1144:
1202:
While it is difficult to assess an exact age at which constipation most commonly arises, children frequently experience constipation in conjunction with life-changes. Examples include: toilet training, starting or transferring to a new school, and changes in diet. Especially in infants, changes in formula or transitioning from breast milk to formula can cause constipation. The majority of constipation cases are not tied to a medical disease, and treatment can be focused on simply relieving the symptoms.
754:
789:
42:
393:
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is another intervention performed only in patients known to have a slow colonic transit time and in whom a defecation disorder has either been treated or is not present. Because this is a major operation, side effects can include considerable abdominal pain, small bowel obstruction, and post-surgical
1214:
stage. During this time, women are at increased risk of being constipated. Multiple studies estimate the prevalence of constipation to be around 25% during the first 3 months. Constipation can cause discomfort for women, as they are still recovering from the delivery process especially if they have
1201:
Approximately 3% of children have constipation, with girls and boys being equally affected. With constipation accounting for approximately 5% of general pediatrician visits and 25% of pediatric gastroenterologist visits, the symptom carries a significant financial impact upon the healthcare system.
1254:
The pelvic floor muscles play an important role in helping pass a bowel movement. Injury to those muscles by some of the above risk factors (examples- delivering a large child, lengthy second stage of labor, forceps delivery) can result in constipation. Enemas may be administered during labor and
1117:
Constipation is the most common chronic gastrointestinal disorder in adults. Depending on the definition employed, it occurs in 2% to 20% of the population. It is more common in women, the elderly and children. Specifically constipation with no known cause affects females more often affected than
813:. This in the context of accompanied symptoms helps physicians discover the cause of constipation. People often describe their constipation as bowel movements that are difficult to pass, firm stool with lumpy or hard consistency, and excessive straining during bowel movements. Bloating, abdominal
796:
The diagnosis is typically made based on a person's description of the symptoms. Bowel movements that are difficult to pass, very firm, or made up of small hard pellets (like those excreted by rabbits) qualify as constipation, even if they occur every day. Constipation is traditionally defined as
1151:
Since ancient times different societies have published medical opinions about how health care providers should respond to constipation in patients. In various times and places, doctors have made claims that constipation has all sorts of medical or social causes. Doctors in history have treated
891:
Colonic propagating pressure wave sequences (PSs) are responsible for discrete movements of the bowel contents and are vital for normal defecation. Deficiencies in PS frequency, amplitude, and extent of propagation are all implicated in severe defecatory dysfunction (SDD). Mechanisms that can
835:
Separating non-life-threatening from serious causes may be partly based on symptoms. For example, colon cancer may be suspected if a person has a family history of colon cancer, fever, weight loss, and rectal bleeding. Other alarming signs and symptoms include family or personal history of
832:. Low fiber intake, inadequate amounts of fluids, poor ambulation or immobility, or medications can contribute to constipation. Once the presence of constipation is identified based on a culmination of the symptoms described above, then the cause of constipation should be figured out.
817:, and abdominal pain often accompany constipation. Chronic constipation (symptoms present at least three days per month for more than three months) associated with abdominal discomfort is often diagnosed as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) when no obvious cause is found.
507:
Constipation can be caused or exacerbated by a low-fiber diet, low liquid intake, or dieting. Dietary fiber helps to decrease colonic transport time, increases stool bulk but simultaneously softens stool. Therefore, diets low in fiber can lead to primary constipation.
953:
In chronic constipation of unknown cause, the main treatment involves the increased intake of water and fiber (either dietary or as supplements). The routine use of laxatives or enemas is discouraged, as having bowel movements may come to be dependent upon their use.
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are common in pregnancy and also may get exacerbated when constipated. Anything that can cause pain with stooling (hemorrhoids, perineal tear, episiotomy) can lead to constipation because patients may withhold from having a bowel movement so as to avoid pain.
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The treatment of constipation should focus on the underlying cause if known. The
National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) break constipation in adults into two categories: chronic constipation of unknown cause, and constipation due to opiates.
464:. In children, causes can include diets low in fiber and fluids, underlying medical conditions, and reluctance to go to the bathroom. In the elderly, common causes have been attributed to insufficient dietary fiber intake, inadequate fluid intake, decreased
3734:
Drossman DA, Corazziari E, Talley NJ, Grant
Thompson W, Whitehead WE, editors. Rome II: the Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. Diagnosis, Pathophysiology and Treatment: a Multinational Consensus. 2nd Edition. McLean: Degnon Associates,
705:
Voluntary withholding of the stool is a common cause of constipation. The choice to withhold can be due to factors such as fear of pain, fear of public restrooms, or laziness. When a child holds in the stool a combination of encouragement,
801:, abdominal pain, headaches, a feeling of fatigue and nervous exhaustion, or a sense of incomplete emptying. Although constipation may be a diagnosis, it is typically viewed as a symptom that requires evaluation to discern a cause.
460:. It is the most common kind of constipation, and is often multifactorial. In adults, such primary causes include: dietary choices such as insufficient dietary fiber or fluid intake, or behavioral causes such as decreased
402:
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Most commonly, constipation is thought of as infrequent bowel movements, usually fewer than 3 stools per week. However, people may have other complaints as well including:
3855:
3840:
248:. The normal frequency of bowel movements in adults is between three per day and three per week. Babies often have three to four bowel movements per day while young children typically have two to three per day.
737:. They are as a group uncommon with Hirschsprung's disease (HD) being the most common. There are also congenital structural anomalies that can lead to constipation, including anterior displacement of the anus,
966:
are generally considered first-line treatment for chronic constipation, compared to insoluble fibers such as wheat bran. Side effects of fiber supplements include bloating, flatulence, diarrhea, and possible
1012:
is widely available in third world countries, but has been withdrawn in most of the west. It has not been shown to have a benefit on constipation, while potentially causing cardiac arrhythmias and deaths.
1255:
these can also alter bowel movements in the days after giving birth. However, there is insufficient evidence to make conclusions about the effectiveness and safety of laxatives in this group of people.
991:
are recommended as first-line agents due to their low cost and safety. Stimulants should only be used if this is not effective. In cases of chronic constipation, polyethylene glycol appears superior to
1093:, and fecal impaction. Straining to pass stool may lead to hemorrhoids. In later stages of constipation, the abdomen may become distended, hard and diffusely tender. Severe cases ("fecal impaction" or
1024:
can be used to provide a form of mechanical stimulation. A large volume or high enema can be given to cleanse as much of the colon as possible of feces, and the solution administered commonly contains
676:. In infants, Hirschsprung's disease is the most common medical disorder associated with constipation. Anismus occurs in a small minority of persons with chronic constipation or obstructed defecation.
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844:
A physical examination should involve at least an abdominal exam and rectal exam. Abdominal exam may reveal an abdominal mass if there is significant stool burden and may reveal abdominal discomfort.
