572:
38:
3321:
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abuse laxatives in an attempt to lose weight, laxatives act to speed up the transit of feces through the large intestine, which occurs after the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine is already complete. Thus, studies of laxative abuse have found that effects on body weight reflect primarily
1018:
Physicians warn against the chronic use of stimulant laxatives due to concern that chronic use could cause the colonic tissues to get worn out over time and not be able to expel feces due to long-term overstimulation. A common finding in patients having used stimulant laxatives is a brown pigment
917:
at 6 mg twice per day. A randomized controlled trial found greater improvement from two sachets (26 g) of PEG versus two sachets (20 g) of lactulose. 17 g per day of PEG has been effective and safe in a randomized, controlled trial for six months. Another randomized, controlled
387:, are generally the only nonprescription lubricant laxative available, but due to the risk of lipid pneumonia resulting from accidental aspiration, mineral oil is not recommended, especially in children and infants. Mineral oil may decrease the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and some minerals.
511:
Saline laxatives are nonabsorbable, osmotically active substances that attract and retain water in the intestinal lumen, increasing intraluminal pressure that mechanically stimulates evacuation of the bowel. Magnesium-containing agents also cause the release of
606:, making users less able to move feces through their colon on their own. A study of patients with chronic constipation found that 28% of chronic stimulant laxative users lost haustral folds over the course of one year, while none of the control group did.
673:) was removed from the general U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007, due to reports of increased risks of heart attack or stroke. It is still available to physicians for patients in emergency situations that are life-threatening or require hospitalization.
357:
laxatives are substances that coat the stool with slippery lipids and decrease colonic absorption of water so the stool slides through the colon more easily. Lubricant laxatives also increase the weight of stool and decrease intestinal transit time.
1590:
Joo, Jae Sik; Ehrenpreis, Eli D.; Gonzalez, Leopoldo; Kaye, Mark; Breno, Susan; Wexner, Steven D.; Zaitman, Daniel; Secrest, K. (June 1998). "Alterations in
Colonic Anatomy Induced by Chronic Stimulant Laxatives: The Cathartic Colon Revisited".
690:
is used in the management of chronic idiopathic constipation and irritable bowel syndrome. It causes the intestines to produce a chloride-rich fluid secretion that softens the stool, increases motility, and promotes spontaneous bowel movements.
1486:
2208:
Joo JS, Ehrenpreis ED, Gonzalez L, Kaye M, Breno S, Wexner SD, Zaitman D, Secrest K (June 1998). "Alterations in colonic anatomy induced by chronic stimulant laxatives: the cathartic colon revisited".
1555:
Joo JS, Ehrenpreis ED, Gonzalez L, Kaye M, Breno S, Wexner SD, Zaitman D, Secrest K (1998). "Alterations in colonic anatomy induced by chronic stimulant laxatives: the cathartic colon revisited".
1761:
Di Palma JA, Cleveland MV, McGowan J, Herrera JL (2007). "A randomized, multicenter comparison of polyethylene glycol laxative and tegaserod in treatment of patients with chronic constipation".
679:(brand name Resolor) is a current drug approved for use in the EU since October 15, 2009, in Canada (brand name Resotran) since December 7, 2011, and in the United States since December 2018.
998:
and other problems. The colon will need more quantities of laxatives to keep functioning, this will result in a lazy colon, infections, irritable bowel syndrome, and potential liver damage.
1853:
Dipalma JA, Cleveland MV, McGowan J, Herrera JL (2007). "A randomized, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial of polyethylene glycol laxative for chronic treatment of chronic constipation".
1652:
1896:
Lederle FA, Busch DL, Mattox KM, West MJ, Aske DM (1990). "Cost-effective treatment of constipation in the elderly: a randomized double-blind comparison of sorbitol and lactulose".
1688:
1260:
1360:
Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis M, Bowen PE, Hussain EA, Damayanti-Wood BI, Farnsworth NR (2001). "Chemical composition and potential health effects of prunes: a functional food?".
2052:
Copeland PM; Molina, H.; Ohye, Ch.; MacIas, R.; Alaminos, A.; Alvarez, L.; Teijeiro, J.; Muñoz, J.; Ortega, I. (1994). "Renal failure associated with laxative abuse".
1804:
Attar A, Lémann M, Ferguson A, Halphen M, Boutron MC, Flourié B, Alix E, Salmeron M, Guillemot F, Chaussade S, Ménard AM, Moreau J, Naudin G, Barthet M (1999).
3273:
2353:
2017:
Brown NW, Treasure JL, Campbell IC (2001). "Evidence for long-term pancreatic damage caused by laxative abuse in subjects recovered from anorexia nervosa".
3727:
3843:
2321:
185:
Bulk-forming agents generally have the gentlest of effects among laxatives, making them ideal for long-term maintenance of regular bowel movements.
