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then forms the obstruction. At the same time, the lack of contractility encourages liquid and gas accumulation. and "electrolyte disturbances". Small bowel obstruction can result in severe renal damage and hypovolemia. while evolving into "mucosal ischemia and perforation". Patients with small bowel obstruction were found to experience constipation, strangulation and abdominal pain and vomiting. Surgical intervention is primarily used to cure severe small bowel obstruction condition. Nonoperative therapy included nasogastric tube decompression, water-soluble-contrast medium process or symptomatic management can be applied to treat less severe symptoms
463:(UC) are two universal types of inflammatory bowel disease that have been studied over a century. They are closely related to different environmental risk factors, family genetics, and lifestyle choices such as smoking. Crohn's disease has been found to be related to immune disorders particularly. Different levels of cumulative intestinal injuries can cause different complications, such as fistulae, damage of bowel function, symptom recurrence, disability, etc. Patients can be children or adults. Recent research shows that immunodeficiency and monogenic disorders are the causes in young patients with inflammatory bowel diseases.
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revealed that chronic constipation complied with higher risk of cardiovascular events such as coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke, while associating with an increasing risk of mortality. Besides dietary factors, psychological traumas and 'pelvic floor disorders' can also cause chronic constipation and defecatory disorder respectively. Multiple interventions, including physical activities, 'high-fibre diet', probiotics and drug therapies can be widely and efficiently used to treat constipation and defecatory disorder.
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countries, with the 18–34 age group being recognized as the high frequency incident group. The definite cause of irritable bowel syndrome remains a mystery; however, it has been found to relate to multiple factors, such as 'alternation of mood and pressure, sleep disorders, food triggers, changing of dysbiosis and even sexual dysfunction'. One third of irritable bowel syndrome patients has family history with the disease suggesting that genetic predisposition could be a significant cause for irritable bowel syndrome.
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clinical feature. Although both UC and CD are sharing similar symptoms, the medical treatment of them are distinctively different. Dietary treatment can benefit for curing CD by increase the dietary zinc and fish intake, which is related to mucosal healing of the bowel. Treatments vary from drug treatment to surgery based on the active level of the CD. UC can also be relieved by using immunosuppressive therapy for mild to moderate disease level and application of biological agents for severe cases.
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frequently occur within the elder population, often accompanied by significant 'comorbidities'. Although colonic malignancy is revealed as the major cause of the colonic obstruction, volvulus has also been founded as a secondary common cause around the world. In addition, lower mobility, unhealthy mentality and restricted living environment are also listed as risk factors. Surgery and colonic stent placements are widely applied for curing colonic obstructions.
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gastrointestinal tract can also be observed. Ulcerative colitis mainly affects the function of the large bowel, and its incidence rate is three times greater than that of Crohn's disease. In terms of clinical features, over 90 percent of patients exhibit constant diarrhea, rectal bleeding, softer stool, mucus in the stool, tenesmus, and abdominal pain. The symptoms may continue for around 6 weeks or even longer.
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668:, similar paper products, or other absorbent material. In many cultures, such as Hindu and Muslim, water is used for anal cleansing after defecation, either in addition to using toilet paper or exclusively. When water is used for anal cleansing after defecation, toilet paper may be used for drying the area afterwards. Some doctors and people who work in the science and
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abdominal pain and bloating. Drug interventions, such as laxatives, loperamide, and lubiprostone are applied to relieve intense symptoms including diarrhea, abdominal pain and constipation. Psychological treatment, dietary supplements and gut-focused hypnotherapy are recommended for targeting depression, mood disorders and sleep disturbance.