373:
In the general population rates of constipation are 2–30 percent. Among elderly people living in a care home the rate of constipation is 50–75 percent. People spend, in the United States, more than
904:
The Rome III Criteria for functional constipation must include two or more of the following and present for the past three months, with symptoms starting for at least 6 months prior to diagnosis.
2259:
641:
Constipation has a number of structural (mechanical, morphological, anatomical) causes, namely through creating space-occupying lesions within the colon that stop the passage of stool, such as
1852:
The results of this study suggested that honey can improve the symptoms of constipation by elevating fecal water content and intestinal transit rate in loperamide‐induced constipation model.
236:
is often hard and dry. Other symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, and feeling as if one has not completely passed the bowel movement. Complications from constipation may include
3026:
433:
are a set of symptoms that help standardize the diagnosis of constipation in various age groups. These criteria help physicians to better define constipation in a standardized manner.
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are generally only performed if bowel obstruction is suspected, may reveal extensive impacted fecal matter in the colon, and may confirm or rule out other causes of similar symptoms.
852:
and whether the lower rectum contains any feces or not. Rectal examination also gives information on the consistency of the stool, the presence of hemorrhoids, blood and whether any
2287:
938:
Constipation is usually easier to prevent than to treat. Following the relief of constipation, maintenance with adequate exercise, fluid intake, and high-fiber diet is recommended.
1143:
1028:
which irritates the colon's lining resulting in increased urgency to defecate. However, a low enema is generally useful only for stool in the rectum, not in the intestinal tract.
856:
irregularities are present including skin tags, fissures, anal warts. Physical examination is done manually by a physician and is used to guide which diagnostic tests to order.
1489:
4813:
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Functional constipation is common and does not warrant diagnostic testing. Imaging and laboratory tests are typically recommended for those with alarm signs or symptoms.
836:
inflammatory bowel disease, age of onset over 50, change in stool caliber, nausea, vomiting, and neurological symptoms like weakness, numbness and difficulty urinating.
1118:
males. The reasons it occurs more frequently in the elderly is felt to be due to an increasing number of health problems as humans age and decreased physical activity.
1036:
Constipation that resists the above measures may require physical intervention such as manual disimpaction (the physical removal of impacted stool using the hands; see
330:
Treatment of constipation depends on the underlying cause and the duration that it has been present. Measures that may help include drinking enough fluids, eating more
1442:
445:, primary, and secondary. The most common kind is primary and not life-threatening. It can also be divided by the age group affected such as children and adults.
820:
Poor dietary habits, previous abdominal surgeries, and certain medical conditions can contribute to constipation. Diseases associated with constipation include
3334:
Marilee
Schmelzer, Lawrence R.Schiller, Richard Meyer, Susan M.Rugari, PattiCase (November 2004). "Safety and effectiveness of large-volume enema solutions".
657:
damage or malformation and post-surgical changes. Extra-intestinal masses such as other malignancies can also lead to constipation from external compression.
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3991:
3400:
1574:
Andromanakos N, Skandalakis P, Troupis T, Filippou D (2006). "Constipation of anorectal outlet obstruction: Pathophysiology, evaluation and management".
2051:
Locke GR, Pemberton JH, Phillips SF (December 2000). "American
Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement: guidelines on constipation".
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1752:
Dioctyl
Sulfosuccinate or Docusate (Calcium or Sodium) for the Prevention or Management of Constipation: A Review of the Clinical Effectiveness
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may be used to improve gastrointestinal motility. A number of new agents have shown positive outcomes in chronic constipation; these include
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of iron, calcium, and some medications. However, patients with opiate-induced constipation will likely not benefit from fiber supplements.
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327:, there is a history of inflammatory bowel disease or colon cancer in a person's family, or it is of new onset in someone who is older.
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2263:
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Barish CF, Drossman D, Johanson JF, Ueno R (April 2010). "Efficacy and safety of lubiprostone in patients with chronic constipation".
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Distinguish between acute (days to weeks) or chronic (months to years) onset of constipation because this information changes the
3984:
2945:
1481:
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Lee-Robichaud H, Thomas K, Morgan J, Nelson RL (7 July 2010). "Lactulose versus
Polyethylene Glycol for Chronic Constipation".
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19th century satirical cartoon of a monkey rejecting an old style clyster for a new design, filled with marshmallow and opium
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Since the 1700s in the West there has been some popular thought that people with constipation have some moral failing with
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Colonoscopy may be performed if an abnormality in the colon like a tumor is suspected. Other tests rarely ordered include
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1947:
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Aboumarzouk OM, Agarwal T, Antakia R, Shariff U, Nelson RL (19 January 2011). "Cisapride for
Intestinal Constipation".
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867:
The laboratory tests performed depends on the suspected underlying cause of the constipation. Tests may include CBC (
4987:
2650:
Schouten WR, Briel JW, Auwerda JJ, van Dam JH, Gosselink MJ, Ginai AZ, Hop WC (1997). "Anismus: fact or fiction?".
2462:
Li K, Wang XF, Li DY, Chen YC, Zhao LJ, Liu XG, Guo YF, Shen J, Lin X, Deng J, Zhou R, Deng HW (28 November 2018).
1810:"Gut microbiota is involved in the alleviation of loperamide-induced constipation by honey supplementation in mice"
2419:
Gallegos-Orozco JF, Foxx-Orenstein AE, Sterler SM, Stoa JM (January 2012). "Chronic constipation in the elderly".
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Wald A, Scarpignato C, Mueller-Lissner S, Kamm MA, Hinkel U, Helfrich I, Schuijt C, Mandel KG (1 October 2008).
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More than four million
Americans have frequent constipation, accounting for 2.5 million physician visits a year.
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Secondary causes include side effects of medications such as opiates, endocrine and metabolic disorders such as
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4832:
4654:
4253:
3571:"A multinational survey of prevalence and patterns of laxative use among adults with self-defined constipation"
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Rao SS, Rattanakovit K, Patcharatrakul T (2016). "Diagnosis and management of chronic constipation in adults".
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5193:
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Longstreth GF, Thompson WG, Chey WD, Houghton LA, Mearin F, Spiller RC (2006). "Functional bowel disorders".
2894:
Tabbers M, DiLorenzo C, Berger M, Faure C, Langendam M, Nurko S, Staiano A, Vandenplas Y, Benninga M (2014).
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is defined by ongoing symptoms for greater than six months not due to an underlying cause such as medication
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may be useful to overcome the problem. Early intervention with withholding is important as this can lead to
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4948:
4467:
4075:
3522:"Gender, age, society, culture, and the patient's perspective in the functional gastrointestinal disorders"
1821:
665:
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Leung FW (February 2007). "Etiologic factors of chronic constipation: review of the scientific evidence".
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or an underlying medical condition. It is not associated with abdominal pain, thus distinguishing it from
4162:
3454:
2464:"The good, the bad, and the ugly of calcium supplementation: a review of calcium intake on human health"
580:. Supplements such as calcium and iron supplements can also have constipation as a notable side effect.
