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1280:. Epidural analgesia is a generally safe and effective method of relieving pain in labour, but has been associated with longer labour, more operative intervention (particularly instrument delivery), and increases in cost. However, a more recent (2017) Cochrane review suggests that the new epidural techniques have no effect on labour time and the use of instruments or the need for C-section deliveries. Generally, pain and stress hormones rise throughout labour for women without epidurals, while pain, fear, and stress hormones decrease upon administration of epidural analgesia, but rise again later. Medicine administered via epidural can cross the placenta and enter the bloodstream of the fetus. Epidural analgesia has no statistically significant impact on the risk of caesarean section, and does not appear to have an immediate effect on neonatal status as determined by Apgar scores.
2177:, giving birth at home became more difficult due to congested living spaces and dirty living conditions. That drove urban and lower-class women to newly available hospitals, while wealthy and middle-class women continued to labour at home. Consequently, wealthier women experienced lower maternal mortality rates than those of a lower social class. Throughout the 1900s, there was an increasing availability of hospitals, and more women began going into the hospital for labour and delivery. In the United States, 5% of women gave birth in hospitals in 1900. By 1930, 50% of all women and 75% of urban-dwelling women delivered in hospitals. By 1960, this number increased to 96%. By the 1970s, home birth rates fell to approximately 1%. In the United States, the middle classes were especially receptive to the medicalisation of childbirth, which promised a safer and less painful labour.
2235:", was first used in Germany and popularised by German physicians Bernard Kronig and Karl Gauss. This concoction offered minor pain relief but mostly allowed women to completely forget the entire delivery process. Under twilight sleep, mothers were often blindfolded and restrained as they experienced the immense pain of childbirth. The cocktail came with severe side effects, such as decreased uterine contractions and altered mental state. Additionally, babies delivered with the use of childbirth drugs often experienced temporarily-ceased breathing. The feminist movement in the United States openly and actively supported the use of twilight sleep, which was introduced to the country in 1914. Some physicians, many of whom had been using painkillers for the past fifty years, including opium, cocaine, and quinine, embraced the new drug. Others were hesitant.
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to 6 days in (pre-war) Ukraine. Averages for
Australia are 2.8 days and 1.5 days in the UK. While this number is low, two-thirds of women in the UK have midwife-assisted births and in some cases the mother may choose a hospital setting for birth to be closer to the wide range of assistance available for an emergency situation. However, women with midwife care may leave the hospital shortly after birth and her midwife will continue her care at her home. In the U.S. the average length of stay has gradually dropped from 4.1 days in 1970 to a current stay of 2 days. The CDC attributed the drop to the rise in health care costs, saying people could not afford to stay in the hospital any longer. To keep it from dropping any lower, in 1996 congress passed the
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409:, a hormone that is known to evoke feelings of contentment, reductions in anxiety, and feelings of calmness and security around the mate. Oxytocin is further released during labour when the fetus stimulates the cervix and vagina, and it is believed that it plays a major role in the bonding of a mother to her infant and in the establishment of maternal behaviour. Studies show that the father of the child also has an increase in oxytocin levels following contact with the infant and parents with higher oxytocin levels showed more responsiveness and synchrony in their interactions with their infant. The act of
2902:. In some cultures the placenta may be consumed as a nutritional boost, but it may also be seen as a special part of birth and eaten by the newborn's family ceremonially. In the developed world the placenta may be eaten believing that it reduces postpartum bleeding, increases milk supply, provides micronutrients such as iron, and improves mood and boosts energy. The CDC advises against this practice, saying it has not been shown to promote health but has been shown to possibly transmit disease organisms that were passed from the placenta into the mother's breastmilk and then infecting the baby.
1671:. The prevalence of fear of childbirth around the world ranges between 4β25%, with 3β7% of pregnant women having clinical fear of childbirth. Although pain may be seen as a self-evident and indisputable fact, in reality pain is only one sensation of childbirth. There are many other sensations such as bliss, joy and satisfaction which can be more powerful than pain. Previous studies have indicated that negative expectations can actually increase sensitivity to pain through the process of nocebo hyperalgesia. While positive expectations can reduce pain through placebo analgesia.
2247:(or C-section) in which both mother and baby survived. It is, however, known that the procedure had been attempted for hundreds of years before it became accepted in the beginning of the twentieth century. While forceps have gone through periods of high popularity, today they are only used in approximately 10% of deliveries. The c-section has become the more popular solution for difficult deliveries. In 2005, one-third of babies were born via C-section. Historically, surgical delivery was a last-resort method of extracting a baby from its deceased or dying mother but today
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the 1970s, once a patient delivered one baby via C-section, it was recommended that all of her future babies be delivered by C-section, but that recommendation has changed. Unless there is some other indication, mothers can attempt a trial of labour and most are able to have a vaginal birth after C-section (VBAC). Induced births and elective cesarean before 39 weeks can be harmful to the neonate as well as harmful or without benefit to the mother. Therefore, many guidelines recommend against non-medically required induced births and elective cesarean before 39 weeks.