2311:
1663:
3330:
1223:
2184:
723:
499:. Brand names for these solutions include GoLytely, GlycoLax, Cosmocol, CoLyte, Miralax, Movicol, NuLytely, Suprep, and Fortrans. Solutions of
1627:
3933:
2343:
3124:
3084:
1696:
1272:
516:, which increases intestinal motility and fluid secretion. Saline laxatives may alter a patient's fluid and electrolyte balance.
3902:
3836:
2030:
2697:
1455:
2984:
2977:
3379:
1806:"Comparison of a low dose polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution with lactulose for treatment of chronic constipation"
2727:
2590:
1523:
1417:
1202:
3829:
2351:
2287:
1137:
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that enable additional water and fats to be incorporated in the stool, making movement through the bowels easier.
2880:
2336:
1974:
Roerig JL, Steffen KJ, Mitchell JE, Zunker C (2010). "Laxative abuse: epidemiology, diagnosis and management".
17:
963:
663:. However, some have been discontinued or restricted due to potentially harmful cardiovascular side effects.
2149:
Lacey JH, Gibson E (1985). "Controlling weight by purgation and vomiting: A comparative study of bulimics".
2579:
2361:
1471:
3357:
3190:
1628:"Postmarket Drug Safety Information for Patients and Providers - Zelnorm (tegaserod maleate) Information"
1293:
906:
3951:
3938:
3689:
2840:
2329:
1234:
31:
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secretion. They also stimulate peristaltic action and can be dangerous under certain circumstances.
3897:
3852:
1442:. 2215 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20037-2985: The American Pharmacists Association.
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656:
488:
457:
384:
133:
1437:
1317:
Rush EC, Patel M, Plank LD, Ferguson LR (2002). "Kiwifruit promotes laxation in the elderly".
3510:
2617:
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2398:
1538:
955:
2692:
2672:
2541:
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is the most common acid-base imbalance observed. Other significant adverse effects include
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through bacterial fermentation to lactic, formic, and acetic acids; and increasing colonic
8:
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3621:
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1032:
995:
967:
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910:
839:
540:
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100:
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Prolonged use of stimulant laxatives can create drug dependence by damaging the colon's
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3928:
3721:
3601:
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3424:
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2513:
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1999:
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1805:
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480:
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104:
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Long-term use of castor oil may result in loss of fluid, electrolytes, and nutrients.
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1991:
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1439:
Handbook of
Nonprescription Drugs: An Interactive Approach to Self-Care, 20th Edition
1413:
1377:
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1198:
1035:
to treat many conditions for which they are now generally regarded as ineffective in
719:
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2003:
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Emollient agents prevent constipation rather than treating long-term constipation.
2773:
99:. Some laxatives combine more than one active ingredient, and may be administered
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3821:
3641:
3616:
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Laxatives vary as to how they work and the side effects they may have. Certain
1719:
571:
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2256:
2122:
Oster JR, Materson BJ, Rogers AI (November 1980). "Laxative abuse syndrome".
1080:
1052:
1040:
729:
258:
202:
194:
179:
125:
1031:
Laxatives, once called "physicks" or "purgatives", were used extensively in
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under certain circumstances. Sufficiently high doses of laxatives may cause
3795:
3780:
3397:
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3215:
3134:
2870:
2828:
2662:
2652:
2568:
2563:
2264:
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Wright LF, DuVal JW (1987). "Renal injury associated with laxative abuse".
2038:
1995:
1874:
1782:
1381:
1373:
1338:
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987:
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938:(which causes tremors, weakness, fainting, blurred vision, kidney damage),
766:
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561:
280:
246:
80:
65:
2229:
2170:
2135:
2108:
2073:
1917:
1839:
1720:"SAFETY ISSUES AFFECTING HERBS: How Long can Stimulant Laxatives be Used?"
1612:
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3912:
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1518:(15th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Pharmaceutical Association.
1412:(15th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Pharmaceutical Association.
1197:(15th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Pharmaceutical Association.
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Some of the less significant adverse effects of laxative abuse include
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61:
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2642:
2031:
10.1002/1098-108X(200103)29:2<236::AID-EAT1014>3.0.CO;2-G
1075:
914:
835:
790:
747:
666:
649:
596:
460:. Glycerin suppositories work mostly by hyperosmotic action, but the
441:
426:
354:
217:
76:
72:
3717:
3699:
3674:
3646:
3625:
3611:
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3500:
3495:
3414:
3286:
3150:
3146:
3119:
2558:
2491:
1090:
1085:
1048:
913:(MiraLax or GlycoLax) 17 grams once per day to be superior to
500:
434:
422:
418:
339:
274:
242:
171:
121:
96:
1010:
temporary losses of body water rather than energy (calorie) loss.