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According to research, large bowel obstruction is less common than small bowel obstruction, but is still associated with a high mortality rate. Large bowel obstruction, also known as colonic obstruction, includes acute colonic obstruction, where a blockage is formed in the colon. Colonic obstructions
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Bowel obstruction is a bowel condition which is a blockage that can be found in both the small intestines and large intestines. Increase of contractions can relieve blockages; however, continuous contractions with decreasing functionality may lead to terminated mobility of the small intestines, which
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Regular bowel movements determine the functionality and the health of the alimentary tracts in human body. Defecation is the most common regular bowel movement which eliminates waste from the human body. The frequency of defecation is hard to identify, which can vary from daily to weekly depending on
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The inflammatory bowel diseases could be effectively treated by 'pharmacotherapies' to relieve and maintain the symptoms, which showed in 'mucosal healing' and symptoms elimination. However, an optimal therapy for curing both inflammatory diseases are still under research due to the heterogeneity in
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may occur. Other associated symptoms can include abdominal bloating, abdominal pain, and abdominal distention. Disorders of the bowel can seriously impact quality of life and daily activities. The causes of functional bowel disorder are multifactorial, and dietary habits such as food intolerance and
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Patients with irritable bowel syndrome commonly experience abdominal pain, changes to stool form, recurrent abdominal bloating and gas, co-morbid disorders and alternation in bowel habits that caused diarrhea or constipation. However, anxiety and tension can also be detected, although patients with
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Irritable bowel syndrome is diagnosed as an intestinal disorder with chronic abdominal pain and inconsistency in form of stool, and is a common bowel disease that can be easily diagnosed in modern society. The variation in incident rate can be explained by different diagnostic criteria in different
1907:
Laboa, Maria
Navajas; Calzada, Aitor Orive; Landaluce, Aitor; Estevez, Inaki Zabalza; Larena, Jose Alejandro; Arevalo-Serna, Juan Antonio; Bridet, Lionel; Lopez-Lopez, Maria; Burgos, Soraya Torres (March 2015). "Colonic obstruction caused by endometriosis solved with a colonic stent as a bridge to
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Sometimes, due to the inability to control one's bowel movement or due to excessive fear, defecation (usually accompanied by urination) occurs involuntarily, soiling a person's undergarments. This may cause significant embarrassment to the person if this occurs in the presence of other people or a
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can lead to infection of any part of the digestive tract, including ileum to anus. Internal manifestations include diarrhea, abdomen pain, fever, chronic anaemia, etc. External manifestations include impact on skin, joints, eyes, and liver. Significantly reduced microbiota diversity inside the
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Constipation, also known as defecatory dysfunction, is difficulty experienced when passing stools. It is one of the most notable alimentary disorders that affects different age groups in the population. Common constipation is associated with abdominal distention, pain or bloating. Research has
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Treatment for irritable bowel disease is multimodal. Dietary intervention and pharmacotherapies can both relieve the symptoms to a certain degree. Avoiding allergic food groups can be beneficial by reducing fermentation in the digestive tract and gas production, hence effectively alleviating
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stores fecal waste (also called stool) before it is excreted. As the waste fills the rectum and expands the rectal walls, stretch receptors in the rectal walls stimulate the desire to defecate. This urge to defecate arises from the reflex contraction of rectal muscles, relaxation of the
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604:. People may choose fields, bushes, forests, ditches, streets, canals or other open space for defecation. They do so because either they do not have a toilet readily accessible or due to traditional cultural practices. The practice is common where
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Hay, Tyler; Bellomo, Ranaldo; Rechnitzer, Tom; See, Emily; Abdelhamid, Yasmine Ali; Deane, Adam (January 2019). "Constipation, diarrhea, and prophylactic laxative bowel regimens in the critically ill: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
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Jeong, Dong Yeon; Kim, Seung; Son, Min Ji; Son, Chei Yun; Kim, Jong Yeob; Kronbichler, Andreas; Lee, Keum Hwa; Shin, Jae II (May 2019). "Induction and maintenance treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: A comprehensive review".
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302:, allowing the fecal matter to enter the canal. The rectum shortens as material is forced into the anal canal and peristaltic waves push the feces out of the rectum. The internal and external anal sphincters along with the
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Frago, Ricardo; Ramirez, Elena; Millan, Monica; Kreisler, Esther; Valle, Emilio del; Biondo, Sebastiano (January 2014). "Current management of acute malignant large bowel obstruction: a systematic review".
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rises and as a reflex response the amount of blood pumped by the heart decreases. Death has been known to occur in cases where defecation causes the blood pressure to rise enough to cause the rupture of an
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irritable bowel disease seem healthy. Apart from these typical symptoms, rectal bleeding, unexpected weight loss and increased inflammatory markers require further medical examination and investigation.
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Grace, Sandra; Barnes, Larisa; Reilly, Wayne; Vlass, Ann; de
Permentier, Patrick (December 2018). "An integrative review of dietetic and naturopathic approaches to functional bowel disorders".