393:(the muscle part of the uterus) is greatly denervated. Stretch receptors in the uterus disappear during pregnancy, and stretch receptors in the cervix disappear at the onset of labour. Consequently, the reason for labour pain has only been theorised, not ascertained. One theory is that the pain results from the buildup of chemicals released during physical exertion. The second leading theory is that the pain results from the vasoconstriction of uterine blood vessels in the myometrium; each contraction squeezes the blood vessels, reducing blood flow and causing some
1522:'s report found that each day about 8,000 newborns die during the first month of life. Worldwide, more than 1 million babies die during their first day even though simple measures such as antibiotics, hand-held breathing masks and other simple interventions could prevent the deaths of 70% of infants. The United States had the highest first-day infant death rate of all the industrialised nations in the world. In the US, each year about 11,300 newborns die within 24 hours of their birth, 50% more first-day deaths than all other industrialised countries combined.
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births β 2.9 times the rate for white women. In 2023, a study reported that deaths among Native
American women were even higher, at 3.5 times the rate for White women. The report attributed the high rate in part to the fact that Native American women are cared for under a poorly funded Federal Health Care System that is so stretched that the average monthly visit lasts only from three to seven minutes. Such a short visit allows neither time for performing an adequate health assessment nor time for the patient to discuss any problems she may be experiencing.
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539:, which is the process of the baby moving down from the rib cage with the head of the baby engaging deep in the pelvis. The pregnant woman may then find breathing easier, since her lungs have more room for expansion, but pressure on her bladder may cause more frequent need to void (urinate). Lightening may occur a few weeks or a few hours before labour begins, or even not until labour has begun. Some women also experience an increase in vaginal discharge several days before labour begins when the "mucus plug", a thick plug of
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298:. It is best practice to limit the amount of interventions that occur during labour and delivery such as an elective cesarean section, however in some cases a scheduled cesarean section must be planned for a successful delivery and recovery of the mother. An emergency cesarean section may be recommended if unexpected complications occur or little to no progression through the birthing canal is observed in a vaginal delivery. Each year, complications from pregnancy and childbirth result in about 500,000
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needed (restrictive) with routine episiotomy to determine the possible benefits and harms for mother and baby. The review found that restrictive episiotomy policies appeared to give a number of benefits compared with using routine episiotomy. Women experienced less severe perineal trauma, less posterior perineal trauma, less suturing and fewer healing complications at seven days with no difference in occurrence of pain, urinary incontinence, painful sex or severe vaginal/perineal trauma after birth.
911:(WHO) states that "the process of childbirth is not finished until the baby has safely transferred from placental to mammary nutrition." It is advised that the newborn be placed skin-to-skin with the mother following vaginal birth, or as soon as the mother is alert and responsive after a Caesarean section, postponing any routine procedures for at least one to two hours. The baby's father or other support person may also choose to hold the baby SSC until the mother recovers from the anaesthetic.
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average out of the pocket expenses for a vaginal delivery were $ 2,655 and $ 3,214 for a cesarean birth. Variables which determined charges included length of hospital stay, which averaged 48 hours for vaginal birth and 96 hours for a cesarean. There could be charges for any complications before or after the birth, for example an induced labour costs more than a spontaneous birth. Babies that had a difficult birth may need special tests and monitoring, adding to the costs of childbirth.
1193:, also called ventouse extraction. Done properly, they are both safe with some preference for forceps rather than vacuum, and both are seen as preferable to an unexpected C-section. While considered safe, some risks for the mother include vaginal tearing, including a higher chance of having a more major vaginal tear that involves the muscle or wall of the anus or rectum. For women undergoing operative vaginal delivery with vacuum extraction or forceps, there is strong evidence that
1829:. Premature birth is the leading cause of death in children under five years of age though many that survive experience disabilities including learning defects and visual and hearing problems. Causes for early birth may be unknown or may be related to certain chronic conditions such as diabetes, infections, and other known causes. The World Health Organization has developed guidelines with recommendations to improve the chances of survival and health outcomes for preterm infants.