3669:
3452:
3262:
3180:
2845:
2612:
2434:
2384:
1932:"BestBETs: Is polyethylene glycol safe and effective for chro..."
1294:"15 Foods That Cause Constipation (Caffeine, Chocolate, Alcohol)"
921:
For children, PEG was found to be more effective than lactulose.
670:
445:
308:
296:
254:
1514:
Berardi M, Tietze KJ, Shimp LA, Rollins CJ, Popovich NG (2006).
1408:
Berardi M, Tietze KJ, Shimp LA, Rollins CJ, Popovich NG (2006).
1193:
Berardi M, Tietze KJ, Shimp LA, Rollins CJ, Popovich NG (2006).
2944:
2607:
1760:
557:
496:
398:
laxatives cause the intestines to hold more water, creating an
225:
213:
88:
1852:
648:
These are motility stimulants that work through activation of
556:
Stimulant laxatives are substances that act on the intestinal
464:
in the preparation also causes local irritation to the colon.
3656:
3520:
3244:
2954:
2449:
1095:
794:
300:
229:
221:
209:
92:
2948:
2051:
1973:
304:
285:
262:
250:
1803:
918:
trial found no difference between sorbitol and lactulose.
621:, which produces laxative action by an unknown mechanism.
617:
is a glyceride that is hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase to
528:
Onset of action: 0.5–3 hours (oral), 2–15 minutes (rectal)
402:, which adds more pressure and stimulates bowel movement.
3679:
2207:
1969:
1967:
1589:
1554:
1513:
1407:
1192:
1168:
entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms
491:, a process designed to prepare the bowel for surgery or
414:
Onset of action: 12–72 hours (oral), 0.25–1 hour (rectal)
270:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1261:"Medicinal and nutritional values of banana cv. NENDRAN"
1233:. American Institute for Cancer Research. Archived from
950:; however, laxative abuse can lead to potentially fatal
319:
Emollient laxatives, also known as stool softeners, are
193:
Foods that help with laxation include fiber-rich foods.
2185:"Acid-base and electrolyte abnormalities with diarrhea"
1653:"European Medicines Agency EPAR summary for the public"
1147:. National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
449:
448:
effect, which retains water in the colon; lowering the
1895:
1316:
3949:
2354:
2016:
1944:
1001:
Although some patients with eating disorders such as
314:
2121:
1026:
630:Site of action: colon, small intestine (see below)
91:and bowel examinations, and may be supplemented by
3851:
27:Agents that relax and loosen the bowels and stools
694:
3973:
1689:"Health Canada, Notice of Decision for Resotran"
30:"Purgative" redirects here. For other uses, see
1362:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
682:
3837:
3373:
2337:
1509:
1507:
1019:deposited in the intestinal tissue, known as
2352:Major chemical drug groups – based upon the
2310:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1846:
1754:
2148:
2086:
1889:
1797:
1743:. Family Practice Notebook, LLC. 2010-02-26
1548:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1310:
3844:
3830:
3380:
3366:
2344:
2330:
2245:Wurzburger Medizinhistorische Mitteilungen
1711:
1626:Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and.
1504:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
525:Site of action: small and large intestines
332:Site of action: small and large intestines
2019:International Journal of Eating Disorders
1829:
1484:
506:
216:, though this depends on their ripeness,
140:so they can pass more easily through the
41:Glycerin suppositories used as laxatives.
3482:
2242:
2045:
1436:Krinsky, Daniel L. (November 30, 2020).
1396:
570:
36:
1717:
1435:
1171:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
14:
3974:
3592:Magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia)
3331:Pharmacological classification systems
2698:Selective estrogen receptor modulators
2080:
1218:
1216:
1214:
390:
120:Bulk-forming laxatives, also known as
115:
3825:
3535:
3361:
2978:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
2325:
2142:
2010:
1431:
1429:
64:. They are used to treat and prevent
2210:Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology
1733:
1722:. Institute for Traditional Medicine
1625:
1593:Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology
1119:
1039:. Likewise, laxatives (often termed
924:
643:
3934:Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis
2591:Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
1258:
1211:
551:
349:
83:laxatives are used to evacuate the
24:
2277:
1426:
315:Emollient agents (stool softeners)
25:
3998:
1516:Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs
1410:Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs
1195:Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs
929:
456:. Lactulose is also indicated in
3959:
3340:
3320:
3319:
2280:Illustrated medical pharmacology
2222:10.1097/00004836-199806000-00014
2101:10.1097/00007611-198710000-00024
1988:10.2165/11898640-000000000-00000
1867:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01199.x
1775:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01365.x
1605:10.1097/00004836-199806000-00014
1569:10.1097/00004836-199806000-00014
1331:10.1046/j.1440-6047.2002.00287.x
1027:Historical and health fraud uses
900:
609:
503:(SoftLax) have similar effects.