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4457:
4058:
296:
161:
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Jamshed N, Lee ZE, Olden KW (1 August 2011). "Diagnostic approach to chronic constipation in adults".
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three or fewer bowel movements per week. Other symptoms related to constipation can include bloating,
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4710:
4516:
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3308:
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A limited number of cases require urgent medical intervention or will result in severe consequences.
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1870:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 240.
1520:"The Overlap between Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: A Clinical Dilemma"
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normalize these aberrant motor patterns may help rectify the problem. Recently the novel therapy of
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2523:"Ileus Due to Iron Pills: A Case Report and Literature Report on the Importance of Stool Softeners"
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84:
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Colombo JM, Wassom MC, Rosen JM (1 September 2015). "Constipation and
Encopresis in Childhood".
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4859:
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may also present with constipation. Cystocele can develop as a result of chronic constipation.
280:
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141:
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1105:, where soft stool from the small intestine bypasses the mass of impacted fecal matter in the
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about 90% develop constipation. Constipation is more concerning when there is weight loss or
251:
Constipation has many causes. Common causes include slow movement of stool within the colon,
2572:
Gyger G, Baron M (2015). "Systemic
Sclerosis: Gastrointestinal Disease and Its Management".
1125:
Chronic constipation accounts for 3% of all visits annually to pediatric outpatient clinics.
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infections. Furthermore, it has a very variable rate of success and is very case dependent.
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are generally reserved for when other types are not effective. Other treatments may include
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National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse. (2007) NIH Publication No. 07–2754.
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Many medications have constipation as a side effect. Some include (but are not limited to)
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8:
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1993:
Walia R, Mahajan L, Steffen R (October 2009). "Recent advances in chronic constipation".
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3027:"Colonic manometry and sacral nerve stimulation in patients with severe constipation"
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1366:"American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on constipation"
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then the idea of "auto-intoxication" entered popular Western thought in a fresh way.
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Sonnenberg A, Koch TR (1989). "Epidemiology of constipation in the United States".
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624:. Constipation is also common in individuals with muscular and myotonic dystrophy.
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63:
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1808:
Li Y, Long S, Liu Q, Ma H, Li J, Xiaoking W, Yuan J, Li M, Hou M (8 August 2020).
1223:. Risk factors that increase the risk of constipation in this population include:
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2006:
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1290:"Costiveness – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary"
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Chang L, Toner BB, Fukudo S, Guthrie E, Locke GR, Norton NJ, Sperber AD (2006).
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In refractory cases, procedures can be performed to help relieve constipation.
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3315:. Professional Education, Testing and Certification Organization International
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Constipation-related health care costs total $ 6.9 billion in the US annually.
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2896:"Evaluation and Treatment of Functional Constipation in Infants and Children"
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McCallum IJ, Ong S, Mercer-Jones M (2009). "Chronic constipation in adults".
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2231:"Ovarian Cancer, Inside Knowledge, Get the Facts about Gynecological Cancer"
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2827:"American Gastroenterological Association Technical Review on Constipation"
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2014:
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1675:"American Gastroenterological Association technical review on constipation"
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Sensation of anorectal obstruction/blockage for at least 25% of defecations
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93:
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Camilleri M, Deiteren A (February 2010). "Prucalopride for constipation".
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The patient history: an evidence-based approach to differential diagnosis
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as alternative medical treatment became more common in medical practice.
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Metabolic and endocrine problems which may lead to constipation include:
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237:
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128:
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1723:"Pernicious Anemia Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination"
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Around $ 725 million is spent on laxative products each year in America.
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49:
Constipation in a young child seen on X-ray. Circles represent areas of
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Inner hygiene: constipation and the pursuit of health in modern society
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Chatoor D, Emmnauel A (2009). "Constipation and evacuation disorders".
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http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/constipation/#treatment
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Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (26 June 2014).
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constipation in reasonable and unreasonable ways, including use of a
1065:
1009:
993:
980:
788:
650:
605:
573:
521:
576:
can cause severe constipation due to dysfunction of motility in the
392:
4597:
4575:
4287:
2969:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. Chapter 32.
1179:
1175:
1098:
1049:
963:
853:
715:
669:
646:
343:
339:
304:
264:
189:
177:
137:
3568:
914:
Sensation of incomplete evacuation for at least 25% of defecations
896:(SNS) has been utilized for the treatment of severe constipation.
4649:
4415:
4319:
4291:
3666:
The culture of the abdomen;: The cure of obesity and constipation
3284:. Ternopil State Medical University. 14 July 2015. Archived from
661:
561:
316:
300:
3219:
2314:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
1486:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
1447:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
871:), thyroid function tests, serum calcium, serum potassium, etc.
5115:
4733:
4619:
3844:
3102:
2171:"Pediatric Chronic Constipation | Children's National Hospital"
908:
Straining during defecation for at least 25% of bowel movements
825:
517:
320:
41:
2989:
2693:
Pérez-Molina JA, Molina I (6 January 2018). "Chagas disease".
2236:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. September 2016.
1064:
has been demonstrated to be effective in a minority of cases.
4565:
4295:
2606:
1164:
1021:
707:
335:
225:
2385:
1122:
12% of the population worldwide reports having constipation.
929:
There are insufficient criteria for irritable bowel syndrome
926:
Loose stools are rarely present without the use of laxatives
792:
Significant constipation in the plain X-ray of an 8-year-old
2893:
2649:
3999:
3176:
1364:
Bharucha AE, Dorn SD, Lembo A, Pressman A (January 2013).
920:
Manual maneuvers to facilitate at least 25% of defecations
3966:– the World Gastroenterology Organisation (WGO; PDF file)
1363:
3327:
1773:
Brenner DM, Shah M (June 2016). "Chronic Constipation".
1673:
Bharucha AE, Pemberton JH, Locke GR 3rd (January 2013).
3519:
2964:
2342:
1517:
1370:
Best Practice & Research: Clinical Gastroenterology
1081:
Complications that can arise from constipation include
679:
Spinal cord lesions and neurological disorders such as
3756:"Interventions for preventing postpartum constipation"
3686:
Turawa EB, Musekiwa A, Rohwer AC (23 September 2014).
3416:
Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology
2824:
2050:
1672:
693:
may cause constipation through the destruction of the
3055:. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1097:) may exhibit symptoms of bowel obstruction (nausea,
660:
Constipation also has neurological causes, including
476:. Evidence to support these factors however is poor.
3822:
3753:
3688:"Interventions for treating postpartum constipation"
3685:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2124:
2122:
2120:
3681:
3679:
2900:
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition
1992:
911:
Lumpy or hard stools in at least 25% of defecations
299:. Medications associated with constipation include
3754:Turawa EB, Musekiwa A, Rohwer AC (5 August 2020).