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258:. The first stage is characterised by abdominal cramping or also back pain in the case of back labour, that typically lasts half a minute and occurs every 10 to 30 minutes. Contractions gradually become stronger and closer together. Since the pain of childbirth correlates with contractions, the pain becomes more frequent and strong as the labour progresses. The second stage ends when the infant is fully expelled. The third stage is the delivery of the
369:, commonly known as "water breaking". During pregnancy, a baby is surrounded and cushioned by a fluid-filled sac. Usually the sac ruptures at the beginning of or during labour. It may cause a gush of fluid or leak in an intermittent or constant flow of small amounts from a woman's vagina. The fluid is clear or pale yellow. If the amniotic sac has not yet broken during labour the health care provider may break it in a technique called an
896:, is a technique of newborn care where babies are kept chest-to-chest and skin-to-skin with a parent, typically their mother or possibly the father. This means without the shirt or undergarments on the chest of both the baby and parent. A 2011 medical review found that early skin-to-skin contact resulted in a decrease in infant crying, improved cardio-respiratory stability and blood glucose levels, and improved breastfeeding duration. A 2016
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1163:(a surgical cut to enlarge the vaginal entrance) easier, and helped with instrumental deliveries. It is currently less common, though it is still a routine procedure in some countries even though a systematic review found no evidence to recommend shaving. Side effects appear later, including irritation, redness, and multiple superficial scratches from the razor. Another effort to prevent infection has been the use of the antiseptic
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2606:"Childbirth educators" are instructors who aim to teach pregnant women and their partners about the nature of pregnancy, labour signs and stages, techniques for giving birth, breastfeeding and newborn baby care. Training for this role can be found in hospital settings or through independent certifying organisations. Each organisation teaches its own curriculum and each emphasises different techniques. The
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affluent families were primarily calling male doctors to assist with their deliveries, and female midwives were seen as a resource for women who could not afford better care. That completely removed women from assisting in labour, as only men were eligible to become doctors at the time. Additionally, it privatised the birthing process as family members and friends were often banned from the delivery room.
608:
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650:, also called "dysfunctional labour" or "failure to progress", is difficult labour or abnormally slow progress of labour, involving progressive cervical dilatation or lack of descent of the fetus. Friedman's Curve, developed in 1955, was for many years used to determine labour dystocia. However, more recent medical research suggests that the Friedman curve may not be currently applicable.
1836:. Tocolytics delay labour by inhibiting contractions of the uterine muscles that progress labour. The most widely used tocolytics include beta agonists, calcium channel blockers, and magnesium sulfate. The goal of administering tocolytics is not to delay delivery to the point that the child can be delivered at term, but instead to postponing delivery long enough for the administration of
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1435:(WHO) advises that for healthy women undergoing spontaneous labour continuous cardiotocography is not recommended for assessment of fetal well-being. The WHO states: "In countries and settings where continuous CTG is used defensively to protect against litigation, all stakeholders should be made aware that this practice is not evidence-based and does not improve birth outcomes."
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2156:, immediately following birth and for the first few weeks of life. Some fathers have begun to hold their newborns skin to skin; the new baby is familiar with the father's voice and it is believed that contact with the father helps the infant to stabilise and promotes father to infant bonding. Looking at recent studies, a 2019 review found that the level of
2142:; the father would be waiting downstairs or in another room in the home. If it was in a hospital, then the father would wait in the waiting room. Fathers were only permitted in the room if the life of the mother or baby was severely at-risk. In 1522, a German physician was sentenced to death for sneaking into a delivery room dressed as a woman.
2027:, and infections in newborn babies, particularly in the areas where rates of infection remain high. The majority of STIs have no symptoms or only mild symptoms that may not be recognised. Mortality rates resulting from some infections may be high, for example the overall perinatal mortality rate associated with untreated syphilis is 30%.
1739:), depression, severe confusion, loss of inhibition, paranoia, hallucinations and delusions set in, beginning suddenly in the first two weeks after childbirth. The symptoms vary and can change quickly. It usually requires hospitalisation. The most severe symptoms last from two to 12 weeks, and recovery takes six months to a year.
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1580:. Pre-eclampsia is a disorder of pregnancy in which there is high blood pressure and either large amounts of protein in the urine or other organ dysfunction. Pre-eclampsia is routinely screened for during prenatal care. Onset may be before, during, or rarely, after delivery. Around 1% of women with eclampsia die.
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1015:(ACOG) guidelines recommend a full evaluation of the maternal-fetal status, the status of the cervix, and at least a 39 completed weeks (full term) of gestation for optimal health of the newborn when considering elective induction of labour. Per these guidelines, indications for induction may include:
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may provide support and care during pregnancy and childbirth, although there are important differences across categories based on professional training and skills, practice regulations, and the nature of care delivered. Many of these occupations are highly professionalised, but other roles exist on a
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with backup emergency obstetric care, the global maternal mortality ratio has fallen from 385 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 1990 to 216 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2015, and it was reported in 2017 that many countries had halved their maternal death rates in the
2222:
The use of pain medication in labour has been a controversial issue for hundreds of years. A Scottish woman was burned at the stake in 1591 for requesting pain relief in the delivery of twins. Medication became more acceptable in 1852, when Queen
Victoria used chloroform as pain relief during labour.
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There was opposition to the change from both progressive feminists and religious conservatives. The feminists were concerned about job security for a role that had traditionally been held by women. The conservatives argued that it was immoral for a woman to be exposed in such a way in front of a man.