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112:("doing a number two", "dropping a deuce" or "taking a dump"), to the juvenile ("making doo-doo"). The topic, usually avoided in polite company, can become the basis for some
37:
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Long, Brit; Robertson, Jennifer; Koyfman, Alex (February 2019). "Emergency
Medicine Evaluation and Management of Small Bowel Obstruction: Evidence-Based Recommendations".
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Sumida, Keiichi; Molnar, Miklos Z; Potukuchi, Praveen K; Thomas, Fridtjof; Ling, Jun Lu; Yamagata, Kunihiro; Zadeh, Kamyar
Kalantar; Kovesdy, Casba P (February 2019).
2143:"Effectiveness of a rural sanitation programme on diarrhoea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in Odisha, India: a cluster-randomised trial"
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Farkas, Nicholas G.; Welman, Ted Joseph P.; Ross, Talisa; Brown, Sarah; Smith, Jason J.; Pawa, Nikhil (February 2019). "Unusual causes of large bowel obstruction".
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Common symptoms of inflammatory bowel diseases differ by the infection level, but may include severe abdominal pain, diarrhea, fatigue, and unexpected weight loss.
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individual bowel habits, the impact from the environment and genetic. If defecation is delayed for a prolonged period the fecal matter may harden, resulting in
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and lack of sanitation are statistically linked. Therefore, eliminating open defecation is thought to be an important part of the effort to eliminate poverty.
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without the voluntary control of the external anal sphincter. Defecation is voluntary in adults. Young children learn voluntary control through the process of
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570:). Also, in releasing the Valsalva maneuver blood pressure falls; this, coupled with standing up quickly to leave the toilet, can result in a blackout.
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Agrawal, Manasi; Colombel, Jean-Frederic (2019). "Treat-to-Target in
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, What Is the Target and How Do We Treat?".
295:, where more water is absorbed and the feces are stored until the next mass peristaltic movement of the transverse and descending colon.
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Fisher-Hubbard AO, Kesha K, Diaz F, Njiwaji C, Chi P, Schmidt CJ (2016). "Commode Cardia-Death by
Valsalva Maneuver: A Case Series".
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2000:"Cerebral infarction due to cardiac myxoma developed with the loss of consciousness immediately after defecation-a case report"
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Lacy, Brian E.; Mearin, Fermín; Chang, Lin; Chey, William D.; Lembo, Anthony J.; Simren, Magnus; Spiller, Robin (May 2016).
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and other cardiovascular complications can in rare cases occur due to attempting to defecate using the
Valsalva maneuver.
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Open defecation can pollute the environment and cause health problems. High levels of open defecation are linked to high
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are used by the vast majority of the world, including most of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. The use of sit-down
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Inflammatory disease is characterized as long-lasting, chronic inflammation throughout the gastrointestinal tract.
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The levator ani and the puborectalis need to coordinate properly in order to expel contents from the anal canal.
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as a form of anal cleansing after defecation is both more hygienic and more environmentally friendly.
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is a relatively recent development, beginning in the 19th century with the advent of indoor plumbing.
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214:, the practice of defecating outside without using a toilet of any kind, is still widespread in some
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788:, which centers around the release of waste from the bladder and bowels. He categorized two types:
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at this point temporarily ceases as the lungs push the chest diaphragm down to exert the pressure.
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When the rectum is full, an increase in pressure within the rectum forces apart the walls of the
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1022:. Vol. IV: The Industrial Revolution, 1750–1850. Oxford Clarendon Press. pp. 507–508.
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Some peoples have culturally significant stories in which defecation plays a role. For example:
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907:. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2017
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291:. If the urge is not acted upon, the material in the rectum is often returned to the colon by
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Clasen T, Boisson S, Routray P, Torondel B, Bell M, Cumming O, et al. (November 2014).
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A person defacating outside. Etching, paper. Jacques Callot. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. 1621
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is the human practice of defecating outside (in the open environment) rather than into a
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Hod, Keren; Ringel, Yehuda (February 2016). "Probiotics in functional bowel disorders".
70:, and is a necessary process by which organisms eliminate a solid, semisolid, or liquid
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Nath, Preetam; Singh, Shivaram Prasad (2017). "Defecation and Stools in
Vegetarians".
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surround the act of defecation. There is an inherent desire for privacy among humans.
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2190:. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP). 2014.
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2041:"Changes in the retinal inner limiting membrane associated with Valsalva retinopathy"
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allow the feces to be passed by muscles pulling the anus up over the exiting feces.
