vibrio vulnificus 11105:Coxiella burnetii 11072: 11071: 10998:H. parainfluenzae 10933: 10932: 10929: 10928: 10868:Proteus mirabilis 10815:Paratyphoid fever 10704:Enterohemorrhagic 10624:Enterobacteriales 10609: 10608: 10539: 10538: 10406: 10405: 10402: 10401: 10388:Carrion's disease 10282: 10281: 10266:Ehrlichia ewingii 10215: 10214: 10211: 10210: 10032:Boutonneuse fever 9863: 9862: 9701: 9700: 9592: 9591: 9569:Broad Street Pump 9528:Waldemar Haffkine 9473: 9472: 9430:2016–2022 (Yemen) 9353:1853 (Copenhagen) 9268: 9267: 9177: 9176: 9108: 9107: 8855:978-0-226-72677-9 8830:Project MUSE 8719:978-0-7864-7242-0 8677:(11): 2130–2135. 8592:Hamlin C (2009). 8581:978-0-14-303636-4 8570:Evans RJ (2005). 8529:978-0-521-18820-3 8050:978-0-300-19221-6 7958:978-0-673-99001-3 7119:978-1-4422-0796-7 7108:Aberth J (2011). 7013:Pacini F (1854). 6993:Pacini F (1854). 6601:978-0-313-34102-1 6588:Byrne JP (2008). 6488:978-0-7425-5705-5 6469:Aberth J (2011). 6386:978-1-85109-658-9 6335:978-0-226-72677-9 6273:"Cholera - Haiti" 6200:978-92-4-002916-3 5763:Cholera Treatment 5599:978-92-4-159318-2 5558:978-1-111-79701-0 5527:978-0-7637-6622-1 5493:978-1-60327-265-0 4847:978-1-118-78699-4 4820:978-94-009-1515-2 4793:978-0-203-88162-0 4623:978-1-904455-33-2 4590:978-1-904455-18-9 4357:(12): 5403–5407. 4164:978-0-470-51488-7 3933:. 7 February 2011 3931:www.niaid.nih.gov 3912:978-0-8385-8529-0 3849:978-0-8133-4384-6 3563:978-0-7637-0060-7 3532:978-0-226-72676-2 3388:www.health.ny.gov 3305:978-1-4358-9437-2 3292:Bailey D (2011). 3123:978-0-9631172-1-2 2895:Explanatory notes 2767:The Secret Garden 2682:1971 film version 2568:military theorist 2370:Dhaka, Bangladesh 2355:Lasker Foundation 2279:, he states that 2074:Mother's Remedies 1931:cholera pandemics 1484:Waldemar Haffkine 1444: 1057:Genetic structure 501: 454:cholera pandemics 258: 257: 181:Diagnostic method 41:Medical condition 11485: 11339: 11338: 11249:Xanthomonadaceae 11057: 11040:Actinobacillosis 11021: 10954: 10944: 10943: 10874:Proteus vulgaris 10792: 10791: 10689:Escherichia coli 10635: 10634: 10620: 10619: 10495: 10426: 10425: 10417: 10416: 10306:Brucella abortus 10293: 10292: 10288:Hyphomicrobiales 10195:Rickettsia felis 10154:Rickettsia akari 10082:Rickettsia honei 9999: 9998: 9952:Rickettsia typhi 9939: 9938: 9923: 9922: 9914: 9913: 9890: 9883: 9876: 9867: 9866: 9728: 9721: 9714: 9705: 9704: 9638:The Painted Veil 9513: 9512: 9497:Cholera Hospital 9440:2020 (Bengaluru) 9358:1853 (Stockholm) 9343:1833 (Lexington) 9277: 9276: 9253:Fluoroquinolones 9186: 9185: 9153: 9152: 9135: 9128: 9121: 9112: 9111: 8964: 8963: 8959: 8951: 8888: 8859: 8837: 8825: 8775: 8765: 8732: 8723: 8704: 8694: 8661: 8632: 8622: 8597: 8585: 8566: 8541:(120): 123–146. 8533: 8514: 8470: 8460: 8435: 8410:(113): 118–151. 8393: 8392: 8367:(5): 1409–1419. 8356: 8350: 8349: 8339: 8307: 8301: 8300: 8298: 8297: 8283: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8273: 8258: 8252: 8251: 8241: 8231: 8207: 8201: 8200: 8198: 8191: 8183: 8177: 8176: 8166: 8134: 8125: 8124: 8114: 8104: 8080: 8074: 8073: 8061: 8055: 8054: 8036: 8023: 8000: 7994: 7993: 7990:Selangor Journal 7986:"Notes and News" 7982: 7976: 7969: 7963: 7962: 7938: 7932: 7925: 7919: 7916: 7910: 7909: 7899: 7889: 7865: 7859: 7852: 7846: 7843: 7837: 7830: 7824: 7813: 7807: 7806: 7804: 7802: 7797:on July 31, 2012 7787: 7781: 7780: 7762: 7738: 7729: 7728: 7726: 7719: 7710: 7704: 7703: 7683: 7677: 7676: 7648: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7638: 7629:. Archived from 7598: 7592: 7591: 7581: 7561: 7552: 7551: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7490: 7466: 7460: 7457: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7441: 7431: 7425: 7424: 7414: 7405:(6): 1537–1540. 7390: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7371: 7363: 7357: 7356: 7345: 7339: 7338: 7331: 7320: 7319: 7309: 7269: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7258: 7243: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7233: 7224:. Archived from 7218:"Sambhu Nath De" 7214: 7208: 7207: 7179: 7173: 7172: 7162: 7130: 7124: 7123: 7105: 7099: 7098: 7088: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7078: 7059: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7049: 7030: 7021: 7020: 7010: 6990: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6980: 6971:. Archived from 6961: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6951: 6937: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6927: 6912: 6906: 6890: 6884: 6883: 6847: 6841: 6840: 6830: 6809:Pyle GF (2010). 6806: 6800: 6787: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6761: 6755: 6754: 6747: 6741: 6724: 6718: 6717: 6707: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6658: 6634: 6628: 6612: 6606: 6605: 6585: 6579: 6563: 6557: 6540: 6534: 6533: 6523: 6499: 6493: 6492: 6476: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6456: 6441: 6435: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6413: 6407: 6405: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6369:Hays JN (2005). 6366: 6360: 6346: 6340: 6339: 6321: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6308: 6294: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6269: 6263: 6262: 6251: 6240: 6239: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6185: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6122: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6073: 6063: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6014: 6004: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5944: 5934: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5892: 5883: 5882: 5872: 5840: 5831: 5830: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5792: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5742: 5735: 5727: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5691:. 22 April 2009. 5681: 5675: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5647:. Archived from 5646: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5618: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5591: 5576: 5567: 5566: 5545:Starr C (2007). 