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Accompanied by the shift from home to hospital was the shift from midwife to physician. Male physicians began to replace female midwives in Europe and the United States in the 1700s. The rise in status and popularity of this new position was accompanied by a drop in status for midwives. By the 1800s,
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is different from the "baby blues". With postpartum depression, feelings of sadness and anxiety can be extreme and might interfere with a woman's ability to care for herself or her family. Because of the severity of the symptoms, postpartum depression usually requires treatment. The condition, which
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Postpartum infections, also historically known as childbed fever and medically as puerperal fever, are any bacterial infections of the reproductive tract following childbirth or miscarriage. Signs and symptoms usually include a fever greater than 38.0 Β°C (100.4 Β°F), chills, lower abdominal
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There was a 44% decline in the maternal death rate between 1990 and 2015. However, 830 women died every day in 2015 from causes related to pregnancy or childbirth and for every woman who dies, 20 or 30 encounter injuries, infections or disabilities. Most of these deaths and injuries are preventable.
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Continuous labour support may help women to give birth spontaneously, that is, without caesarean or vacuum or forceps, with slightly shorter labours, and to have more positive feelings regarding their experience of giving birth. Continuous labour support may also reduce women's use of pain medication
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Obstetric care frequently subjects women to institutional routines, which may have adverse effects on the progress of labour. Supportive care during labour may involve emotional support, comfort measures, and information and advocacy which may promote the physical process of labour as well as women's
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A standard duration of the latent first stage has not been established and can vary widely from one woman to another. However, the duration of active first stage (from 5 cm until full cervical dilatation) usually does not extend beyond 12 hours in the first labour("primiparae"), and usually does
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of many countries, hospitalised childbirth may not be readily available or the best option. Maternal evacuation is the predominant risk management method for assisting mothers in these communities. Maternal evacuation is the process of relocating pregnant women in remote communities to deliver their
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It involves changing long-standing policies, protocols and behaviors. The Baby-Friendly
Hospital Initiative includes a very rigorous credentialing process that includes a two-day site visit, where assessors evaluate policies, community partnerships and education plans, as well as interview patients,
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The rising maternal death rate in the US is of concern. In 1990 the US ranked 12th of the 14 developed countries that were analysed. However, since that time the rates of every country have steadily continued to improve while the US rate has spiked dramatically. While every other developed nation
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or extend to the muscles and the anal sphincter and anus. Once common, they are now recognised as generally not needed. When needed, the midwife or obstetrician makes a surgical cut in the perineum to prevent severe tears that can be difficult to repair. A 2017 Cochrane review compared episiotomy as
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Induction is also considered for logistical reasons, such as the distance from hospital or psychosocial conditions, but in these instances gestational age confirmation must be done, and the maturity of the fetal lung must be confirmed by testing. The ACOG also note that contraindications for induced
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through a surgical incision in the abdomen, rather than through vaginal birth. During the procedure the patient is usually numbed with an epidural or a spinal block, but general anaesthesia can be used as well. A cut is made in the patient's abdomen and then in the uterus to remove the baby. Before
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For births that occur in hospitals the WHO recommends a hospital stay of at least 24 hours following an uncomplicated vaginal delivery and 96 hours for a
Cesarean section. Looking at length of stay (in 2016) for an uncomplicated delivery around the world shows an average of less than 1 day in Egypt
361:
is a complication that occurs during childbirth when a fetus exhibits posterior presentation (i.e. when the fetus is facing the motherβs navel), instead of the typical anterior presentation. This leads to more intense contractions, and causes pain in the lower back that persists between contractions
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and performed by Truven
Healthcare Analytics, the cost of childbirth varies dramatically by country. In the United States the average amount actually paid by insurance companies or other payers in 2012 averaged $ 9,775 for an uncomplicated conventional delivery and $ 15,041 for a caesarean birth. A
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The reemergence of "natural childbirth" began in Europe and was adopted by some in the US as early as the late 1940s. Early supporters believed that the drugs used during deliveries interfered with "happy childbirth" and could negatively impact the newborn's "emotional wellbeing". By the 1970s, the
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Historically, most women gave birth at home without emergency medical care available. In the early days of hospitalisation for childbirth, a 17th-century maternity ward in Paris was incredibly congested, with up to five pregnant women sharing one bed. At this hospital, one in five women died during
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during the third, and the 4th stage of recovery which lasts until two hours after the delivery. The first stage is characterised by abdominal cramping or back pain that typically lasts around half a minute and occurs every 10 to 30 minutes. The contractions (and pain) gradually becomes stronger and
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Comfort and proximity to extended family and social support systems may be a childbirth priority of many communities in developing countries, such as the
Chillihuani in Peru and the Mayan town of San Pedro La Laguna. Home births can help women in these cultures feel more comfortable as they are in
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According to the WHO, haemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal death worldwide accounting for approximately 27.1% of maternal deaths. Within maternal deaths due to haemorrhage, two-thirds are caused by postpartum haemorrhage. The causes of postpartum haemorrhage can be separated into four main