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Fiocchi, Claudio (1998). "Inflammatory bowel disease: Etiology and pathogenesis".
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Ending open defecation is an indicator being used to measure progress towards the
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997:(2. ed. New and expanded ed.). New York, N.Y.: Viking Pr. pp. 115–116.
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Progress on
Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines
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is another pathological syndrome associated with the
Valsalva maneuver. Thoracic
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with a frequency varying from a few times daily to a few times weekly. Waves of
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infrastructure and services are not available. Even if toilets are available,
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There are a number of medical conditions associated with defecation, such as
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at the same time, but spatially separated. Defecation may also accompany
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Kelsen, Juridth R; Russo, Pierre; Sullivan, Kathleen E (February 2019).
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is lost, but the tradition has existed since at least the 18th century.
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Johnston, Lily E.; Hanks, John B. (2019). "Small Bowel Obstruction".
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Mak, Wing Yan; Hart, Alisa L; Ng, Siew C (2019). "Crohn's disease".
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Attempting forced expiration of breath against a closed airway (the
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421:. If defecation occurs too fast, before excess liquid is absorbed,
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This article is about the bodily process. Not to be confused with
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Vegetarian and Plant-Based Diets in Health and Disease Prevention
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191:
163:
2092:"Valsalva-related retinal venous dilation caused by defaecation"
1998:
Ikeda T, Oomura M, Sato C, Anan C, Yamada K, Kamimoto K (2016).
206:. Thereafter, in many societies people commonly defecate into a
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90:. The act has a variety of names ranging from the common, like
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119:
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36:
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Vanders' Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function.
1786:
Shackelford's Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, 2 Volume Set
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efforts may still be needed to promote the use of toilets.
287:, and an initial contraction of the skeletal muscle of the
151:
104:
83:
2349:
2250:"The bottom line: why it's time the bidet made a comeback"
1870:
1234:"Constipation and risk of death and cardiovascular events"
1018:
C. Singer; E Holmyard; A Hall; T. Williams, eds. (1958) .
140:
move fecal matter through the digestive tract towards the
1354:
Baumgart, Daniel C; Sandborn, William J (November 2012).
529:) is sometimes practiced to induce defecation while on a
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low fiber diet are considered to be the primary factors.
2334:
Eric P. Widmaier; Hershel Raff; Kevin T. Strang (2006).
2038:
1634:
Waldman, Steven D. (2019). "Irritable Bowel Syndrome".
1187:
2187:
Progress on drinking water and sanitation, 2014 Update
1283:
Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology
1141:
1827:
2039:
Gibran, S K; Kenawy, N; Wong, D; Hiscott, P (2007).
1737:
974:. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
309:
1997:
1445:
1405:
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America
1099:
641:
545:diaphragm exerts pressure on the digestive tract.
2134:
751:depicting the act of defecation which appears in
162:in the same mass, whereas other animals may also
3245:Symptoms and signs: Digestive system and abdomen
3211:
1353:
1535:Steed, Helen (May 2019). "Ulcerative colitis".
1452:Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America
1402:
627:, and large disparities between rich and poor.
392:The positions and modalities of defecation are
1574:
784:stipulated a second stage of development, the
444:
202:, human feces are most often collected into a
2365:
2307:"A traditional Nativity scene, Catalan-style"
1783:
917:Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi (2010-10-01).
672:fields have stated that switching to using a
2083:
1991:
1936:
1682:Farmer, Adam D; Ruffle, James K (May 2019).
1681:
174:. Babies defecate a unique substance called
920:Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation
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16:Expulsion of feces from the digestive tract
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2358:
2224:"How to eliminate open defecation by 2030"
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2109:
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2015:
1966:
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1448:"Early-Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease"
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334:. Once trained, loss of control, called
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237:
35:
2275:The Oxford Companion to World Mythology
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2178:
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1315:
318:is under voluntary control whereas the
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3144:History of water supply and sanitation
3030:Sulabh International Museum of Toilets
1823:
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950:. University of Michigan Health System
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1250:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.12.021
632:Sustainable Development Goal Number 6
2283:10.1093/acref/9780195156690.001.0001
992:
840:- a feeling of incomplete defecation
694:is a defecating figurine in Spanish
501:
3199:Workers' right to access the toilet
3149:Human right to water and sanitation
2248:Rickett, Oscar (11 February 2018).