5542: 5536: 5535: 5511: 5502: 5501: 5477: 5468: 5467: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5421: 5411: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5350: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5314: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5270:. Archived from 5264: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5254: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5218: 5186: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5173: 5158: 5152: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5123: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5040: 5029: 5028: 5000: 4991: 4990: 4962: 4953: 4952: 4947:. Archived from 4941: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4931: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4902: 4896: 4890:. Archived from 4885: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4742:Swinburne Island 4733: 4732: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4683: 4677: 4666: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4648: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4533: 4512: 4511: 4501: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4452: 4428: 4422: 4408: 4395: 4394: 4384: 4374: 4342: 4331: 4330: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4269: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4220: 4210: 4186: 4177: 4176: 4142: 4136: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4065: 4055: 4046:(10): e1000187. 4031: 4025: 4024: 4014: 3982: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3963: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3938: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3888: 3867: 3854: 3853: 3837: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3807:10.1172/JCI34394 3786: 3780: 3779: 3761: 3736:(7206): 877–80. 3725: 3719: 3718: 3708: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3644:(9404): 223–33. 3633: 3572: 3571: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3516: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3440: 3408: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3395: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3272: 3240: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3207: 3198: 3197: 3187: 3155: 3140: 3139: 3105: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3072: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3044:. Archived from 3027: 3019: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2954: 2934: 2912: 2905: 2847:in the state of 2775:Country examples 2690:Benjamin Britten 2678:Luchino Visconti 2650:The Painted Veil 2588:Serbian-American 2349:, working at US 2157: 2141: 2129:Le Petit Journal 2116: 2097:Eastern Seaboard 2090: 1996:seventh pandemic 1903:Jakob de Bondt's 1886: 1713:Fluoroquinolones 1633:Ringer's lactate 1445: 1418:Cholera hospital 1414: 1399:fecal-oral route 1386: 1358: 1290:sewage treatment 1073:of the pandemic 969:Gs alpha subunit 939:protein subunits 806:lowered immunity 787: 654:fecal-oral route 502: 439:Ringer's lactate 405:Cholera vaccines 291: 290: 287: 286: 283: 280: 277: 274: 271: 205:cholera vaccines 153:fecal-oral route 64: 44: 43: 11493: 11492: 11488: 11487: 11486: 11484: 11483: 11482: 11418: 11417: 11416: 11407: 11324: 11290: 11263: 11243: 11205:Pseudomonadales 11199: 11159:Vibrio cholerae 11144: 11117: 11068: 11051: 11046: 11015: 11010: 10947: 10925: 10881:Yersinia pestis 10825: 10781: 10738: 10694:Enterotoxigenic 10626: 10605: 10545:Burkholderiales 10535: 10509:Kingella kingae 10491: 10486: 10459: 10398: 10392:Verruga peruana 10318: 10278: 10221:Anaplasmataceae 10207: 10180: 10139: 9993: 9986: 9972:Epidemic typhus 9930: 9903: 9894: 9864: 9859: 9838: 9824:River blindness 9814:Schistosomiasis 9785: 9737: 9732: 9702: 9697: 9655:The Seventh Sin 9619:Death in Venice 9588: 9557: 9553:Henry Whitehead 9523:Gaspard Goyrand 9511: 9469: 9460:2023 (Zimbabwe) 9405:2008 (Zimbabwe) 9388: 9367: 9321: 9264: 9248: 9234:Chloramphenicol 9202: 9173: 9161:Vibrio cholerae 9144: 9139: 9109: 9104: 9103: 9047: 9046: 8975: 8949:"Cholera" 8946: 8936:Vibrio cholerae 8916: 8877:10.2307/3642236 8856: 8823: 8720: 8582: 8530: 8495:10.2307/1171027 8402: 8400:Further reading 8397: 8396: 8357: 8353: 8308: 8304: 8295: 8293: 8285: 8284: 8280: 8271: 8269: 8259: 8255: 8208: 8204: 8196: 8189: 8185: 8184: 8180: 8149:(19): 556–559. 8135: 8128: 8095:(4): e0008227. 8081: 8077: 8062: 8058: 8051: 8037: 8026: 8001: 7997: 7984: 7983: 7979: 7971:Smith, Rupert, 7970: 7966: 7959: 7939: 7935: 7926: 7922: 7917: 7913: 7880:(4): e1003967. 7866: 7862: 7853: 7849: 7844: 7840: 7831: 7827: 7814: 7810: 7800: 7798: 7789: 7788: 7784: 7739: 7732: 7724: 7717: 7711: 7707: 7684: 7680: 7659:(21): 2762–74. 7649: 7645: 7636: 7634: 7599: 7595: 7579:10.1.1.477.3795 7562: 7555: 7516: 7512: 7467: 7463: 7458: 7454: 7446: 7439: 7433: 7432: 7428: 7391: 7384: 7376: 7369: 7365: 7364: 7360: 7347: 7346: 7342: 7333: 7332: 7323: 7284:(6889): 642–5. 7270: 7266: 7256: 7254: 7245: 7244: 7240: 7231: 7229: 7216: 7215: 7211: 7180: 7176: 7139:Medical History 7131: 7127: 7120: 7106: 7102: 7089: 7085: 7076: 7074: 7060: 7056: 7047: 7045: 7031: 7024: 6991: 6987: 6978: 6976: 6963: 6962: 6958: 6949: 6947: 6945:www.ph.ucla.edu 6939: 6938: 6934: 6925: 6923: 6922:. 14 March 2017 6914: 6913: 6909: 6903:Wayback Machine 6891: 6887: 6848: 6844: 6807: 6803: 6798:Wayback Machine 6788: 6784: 6774: 6772: 6763: 6762: 6758: 6749: 6748: 6744: 6734:Wayback Machine 6725: 6721: 6684:Medical History 6676: 6672: 6635: 6631: 6613: 6609: 6602: 6586: 6582: 6564: 6560: 6541: 6537: 6500: 6496: 6489: 6467: 6463: 6454: 6452: 6443: 6442: 6438: 6430:Richard Evans: 6429: 6425: 6414: 6410: 6398: 6394: 6387: 6379:. p. 193. 6367: 6363: 6357:Wayback Machine 6347: 6343: 6336: 6322: 6315: 6306: 6304: 6296: 6295: 6291: 6281: 6279: 6271: 6270: 6266: 6261:. May 30, 2023. 6253: 6252: 6243: 6212: 6208: 6201: 6187: 6186: 6177: 6167: 6165: 6155: 6151: 6140: 6136: 6099: 6095: 6032: 6028: 5995:(6): e0003832. 5981: 5977: 5962: 5958: 5911: 5907: 5894: 5893: 5886: 5855:(6): CD008625. 5841: 5834: 5803: 5799: 5790: 5788: 5779: 5778: 5774: 5761: 5760: 5756: 5746: 5744: 5740: 5733: 5729: 5728: 5721: 5712: 5710: 5701: 5700: 5696: 5683: 5682: 5678: 5672:Wayback Machine 5663: 5659: 5651: 5644: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5627: 5616: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5600: 5578: 5577: 5570: 5559: 5543: 5539: 5528: 5512: 5505: 5494: 5478: 5471: 5439: 5435: 5388: 5384: 5362: 5361: 5357: 5348: 5346: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5297:(8): CD000974. 5283: 5279: 5266: 5265: 5261: 5252: 5250: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5201:(3): CD008603. 