3636:
2692:
1621:
1504:
1465:
1210:The six-week period after pregnancy is called the
259:disorders. Underlying associated diseases include
3133:
2876:Constipation: etiology, evaluation and management
2813:
2117:
1867:Manual of gastroenterology: diagnosis and therapy
1482:"Symptoms & Causes of Celiac Disease | NIDDK"
5271:
3676:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3622:
2609:Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
2571:
2128:
416:Pain with bowel movements secondary to straining
2960:
2958:
2889:
2887:
2885:
1909:
1317:
441:The causes of constipation can be divided into
53:(stool is white surrounded by black bowel gas).
3476:
2565:
2520:
2386:Selby, Warwick, Corte, Crispin (August 2010).
410:Excessive time needed to pass a bowel movement
3985:
3619:
2965:Tierney LM, Henderson MC, Smetana GW (2012).
741:, strictures, and small left colon syndrome.
425:the sensation of incomplete bowel evacuation.
4091:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
2955:
2882:
2825:Bharucha AE, Pemberton JH, Locke GR (2013).
2735:
2461:
3760:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3413:
3395:Canberra Hospital – Gastroenterology Unit.
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2091:"Treatment of constipation in older adults"
1807:
1772:
1518:Makharia A, Catassi C, Makharia GK (2015).
630:that may present with constipation include
4130:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
3992:
3978:
3663:
3575:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
3024:
2274:
2272:
2264:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2223:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1745:
1743:
1576:Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
848:gives an impression of the anal sphincter
40:
3797:
3779:
3711:
3586:
3537:
2911:
2850:
2548:
2538:
2497:
2479:
2403:
2182:
2180:
2146:
2131:"Chronic constipation: A critical review"
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1837:
1775:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America
1698:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1545:
1535:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1385:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
107:Slow movement of stool within the colon,
3472:
3470:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3407:
3306:
2421:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
2327:
2186:
2084:
2082:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1142:
1055:
1031:
787:
391:
384:on medications for constipation a year.
3692:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3634:
3222:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3105:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2310:"Cystocele (Prolapsed Bladder) | NIDDK"
2269:
2088:
2029:
1888:
1884:from the original on 11 September 2016.
1863:
1740:
1300:
1052:can help improve chronic constipation.
884:, anal sphincter electromyography, and
5272:
2873:
2762:
2521:Parvataneni S, Maw M (14 March 2024).
2177:
1766:
1610:
1562:
1402:
1346:
1185:
1167:as a scientific medical treatment and
5114:
4358:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
3973:
3941:Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3643:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3513:
3467:
3442:
3059:from the original on 8 September 2015
2801:from the original on 7 September 2011
2079:
1957:
731:A number of diseases present at birth
583:
556:, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists such as
3414:Bharucha AE (2007). "Constipation".
3083:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
2514:
2379:
957:
748:
172:Drinking enough fluids, eating more
2284:World Gastroenterology Organisation
2113:from the original on 10 April 2012.
1296:from the original on 11 April 2010.
1227:Damage to the levator ani muscles (
1205:
1043:
859:
13:
5285:Conditions diagnosed by stool test
3738:
3403:from the original on 17 July 2013.
2290:from the original on 17 March 2017
2262:from websites or documents of the
1492:from the original on 24 April 2017
962:Soluble fiber supplements such as
744:
14:
5316:
5243:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
5090:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
3818:
2388:"Managing constipation in adults"
2243:from the original on 16 June 2017
1320:Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol
923:Fewer than 3 defecations per week
4988:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
3588:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03806.x
3313:Fundamentals of Nursing Practice
2652:Diseases of the Colon and Rectum
2258: This article incorporates
2253:
1588:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04333.x
1326:(4). Baillière Tindall: 517–30.
752:
700:
232:infrequent or hard to pass. The
4229:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
4224:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
4101:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
3728:
3657:
3562:
3388:
3362:
3300:
3270:
3244:
3213:
3170:
3127:
3096:
3071:
3045:
3018:
2983:
2936:
2867:
2756:
2729:
2686:
2643:
2600:
2468:Clinical Interventions in Aging
2455:
2412:
2302:
2163:
2129:Basilisco G, Coletta M (2013).
1938:
1857:
1801:
1715:
1449:. February 2015. Archived from
1112:
687:can also lead to constipation.
483:, and obstruction such as from
468:, side effects of medications,
4983:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
4833:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
4655:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
3772:10.1002/14651858.CD011625.pub3
3704:10.1002/14651858.cd010273.pub2
3230:10.1002/14651858.cd007780.pub2
3113:10.1002/14651858.CD007570.pub2
2772:Journal of Pediatric Neurology
2286:Global Guidelines. July 2016.
1666:
1282:
839:
804:
511:
407:Straining with bowel movements
1:
5040:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
3025:Dinning PG (September 2007).
2707:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31612-4
1275:
1237:Lengthy second stage of labor
933:
725:
550:beta-adrenoceptor antagonists
497:non-celiac gluten sensitivity
387:
325:blood is present in the stool
277:non-celiac gluten sensitivity
117:non-celiac gluten sensitivity
4949:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
4468:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
4076:Esophageal motility disorder
3539:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.09.071
3037:(3): 114–116. Archived from
3004:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.11.061
2913:10.1097/mpg.0000000000000266
2843:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.028
2405:10.18773/austprescr.2010.058
2007:10.1097/MOP.0b013e32832ff241
1814:Food Science & Nutrition
1691:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.028
1387:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.029
1076:
974:
941:
783:
666:descending perineum syndrome
342:. If this is not effective,
7:
3948:Constipation – Introduction
2736:Nguyen T, Waseem M (2022).
2135:Digestive and Liver Disease
1258:
1190:
899:
75:Infrequent or hard to pass
10:
5321:
5290:Digestive disease symptoms
4934:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
4458:Functional colonic disease
4254:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
3348:10.1016/j.apnr.2004.09.010
1194:
1138:
370:or in rare cases surgery.
297:inflammatory bowel disease
162:inflammatory bowel disease
79:, abdominal pain, bloating
5228:
5107:
5048:
4962:
4919:
4765:
4756:
4709:
4663:
4618:
4504:
4391:
4281:
4268:
4143:
4135:Acute esophageal necrosis
4017:
4008:
3896:
3826:
3428:10.1016/j.bpg.2007.07.001
3191:10.1007/s10620-009-1068-x
3148:10.1517/14656560903567057
2744:. StatPearls Publishing.
2586:10.1016/j.rdc.2015.04.007
2533:(6). Cureus Inc.: e8392.
2201:10.1007/s10620-006-9298-7
2148:10.1016/j.dld.2013.03.016
2089:Hsieh C (December 2005).
1912:American Family Physician
1787:10.1016/j.gtc.2016.02.013
1332:10.1016/j.bpg.2009.05.001
1234:Forceps-assisted delivery
1016:
542:tricyclic antidepressants
436:
211:
183:
168:
127:
103:
83:
69:
57:
48:
39:
31:
26:
4234:Gastric dumping syndrome
4109:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
4096:Diffuse esophageal spasm
3336:Applied Nursing Research
3278:"Administering an Enema"
3136:Expert Opin Pharmacother
2948:30 November 2007 at the
2621:10.1038/nrgastro.2016.53
1630:(9): 392–401, quiz 402.