1818:
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1724:
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1144:Complementary Therapies in Medicine
13:
2781:Toilet-related injuries and deaths
2338:Chapter 15. 10th ed. McGraw Hill.
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1794:10.1016/B978-0-323-40232-3.00072-8
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1644:10.1016/B978-0-323-54731-4.00076-1
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1051:10.1016/B978-0-12-803968-7.00026-5
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350:, loss of storage capacity in the
14:
3256:
2995:Madison Museum of Bathroom Tissue
1740:The Journal of Emergency Medicine
533:. This contraction of expiratory
310:Voluntary and involuntary control
3159:Infection prevention and control
2111:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01624.x
2046:British Journal of Ophthalmology
2017:10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-000856
1910:Arab Journal of Gastroenterology
566:or to dislodge blood clots (see
178:prior to eating external foods.
2747:Privatization of public toilets
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1900:
1874:The American Journal of Surgery
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1488:
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923:. University of Chicago Press.
642:Anal cleansing after defecation
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1752:10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.10.024
1636:Atlas of Common Pain Syndromes
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541:, abdominal wall muscles, and
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1:
2163:10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70307-9
1886:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2013.07.027
1373:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60026-9
1330:10.1016/S0016-5085(98)70381-6
972:"Fecal incontinence - Causes"
867:
771:
267:
3015:Public toilets in Bratislava
1946:Journal of Forensic Sciences
1842:10.1067/j.cpsurg.2018.12.001
1590:10.1016/j.autrev.2019.03.002
1121:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.031
881:"The Basics of Constipation"
222:. First world countries use
218:. Some people defecate into
7:
2685:(combined toilet and bidet)
2379:
2222:Ahmad J (30 October 2014).
1830:Current Problems in Surgery
1700:10.1016/j.mpmed.2019.03.009
1549:10.1016/j.mpmed.2019.03.001
1509:10.1016/j.mpmed.2019.03.007
803:
730:defecates valuable objects.
445:Inflammatory bowel diseases
326:, the defecation occurs by
10:
3261:
2786:Toilet Revolution in China
1684:"Irritable bowel syndrome"
1417:10.1016/j.giec.2019.02.004
1203:10.1016/j.jcrc.2019.01.004
1156:10.1016/j.ctim.2018.09.004
763:. The exact origin of the
761:areas with Catalan culture
714:legend from the island of
645:
590:
505:
482:
451:Inflammatory bowel disease
448:
433:
411:
385:
381:
356:inflammatory bowel disease
271:
154:defecate, they also expel
18:
3131:
3065:
2977:
2931:
2850:
2809:
2692:
2492:
2387:
2150:The Lancet. Global Health
1922:10.1016/j.ajg.2014.10.004
1464:10.1016/j.iac.2018.08.008
1295:10.1016/j.bpg.2016.01.003
388:Human defecation postures
251:Video of a cow defecating
195:is a particular concern.
98:, to the technical, e.g.
3050:Toilets in New York City
3000:Modern Toilet Restaurant
2732:Islamic toilet etiquette
1191:Journal of Critical Care
993:Kira, Alexander (1976).
945:"Bowel Function Anatomy"
520:
485:Irritable bowel syndrome
479:Irritable bowel syndrome
2954:Fecal sludge management
2913:Urine collection device
2898:Urinal deodorizer block
2863:Female urination device
2059:10.1136/bjo.2006.104935
1959:10.1111/1556-4029.13196
1020:A History of Technology
735:traditions of Catalonia
680:Mythology and tradition
320:internal anal sphincter
316:external anal sphincter
289:external anal sphincter
285:internal anal sphincter
224:sewage treatment plants
3184:Sustainable sanitation
3169:Reuse of human excreta
903:WHO and UNICEF (2017)
856:Sustainable sanitation
844:Reuse of human excreta
699:
664:after defecation with
578:
274:Rectum § Function
264:
261:mark their territories
252:
136:) in the walls of the
56:
3139:Ecological sanitation
3040:Toilet History Museum
2990:Hundertwasser Toilets
2932:Feces-related aspects
2851:Urine-related aspects
2752:Swachh Bharat Mission
818:Ecological sanitation
687:
576:
272:Further information:
258:
250:
39:
3055:Bryant Park restroom
2903:Urinal (health care)
2722:Honeywagon (vehicle)
2097:Acta Ophthalmologica
1788:. pp. 842–850.
1638:. pp. 294–297.