5187: 5180: 5171: 5169: 5160: 5159: 5155: 5150:Wayback Machine 5141: 5137: 5084: 5080: 5041: 5032: 5001: 4994: 4963: 4956: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4929: 4927: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4900: 4898: 4894: 4883: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4832: 4828: 4821: 4805: 4801: 4794: 4778: 4774: 4765: 4763: 4755: 4754: 4750: 4730: 4728: 4713: 4712: 4708: 4703:. 18 July 1911. 4695: 4694: 4690: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4664: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4646: 4644: 4636: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4608:Vibrio cholerae 4602: 4598: 4591: 4577: 4573: 4534: 4515: 4470: 4466: 4429: 4425: 4419:Wayback Machine 4409: 4398: 4343: 4334: 4287: 4283: 4238: 4234: 4201:(5): e1004787. 4187: 4180: 4165: 4143: 4139: 4133:Wayback Machine 4124: 4120: 4083: 4079: 4032: 4028: 3997:(10): 693–702. 3983: 3970: 3961: 3959: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3936: 3934: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3899: 3895: 3886: 3884: 3869: 3868: 3857: 3850: 3828: 3824: 3787: 3783: 3726: 3722: 3677: 3673: 3634: 3575: 3564: 3548: 3544: 3533: 3517: 3510: 3500: 3498: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3470: 3468: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3409: 3402: 3393: 3391: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3367: 3365: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3337: 3335: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3306: 3290: 3286: 3241: 3234: 3224: 3222: 3209: 3208: 3201: 3156: 3143: 3124: 3110:Vibrio cholerae 3106: 3099: 3089: 3087: 3074: 3073: 3056: 3048: 3025: 3021: 3020: 2961: 2952: 2950: 2941:Vibrio cholerae 2935: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2915: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2889:disease ecology 2877: 2869:Vibrio cholerae 2826: 2812: 2795:Vibrio cholerae 2782: 2777: 2669:Death in Venice 2631:The 1889 novel 2616: 2528:Adam Mickiewicz 2498:and biographer 2476: 2452:Vibrio cholerae 2444:Rita R. Colwell 2424: 2419: 2395: 2393:Global Strategy 2341:Vibrio cholerae 2328:discovered the 2291:, 25 g of 2289:sodium chloride 2269:(ORS) to treat 2178: 2176:Cholera vaccine 2172: 2165: 2158: 2149: 2142: 2133: 2117: 2105:gastroenteritis 2088: 2086:Vibrio cholerae 1973:fourth pandemic 1954:second pandemic 1849: 1843: 1772: 1757: 1744: 1705:chloramphenicol 1667: 1650: 1621: 1600: 1550: 1544: 1542:Sari filtration 1467: 1465:Cholera vaccine 1461: 1434: 1432: 1425: 1415: 1406: 1403:water pollution 1387: 1378: 1359: 1331:sari filtration 1298:water pollution 1278:Open defecation 1268:. Provision of 1225:water treatment 1213: 1207: 1187: 1173:Infection with 1148:patient history 1132: 1092: 1065: 1063:Vibrio cholerae 1059: 954:ADP-ribosylates 897:small intestine 874:Vibrio cholerae 862: 826:cystic fibrosis 790:gastric acidity 785: 782: 680:accumulates in 678:Vibrio cholerae 636: 626:Vibrio cholerae 615:Vibrio cholerae 604: 602:Vibrio cholerae 598: 570:lactic acidosis 515: 491: 413:. In 2017, the 350:Vibrio cholerae 310:Vibrio cholerae 298:small intestine 268: 264: 148:Vibrio cholerae 42: 37: 34:Vibrio cholerae 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11491: 11481: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11413: 11412: 11409: 11408: 11406: 11405: 11404: 11403: 11388: 11387: 11386: 11384:Gastric cancer 11366: 11365: 11364: 11347: 11345: 11336: 11330: 11329: 11326: 11325: 11323: 11322: 11321: 11320: 11300: 11298: 11292: 11291: 11289: 11288: 11287: 11286: 11273: 11271: 11265: 11264: 11262: 11261: 11253: 11251: 11245: 11244: 11242: 11241: 11234: 11227: 11226: 11225: 11209: 11207: 11201: 11200: 11198: 11197: 11190: 11183: 11176: 11169: 11168: 11167: 11154: 11152: 11146: 11145: 11143: 11142: 11141: 11140: 11127: 11125: 11119: 11118: 11116: 11115: 11114: 11113: 11101: 11100: 11099: 11082: 11080: 11074: 11073: 11070: 11069: 11067: 11066: 11060: 11058: 11048: 11047: 11045: 11044: 11043: 11042: 11034:Actinobacillus 11030: 11028:Pasteurellosis 11024: 11022: 11012: 11011: 11009: 11008: 11007: 11006: 10994: 10993: 10992: 10980: 10979: 10978: 10973: 10957: 10955: 10941: 10939:Pasteurellales 10935: 10934: 10931: 10930: 10927: 10926: 10924: 10923: 10922: 10921: 10909: 10908: 10907: 10895: 10894: 10893: 10891:Bubonic plague 10877: 10864: 10863: 10862: 10833: 10831: 10827: 10826: 10824: 10823: 10822: 10821: 10800: 10798: 10789: 10783: 10782: 10780: 10779: 10766: 10765: 10764: 10748: 10746: 10740: 10739: 10737: 10736: 10724: 10723: 10722: 10721: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10699:Enteroinvasive 10696: 10684: 10683: 10676: 10675: 10674: 10662: 10661: 10660: 10643: 10641: 10632: 10617: 10611: 10610: 10607: 10606: 10604: 10603: 10602: 10601: 10585: 10578: 10577: 10576: 10564: 10563: 10562: 10549: 10547: 10541: 10540: 10537: 10536: 10534: 10533: 10532: 10531: 10519: 10518: 10517: 10498: 10496: 10488: 10487: 10485: 10484: 10483: 10482: 10469: 10467: 10461: 10460: 10458: 10457: 10456: 10455: 10434: 10432: 10423: 10414: 10408: 10407: 10404: 10403: 10400: 10399: 10397: 10396: 10395: 10394: 10378: 10377: 10376: 10361: 10360: 10359: 10347: 10346: 10345: 10328: 10326: 10324:Bartonellaceae 10320: 10319: 10317: 10316: 10315: 10314: 10301: 10299: 10290: 10284: 10283: 10280: 10279: 10277: 10276: 10275: 10274: 10262: 10261: 10260: 10248: 10247: 10246: 10225: 10223: 10217: 10216: 10213: 10212: 10209: 10208: 10206: 10205: 10204: 10203: 10190: 10188: 10182: 10181: 10179: 10178: 10177: 10176: 10164: 10163: 10162: 10160:Rickettsialpox 10149: 10147: 10141: 10140: 10138: 10137: 10136: 10135: 10120: 10119: 10118: 10106: 10105: 10104: 10092: 10091: 10090: 10078: 10077: 10076: 10064: 10063: 10062: 10050: 10049: 10048: 10036: 10035: 10034: 10022: 10021: 10020: 10007: 10005: 9996: 9988: 9987: 9985: 9984: 9983: 9982: 9962: 9961: 9960: 9947: 9945: 9936: 9927:Rickettsiaceae 9920: 9911: 9905: 9904: 9897:Pseudomonadota 9893: 9892: 9885: 9878: 9870: 9861: 9860: 9858: 9857: 9852: 9846: 9844: 9840: 9839: 9837: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9819:Dracunculiasis 9816: 9811: 9806: 9804:Chagas disease 9801: 9795: 9793: 9787: 9786: 9784: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9747: 9745: 9739: 9738: 9731: 9730: 9723: 9716: 9708: 9699: 9698: 9696: 9695: 9688: 9681: 9674: 9673: 9672: 9660: 9659: 9658: 9651: 9646: 9634: 9633: 9632: 9627: 9615: 9608: 9600: 9598: 9594: 9593: 9590: 9589: 9587: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9565: 