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A puerperal disorder or postpartum disorder is a complication which presents primarily during the puerperium, or postpartum period. The postpartum period can be divided into three distinct stages; the initial or acute phase, six to 12 hours after childbirth; subacute postpartum period, which lasts
1431:(toco) has a flat area that is fixated to the skin by a band around the belly. The pressure required to flatten a section of the wall correlates with the internal pressure, thereby providing an estimate of contraction. Monitoring with a cardiotocograph can either be intermittent or continuous. The
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Looking at the C-section rates between 1976 and 1996, one large study done in the U.S. found that the proportion of pregnancies delivered by C section increased from 6.7% in 1976 to 14.2% in 1996, with maternal choice the most frequent reason given. By 2018 the rate had climbed to one-third of all
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gave an average cost of $ 18,865 ($ 14,768 for vaginal and $ 26,280 for cesarean) which included pregnancy, delivery and postpartum care. However, many factors determined the costs, including where the woman lived, the type of birth, and whether or not they had insurance. Even with insurance,
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Historically, women have been attended and supported by other women during labour and birth. Midwife training in
European cities began in the 1400s, but rural women were usually assisted by female family or friends. However, it was not simply a ladies' social bonding event as some historians have
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In 2022, the WHO reported that the US had the highest maternal death rate of any developed nation while other nations continued to experience declines. The death rate of black women has also continued to climb with a 2020 CDC report showing the maternal death rate at 55.3 deaths per 100,000 live
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Eating or drinking during labour is an area of ongoing debate. While some have argued that eating in labour has no harmful effects on outcomes, others continue to have concern regarding the increased possibility of an aspiration event (choking on recently eaten foods) in the event of an emergency
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The WHO suggests that any initial observations of the infant can be done while the infant remains close to the mother, saying that even a brief separation before the baby has had its first feed can disturb the bonding process. They further advise frequent skin-to-skin contact as much as possible
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following the birth. The first passing of urine should be documented within six hours. Afterpains (pains similar to menstrual cramps), contractions of the uterus to prevent excessive blood flow, continue for several days. Vaginal discharge, termed "lochia", can be expected to continue for several
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method of childbirth teaches that making noises such as moaning, groaning, grunting, repeating words over and over, and any sound that one's body may wish to naturally make may help to relieve pain and help labour to progress. According to Lamaze, "While the media would have you believe that all
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Some communities rely heavily on religion for their birthing practices. It is believed that if certain acts are carried out, then it will allow the child for a healthier and happier future. One example of this is the belief in the
Chillihuani that if a knife or scissors are used for cutting the
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are healthcare providers that are able to provide emergency care to both the mother and infant during and after delivery using a wide range of medications and tools on an ambulance. They are capable of delivering babies but can do very little for infants that become "stuck" and are unable to be
862:
At one time babies born in hospitals were removed from their mothers shortly after birth and brought to the mother only at feeding times. Mothers were told that their newborns would be safer in the nursery and that the separation would offer the mothers more time to rest. As attitudes began to
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begins as a physiological separation from the wall of the uterus. The average time from delivery of the baby until complete expulsion of the placenta is estimated to be 10β12 minutes dependent on whether active or expectant management is employed. In as many as 3% of all vaginal deliveries, the
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During effacement, the cervix becomes incorporated into the lower segment of the uterus. During a contraction, uterine muscles contract causing shortening of the upper segment and drawing upwards of the lower segment, in a gradual expulsive motion. The presenting fetal part then is permitted to
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are autonomous practitioners who provide basic and emergency health care before, during and after pregnancy and childbirth, generally to women with low-risk pregnancies. Midwives are trained to assist during labour and birth, either through direct-entry or nurse-midwifery education programmes.
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found that with good obstetrical anaesthesia there is no change in harms from allowing eating and drinking during labour in those who are unlikely to need surgery. They additionally acknowledge that not eating does not mean there is an empty stomach or that its contents are not as acidic. They
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The second stage varies from one woman to another. In first labours, birth is usually completed within three hours whereas in subsequent labours, birth is usually completed within two hours. Second-stage labours longer than three hours are associated with declining rates of spontaneous vaginal
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The expulsion stage begins when the cervix is fully dilated, and ends when the baby is born. As pressure on the cervix increases, a sensation of pelvic pressure is experienced, and, with it, an urge to begin pushing. At the beginning of the normal second stage, the head is fully engaged in the
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elevates in a mother when she interacts with her infant. In 2019, a large review of the effects of oxytocin found that the oxytocin level in fathers that engage in SSC is increased as well. Two studies found that "when the infant is clothed only in a diaper and placed in between the mother or
2798:, it will cause for the child to go through clothes very quickly. To prevent this, a jagged ceramic tile is used to cut the umbilical cord. In Mayan societies, ceremonial gifts are presented to the mother throughout pregnancy and childbirth to help her into the beginning of her child's life.