1578:Autoimmunity Reviews
1045:. pp. 473–481.
726:, the mythical girl
555:Valsalva retinopathy
216:developing countries
128:muscular contraction
3154:Improved sanitation
3005:National Poo Museum
2949:Defecation postures
2810:Jobs and activities
2712:Bathroom privileges
2668:Urine-diverting dry
1366:(9853): 1590–1605.
1115:(6): 1393–1407.e5.
833:Improved sanitation
582:Society and culture
322:is involuntary. In
304:puborectalis muscle
293:reverse peristalsis
3103:Groom of the Stool
2868:Interactive urinal
2822:Restroom attendant
2313:. 23 December 2010
2090:Connor AJ (2010).
2004:Rinsho Shinkeigaku
700:
579:
461:ulcerative colitis
354:, intense fright,
336:fecal incontinence
265:
253:
102:, to the obscene (
74:material known as
57:
3207:
3206:
2827:Sanitation worker
2817:Manual scavenging
2445:Toilet seat riser
2292:978-0-19-515669-0
1803:978-0-323-40232-3
1653:978-0-323-54731-4
1356:"Crohn's disease"
1102:"Bowel Disorders"
1060:978-0-12-803968-7
1004:978-0-670-00612-0
930:978-0-226-51698-1
759:and neighbouring
741:) relates to the
527:Valsalva maneuver
508:Bowel obstruction
502:Bowel obstruction
394:culture-dependent
248:
228:on-site treatment
21:Defecation (band)
3252:
3230:Digestive system
3194:World Toilet Day
3189:Waste management
3179:Sewage treatment
3066:Historical terms
3045:Toilets in Japan
2727:Incontinence pad
2717:Bathroom reading
2479:Toilet rim block
2467:Holder/dispenser
2430:Electronic bidet
2374:
2367:
2360:
2351:
2350:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2200:. Archived from
2182:
2176:
2175:
2165:
2147:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2113:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2070:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2019:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1970:
1953:(6): 1541–1545.
1940:
1934:
1933:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1825:
1816:
1815:
1781:
1772:
1771:
1735:
1722:
1721:
1711:
1679:
1666:
1665:
1631:
1610:
1609:
1572:
1561:
1560:
1532:
1521:
1520:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1475:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1375:
1351:
1342:
1341:
1318:Gastroenterology
1313:
1307:
1306:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1261:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1185:
1176:
1175:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1109:Gastroenterology
1106:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1076:"Bowel Movement"
1071:
1065:
1064:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1015:
1009:
1008:
990:
984:
983:
981:
979:
968:
962:
961:
956:
955:
949:
941:
935:
934:
914:
908:
901:
895:
894:
892:
891:
877:
776:Some aspects of
249:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3127:
3061:
2973:
2964:Open defecation
2927:
2923:Urine diversion
2918:Urine deflector
2846:
2837:Toilet training
2805:
2791:Toilet Twinning
2694:
2688:
2639:(self-cleaning)
2602:Passenger train
2535:Container-based
2488:
2383:
2378:
2331:
2329:Further reading
2326:
2316:
2314:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2220:
2216:
2207:
2205:
2198:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2156:(11): e645-53.
2145:
2139:
2135:
2088:
2084:
2037:
2033:
1996:
1992:
1941:
1937:
1905:
1901:
1869:
1865:
1826:
1819:
1804:
1782:
1775:
1736:
1725:
1680:
1669:
1654:
1632:
1613:
1573:
1564:
1533:
1524:
1493:
1489:
1444:
1440:
1401:
1397:
1352:
1345:
1314:
1310:
1279:
1275:
1238:Atherosclerosis
1230:
1226:
1186:
1179:
1140:
1136:
1104:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1039:
1035:
1016:
1012:
1005:
991:
987:
977:
975:
970:
969:
965:
953:
951:
947:
943:
942:
938:
931:
915:
911:
902:
898:
889:
887:
879:
878:
874:
870:
865:
838:Rectal tenesmus
806:
774:
753:nativity scenes
720:Maluku Province
696:nativity scenes
682:
650:
644:
636:Extreme poverty
617:child mortality
610:behavior change
598:Open defecation
595:
593:Open defecation
589:
587:Open defecation
584:
523:
510:
504:
487:
481:
468:Crohn's disease
457:Crohn's disease
453:
447:
438:
432:
414:
390:
384:
332:toilet training
312:
276:
270:
238:
236:
212:open defecation
200:toilet training
80:digestive tract
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3258:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2768:Skibidi Toilet
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2695:policy aspects
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2459:
2457:Toilet cleaner
2454:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2298:
2291:
2266:
2240:
2214:
2196:
2177:
2133:
2082:
2031:
2010:(5): 328–333.