9563: 9559: 9558: 9556: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9543:Filippo Pacini 9540: 9535: 9533:George Johnson 9530: 9525: 9519: 9517: 9510: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9483: 9481: 9475: 9474: 9471: 9470: 9468: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9445:2022 (Lebanon) 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9396: 9394: 9390: 9389: 9387: 9386: 9381: 9375: 9373: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9329: 9327: 9323: 9322: 9320: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9283: 9281: 9274: 9270: 9269: 9266: 9265: 9263: 9262: 9256: 9254: 9250: 9249: 9247: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9210: 9208: 9204: 9203: 9201: 9200: 9195: 9189: 9183: 9179: 9178: 9175: 9174: 9172: 9171: 9170: 9169: 9156: 9150: 9146: 9145: 9138: 9137: 9130: 9123: 9115: 9106: 9105: 9102: 9101: 9090: 9079: 9068: 9056: 9055: 9053: 9049: 9048: 9045: 9044: 9033: 9022: 9007: 8992: 8976: 8971: 8970: 8968: 8967:Classification 8961: 8960: 8944: 8931: 8922: 8915: 8914:External links 8912: 8911: 8910: 8903: 8896: 8889: 8871:(4): 527–551. 8860: 8854: 8838: 8787:(3): 303–332. 8776: 8733: 8724: 8718: 8705: 8662: 8644:(2): 453–476. 8633: 8613:(3): 394–407. 8598: 8589: 8586: 8580: 8567: 8534: 8528: 8515: 8489:(4): 467–488. 8478: 8471: 8436: 8401: 8398: 8395: 8394: 8351: 8302: 8278: 8253: 8202: 8178: 8126: 8075: 8056: 8049: 8024: 7995: 7977: 7964: 7957: 7933: 7920: 7911: 7874:PLOS Pathogens 7860: 7847: 7838: 7825: 7808: 7782: 7730: 7705: 7678: 7643: 7593: 7553: 7510: 7461: 7452: 7426: 7382: 7358: 7340: 7321: 7264: 7238: 7209: 7190:(6795): 1063. 7174: 7125: 7118: 7100: 7083: 7065:, ed. (2015). 7054: 7036:, ed. (2018). 7022: 7011:Reprinted as: 7001:(in Italian). 6985: 6956: 6932: 6907: 6885: 6858:(5): 1409–19. 6842: 6801: 6782: 6756: 6742: 6727:www.legatum.sk 6719: 6670: 6656:10.1086/344062 6629: 6607: 6600: 6580: 6558: 6535: 6514:(3): 394–407. 6494: 6487: 6461: 6436: 6423: 6408: 6392: 6385: 6361: 6341: 6334: 6313: 6289: 6264: 6241: 6206: 6199: 6175: 6149: 6134: 6113:(2): 125–139. 6093: 6026: 5975: 5956: 5905: 5884: 5832: 5797: 5772: 5754: 5719: 5694: 5676: 5657: 5633: 5605: 5598: 5568: 5557: 5537: 5526: 5503: 5492: 5469: 5450:(1): 125–129. 5433: 5382: 5355: 5326: 5277: 5259: 5245:. 2010-10-22. 5230: 5178: 5153: 5135: 5098:(5): 123–136. 5078: 5030: 5011:(4): 516–532. 4992: 4973:(4): 399–422. 4954: 4936: 4907: 4872: 4867:Deutsche Welle 4853: 4846: 4826: 4819: 4799: 4792: 4772: 4748: 4706: 4688: 4653: 4629: 4622: 4596: 4589: 4571: 4513: 4484:(1): 172–181. 4464: 4423: 4396: 4332: 4281: 4252:(2): 534–545. 4232: 4195:PLOS Pathogens 4178: 4163: 4137: 4118: 4077: 4040:PLOS Pathogens 4026: 3968: 3943: 3918: 3911: 3893: 3855: 3848: 3822: 3781: 3720: 3671: 3573: 3562: 3542: 3531: 3508: 3478: 3452: 3400: 3375: 3345: 3315: 3304: 3284: 3232: 3199: 3141: 3122: 3097: 3054: 2959: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2876: 2873: 2825: 2822: 2810: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2772: 2771: 2762: 2747:'s 1985 novel 2741: 2708:(orig. French 2701: 2698:Hamburg Ballet 2657: 2646: 2639:Giovanni Verga 2615: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2581: 2571: 2557: 2547: 2544:King of France 2537: 2531: 2525: 2514:United Nations 2512:, traced to a 2503: 2500:Anthony Holden 2475: 2472: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2394: 2391: 2326:Sambhu Nath De 2308:Sambhu Nath De 2230:Filippo Pacini 2171: 2168: 2167: 2166: 2159: 2152: 2150: 2143: 2136: 2134: 2118: 2111: 2070:veratrum album 1988:sixth pandemic 1966:Quebec, Canada 1962:third pandemic 1937:originated in 1842: 1839: 1771: 1768: 1756: 1753: 1746:In Bangladesh 1743: 1740: 1666: 1663: 1649: 1646: 1620: 1617: 1599: 1596: 1546:Main article: 1543: 1540: 1463:Main article: 1460: 1457: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1416: 1409: 1407: 1388: 1381: 1379: 1371:Port-au-Prince 1360: 1353: 1340: 1339: 1312: 1305: 1255: 1206: 1203: 1186: 1183: 1131: 1128: 1091: 1088: 1071:fingerprinting 1061:Main article: 1058: 1055: 943:disulfide bond 920:toxic proteins 861: 858: 781: 780:Susceptibility 778: 705:drinking water 635: 632: 600:Main article: 597: 594: 578:Blood pressure 514: 511: 474:Southeast Asia 382:drinking water 256: 255: 252: 248: 247: 244: 240: 239: 236: 230: 229: 212: 208: 207: 193: 189: 188: 183: 177: 176: 170:drinking water 162: 156: 155: 144: 140: 139: 136: 132: 131: 128: 124: 123: 114: 108: 107: 93: 87: 86: 81: 75: 74: 66: 65: 57: 56: 53: 49: 48: 40: 23:Cholera (food) 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11490: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11425: 11423: 11402: 11400: 11396: 11395: 11394: 11393: 11389: 11385: 11381: 11380:MALT lymphoma 11377: 11374: 11373: 11372: 11371: 11367: 11363: 11359: 11356: 11355: 11354: 11353: 11349: 11348: 11346: 11344: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11331: 11319: 11317: 11313: 11312: 11311: 11310: 11306: 11302: 11301: 11299: 11297: 11296:Aeromonadales 11293: 11285: 11282: 11281: 11280: 11279: 11275: 11274: 11272: 11270: 11266: 11260: 11259: 11255: 11254: 11252: 11250: 11246: 11240: 11239: 11235: 11233: 11232: 11228: 11224: 11222: 11218: 11217: 11216: 11215: 11211: 11210: 11208: 11206: 11202: 11196: 11195: 11191: 11189: 11188: 11184: 11182: 11181: 11177: 11175: 11174: 11170: 11166: 11163: 11162: 11161: 11160: 11156: 11155: 11153: 11151: 11147: 11139: 11136: 11135: 11134: 11133: 11129: 11128: 11126: 11124: 11123:Thiotrichales 11120: 11112: 11109: 11108: 11107: 11106: 11102: 11098: 11095: 11094: 11093: 11092: 11088: 11084: 11083: 11081: 11079: 11078:Legionellales 11075: 11065: 11062: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11055: 11049: 11041: 11038: 11037: 11036: 11035: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11019: 11013: 11005: 11002: 11001: 11000: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10988: 10987: 10986: 10985: 10981: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10970: 10966: 10965: 10964: 10963: 10962:H. influenzae 10959: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10936: 10920: 10917: 10916: 10915: 10914: 10910: 10906: 10903: 10902: 10901: 10900: 10896: 10892: 10888: 10885: 10884: 10883: 10882: 10878: 10876: 10875: 10870: 10869: 10865: 10861: 10857: 10854: 10853: 10852: 10851: 10847: 10843: 10839: 10835: 10834: 10832: 10828: 10820: 10819:Salmonellosis 10816: 10812: 