1240:Delivering a large child
1197:Constipation in children
1159:After the advent of the
1062:Sacral nerve stimulation
894:sacral nerve stimulation
830:irritable bowel syndrome
735:constipation in children
685:pelvic floor dysfunction
566:calcium channel blockers
458:irritable bowel syndrome
309:calcium channel blockers
253:irritable bowel syndrome
146:gluten-related disorders
109:irritable bowel syndrome
4850:Alcoholic liver disease
4383:Bile acid malabsorption
4327:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
3053:"Constipation overview"
2574:Rheum Dis Clin North Am
2065:10.1053/gast.2000.20390
502:
450:functional constipation
228:dysfunction that makes
5295:Diseases of intestines
4860:Hepatic encephalopathy
4244:Buried bumper syndrome
4175:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
4059:Mallory–Weiss syndrome
4002:human digestive system
3964:Constipation Guideline
3664:Hornibrook FA (1929).
3464:, Retrieved 7-18-2010.
3460:18 August 2010 at the
2260:public domain material
1727:emedicine.medscape.com
1161:germ theory of disease
1148:
1101:, tender abdomen) and
1095:malignant constipation
811:differential diagnosis
793:
761:This section is empty.
674:Hirschsprung's disease
610:chronic kidney disease
399:
35:Costiveness, dyschezia
5085:Pancreatic pseudocyst
4954:Porcelain gallbladder
4066:Zenker's diverticulum
2878:. New York: Springer.
2784:10.3233/JPN-2010-0350
2392:Australian Prescriber
1950:29 March 2007 at the
1265:Obstructed defecation
1146:
1056:Surgical intervention
1032:Physical intervention
791:
472:, and obstruction by
395:
164:, certain medications
4889:Hepatorenal syndrome
4828:Budd–Chiari syndrome
4785:Autoimmune hepatitis
4610:Intestinal adhesions
4368:Short bowel syndrome
4197:Functional dyspepsia
4115:Esophageal stricture
4081:Nutcracker esophagus
3954:MedlinePlus Overview
3041:on 12 February 2008.
2433:10.1038/ajg.2011.349
1636:10.1542/pir.36-9-392
1624:Pediatrics in Review
1229:pelvic floor muscles
869:complete blood count
362:may be recommended.
5305:Waterborne diseases
5028:Choledocholithiasis
4899:Metabolic disorders
4865:Acute liver failure
4838:Portal hypertension
4790:Alcoholic hepatitis
4633:Radiation proctitis
4552:Mesenteric ischemia
4524:Gastroenterocolitis
4353:Blind loop syndrome
4163:Ménétrier's disease
4071:Barrett's esophagus
3635:Whorton JC (2000).
3288:on 23 February 2018
2765:"Stool withholding"
2540:10.7759/cureus.8392
2481:10.2147/CIA.S157523
1231:) during childbirth
1186:Special populations
989:polyethylene glycol
882:anorectal manometry
824:, certain types of
681:Parkinson's disease
614:pan-hypopituitarism
602:hyperparathyroidism
422:Abdominal bloating.
397:Bristol stool scale
364:Stimulant laxatives
269:Parkinson's disease
142:Parkinson's disease
5203:Undefined location
5194:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft
5095:Pancreatic fistula
5078:Pancreatic abscess
5033:Biliary dyskinesia
5004:Mirizzi's syndrome
4505:Large and/or small
4185:Dieulafoy's lesion
4054:Boerhaave syndrome
3897:External resources
3491:10.1007/BF02554713
3374:Medical Dictionary
3256:Medical Dictionary
2664:10.1007/BF02050925
1864:Avunduk C (2008).
1149:
846:Rectal examination
794:
636:systemic sclerosis
584:Medical conditions
578:rectosigmoid colon
400:
348:bulk-forming agent
315:. Of those taking
194:bulk forming agent
5300:Nursing diagnoses
5267:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5103:
5102:
4705:
4704:
4562:Bowel obstruction
4264:
4263:
3931:
3930:
3650:978-0-19-513581-7
3376:. Merriam-Webster
3309:"Types of Enemas"
3258:. Merriam-Webster
2976:978-0-07-162494-7
2874:Wexner S (2006).
1995:Curr Opin Pediatr
1877:978-0-7817-6974-7
1830:10.1002/fsn3.1736
1537:10.3390/nu7125541
1378:Baillière Tindall
958:Fiber supplements
781:
780:
643:colorectal cancer
628:Systemic diseases
618:diabetes mellitus
485:colorectal cancer
474:colorectal cancer
466:physical activity
462:physical activity
431:Rome III Criteria
334:, consumption of
219:
218:
21:Medical condition
16:Bowel dysfunction
5312:
5255:Pneumoperitoneum
5112:
5111:
5022:Common bile duct
4904:Wilson's disease
4894:Peliosis hepatis
4763:
4762:
4640:Proctalgia fugax
4547:Abdominal angina
4472:Ogilvie syndrome
4421:Pseudomembranous
4279:
4278:
4239:Gastric volvulus
4204:Pyloric stenosis
4015:
4014:
4000:Diseases of the
3994:
3987:
3980:
3971:
3970:
3824:
3823:
3812:
3811:
3801:
3783:
3751:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3715:
3683:
3674:
3673:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3642:
3632:
3617:
3616:
3590:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3541:
3526:Gastroenterology
3517:
3511:
3510:
3479:Dis Colon Rectum
3474:
3465:
3451:
3440:
3439:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3282:Care of patients
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3031:Pelviperineology
3022:
3016:
3015:
2992:Gastroenterology
2987:
2981:
2980:
2962:
2953:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2915:
2891:
2880:
2879:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2854:
2831:Gastroenterology
2822:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2800:
2769:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2738:"Chagas Disease"
2733:
2727:
2726:
2701:(10115): 82–94.
2690:
2684:
2683:
2658:(9): 1033–1041.
2647:
2641:
2640:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2552:
2542:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2501:
2483:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2357:10.1136/bmj.b831
2340:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2280:"Celiac disease"
2276:
2267:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2242:
2235:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2150:
2126:
2115:
2114:
2095:Am Fam Physician
2086:
2077:
2076:
2053:Gastroenterology
2048:
2027:
2026:
1990:
1955:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1907:
1886:
1885:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1841:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1747:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1679:Gastroenterology
1670:
1664:
1663:
1619:
1608:
1607:
1571:
1560:
1559:
1549:
1539:
1530:(12): 10417–26.