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of labour has geographically differing definitions. The World Health
Organization describes the active first stage as "a period of time characterised by regular painful uterine contractions, a substantial degree of cervical effacement and more rapid cervical dilatation from 5 cm until full
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Home births facilitated by trained midwives produced the best outcomes from 1880 to 1930 in the US and Europe, whereas physician-facilitated hospital births produced the worst. The change in trend of maternal mortality can be attributed with the widespread use of antibiotics along with the
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communities. There has been research considering the negative effects of maternal evacuation due to a lack of social support provided to these women. These negative effects include an increase in maternal newborn complications and postpartum depression, and decreased breastfeeding rates.
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Augmentation is the process of stimulating the uterus to increase the intensity and duration of contractions after labour has begun. Several methods of augmentation are commonly been used to treat slow progress of labour (dystocia) when uterine contractions are assessed to be too weak.
285:
Vaginal delivery is generally recommended as a first option. Cesarean section can lead to increased risk of complications and a significantly slower recovery. There are also many natural benefits of a vaginal delivery in both mother and baby. Various methods may help with pain, such as
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may provide pain relief. Acupuncture and relaxation were found to decrease the number of caesarean sections required. Immersion in water has been found to relieve pain during the first stage of labour, reduce the need for anaesthesia, and shorten the duration of labour. Additionally,
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two to six weeks, and the delayed postpartum period, which can last up to six months. In the subacute postpartum period, 87% to 94% of women report at least one health problem. Long-term health problems (persisting after the delayed postpartum period) are reported by 31% of women.
2149:, wrote a book about obstetrics and gynaecology in the second century, which was referenced for the next thousand years. The book contained endless home remedies for pregnancy and childbirth, many of which would be considered heinous by modern women and medical professionals.
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Distress levels vary widely during pregnancy as well as during labour and delivery. They appear to be influenced by fear and anxiety levels, experience with prior childbirth, cultural ideas of childbirth pain, mobility during labour, and the support received during labour.
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began recommending that many women give birth at home under the care of a midwife rather than an obstetrician, citing lower expenses and better healthcare outcomes. The median cost associated with home birth was estimated to be about $ 1,500 vs. about $ 2,500 in hospital.
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is a psychological disorder that can develop in women who have recently given birth. Causes include issues such as an emergency C-section, preterm labour, inadequate care during labour, lack of social support following childbirth, and others. Examples of symptoms include
1134:, or by companions of the woman's choice from her social network. There is increasing evidence to show that the participation of the child's father in the birth leads to a better birth and also post-birth outcomes, providing the father does not exhibit excessive anxiety.
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was accepted in the mid-1800s, it was assumed that puerperal fever was caused by a variety of sources, including the leakage of breast milk into the body and anxiety. Later, it was discovered that puerperal fever was transmitted by the dirty hands and tools of doctors.
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The WHO recommends a C-section rate of between 10 and 15% because C-sections rates higher than 10% are not associated with a decrease in morbidity and mortality. In 2018, a group of medical professionals called the rates of increase around the world "alarming". In a
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Jurisdictions where midwifery is a regulated profession will typically have a registering and disciplinary body for quality control, such as the American Midwifery Certification Board in the United States, the College of Midwives of British Columbia in Canada or the
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Personal expectations, the amount of support from caregivers, quality of the caregiver-patient relationship, and involvement in decision-making are more important in the mother's overall satisfaction with the birthing experience than are other factors such as age,
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1241:; or a lay person such as the father of the baby, a family member, or a close friend. Studies have found that continuous support during labour and delivery reduce the need for medication and a caesarean or operative vaginal delivery, and result in an improved
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their own home with their family around them helping out in different ways. Traditionally, it has been rare in these cultures for the mother to lie down during childbirth, opting instead for standing, kneeling, or walking around prior to and during birthing.
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pain, and possibly bad-smelling vaginal discharge. The infection usually occurs after the first 24 hours and within the first ten days following delivery. Infection remains a major cause of maternal deaths and morbidity in the developing world. The work of
586:, which are contractions that may start around 26 weeks gestation and are sometimes called "false labour", are infrequent, irregular, and involve only mild cramping. Braxton Hicks contractions are the uterine muscles preparing to deliver the infant.
990:, also called a C-section. Labour induction is the process or treatment that stimulates childbirth and delivery. Inducing labour can be accomplished with pharmaceutical or non-pharmaceutical methods. Inductions are most often performed either with
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are assistants who support mothers during pregnancy, labour, birth, and postpartum. They are not medical attendants; rather, they provide emotional support and non-medical pain relief for women during labour. Like childbirth educators and other
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In 2008, noting that each year more than 100,000 women die of complications of pregnancy and childbirth and at least seven million experience serious health problems while 50 million more have adverse health consequences after childbirth, the
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Most new mothers may experience mild feelings of unhappiness and worry after giving birth. Babies require a lot of care, so it is normal for mothers to be worried about, or tired from, providing that care. The feelings, often termed the
442:. When the presenting part is at the ischial spines the station is 0 (synonymous with engagement). If the presenting fetal part is above the spines, the distance is measured and described as minus stations, which range from β1 to β4
1233:
is associated with a decreased risk of postpartum hemorrhaging, low Apgar scores, neonatal infections, requirement for neonatal resuscitation, and neonatal admission to intensive care. However, there is a higher chance of cord avulsion.