10811:Typhoid fever 10809: 10808: 10807: 10806: 10802: 10801: 10799: 10797: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10784: 10778: 10777: 10772: 10771: 10767: 10763: 10761: 10757: 10756: 10755: 10754: 10750: 10749: 10747: 10745: 10741: 10735: 10734: 10730: 10726: 10725: 10720: 10717: 10716: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10691: 10690: 10686: 10685: 10682: 10681: 10677: 10673: 10670: 10669: 10668: 10667: 10663: 10659: 10655: 10654:Rhinoscleroma 10652: 10651: 10650: 10649: 10645: 10644: 10642: 10640: 10636: 10633: 10630: 10625: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10612: 10600: 10597: 10596: 10595: 10594: 10590: 10586: 10584: 10583: 10579: 10575: 10572: 10571: 10570: 10569: 10565: 10561: 10558: 10557: 10556: 10555: 10551: 10550: 10548: 10546: 10542: 10530: 10527: 10526: 10525: 10524: 10520: 10516: 10513: 10512: 10511: 10510: 10505: 10504: 10500: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10489: 10481: 10478: 10477: 10476: 10475: 10471: 10470: 10468: 10466: 10462: 10454: 10450: 10446: 10443: 10442: 10441: 10440: 10436: 10435: 10433: 10431: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10409: 10393: 10389: 10386: 10385: 10384: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10372: 10371: 10370: 10366: 10362: 10358: 10355: 10354: 10353: 10352: 10348: 10344: 10341: 10340: 10339: 10338: 10333: 10332:Bartonellosis 10330: 10329: 10327: 10325: 10321: 10313: 10310: 10309: 10308: 10307: 10303: 10302: 10300: 10298: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10285: 10273: 10270: 10269: 10268: 10267: 10263: 10259: 10256: 10255: 10254: 10253: 10249: 10245: 10241: 10238: 10237: 10236: 10235: 10230: 10227: 10226: 10224: 10222: 10218: 10202: 10199: 10198: 10197: 10196: 10192: 10191: 10189: 10187: 10183: 10175: 10172: 10171: 10170: 10169: 10165: 10161: 10158: 10157: 10156: 10155: 10151: 10150: 10148: 10146: 10142: 10134: 10132: 10128: 10127: 10126: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10114: 10113: 10112: 10111: 10107: 10103: 10100: 10099: 10098: 10097: 10093: 10089: 10086: 10085: 10084: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10072: 10071: 10070: 10069: 10065: 10061: 10058: 10057: 10056: 10055: 10051: 10047: 10044: 10043: 10042: 10041: 10037: 10033: 10030: 10029: 10028: 10027: 10023: 10019: 10016: 10015: 10014: 10013: 10009: 10008: 10006: 10004: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9989: 9981: 9977: 9973: 9970: 9969: 9968: 9967: 9963: 9959: 9958:Murine typhus 9956: 9955: 9954: 9953: 9949: 9948: 9946: 9944: 9940: 9937: 9934: 9933:Rickettsioses 9928: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9918:Rickettsiales 9915: 9912: 9910: 9906: 9902: 9898: 9891: 9886: 9884: 9879: 9877: 9872: 9871: 9868: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9847: 9845: 9843:Miscellaneous 9841: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9829:Leishmaniasis 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9796: 9794: 9792: 9788: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9748: 9746: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9729: 9724: 9722: 9717: 9715: 9710: 9709: 9706: 9694: 9693: 9692:The Ghost Map 9689: 9687: 9686: 9682: 9680: 9679: 9675: 9671: 9668: 9667: 9666: 9665: 9661: 9657: 9656: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9641: 9640: 9639: 9635: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9622: 9621: 9620: 9616: 9614: 9613: 9609: 9607: 9606: 9602: 9601: 9599: 9595: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9566: 9564: 9560: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9520: 9518: 9514: 9508: 9507:Cholera riots 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9484: 9482: 9480: 9476: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9415:2010s (Haiti) 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9397: 9395: 9391: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9376: 9374: 9370: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9330: 9328: 9324: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9284: 9282: 9278: 9275: 9271: 9261: 9258: 9257: 9255: 9251: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9219:Cotrimoxazole 9217: 9215: 9212: 9211: 9209: 9205: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9190: 9187: 9184: 9180: 9168: 9165: 9164: 9163: 9162: 9158: 9157: 9154: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9136: 9131: 9129: 9124: 9122: 9117: 9116: 9113: 9100: 9096: 9095: 9091: 9089: 9085: 9084: 9080: 9078: 9074: 9073: 9069: 9067: 9063: 9062: 9058: 9057: 9054: 9050: 9043: 9039: 9038: 9034: 9032: 9028: 9027: 9023: 9021: 9017: 9016: 9012: 9008: 9006: 9002: 9001: 8997: 8993: 8991: 8987: 8986: 8982: 8978: 8977: 8974: 8969: 8965: 8957: 8956: 8950: 8945: 8943: 8939: 8937: 8932: 8930: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8917: 8908: 8904: 8901: 8897: 8894: 8890: 8886: 8882: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8861: 8857: 8851: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8835: 8831: 8828: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8734: 8730: 8725: 8721: 8715: 8712:. McFarland. 8711: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8647: 8643: 8639: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8604: 8599: 8595: 8590: 8587: 8583: 8577: 8573: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8535: 8531: 8525: 8521: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8479: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8404: 8403: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8355: 8347: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8306: 8292: 8288: 8282: 8268: 8264: 8257: 8249: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8206: 8195: 8188: 8182: 8174: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8133: 8131: 8122: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8079: 8071: 8067: 8060: 8052: 8046: 8042: 8035: 8033: 8031: 8029: 8022: 8021:0-312-42013-7 8018: 8014: 8013: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7991: 7987: 7981: 7974: 7968: 7960: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7945: 7937: 7931:, p. 349–350. 7930: 7927:Susan Nagel, 7924: 7915: 7907: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7864: 7857: 7856:Man and Music 7851: 7842: 7835: 7832:David Brown, 7829: 7822: 7818: 7817:Man and Music 7812: 7796: 7792: 7786: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7753:(9662): 447. 