1515:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1478:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1453:on 15 March 2017
1439:
1400:
1399:
1389:
1361:
1344:
1343:
1315:
1298:
1297:
1286:
1219:or underwent an
1206:Postpartum women
1068:with ileorectal
1044:Regular exercise
985:milk of magnesia
875:Abdominal X-rays
860:Diagnostic tests
776:
773:
763:You can help by
756:
749:
739:imperforate anus
695:myenteric plexus
590:pheochromocytoma
383:
381:
313:anticholinergics
64:Gastroenterology
44:
24:
23:
5320:
5319:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5259:
5224:
5213:Internal hernia
5099:
5044:
5009:Biliary fistula
4967:
4958:
4944:Adenomyomatosis
4939:Cholesterolosis
4915:
4909:Hemochromatosis
4780:Viral hepatitis
4752:
4701:
4659:
4645:Rectal prolapse
4614:
4581:Fecal impaction
4571:Intussusception
4534:Crohn's disease
4500:
4483:Toxic megacolon
4395:
4393:Large intestine
4387:
4332:Curling's ulcer
4285:
4283:Small intestine
4272:
4260:
4168:Gastroenteritis
4139:
4004:
3998:
3932:
3927:
3926:
3892:
3891:
3835:
3821:
3816:
3815:
3766:(8): CD011625.
3752:
3739:
3733:
3729:
3698:(9): CD010273.
3684:
3677:
3662:
3658:
3651:
3633:
3620:
3567:
3563:
3518:
3514:
3475:
3468:
3462:Wayback Machine
3452:
3443:
3412:
3408:
3393:
3389:
3379:
3377:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3332:
3328:
3318:
3316:
3305:
3301:
3291:
3289:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3261:
3259:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3224:(1): CD007780.
3218:
3214:
3175:
3171:
3132:
3128:
3107:(7): CD007570.
3101:
3097:
3087:
3085:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3060:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3023:
3019:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2963:
2956:
2950:Wayback Machine
2941:
2937:
2892:
2883:
2872:
2868:
2823:
2814:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2767:
2763:Cohn A (2010).
2761:
2757:
2734:
2730:
2691:
2687:
2648:
2644:
2605:
2601:
2570:
2566:
2519:
2515:
2460:
2456:
2417:
2413:
2384:
2380:
2341:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2254:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2185:
2178:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2141:(11): 886–893.
2127:
2118:
2101:(11): 2277–84.
2087:
2080:
2049:
2030:
1991:
1958:
1952:Wayback Machine
1943:
1939:
1908:
1889:
1878:
1862:
1858:
1806:
1802:
1771:
1767:
1748:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1671:
1667:
1620:
1611:
1572:
1563:
1516:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1480:
1479:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1441:
1440:
1403:
1362:
1347:
1316:
1301:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1270:Rectal tenesmus
1261:
1208:
1199:
1193:
1188:
1169:colon cleansing
1154:spatula mundani
1141:
1115:
1091:rectal prolapse
1079:
1058:
1046:
1038:fecal impaction
1034:
1019:
977:
960:
944:
936:
902:
862:
842:
807:
786:
777:
771:
768:
747:
745:Pathophysiology
728:
703:
622:cystic fibrosis
586:
560:, and aluminum
554:anti-diarrheals
538:anticonvulsants
526:antidepressants
514:
505:
439:
390:
379:
374:
284:
246:fecal impaction
230:bowel movements
98:fecal impaction
77:bowel movements
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5318:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5265:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5252:
5250:Hemoperitoneum
5247:
5246:
5245:
5234:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5196:
5191:
5178:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5120:
5118:
5109:
5105:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5054:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5017:
5016:
5011:
5006:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4974:
4972:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4925:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4862:
4852:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4771:
4769:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4721:
4719:Blood in stool
4715:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4692:Anal dysplasia
4689:
4684:
4679:
4669:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4624:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4559:
4557:Angiodysplasia
4554:
4549:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4526:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4492:Diverticulosis
4488:Diverticulitis
4485:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4465:
4455:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4413:
4407:
4405:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4378:Milroy disease
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4348:Tropical sprue
4345:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4301:
4299:
4276:
4270:Lower GI tract
4266:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4149:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4023:
4021:
4012:
4010:Upper GI tract
4006:
4005:
3997:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3961:
3951:
3945:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3913:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3878:
3867:
3852:
3836:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:Classification
3820:
3819:External links
3817:
3814:
3813:
3781:10019.1/104303
3737:
3727:
3675:
3656:
3649:
3618:
3581:(7): 917–930.
3561:
3532:(5): 1435–46.
3512:
3466:
3441:
3406:
3397:"constipation"
3387:
3361:
3342:(4): 265–274.
3326:
3307:Rhodora Cruz.
3299:
3269:
3243:
3212:
3169:
3126:
3095:
3079:"Constipation"
3070:
3044:
3017:
2998:(5): 1480–91.
2982:
2975:
2954:
2943:"Constipation"
2935:
2906:(2): 265–281.
2881:
2866:
2837:(1): 218–238.
2812:
2755:
2728:
2685:
2642:
2615:(5): 295–305.
2599:
2564:
2513:
2454:
2411:
2378:
2326:
2301:
2268:
2222:
2176:
2162:
2116:
2078:
2028:
1956:
1945:"Constipation"
1937:
1918:(3): 299–306.
1887:
1876:
1856:
1800:
1765:
1739:
1714:
1665:
1609:
1582:(4): 638–646.
1561:
1503:
1464:
1443:"Constipation"
1401:
1345:
1299:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1260:
1257:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1207:
1204:
1195:Main article:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1114:
1111:
1078:
1075:
1057:
1054:
1045:
1042:
1033:
1030:
1018:
1015:
976:
973:
959:
956:
943:
940:
935:
932:
931:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
901:
898:
861:
858:
841:
838:
822:hypothyroidism
806:
803:
785:
782:
779:
778:
759:
757:
746:
743:
733:can result in
727:
724:
702:
699:
691:Chagas disease
655:anal sphincter
632:celiac disease
598:hypothyroidism
585:
582:
546:antiarrythmics
534:antispasmodics
530:antihistamines
513:
510:
504:
501:
493:Celiac disease
489:ovarian cancer
481:hypothyroidism
470:hypothyroidism
438:
435:
427:
426:
423:
420:
419:Abdominal pain
417:
414:
411:
408:
389:
386:
360:lubricant type
356:stool softener
293:diverticulitis
282:
273:celiac disease
261:hypothyroidism
217:
216:
213:
209:
208:
206:lubricant type
202:stool softener
187:
181:
180:
170:
166:
165:
158:diverticulitis
154:ovarian cancer
134:Hypothyroidism
131:
125:
124:
113:celiac disease
105:
101:
100:
87:
81:
80:
73:
67:
66:
61:
55:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
33:
29:
28:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5317:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5180:
5179:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5124:Diaphragmatic
5122:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5110:
5106:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5041:
5038:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4965:
4961:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4929:Cholecystitis
4927:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4872:Liver abscess
4870:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4855:Liver failure
4853:
4851:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4512:Enterocolitis
4510:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4394:
4390:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4339:Malabsorption
4337:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4214:Gastroparesis
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4180:Cushing ulcer
4178:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4125:Megaesophagus
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3995:
3990:
3988:
3983:
3981:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3950:(UK NHS site)
3949:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3829:
3825:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3731:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3680:
3671:
3667:
3660:
3652:
3646:
3641:
3640:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3516:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3471:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3422:(4): 709–31.