188:
2728:Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones
2271:
2236:
2201:
2177:
2151:Journal of Psychiatric Research
2115:
1924:
1681:
1645:
1619:
1583:
1532:
1478:
1013:
2243:Stolberg, Michael (2003). "".
1353:
1286:
1252:
1159:
695:Comparison of available agents
495:and to treat certain types of
458:portal-systemic encephalopathy
13:
1:
2480:Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics
1265:Asian Journal of Horticulture
1112:
964:distal renal tubular acidosis
136:, that add bulk and water to
3191:Wakefulness-promoting agents
2163:10.1016/0022-3956(85)90037-8
1910:10.1016/0002-9343(90)90177-F
1545:. Last updated: Nov. 1, 2012
335:Onset of action: 12–72 hours
167:Onset of action: 12–72 hours
7:
2278:M., Raju, S. (2013-09-30).
1448:10.21019/9781582123172.ch15
1145:www.digestive.niddk.nih.gov
1058:
907:randomized controlled trial
700:Common stimulant laxatives
698:
683:Chloride channel activators
588:Onset of action: 6–10 hours
56:are substances that loosen
10:
4003:
3939:Sympathetic nervous system
3690:Sodium lauryl sulfoacetate
2841:Intravenous immunoglobulin
1047:for various conditions of
633:Onset of action: 2–6 hours
370:Onset of action: 6–8 hours
342:(Colace, Diocto), Gibs-Eze
124:, are substances, such as
29:
3921:
3898:Tricyclic antidepressants
3860:
3768:
3708:
3655:
3557:
3534:
3481:
3423:
3405:
3315:
3271:
3243:
3199:
3008:
2943:
2906:
2854:
2767:
2711:
2671:
2628:
2512:
2448:
2360:
962:has been associated with
946:, postural dizziness and
421:suppositories (Hallens),
170:Examples: dietary fiber,
3853:Irritable bowel syndrome
3388:Drugs for constipation (
2896:Topoisomerase inhibitors
2580:renin–angiotensin system
2574:Calcium channel blockers
1470:: CS1 maint: location (
543:(milk of magnesia), and
110:
1271:: 11–14. Archived from
1224:"The Facts About Fiber"
1037:evidence-based medicine
3483:Bulk-forming laxatives
2688:Hormonal contraception
2618:Bile acid sequestrants
2399:Proton-pump inhibitors
2362:gastrointestinal tract
1718:Dharmananda, Subhuti.
1374:10.1080/20014091091814
958:. For example, severe
956:electrolyte imbalances
661:gastrointestinal tract
657:enteric nervous system
576:
507:Saline laxative agents
489:whole bowel irrigation
134:over-the-counter drugs
42:
3511:Polycarbophil calcium
1741:"Stimulant Laxatives"
1539:Laxative (Oral Route)
1485:Bowles-Jordan, Jane.
1043:) may be promoted in
966:from laxative abuse.
585:Site of action: colon
574:
564:, altering water and
411:Site of action: colon
367:Site of action: colon
40:
3685:Sodium laurilsulfate
3297:Radiopharmaceuticals
3085:Antiparkinson agents
2124:Am. J. Gastroenterol
2054:Psychother Psychosom
1855:Am. J. Gastroenterol
1822:10.1136/gut.44.2.226
1763:Am. J. Gastroenterol
1557:J Clin Gastroenterol
1319:Asia Pac J Clin Nutr
1106:Transanal irrigation
1045:alternative medicine
636:Examples: castor oil
3622:Polyethylene glycol
3582:Magnesium carbonate
3536:Lubricant laxatives
3425:Stimulant laxatives
3080:Antimigraine agents
3070:Antidementia agents
2973:Anti-inflammatories
2663:Medicated dressings
2603:Antihyperlipidemics
2430:Diabetes medication
996:factitious diarrhea
986:of colonic mucosa,
968:Metabolic alkalosis
701:
541:magnesium hydroxide
469:polyethylene glycol
431:polyethylene glycol
391:Hyperosmotic agents
321:anionic surfactants
144:(lower part of the
116:Bulk-forming agents
3722:Oxycodone/naloxone
3710:Opioid antagonists
3602:Magnesium peroxide
3473:Sodium picosulfate
2933:Immunosuppressants
2803:Antimycobacterials
2759:Antithyroid agents
2743:Mineralocorticoids
2547:Cardiac stimulants
2537:Cardiac glycosides
2529:cardiac therapy /
2425:Anti-obesity drugs
1240:on 3 November 2014
1166:Bulk-forming agent
940:low blood pressure
699:
577:
481:potassium chloride
477:sodium bicarbonate
471:and electrolytes (
437:- Colyte, MiraLax)
43:
3947:
3946:
3819:
3818:
3607:Magnesium sulfate
3587:Magnesium citrate
3559:Osmotic laxatives
3355:
3354:
3258:Ophthalmologicals
2968:Anabolic steroids
2871:Anticancer agents
2834:Ectoparasiticides
2554:Antihypertensives
2502:Antifibrinolytics
2066:10.1159/000098619
1982:(12): 1487–1503.