1990:
1968:2027.42/134829
1935:
1899:
1880:(1): 127–138.
1863:
1817:
1802:
1773:
1746:(2): 166–176.
1723:
1694:(6): 350–353.
1667:
1652:
1611:
1584:(5): 439–454.
1562:
1543:(6): 371–376.
1522:
1503:(6): 377–387.
1487:
1438:
1411:(3): 421–436.
1395:
1343:
1324:(1): 182–205.
1308:
1273:
1224:
1177:
1134:
1092:
1066:
1059:
1033:
1010:
1003:
985:
963:
936:
929:
909:
896:
871:
869:
866:
864:
863:
858:
853:
846:
841:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
807:
805:
802:
797:anal expulsive
791:anal retentive
773:
770:
769:
768:
731:
681:
678:
646:Main article:
643:
640:
591:Main article:
588:
585:
583:
580:
559:blood pressure
551:Cardiac arrest
522:
519:
506:Main article:
503:
500:
483:Main article:
480:
477:
449:Main article:
446:
443:
434:Main article:
431:
428:
413:
410:
386:Main article:
383:
380:
378:public place.
311:
308:
280:rectum ampulla
269:
266:
235:
232:
100:bowel movement
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3257:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3235:Medical signs
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3164:Public health
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3035:Toilet (room)
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:Flying toilet
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2858:Female urinal
2856:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2796:Unisex public
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2762:Toilet humour
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2691:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2484:Trap (U-bend)
2482:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2345:
2344:9780071116770
2341:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2294:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2204:on 2015-04-02
2203:
2199:
2197:9789241507240
2193:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2104:(4): 328–33.
2103:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1822:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1778:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1348:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
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41:Human anatomy
38:
34:
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26:
22:
3118:Privy midden
2943:
2939:Anal hygiene
2832:Slopping out
2801:Vacuum truck
2776:Toilet plume
2766:
2707:Adult diaper
2693:Cultural and
2577:Incinerating
2462:Toilet paper
2410:Bidet shower
2335:
2315:. Retrieved
2310:
2301:
2274:
2269:
2257:. Retrieved
2254:The Guardian
2253:
2243:
2231:. Retrieved
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2206:. Retrieved
2202:the original
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2053:(5): 701–2.
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1085:13 September
1083:. Retrieved
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995:The Bathroom
994:
988:
976:. Retrieved
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888:. Retrieved
884:
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666:toilet paper
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648:Anal hygiene
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436:Constipation
430:Constipation
419:constipation
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364:neurological
344:constipation
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187:constipation
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33:
3113:Pail closet
3098:Gong farmer
3083:Close stool
3078:Chamber pot
3025:Shit Museum
2678:Vermifilter
2582:Intelligent
2472:Orientation
2435:Flushometer
2317:23 December
1244:: 114–120.
1197:: 242–250.
1080:MedlinePlus
978:9 September
828:Human waste
733:One of the
547:Ventilation
234:Description
210:. However,
133:peristalsis
114:potty humor
110:euphemistic
64:defaecation
29:defalcation
3220:Defecation
3214:Categories
3174:Sanitation
3123:Reredorter
3108:Night soil
2944:Defecation
2757:Toilet god
2742:Latrinalia
2702:Accessible
2658:Telescopic
2573:(Scouting)
2545:Dual flush
2530:Composting
2208:2020-04-21
1908:surgery".
1360:The Lancet
954:2021-05-19
890:2020-05-26
868:References
823:Hemorrhoid
786:Anal Stage
778:psychology
772:Psychology
606:sanitation
568:thrombosis
368:childbirth
340:episiotomy
300:anal canal
268:Physiology
263:with feces
168:childbirth
130:(known as
108:), to the
66:) follows
60:Defecation
45:anorecturm
3225:Excretion
3093:Garderobe
3020:Rest area
2985:Haewoojae
2969:Scatology
2908:Urination
2888:Sanistand
2842:Toileting
2637:Sanisette
2592:Low-flush
2388:Equipment
1662:239092846
1557:243328622
1517:242228134
1433:132251418
1150:: 67–80.