3421:
3417:
3410:
3402:
3398:
3391:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3185:(4): 1090–7.
3184:
3180:
3179:Dig. Dis. Sci
3173:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3142:(3): 451–61.
3141:
3137:
3130:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2978:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2877:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2580:(3): 459–73.
2579:
2575:
2568:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2474:: 2443–2452.
2473:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2239:
2232:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2189:Dig. Dis. Sci
2183:
2181:
2172:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2083:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2059:(6): 1761–6.
2058:
2054:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1860:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1824:: 4388–4398.
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1781:(2): 205–16.
1780:
1776:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1744:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1685:(1): 218–38.
1684:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1491:
1488:. June 2016.
1487:
1483:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1217:perineal tear
1213:
1203:
1198:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1145:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:anal fissures
1084:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1051:
1041:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
986:
982:
972:
970:
969:malabsorption
965:
955:
951:
947:
939:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
906:
905:
897:
895:
889:
887:
883:
878:
876:
872:
870:
865:
857:
855:
851:
847:
837:
833:
831:
827:
823:
818:
816:
812:
802:
800:
790:
775:
766:
762:
758:
755:
751:
750:
742:
740:
736:
732:
723:
721:
720:anal fissures
717:
713:
709:
701:Psychological
698:
696:
692:
688:
686:
682:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
594:hypercalcemia
591:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
509:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
434:
432:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
405:
404:
398:
394:
385:
377:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
352:osmotic agent
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
214:
210:
207:
203:
199:
198:osmotic agent
195:
191:
188:
186:
182:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:
95:
91:
88:
86:
85:Complications
82:
78:
74:
72:
68:
65:
62:
60:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
5280:Constipation
5202:
5181:
5058:Pancreatitis
5020:
4970:biliary tree
4843:Nutmeg liver
4820:
4746:Hematochezia
4697:Pruritus ani
4682:Anal abscess
4677:Anal fistula
4673:Anal fissure
4586:Constipation
4585:
4540:
4411:Appendicitis
4219:Gastroptosis
4209:Achlorhydria
4048:
4037:Eosinophilic
3958:constipation
3956:
3944:Home Edition
3939:
3915:
3904:
3880:
3869:
3854:
3839:
3763:
3759:
3730:
3695:
3691:
3665:
3659:
3638:
3578:
3574:
3564:
3529:
3525:
3515:
3482:
3478:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3390:
3378:. Retrieved
3373:
3364:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3317:. Retrieved
3312:
3302:
3290:. Retrieved
3286:the original
3281:
3272:
3260:. Retrieved
3255:
3252:"high enema"
3246:
3221:
3215:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3104:
3098:
3086:. Retrieved
3082:
3073:
3061:. Retrieved
3047:
3039:the original
3034:
3030:
3020:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2966:
2938:
2903:
2899:
2875:
2869:
2834:
2830:
2803:. Retrieved
2778:(1): 29–30.
2775:
2771:
2758:
2741:
2731:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2427:(1): 18–25.
2424:
2420:
2414:
2398:(4): 116–9.
2395:
2391:
2381:
2348:
2344:
2317:. Retrieved
2313:
2304:
2292:. Retrieved
2245:. Retrieved
2225:
2195:(2): 313–6.
2192:
2188:
2165:
2138:
2134:
2098:
2094:
2056:
2052:
2001:(5): 661–6.
1998:
1994:
1954:. eMedicine.
1940:
1915:
1911:
1866:
1859:
1851:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1751:
1730:. Retrieved
1726:
1717:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1627:
1623:
1579:
1575:
1527:
1523:
1494:. Retrieved
1485:
1455:. Retrieved
1451:the original
1446:
1373:
1369:
1323:
1319:
1284:
1253:
1246:
1209:
1200:
1173:
1158:
1150:
1116:
1113:Epidemiology
1094:
1080:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1026:castile soap
1020:
1006:lubiprostone
1002:prucalopride
978:
961:
952:
948:
945:
937:
903:
890:
886:defecography
879:
873:
866:
863:
843:
834:
819:
808:
795:
769:
765:adding to it
760:
729:
704:
689:
678:
659:
640:
626:
587:
515:
506:
478:
454:side effects
447:
440:
428:
401:
372:
329:
289:colon cancer
257:pelvic floor
250:
242:anal fissure
222:Constipation
221:
220:
150:colon cancer
129:Risk factors
121:pelvic floor
94:anal fissure
51:fecal matter
27:Constipation
18:
5238:Peritonitis
5000:Cholestasis
4978:Cholangitis
4921:Gallbladder
4809:Fatty liver
4729:Hematemesis
4711:GI bleeding
4517:Necrotizing
4446:Lymphocytic
4441:Collagenous
4436:Microscopic
4373:Steatorrhea
4274:Enteropathy
4120:Inlet patch
4042:Herpetiform
4027:Esophagitis
3906:MedlinePlus
3380:17 February
3370:"low enema"
3319:17 February
3292:17 February
3262:17 February
2952:MedicineNet
2805:7 September
1380:: 211–217.
1248:Hemorrhoids
1243:Hemorrhoids
1083:hemorrhoids
1070:anastomosis
998:Prokinetics
840:Examination
805:Description
558:ondansetron
512:Medications
448:Primary or
413:Hard stools
368:biofeedback
238:hemorrhoids
90:Hemorrhoids
32:Other names
5274:Categories
5230:Peritoneal
5208:Incisional
5129:Congenital
5073:Hereditary
5050:Pancreatic
5014:Haemobilia
4687:Hemorrhoid
4665:Anal canal
4603:Infectious
4591:Functional
4426:Ulcerative
4310:Duodenitis
4249:Gastrinoma
3882:DiseasesDB
3485:(1): 1–8.
3063:10 October
2742:StatPearls
2695:The Lancet
2576:(Review).
2423:(Review).
2319:2 December
1526:(Review).
1372:(Review).