1457:978-1-58212-317-2
1033:historic medicine
925:Problems with use
898:
897:
655:receptors of the
644:Serotonin agonist
545:magnesium sulfate
537:magnesium citrate
232:(with skin), and
16:(Redirected from
3994:
3987:Gastroenterology
3964:
3963:
3962:
3955:
3873:Gluten-free diet
3846:
3839:
3832:
3823:
3822:
3748:Methylnaltrexone
3695:Sodium phosphate
3632:Sodium phosphate
3468:Senna glycosides
3382:
3375:
3368:
3359:
3358:
3344:
3323:
3322:
3307:Senotherapeutics
3161:Neuroprotectives
3156:Mood stabilizers
3055:Anti-ADHD agents
2995:Muscle relaxants
2928:Immunostimulants
2923:Immunomodulators
2755:Thyroid hormones
2693:Fertility agents
2596:Renin inhibitors
2487:Antihemorrhagics
2454:forming organs (
2440:Dietary minerals
2346:
2339:
2332:
2323:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2309:
2301:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2189:www.uptodate.com
2181:
2175:
2174:
2157:(2–3): 337–341.
2146:
2140:
2139:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1971:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1699:on 18 March 2017
1695:. Archived from
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1669:on 14 April 2018
1668:
1662:. Archived from
1657:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1552:
1546:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1461:
1433:
1424:
1423:
1405:
1394:
1393:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1259:Das, JL (2010).
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1239:
1228:
1220:
1209:
1208:
1190:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1142:
1134:
1071:Bowel management
1003:anorexia nervosa
893:
874:
866:Triphenylmethane
853:
845:Triphenylmethane
829:
820:Triphenylmethane
808:
784:
760:
741:
714:Onset of action
702:
552:Stimulant agents
535:(and variants),
533:sodium phosphate
483:, and sometimes
400:osmotic gradient
350:Lubricant agents
163:large intestines
157:Site of action:
21:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3960:
3958:
3950:
3948:
3943:
3917:
3868:Low-FODMAP diet
3856:
3850:
3820:
3815:
3764:
3704:
3651:
3642:Sodium tartrate
3617:Pentaerythritol
3597:Magnesium oxide
3553:
3544:Liquid paraffin
3530:
3506:Methylcellulose
3477:
3463:Phenolphthalein
3419:
3407:Stool softeners
3401:
3386:
3356:
3351:
3347:Medicine portal
3311:
3267:
3239:
3234:
3226:Cough medicines
3221:Bronchodilators
3202:
3195:
3075:Antidepressants
3065:Anticonvulsants
3013:
3004:
3000:Bisphosphonates
2990:Corticosteroids
2952:
2939:
2911:
2902:
2886:Spindle poisons
2876:Antimetabolites
2859:
2850:
2772:
2763:
2738:Glucocorticoids
2733:Corticosteroids
2714:
2707:
2674:
2667:
2624:
2542:Antiarrhythmics
2515:
2508:
2465:Antithrombotics
2453:
2444:
2420:Antipropulsives
2416:Antidiarrhoeals
2393:
2364:
2356:
2350:
2320:
2319:
2303:
2302:
2290:
2276:
2272:
2241:
2237:
2206:
2202:
2193:
2191:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2147:
2143:
2120:
2116:
2085:
2081:
2050:
2046:
2015:
2011:
1972:
1945:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1894:
1890:
1851:
1847:
1802:
1798:
1759:
1755:
1746:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1725:
1723:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1634:
1624:
1620:
1588:
1584:
1553:
1549:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1512:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1483:
1479:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1406:
1397:
1358:
1354:
1315:
1311:
1302:
1300:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1278:
1276:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1212:
1205:
1191:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1061:
1029:
1016:
1007:bulimia nervosa
944:fast heart rate
932:
927:
903:
891:
888:small intestine
884:Ricinoleic acid
872:
851:
827:
815:Phenolphthalein
806:
782:
771:senna glycoside
758:
739:
697:
685:
653:
646:
619:ricinoleic acid
612:
554:
514:cholecystokinin
509:
487:) are used for
473:sodium chloride
462:sodium stearate
393:
385:liquid paraffin
352:
317:
199:insoluble fiber
191:
146:digestive tract
118:
113:
62:bowel movements
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4000:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3969:
3968:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3929:Gut–brain axis
3925:
3923:
3922:Related topics
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3888:Antispasmodics
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3849:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3826:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3786:Oxyphenisatine
3783:
3778:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3725:
3714:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3637:Sodium sulfate
3634:
3629:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3563:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3458:Oxyphenisatine
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3385:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3362:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3292:Contrast media
3289:
3283:
3281:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3245:sensory organs
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3090:Antipsychotics
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3060:Antiaddictives
3057:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3015:nervous system
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2985:Antirheumatics
2982:
2981:
2980:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2919:
2917:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2891:Antineoplastic
2888:
2883:
2878:
2867:
2865:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2824:Antiprotozoals
2819:Antiparasitics
2816:
2811:
2806:
2799:Antibacterials
2795:Antimicrobials
2791:
2789:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2658:Antipsoriatics
2655:
2650:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2586:ACE inhibitors
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2525:
2523:
2514:cardiovascular
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2475:Anticoagulants
2472:
2461:
2459:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2376:
2374:
2358:
2357:
2349:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2317:
2288:
2282:. JP Medical.