5359:
1494:
of the 14 analysed in 1990 shows a 2017 death rate of less than 10 deaths per every 100,000 live births, the US rate has risen to 26.4. By comparison, the United Kingdom ranks second highest at 9.2 and Finland is the safest at 3.8.
2344:
Since the US began recording childbirth statistics in 1915, the US has had historically poor maternal mortality rates in comparison to other developed countries. Britain started recording maternal mortality data from 1880 onward.
484:
closer together. The second stage ends when the infant is fully expelled. In the third stage, the delivery of the placenta. The fourth stage of labour involves recovery, the uterus beginning to contract to pre-pregnancy state,
4645:
2642:
In the past, midwifery played a crucial role in childbirth throughout most indigenous societies. Although western civilisations attempted to assimilate their birthing technologies into certain indigenous societies, like
2138:
portrayed β fear and pain often filled the atmosphere, as death during childbirth was a common occurrence. In the United States before the 1950s, a father would not be in the birthing room. It did not matter if it was a
1510:
reports that as of 2011, about one-third of American births have some complications; many are directly related to the mother's health including increasing rates of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and physical inactivity. The
355:
birthing women scream, in reality, it's not the most common noise." They say that screaming may be a sign that the labouring woman is beginning to panic and the support team should help her back to regulated breathing.
2627:
are individuals who are employed to provide assistance and stay with the mothers at their home after childbirth. They are usually experienced mothers who took courses on how to take care of mothers and newborn babies.
4827:
534:
Many women are known to experience what has been termed the "nesting instinct". Women report a spurt of energy shortly before going into labour. Common signs that labour is about to begin may include what is known as
3675:
7500:
1309:(rupture of the amniotic membrane) but advises that it must be used only after it has been correctly confirmed that labour is not proceeding properly if harm is to be avoided. The WHO does not recommend the use of
13700:
10584:
10569:
624:
for multiparous women, mothers who had given birth previously, and at 6 cm for nulliparous women, those who had not given birth before. This was done in an effort to increase the rates of vaginal delivery.
10082:
2785:
women who work in agricultural fields of some rural communities will usually continue to work in a similar function to how they normally would throughout pregnancy, in some cases working until labour begins.
1490:(WHO) has urged midwife training to strengthen maternal and newborn health services. To support the upgrading of midwifery skills the WHO established a midwife training programme, Action for Safe Motherhood.
1147:
delivery due to the increased relaxation of the oesophagus in pregnancy, upward pressure of the uterus on the stomach, and the possibility of general anaesthetic in the event of an emergency cesarean. A 2013
463:
can be used to judge the degree of cervical ripening to predict the timing of labour and delivery of the infant or for women at risk for preterm labour. It is also used to judge when a woman will respond to
11647:
693:
Complete expulsion of the baby signals the successful completion of the second stage of labour. Some babies, especially preterm infants, are born covered with a waxy or cheese-like white substance called
604:. Effacement is usually complete or near-complete and dilation is about 5 cm by the end of the latent phase. The degree of cervical effacement and dilation may be felt during a vaginal examination.
7589:
2676:. These physicians and surgeons variously provide care across the whole spectrum of normal and abnormal births and pathological labour conditions. Categorically specialised obstetricians are qualified
6070:
4588:
8996:
1799:
Worldwide in 2019 there were about 2 million stillbirths that occurred after 28 weeks of pregnancy, this equates to 1 in 72 total births or one every 16 seconds. Still births are more common in
459:
is the physical and chemical changes in the cervix to prepare it for the stretching that will take place as the fetus moves out of the uterus and into the birth canal. A scoring system called a
2710:
are medical doctors who specialise in pain relief and the use of drugs to facilitate surgery and other painful procedures. They may contribute to the care of a woman in labour by performing an
863:
change, some hospitals offered a "rooming in" option wherein after a period of routine hospital procedures and observation, the infant could be allowed to share the mother's room. As of 2020,
7773:
9717:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990β2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
5381:
5351:
10499:
6197:
2292:
744:
Placental expulsion can be managed actively or it can be managed expectantly, allowing the placenta to be expelled without medical assistance. Active management is the administration of a
13693:
823:
are often used for this period. The woman's body, including hormone levels and uterus size, return to a non-pregnant state and the newborn adjusts to life outside the mother's body. The
2680:, so they can undertake surgical procedures relating to childbirth. Some family practitioners or general practitioners also perform obstetrical surgery. Obstetrical procedures include
1614:, the failure of the uterus to contract adequately following delivery. Trauma includes lacerations or uterine rupture. Tissue includes conditions that can lead to a retained placenta.