7752: 7748: 7744: 7737: 7735: 7723: 7716: 7709: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7682: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7647: 7633:on 2021-08-23 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7597: 7589: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7560: 7558: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7526:(4): 819–30. 7525: 7521: 7514: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7465: 7456: 7445: 7438: 7437: 7430: 7422: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7389: 7387: 7375: 7368: 7362: 7354: 7353:www.gtfcc.org 7350: 7344: 7336: 7330: 7328: 7326: 7317: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7268: 7252: 7248: 7242: 7228:on 2019-12-05 7227: 7223: 7219: 7213: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7178: 7170: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7145:(4): 363–97. 7144: 7140: 7136: 7129: 7121: 7115: 7111: 7104: 7096: 7095: 7087: 7073:on 2020-08-01 7072: 7068: 7064: 7058: 7044:on 2019-07-08 7043: 7039: 7035: 7029: 7027: 7018: 7017: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6989: 6975:on 2021-01-28 6974: 6970: 6966: 6960: 6946: 6942: 6936: 6921: 6917: 6911: 6904: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6889: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6846: 6838: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6805: 6799: 6795: 6792: 6786: 6770: 6766: 6760: 6752: 6746: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6728: 6723: 6715: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6690:(3): 211–25. 6689: 6685: 6681: 6674: 6666: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6649:(9): 1071–2. 6648: 6644: 6640: 6633: 6627: 6626:1-85109-658-2 6623: 6619: 6618: 6611: 6603: 6597: 6593: 6592: 6584: 6578: 6577:0-674-00473-6 6574: 6570: 6569: 6562: 6556: 6555:0-333-80254-3 6552: 6548: 6544: 6539: 6531: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6498: 6490: 6484: 6480: 6475: 6474: 6465: 6450: 6446: 6440: 6433: 6427: 6419: 6412: 6404:, p. 268 6403: 6396: 6388: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6373: 6365: 6358: 6354: 6351: 6345: 6337: 6331: 6327: 6320: 6318: 6303: 6299: 6293: 6278: 6274: 6268: 6260: 6256: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6222:(3): 639–60. 6221: 6217: 6210: 6202: 6196: 6192: 6191: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6164: 6160: 6153: 6145: 6138: 6130: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6097: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6030: 6022: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5979: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5952: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5909: 5901: 5897: 5891: 5889: 5880: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5839: 5837: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5801: 5786: 5782: 5776: 5768: 5764: 5758: 5739: 5732: 5726: 5724: 5709:on 2010-11-24 5708: 5704: 5698: 5690: 5686: 5680: 5673: 5669: 5666: 5661: 5650: 5643: 5637: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5609: 5601: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5581: 5575: 5573: 5564: 5560: 5554: 5550: 5549: 5541: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5519: 5518: 5510: 5508: 5499: 5495: 5489: 5485: 5484: 5476: 5474: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5437: 5429: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5386: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5359: 5345:on 2010-02-16 5344: 5340: 5339:Health topics 5336: 5330: 5322: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5281: 5273: 5269: 5263: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5234: 5226: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5185: 5183: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5151: 5147: 5144: 5139: 5131: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5082: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 4999: 4997: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4959: 4950: 4946: 4940: 4926:on 2008-12-14 4925: 4921: 4920:Health topics 4917: 4911: 4897:on 2017-08-21 4893: 4889: 4882: 4876: 4868: 4864: 4857: 4849: 4843: 4839: 4838: 4830: 4822: 4816: 4812: 4811: 4803: 4795: 4789: 4786:. CRC Press. 4785: 4784: 4776: 4762: 4758: 4752: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4726: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4692: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4657: 4643: 4639: 4633: 4625: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4609: 4600: 4592: 4586: 4582: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4544:(7): 649–51. 4543: 4539: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4509: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4468: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4427: 4420: 4416: 4413: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4277: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4236: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4183: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4141: 4134: 4130: 4127: 4122: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4030: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3932: 3928: 3922: 3914: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3883:on 2013-10-26 3882: 3878: 3877: 3872: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3851: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3835: 3826: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3759:2027.42/62519 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3546: 3538: 3534: 3528: 3524: 3523: 3515: 3513: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3482: 3466: 3462: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3405: 3389: 3385: 3379: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3297: 3296: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3239: 3237: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3204: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3104: 3102: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2949:on 2010-12-28 2948: 2944: 2942: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2924: 2910: 2907:According to 2904: 2900: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2865:rainy seasons 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2821: 2819: 2814: 2813: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2769: 