2270:
2235:
2200:
2176:
2141:
2114:
2095:(10): 1304–6.
2079:
2060:(3–4): 200–2.
2044:
2025:(2): 236–238.
2009:
1943:
1923:
1904:(5): 597–601.
1888:
1861:(7): 1436–41.
1845:
1796:
1769:(9): 1964–71.
1753:
1732:
1710:
1680:
1644:
1618:
1599:(4): 283–286.
1582:
1547:
1531:
1525:978-1582120744
1524:
1503:
1487:"Constipation"
1477:
1456:
1425:
1419:978-1582120744
1418:
1395:
1352:
1309:
1285:
1251:
1210:
1204:978-1582120744
1203:
1170:
1158:
1138:"Constipation"
1117:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1041:colon cleanses
1028:
1025:
1021:melanosis coli
1015:
1012:
992:kidney failure
972:rhabdomyolysis
931:
930:Laxative abuse
928:
926:
923:
905:For adults, a
902:
899:
896:
895:
889:
886:
881:
877:
876:
870:
867:
864:
856:
855:
849:
846:
843:
832:
831:
825:
822:
817:
811:
810:
804:
801:
798:
787:
786:
780:
777:
774:
763:
762:
756:
753:
750:
744:
743:
737:
732:
727:
716:
715:
712:
711:Site of action
709:
706:
705:Preparation(s)
696:
693:
684:
681:
651:
645:
642:
638:
637:
634:
631:
611:
608:
604:haustral folds
600:
599:
589:
586:
553:
550:
549:
548:
529:
526:
508:
505:
485:sodium sulfate
439:
438:
415:
412:
392:
389:
378:
377:
371:
368:
351:
348:
344:
343:
336:
333:
316:
313:
312:
311:
294:
289:
283:
278:
236:
190:
187:
183:
182:
168:
165:
117:
114:
112:
109:
26:
18:Stool softener
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3999:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3967:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3893:Psychotherapy
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3878:Soluble fiber
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3847:
3842:
3840:
3835:
3833:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3526:Syrup of figs
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3491:Dietary fiber
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3383:
3378:
3376:
3371:
3369:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3216:Decongestants
3214:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3135:Dissociatives
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3125:Hallucinogens
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2909:
2905:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2829:Anthelmintics
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2673:genitourinary
2670:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2653:Antipruritics
2651:
2649:
2646:
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2570:
2569:Beta blockers
2567:
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2470:Antiplatelets
2468:
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2013:
2005:
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1989:
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1819:
1816:(2): 226–30.
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1371:
1368:(4): 251–86.
1367:
1363:
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1336:
1332:
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1320:
1313:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1275:on 2014-11-03
1274:
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1118:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1081:Dietary fiber
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1054:
1053:mucoid plaque
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1022:
1011:
1008:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
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977:
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965:
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957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
922:
919:
916:
912:
908:
901:Effectiveness
890:
887:
885:
882:
879:
878:
871:
868:
865:
862:
858:
857:
850:
847:
844:
841:
837:
834:
833:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
812:
805:
802:
800:Anthraquinone
799:
796:
792:
789:
788:
781:
778:
776:Anthraquinone
775:
772:
768:
767:Senna extract
765:
764:
757:
754:
752:Anthraquinone
751:
749:
746:
745:
738:
736:
733:
731:
730:Anthraquinone
728:
725:
721:
718:
717:
713:
710:
707:
704:
703:
692:
689:
680:
678:
674:
672:
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664:
662:
658:
654:
641:
635:
632:
629:
628:
627:
626:
622:
620:
616:
610:Miscellaneous
607:
605:
598:
594:
590:
587:
584:
583:
582:
581:
573:
569:
567:
563:
559:
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523:
522:
521:
517:
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502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
467:Solutions of
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
444:works by the
443:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
413:
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408:
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401:
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302:
298:
295:
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287:
284:
282:
279:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:winter squash
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
237:
235:
231:
228:(with skin),
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
208:
207:
206:
204:
203:soluble fiber
200:
196:
195:Dietary fiber
189:Dietary fiber
186:
181:
177:
173:
169:
166:
164:
160:
156:
155:
154:
153:
149:
147:
143:
139:
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131:
127:
123:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
69:
67:
63:
60:and increase
59:
55:
51:
47:
39:
33:
19:
3882:
3796:Prucalopride
3781:Lubiprostone
3389:
3130:Psychedelics
3100:Aphrodisiacs
2774:infestations
2750:Sex hormones
2703:Sex hormones
2648:Cicatrizants
2578:
2564:Vasodilators
2531:antianginals
2528:
2410:
2380:stomach acid
2379:
2279:
2273:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2216:(4): 283–6.