1276:References
1221:episiotomy
1212:postpartum
1103:encopresis
983:are used,
934:Prevention
815:distension
799:distension
726:Congenital
651:rectocoles
647:strictures
570:nifedipine
564:. Certain
443:congenital
388:Definition
303:, certain
285:deficiency
185:Medication
5218:Richter's
5175:Spigelian
5170:Obturator
5160:Umbilical
4993:Ascending
4964:Bile duct
4797:Cirrhosis
4775:Hepatitis
4758:Accessory
4628:Proctitis
4479:Megacolon
4453:Dysentery
4363:Whipple's
4315:Jejunitis
4305:Enteritis
4192:Dyspepsia
4153:Gastritis
4086:Achalasia
4019:Esophagus
3917:eMedicine
3790:1469-493X
3670:Heinemann
3597:1365-2036
3164:207478370
2792:257155678
2490:1176-9092
2449:205099253
1924:1532-0650
1644:1526-3347
1524:Nutrients
1077:Prognosis
1066:Colectomy
1010:Cisapride
994:lactulose
981:laxatives
975:Laxatives
942:Treatment
784:Diagnosis
772:July 2019
716:laxatives
606:porphyria
574:verapamil
522:diuretics
344:laxatives
281:vitamin B
212:Frequency
190:Laxatives
169:Treatment
123:disorders
59:Specialty
5148:Indirect
5143:Inguinal
4877:Pyogenic
4822:Vascular
4598:Diarrhea
4576:Volvulus
4542:Vascular
4481: /
4470: /
4431:Ischemic
4398:Appendix
4288:Duodenum
4158:Atrophic
4032:Candidal
3936:09-129b.
3922:med/2833
3808:32761813
3722:25246307
3713:10823348
3613:33659161
3605:18644012
3548:16678557
3458:Archived
3436:17643910
3401:Archived
3356:15573335
3238:21249695
3207:23450010
3199:20012484
3156:20102308
3121:20614462
3057:Archived
3012:16678561
2946:Archived
2930:13834963
2922:24345831
2861:23261065
2796:Archived
2750:29083573
2715:28673423
2680:23587867
2637:19608417
2629:27033126
2594:26210129
2559:32637274
2508:30568435
2441:21989145
2365:19304766
2351:: b831.
2294:23 April
2288:Archived
2238:Archived
2209:17219073
2157:23639342
2111:Archived
2107:16342852
2073:11113098
2023:11606786
2015:19606041
1948:Archived
1932:21842777
1882:Archived
1848:32884719
1795:27261894
1760:25520993
1709:23261065
1660:35482415
1652:26330473
1604:30296908
1596:16677147
1556:26690475
1496:24 April
1490:Archived
1457:14 March
1396:23261064
1340:19647687
1294:Archived
1259:See also
1191:Children
1180:laziness
1176:gluttony
1099:vomiting
1050:exercise
1048:Regular
964:psyllium
900:Criteria
854:perineal
670:desmosis
568:such as
562:antacids
340:exercise
305:antacids
265:diabetes
178:exercise
138:diabetes
71:Symptoms
5189:Petit's
5165:Femoral
5068:Chronic
4882:Amoebic
4650:Anismus
4416:Colitis
4343:Coeliac
4320:Ileitis
4292:Jejunum
4145:Stomach
4049:Rupture
3876:D003248
3799:8094226
3556:8876455
3507:3161661
3499:2910654
3088:10 July
2852:3531555
2723:4514617
2672:9293931
2550:7331903
2499:6276611
2373:8291767
2345:The BMJ
2247:17 June
1839:7455974
1732:6 April
1700:3531555
1547:4690093
1139:History
662:anismus
518:opioids
382:million
346:of the
317:opioids
301:opioids
192:of the
5183:Lumbar
5153:Direct
5136:Hiatus
5116:Hernia
4968:Other
4734:Melena
4620:Rectum
4103:(GERD)
3911:003125
3806:
3796:
3788:
3720:
3710:
3647:
3611:
3603:
3595:
3554:
3546:
3505:
3497:
3434:
3354:
3236:
3205:
3197:
3162:
3154:
3119:
3010:
2973:
2928:
2920:
2859:
2849:
2790:
2748:
2721:
2713:
2678:
2670:
2635:
2627:
2592:
2557:
2547:
2527:Cureus
2506:
2496:
2488:
2447:
2439:
2371:
2363:
2217:608978
2215:
2207:
2155:
2105:
2071:
2021:
2013:
1930:
1922:
1874:
1846:
1836:
1793:
1758:
1707:
1697:
1658:
1650:
1642:
1602:
1594:
1554:
1544:
1394:
1338:
1215:had a
1022:Enemas
1017:Enemas
828:, and
826:cancer
714:, and
708:fluids
620:, and
437:Causes
380:
321:anemia
311:, and
295:, and
255:, and
104:Causes
5108:Other
5063:Acute
4814:MASLD
4767:Liver
4741:Lower
4724:Upper
4566:Ileus
4402:Colon
4296:Ileum
4111:(LPR)
3865:564.0
3850:K59.0
3609:S2CID
3552:S2CID
3503:S2CID
3203:S2CID
3160:S2CID
2926:S2CID
2799:(PDF)
2788:S2CID
2768:(PDF)
2719:S2CID
2676:S2CID
2633:S2CID
2445:S2CID
2369:S2CID
2241:(PDF)
2234:(PDF)
2213:S2CID
2019:S2CID
1820:(8).
1656:S2CID
1600:S2CID
1376:(1).
1165:Enema
1107:colon
712:fiber
358:, or
336:honey
332:fiber
234:stool
226:bowel
224:is a
215:2–30%
204:, or
174:fiber
4496:SCAD
3887:3080
3871:MeSH
3860:9-CM
3804:PMID
3786:ISSN
3764:2020
3735:2000
3718:PMID
3696:2014
3645:ISBN
3601:PMID
3593:ISSN
3544:PMID
3495:PMID
3432:PMID
3382:2018
3352:PMID
3321:2018
3294:2018
3264:2018
3234:PMID
3195:PMID
3152:PMID
3117:PMID
3090:2021
3065:2015
3008:PMID
2971:ISBN
2918:PMID
2857:PMID
2807:2011
2746:PMID
2711:PMID
2668:PMID
2625:PMID
2590:PMID
2555:PMID
2504:PMID
2486:ISSN
2437:PMID
2361:PMID
2321:2017
2296:2017
2249:2017
2205:PMID
2153:PMID
2103:PMID
2069:PMID
2011:PMID
1928:PMID
1920:ISSN
1872:ISBN
1844:PMID
1791:PMID
1756:PMID
1734:2023
1705:PMID
1648:PMID
1640:ISSN
1592:PMID
1552:PMID
1498:2017
1459:2017
1392:PMID
1336:PMID
1004:and
850:tone
683:and
672:and
634:and
572:and
503:Diet
495:and
429:The
376:US$
338:and
4802:PBC
4529:IBD
4463:IBS
3938:at
3856:ICD
3841:ICD
3794:PMC
3776:hdl
3768:doi
3708:PMC
3700:doi
3583:doi
3534:doi
3530:130
3487:doi
3424:doi
3344:doi
3226:doi
3187:doi
3144:doi
3109:doi
3000:doi
2996:130
2908:doi
2847:PMC
2839:doi
2835:144
2780:doi
2703:doi
2699:391
2660:doi
2617:doi
2582:doi
2545:PMC
2535:doi
2494:PMC
2476:doi
2429:doi
2425:107
2400:doi
2353:doi
2349:338
2197:doi
2143:doi
2061:doi
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