1028:886036895
861:Urination
757:Catalonia
728:Hainuwele
724:Indonesia
621:nutrition
539:diaphragm
537:muscles,
459:(CD) and
366:factors,
220:the ocean
78:from the
68:digestion
3132:See also
3073:Aphedron
3010:Outhouse
2878:Pee curl
2622:Portable
2597:On-board
2560:Freezing
2525:Chemical
2505:Arborloo
2500:Aircraft
2395:Ballcock
2311:BBC News
2277:. 2005.
2172:25442689
2128:26590048
2120:19747224
2077:17446519
2026:27151226
1977:27716918
1930:25791032
1894:24124659
1858:59277670
1850:30777150
1812:81585148
1768:54480601
1760:30527563
1718:27159638
1688:Medicine
1606:73466469
1598:30844556
1537:Medicine
1497:Medicine
1482:30466773
1425:31078245
1390:18672997
1382:22914295
1303:27048900
1268:30658186
1219:58667995
1211:30665795
1172:53768740
1164:30477867
1129:27144627
804:See also
749:figurine
662:cleansed
658:buttocks
564:aneurysm
423:diarrhea
348:diarrhea
183:diarrhea
176:meconium
147:egestion
105:shitting
96:crapping
82:via the
25:defector
3088:Dansker
2873:Pissoir
2737:Istinja
2683:Washlet
2663:Treebog
2587:Latrine
2550:EToilet
2520:Cathole
2425:Commode
2420:Cistern
2381:Toilets
2068:1954736
1985:4727369
1709:5001845
1473:6954002
1338:9649475
1259:6399019
765:caganer
744:caganer
691:caganer
670:hygiene
660:may be
625:poverty
619:, poor
412:Disease
404:in the
402:toilets
382:Posture
324:infants
259:Wolves
226:and/or
198:Before
192:E. coli
164:urinate
150:. When
92:pooping
43:of the
2978:Places
2893:Urinal
2883:Pollee
2673:Vacuum
2632:Public
2567:(boat)
2515:Bucket
2452:Toilet
2400:Bedpan
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2259:29 May
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712:Wemale
706:In an
602:toilet
543:pelvic
531:toilet
352:rectum
208:toilet
204:diaper
160:urates
142:rectum
122:expel
120:Humans
88:cloaca
53:rectum
3240:Feces
2653:Squat
2648:Space
2627:Potty
2555:Flush
2510:Blair
2493:Types
2415:Brush
2405:Bidet
2233:2 May
2228:devex
2146:(PDF)
2124:S2CID
1981:S2CID
1854:S2CID
1808:S2CID
1764:S2CID
1658:S2CID
1602:S2CID
1553:S2CID
1513:S2CID
1429:S2CID
1386:S2CID
1215:S2CID
1168:S2CID
1105:(PDF)
1074:NIH.
948:(PDF)
885:WebMD
782:Freud
739:Spain
716:Seram
708:Alune
674:bidet
535:chest
521:Other
372:death
370:, or
172:death
156:urine
152:birds
138:colon
124:feces
76:feces
72:waste
27:, or
2643:Sink
2571:Hudo
2565:Head
2440:Seat
2340:ISBN
2319:2010
2287:ISBN
2261:2019
2235:2016
2192:ISBN
2168:PMID
2116:PMID
2073:PMID
2022:PMID
1973:PMID
1926:PMID
1890:PMID
1846:PMID
1798:ISBN
1756:PMID
1714:PMID
1648:ISBN
1594:PMID
1478:PMID
1421:PMID
1378:PMID
1334:PMID
1299:PMID
1264:PMID
1207:PMID
1160:PMID
1125:PMID
1087:2014
1055:ISBN
1024:OCLC
999:ISBN
980:2014
925:ISBN
850:Shit
794:and
747:, a
710:and
688:The
656:and
654:anus
652:The
314:The
278:The
185:and
170:and
158:and
84:anus
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2617:Pit
2612:Pig
2607:Pay
2540:Dry
2279:doi
2158:doi
2106:doi
2063:PMC
2055:doi
2012:doi
1963:hdl
1955:doi
1918:doi
1882:doi
1878:207
1838:doi
1790:doi
1748:doi
1704:PMC
1696:doi
1640:doi
1586:doi
1545:doi
1505:doi
1468:PMC
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1364:380
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