2213:
2209:
2203:
2192:. Retrieved
2188:
2179:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2130:(5): 451–8.
2127:
2123:
2117:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2022:
2018:
2012:
1979:
1975:
1926:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1745:. Retrieved
1735:
1724:. Retrieved
1713:
1701:. Retrieved
1697:the original
1692:
1683:
1671:. Retrieved
1664:the original
1659:
1647:
1635:. Retrieved
1631:
1621:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1563:(4): 283–6.
1560:
1556:
1550:
1534:
1515:
1494:. Retrieved
1490:
1480:
1438:
1409:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1325:(2): 164–8.
1322:
1318:
1312:
1301:. Retrieved
1297:
1288:
1277:. Retrieved
1273:the original
1268:
1264:
1254:
1242:. Retrieved
1235:the original
1231:www.aicr.org
1230:
1194:
1161:
1149:. Retrieved
1144:
1066:ATC code A06
1030:
1017:
1014:Laxative gut
1000:
988:pancreatitis
980:inflammation
976:steatorrhoea
960:hypokalaemia
933:
920:
904:
724:casanthranol
688:Lubiprostone
686:
677:Prucalopride
675:
669:(brand name
665:
647:
639:
624:
623:
613:
601:
579:
578:
562:nerve plexus
555:
547:(Epsom salt)
519:
518:
510:
466:
440:
405:
404:
396:Hyperosmotic
394:
381:Mineral oils
379:
361:
360:
353:
345:
326:
325:
318:
281:Whole grains
273:, and baked
247:string beans
192:
184:
151:
150:
128:in food and
119:
70:
66:constipation
53:
49:
45:
44:
3913:Eluxadoline
3791:Plecanatide
3776:Linaclotide
3753:Naldemedine
3549:Mineral oil
3263:Otologicals
3235:antagonists
3201:respiratory
3176:Orexigenics
3171:Neurotoxins
3120:Euphoriants
3110:Entactogens
3105:Depressants
3095:Anxiolytics
3033:Anesthetics
2809:Antifungals
2406:Antiemetics
2394:antagonists
2251:: 167–177.
2089:South Med J
1693:hc-sc.gc.ca
1632:www.fda.gov
1543:Mayo clinic
1298:MedicineNet
1101:Suppository
1051:, such as "
936:dehydration
875:60 minutes
861:suppository
859:Bisacodyl (
854:6–12 hours
809:8–10 hours
575:Senna plant
566:electrolyte
493:colonoscopy
454:peristalsis
375:mineral oil
277:(with skin)
234:raspberries
205:, such as:
130:hydrophilic
3976:Categories
3908:Probiotics
3861:Management
3811:Ulimorelin
3743:Bevenopran
3448:Castor oil
3394:cathartics
3186:Stimulants
3166:Nootropics
3140:Deliriants
3115:Entheogens
3050:Anorectics
3028:Analgesics
2881:Alkylating
2814:Antivirals
2769:infections
2643:Emollients
2497:Coagulants
2367:metabolism
2194:2017-12-12
1937:2007-09-06
1935:Retrieved
1747:2010-03-19
1726:2010-03-19
1303:2017-12-12
1279:2012-11-29
1244:3 November
1151:3 November
1113:References
984:ulceration
894:2–6 hours
880:Castor oil
785:6–8 hours
761:6–8 hours
742:6–8 hours
625:Properties
615:Castor oil
591:Examples:
580:Properties
531:Examples:
520:Properties
417:Examples:
406:Properties
383:, such as
362:Properties
338:Examples:
327:Properties
299:, such as
241:, such as
239:Vegetables
218:kiwifruits
212:, such as
152:Properties
142:intestines
132:agents in
50:purgatives
3982:Laxatives
3883:Laxatives
3806:Tenapanor
3801:Tegaserod
3758:Naloxegol
3738:Axelopran
3733:Alvimopan
3665:Bisacodyl
3577:Laminarid
3572:Lactulose
3516:Sterculia
3501:Ispaghula
3438:Bisoxatin
3433:Bisacodyl
3390:laxatives
3336:ATC codes
3302:Dressings
3287:Antidotes
3151:Sedatives
3147:Hypnotics