2768: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2699: 2695: 2694:John Neumeier 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2635: 2630: 2629: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2575: 2574:Elliot Bovill 2572: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2551: 2550:James K. Polk 2548: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2484:James K. Polk 2482:US President 2480: 2474:Notable cases 2471: 2469: 2468:cholera riots 2463: 2461: 2456: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2442:According to 2440: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2422:Health policy 2414: 2411: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2336: 2331: 2330:cholera toxin 2327: 2323: 2317: 2313: 2312:cholera toxin 2309: 2304: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2209:; August 1849 2208: 2204: 2200: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2163: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2115: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2087: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2050:cholera belts 2047: 2046:miasma theory 2042: 2040: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1955: 1950: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1927:North America 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1904: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1882: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1776: 1767: 1765: 1760: 1752: 1749: 1739: 1737: 1736:ciprofloxacin 1733: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1718: 1717:ciprofloxacin 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1693:cotrimoxazole 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1673:dehydration. 1671: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1645: 1641: 1639: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1616: 1609: 1604: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1539: 1535: 1533: 1532:herd immunity 1529: 1525: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1491: 1489: 1488:British India 1485: 1480: 1471: 1466: 1456: 1454: 1453:rainy seasons 1423: 1419: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1389:Example of a 1385: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1357: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1327:Cloth filters 1324: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1309:decontaminate 1306: 1303: 1302:flush toilets 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1266:human excreta 1263: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1212: 1202: 1200: 1191: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1069: 1064: 1054: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1018: 1013: 1010:by which the 1009: 1004: 1002: 998: 997:bacteriophage 995: 991: 987: 983: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 955: 951: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 931:cholera toxin 927: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 904: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 885:human stomach 882: 875: 871: 866: 857: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 822: 820: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 777: 775: 774:bacteriophage 772: 768: 763: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 740: 736: 732: 728: 727:phytoplankton 724: 720: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 692: 690: 686: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 645: 641: 628: 627: 622: 616: 612: 608: 603: 593: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 564: 560: 556: 551: 549: 545: 541: 537: 532: 528: 519: 507: 489: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 450: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 423: 420: 416: 412: 411: 406: 402: 397: 395: 394:dipstick test 392:, or a rapid 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 342: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 323:muscle cramps 320: 316: 312: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 289: 262: 254:28,800 (2015) 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 235: 231: 228: 224: 220: 216: 213: 209: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 187: 184: 182: 178: 175: 171: 167: 163: 161: 157: 154: 150: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 122: 118: 115: 113: 112:Complications 109: 106: 105:muscle cramps 102: 98: 94: 92: 88: 85: 82: 80: 76: 72: 67: 63: 58: 54: 50: 45: 39: 35: 31: 24: 19: 11399:Helicobacter 11398: 11390: 11376:Peptic ulcer 11368: 11350: 11315: 11303: 11276: 11256: 11236: 11229: 11220: 11212: 11192: 11185: 11178: 11171: 11164: 11157: 11150:Vibrionaceae 11130: 11103: 11085: 11052: 11032: 11016: 10996: 10982: 10968: 10960: 10948: 10911: 10897: 10879: 10872: 10866: 10836: 10803: 10774: 10768: 10759: 10751: 10727: 10687: 10678: 10664: 10646: 10587: 10580: 10566: 10552: 10521: 10507: 10501: 10492: 10472: 10437: 10421:Neisseriales 10380: 10368: 10364: 10357:Trench fever 10349: 10335: 10304: 10297:Brucellaceae 10264: 10250: 10244:Anaplasmosis 10232: 10229:Ehrlichiosis 10193: 10174:Scrub typhus 10166: 10152: 10130: 10122: 10108: 10094: 10080: 10066: 10052: 10038: 10024: 10010: 9964: 9950: 9899:-associated 9850:Malnutrition 9798: 9761:Tuberculosis 9690: 9683: 9676: 9662: 9653: 9636: 9617: 9610: 9603: 9492:Cholera belt 9338:1832 (Sligo) 9317:1961–present 9239:Furazolidone 9224:Erythromycin 9214:Tetracycline 9159: 9141: 9092: 9081: 9070: 9059: 9035: 9024: 9009: 8994: 8979: 8953: 8935: 8906: 8899: 8892: 8868: 8864: 8845: 8842:Rosenberg CE 8784: 8780: 8745: 8741: 8728: 8709: 8674: 8670: 8641: 8637: 8610: 8606: 8593: 8571: 8538: 8519: 8486: 8482: 8474: 8451:(1): 51–55. 8448: 8444: 8407: 8364: 8360: 8354: 8322:(4): 288–9. 8319: 8315: 8305: 8294:. 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Retrieved 5343:the original 5338: 5329: 5294: 5290: 5280: 5272:the original 5262: 5251:. Retrieved 5242: 5233: 5198: 5194: 5170:. Retrieved 5168:. 2020-12-11 5165: 5156: 5138: 5095: 5091: 5081: 5048: 5044: 5008: 5004: 4970: 4966: 4949:the original 4939: 4928:. Retrieved 4924:the original 4919: 4910: 4899:. Retrieved 4892:the original 4875: 4866: 4856: 4836: 4829: 4809: 4802: 4782: 4775: 4764:. Retrieved 4760: 4751: 4735: 4729:. Retrieved 4725:the original 4718: 4709: 4700: 4691: 4680:. Retrieved 4656: 4645:. Retrieved 4641: 4632: 4613: 4607: 4599: 4580: 4574: 4541: 4537: 4481: 4477: 4467: 4440: 4436: 4426: 4354: 4350: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4249: 4245: 4235: 4198: 4194: 4146: 4140: 4121: 4094: 4090: 4080: 4043: 4039: 4029: 3994: 3990: 3960:. Retrieved 3958:. 