2856:malignant
2713:endocrine
2559:Diuretics
2492:Platelets
2452:and blood
2411:Laxatives
2306:cite book
2298:870530462
2257:0177-5227
1660:europa.eu
1496:March 20,
1466:cite book
1076:Cathartic
952:acid-base
915:tegaserod
836:Bisacodyl
791:Aloe vera
748:Buckthorn
667:Tegaserod
597:bisacodyl
497:poisoning
442:Lactulose
427:lactulose
373:Example:
355:Lubricant
269:, cooked
261:, cooked
257:, cooked
197:includes
172:Metamucil
77:lubricant
73:stimulant
54:aperients
46:Laxatives
32:Purgation
3966:Medicine
3718:Naloxone
3700:Sorbitol
3675:Glycerol
3647:Sorbitol
3626:macrogol
3612:Mannitol
3567:Lactitol
3521:Triticum
3496:Ethulose
3415:Docusate
3181:Serenics
2846:Vaccines
2613:Fibrates
2435:Vitamins
2385:Antacids
2265:15641192
2039:11429987
2004:29007249
1996:20687617
1898:Am J Med
1883:10946562
1875:17403074
1791:32055676
1783:17573794
1703:14 April
1673:14 April
1637:14 April
1390:31159565
1382:11401245
1347:15280086
1339:12074185
1091:Maltitol
1086:Diuretic
1059:See also
1049:quackery
948:fainting
830:8 hours
501:sorbitol
423:sorbitol
419:glycerin
340:Docusate
288:products
275:potatoes
243:broccoli
180:FiberCon
176:Citrucel
122:roughage
105:rectally
97:diarrhea
3728:PAMORAs
3670:Dantron
3453:Dantron
3443:Cascara
3038:General
2945:muscles
2914:L03–L04
2910:disease
2862:L01–L02
2858:disease
2608:Statins
2230:9649012
2171:3862833
2136:7234824
2109:3660046
2074:7531354
1918:2122724
1840:9895382
1831:1727381
1613:9649012
1577:9649012
720:Cascara
671:Zelnorm
659:in the
446:osmotic
309:lentils
297:Legumes
255:spinach
214:bananas
3952:Portal
3769:Others
3657:Enemas
3345:
3324:
3272:other
3203:system
2955:joints
2908:immune
2715:system
2675:system
2516:system
2296:
2286:
2263:
2255:
2228:
2169:
2134:
2107:
2072:
2037:
2002:
1994:
1916:
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1388:
1380:
1345:
1337:
1201:
954:, and
909:found
558:mucosa
429:, and
307:, and
226:apples
222:prunes
210:Fruits
138:stools
101:orally
93:enemas
89:rectal
81:saline
79:, and
58:stools
3903:SSRIs
3855:(IBS)
3326:Drugs
3043:Local
3010:brain
2949:bones
2450:blood
2000:S2CID
1976:Drugs
1879:S2CID
1787:S2CID
1667:(PDF)
1656:(PDF)
1541:from
1386:S2CID
1343:S2CID
1238:(PDF)
1227:(PDF)
1141:(PDF)
1096:Enema
869:colon
848:colon
824:colon
803:colon
795:aloin
779:colon
755:colon
735:colon
593:senna
301:beans
230:pears
159:small
126:fiber
111:Types
85:colon
52:, or
3392:and
2953:and
2630:skin
2312:link
2294:OCLC
2284:ISBN
2261:PMID
2253:ISSN
2226:PMID
2167:PMID
2132:PMID
2105:PMID
2070:PMID
2035:PMID
1992:PMID
1914:PMID
1871:PMID
1836:PMID
1779:PMID
1705:2018
1675:2018
1639:2018
1609:PMID
1573:PMID
1520:ISBN
1498:2020
1472:link
1452:ISBN
1414:ISBN
1378:PMID
1335:PMID
1246:2014
1199:ISBN
1153:2014
1005:and
982:and
840:oral
708:Type
650:5-HT
305:peas
292:Nuts
286:Bran
271:peas
265:and
263:taro
251:kale
201:and
161:and
87:for
3680:Oil
3398:A06
3396:) (
3274:ATC
3012:and
2771:and
2218:doi
2159:doi
2097:doi
2062:doi
2027:doi
1984:doi
1906:doi
1863:doi
1859:102
1826:PMC
1818:doi
1810:Gut
1771:doi
1767:102
1601:doi
1565:doi
1491:CPS
1444:doi
1370:doi
1327:doi
1055:".
911:PEG
560:or
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267:poi
148:).
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