2020-08-05 3955: 3946: 3935:. Retrieved 3930: 3921: 3902: 3896: 3885:. Retrieved 3881:the original 3875: 3871:Rita Colwell 3833: 3825: 3798: 3794: 3784: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3691:(5): 432–8. 3688: 3684: 3674: 3641: 3637: 3552: 3545: 3521: 3499:. Retrieved 3481: 3469:. Retrieved 3467:. 9 May 2008 3464: 3455: 3420: 3417:J Infect Dis 3416: 3392:. Retrieved 3387: 3378: 3366:. Retrieved 3348: 3336:. Retrieved 3318: 3294: 3287: 3252: 3248: 3223:. Retrieved 3167: 3163: 3113: 3109: 3088:. Retrieved 3046:the original 3033: 3029: 2951:. Retrieved 2947:the original 2940: 2903: 2878: 2868: 2853:Ganges delta 2839:The city of 2838: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2793: 2783: 2765: 2757:directed by 2748: 2736:directed by 2709: 2703: 2673: 2667: 2632: 2620:tuberculosis 2617: 2584:Nikola Tesla 2518:peacekeepers 2464: 2457: 2451: 2441: 2437: 2425: 2412: 2400: 2396: 2373: 2361: 2359: 2345: 2340: 2335:animal model 2333: 2320: 2315: 2281:promethazine 2274: 2261: 2256: 2249: 2227: 2212: 2202: 2192: 2127: 2102: 2085: 2082: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2043: 2036: 2028:chlorination 2004: 1999: 1993: 1981: 1970: 1959: 1951: 1943: 1915:trade routes 1908: 1900: 1891: 1887: 1878: 1824: 1812: 1785: 1777: 1773: 1770:Epidemiology 1761: 1758: 1745: 1728:tetracycline 1724:Azithromycin 1721: 1709:furazolidone 1701:tetracycline 1697:erythromycin 1684: 1675: 1668: 1651: 1648:Electrolytes 1642: 1622: 1613: 1587: 1567: 1548:Cloth filter 1536: 1520: 1492: 1476: 1450: 1430:Surveillance 1367:fecal sludge 1341: 1319:chlorination 1286:septic tanks 1282:pit latrines 1237: 1214: 1196: 1178: 1174: 1172: 1167: 1160: 1156: 1153: 1139: 1133: 1123: 1112:erythromycin 1104:tetracycline 1093: 1078: 1066: 1045: 1038: 1034: 1028: 1024: 1022: 1011: 1005: 989: 981: 950:gangliosides 928: 923: 915: 905: 878: 873: 868:The role of 845: 842:heterozygous 823: 814:malnourished 802:type O blood 783: 764: 759: 747: 743: 722: 721: 696: 693: 677: 650:Transmission 648: 637: 634:Transmission 624: 614: 552: 544:asymptomatic 524: 486:epidemiology 451: 424: 410:E. coli 408: 398: 374:Risk factors 354:unsafe water 349: 343: 308: 260: 259: 201:hand washing 160:Risk factors 146: 38: 18: 11221:Pseudomonas 10969:Haemophilus 10950:Haemophilus 10905:Yersiniosis 10856:Shigellosis 10560:Melioidosis 10369:B. quintana 10365:B. henselae 10312:Brucellosis 9584:Duffy's Cut 9538:Robert Koch 9502:Cholera pit 9400:2007 (Iraq) 9260:Norfloxacin 9229:Doxycycline 9207:Antibiotics 9061:MedlinePlus 8574:. Penguin. 7845:Holden, 23. 7834:Early Years 7821:Tchaikovsky 6965:"John Snow" 6892:John Snow, 6449:www.cdc.gov 6434:London 1987 6277:www.who.int 5589:10665/43209 5051:(1): 9–19. 4761:www.who.int 4642:Mayo Clinic 2861:dry seasons 2849:West Bengal 2759:Mike Newell 2720:colonel of 2661:Thomas Mann 2552:, eleventh 2534:Sadi Carnot 2496:David Brown 2492:Tchaikovsky 2406:during the 2403:eradication 2382:amino acids 2374:V. cholerae 2257:V. cholerae 2255:identified 2253:Robert Koch 2207:Aberystwyth 2193:V. cholerae 2185:Robert Koch 1911:still water 1867:Map of the 1732:doxycycline 1687:have shown 1685:V. cholerae 1677:Doxycycline 1665:Antibiotics 1629:intravenous 1459:Vaccination 1361:Dumping of 1343:Handwashing 1294:dry toilets 1179:V. cholerae 1175:V. cholerae 1168:V. cholerae 1161:V. cholerae 1157:V. cholerae 1140:V. cholerae 1079:V. cholerae 1046:V. cholerae 1039:V. cholerae 1035:V. cholerae 1025:V. cholerae 1012:V. cholerae 990:V. cholerae 982:V. cholerae 961:endocytosis 924:V. cholerae 916:V. cholerae 846:V. cholerae 760:V. cholerae 748:V. cholerae 744:V. cholerae 731:zooplankton 723:V. cholerae 701:groundwater 697:V. cholerae 689:zooplankton 685:crustaceans 568:losses and 566:bicarbonate 548:bluish-gray 540:electrolyte 536:dehydration 443:antibiotics 401:clean water 362:human feces 358:unsafe food 335:sunken eyes 327:dehydration 227:antibiotics 197:clean water 127:Usual onset 117:Dehydration 71:dehydration 52:Other names 11468:Sanitation 11422:Categories 11401:cellulitis 10984:H. ducreyi 10971:meningitis 10493:ungrouped: 10186:Flea-borne 10145:Mite-borne 10003:Tick-borne 9685:Contagious 9574:Cefn Golau 9083:Patient UK 9037:DiseasesDB 8934:Cholera – 8296:2024-06-22 8272:2024-06-20 8222:(1): 421. 7823:, 269–270. 7747:The Lancet 7637:2021-08-23 7481:(1): 3–5. 7232:2019-12-05 7077:2020-08-01 7048:2020-08-01 6979:2021-01-20 6950:2021-01-20 6926:2021-01-20 6543:Kelley Lee 6455:2018-04-04 6416:McNeil J. 6307:2019-07-23 6282:1 February 6040:The Lancet 5791:2008-01-03 5713:2010-10-29 5349:2010-02-01 5253:2010-10-24 5172:2021-01-20 4930:2008-12-08 4901:2017-08-20 4766:2020-08-20 4731:2008-12-11 4682:2017-06-30 4647:2022-09-04 4097:(3): 274. 3962:2021-03-11 3937:2017-12-05 3887:2013-10-23 3394:2020-05-26 2953:2010-12-20 2919:References 2714:Jean Giono 2337:of cholera 2276:The Lancet 2174:See also: 2093:Erie Canal 2078:Elecampane 2039:quarantine 1890:from χολή 1845:See also: 1715:, such as 1689:resistance 1670:Antibiotic 1570:Bangladesh 1494:Euvichol. 1335:Bangladesh 1270:sanitation 1217:sanitation 1185:Prevention 1100:Bangladesh 957:G proteins 935:oligomeric 834:delta-F508 798:blood type 769:through a 682:planktonic 658:sanitation 584:, or even 437:, such as 390:stool test 378:sanitation 192:Prevention 186:Stool test 166:sanitation 151:spread by 138:A few days 11463:Pandemics 11458:Epidemics 11318:infection 11316:Aeromonas 11223:infection 11138:Tularemia 10990:Chancroid 10762:infection 10744:Slow/weak 10658:Pneumonia 10599:Pertussis 10480:Gonorrhea 10133:infection 9771:Pneumonia 9649:2006 film 9644:1934 film 9562:Memorials 9548:John Snow 9312:1899–1923 9307:1881–1896 9302:1863–1875 9297:1846–1860 9292:1826–1837 9287:1817–1824 9280:Pandemics 9273:Outbreaks 9244:Virstatin 9182:Treatment 9072:eMedicine 8938:infection 8817:207267413 8658:162994263 8629:228940685 7694:: 75–93. 7574:CiteSeerX 7335:"Cholera" 6821:: 59–75. 6620:. p.347. 6530:228940685 6157:Dwyer C. 5112:2051-0136 4757:"Cholera" 3666:208793200 3160:"Cholera" 2937:Todar K. 2718:carbonaro 2624:demimonde 2570:(d. 1831) 2556:(d. 1849) 2546:(d. 1836) 2540:Charles X 2283:can stop 2215:John Snow 2205:leaflet; 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