468:
for a postdate pregnancy or other medical reasons. There are several methods of inducing cervical ripening which will allow the uterine contractions to effectively dilate the cervix.
446:. If the presenting part is below the ischial spines, the distance is stated as plus stations ( +1 to +4 cm). At +3 and +4 the presenting part is at the perineum and can be seen.
9895:
7644:
5763:
1130:
feelings of control and competence, thus reducing the need for obstetric intervention. The continuous support may be provided either by hospital staff such as nurses or midwives,
4409:
3928:
1874:, which supplies the baby with oxygen and nutrients, begins to age and will eventually fail after the 42nd week of gestation. Induced labour is indicated for postterm pregnancy.
628:
Health care providers may assess the mother's progress in labour by performing a cervical exam to evaluate the cervical dilation, effacement, and station. These factors form the
13686:
2566:-led unit that generally presents a more home-like environment. Birthing centres may be located on hospital grounds or "free standing" (that is, not affiliated with a hospital).
5875:
Trojano, Giuseppe; Damiani, Gianluca Raffaello; Olivieri, Claudiana; Villa, Mario; Malvasi, Antonio; Alfonso, Raffaello; Loverro, Matteo; Cicinelli, Ettore (6 September 2019).
5223:
1358:
first twin, twins can often be delivered vaginally. In some cases twin delivery is done in a larger delivery room or in an operating theatre, in the event of complication e.g.
1253:
Different measures for pain control have varying degrees of success and side effects to the woman and her baby. In some countries of Europe, doctors commonly prescribe inhaled
1185:
An assisted delivery is used in about 1 in 8 births, and may be needed if either mother or infant appears to be at risk during a vaginal delivery. The methods used are termed
14397:
5412:
449:
The fetal head may temporarily change shape (becoming more elongated or cone shaped) as it moves through the birth canal. This change in the shape of the fetal head is called
2647:, and get rid of the midwifery, the National Aboriginal Council of Midwives brought back the cultural ideas and midwifery that were once associated with indigenous birthing.
1197:
help to reduce the risk of infection. There is a higher risk of blood clots forming in the legs or pelvis β anti-clot stockings or medication may be ordered to avoid clots.
850:(IUD), both of which can be inserted immediately after delivery while the woman is still in the delivery room. The mother has regular assessments for uterine contraction and
827:(WHO) describes the postnatal period as the most critical and yet the most neglected phase in the lives of mothers and babies; most deaths occur during the postnatal period.
3667:
7462:
7874:
Thompson JF, Roberts CL, Currie M, Ellwood DA (June 2002). "Prevalence and persistence of health problems after childbirth: associations with parity and method of birth".
3847:
2274:. While it is still most common for American women to deliver in the hospital, supporters of natural birth still widely exist, especially in the UK where midwife-assisted
1780:
Worldwide prevention of most stillbirths is possible with improved health systems. About half of stillbirths occur during childbirth, and stillbirth is more common in the
1555:, and cephalopelvic disproportion (a small pelvis or large infant). Prolonged labour may result in maternal exhaustion, fetal distress, and other complications including
1667:
Childbirth can be an intense event and strong emotions, both positive and negative, can be brought to the surface. Abnormal and persistent fear of childbirth is known as
854:, vaginal bleeding, heart rate and blood pressure, and temperature, for the first 24 hours after birth. Some women may experience an uncontrolled episode of shivering or
7043:
8565:
6860:
12596:
9103:
5276:
2004:
during labour. In 2014 it was estimated that about one in 2000 newborn babies had a group B streptococcuss infection within the first week of life, usually evident as
1362:
Both twins born vaginally β this can occur both presented head first or where one comes head first and the other is breech and/or helped by a forceps/ventouse delivery
543:
that blocks the opening to the uterus, is pushed out into the vagina. The mucus plug may become dislodged days before labour begins or not until the start of labour.
302:, seven million women have serious long-term problems, and 50 million women giving birth have negative health outcomes following delivery, most of which occur in the
8691:
Draper, Elizabeth S.; Manktelow, Bradley N.; Smith, Lucy; Rubayet, Sayed; Hirst, Jane; Neuman, Melissa; King, Carina; Osrin, David; Prost, Audrey (6 February 2016).
7533:
7345:
4868:
4759:
4621:
373:. In an amniotomy a thin plastic hook is used to make a small opening in the sac, causing the water to break. If the sac breaks before labour starts, it's called a
11652:
7947:
Say, Lale; Chou, Doris; Gemmill, Alison; TunΓ§alp, Γzge; Moller, Ann-Beth; Daniels, Jane; GΓΌlmezoglu, A. Metin; Temmerman, Marleen; Alkema, Leontine (1 June 2014).
3779:
2654:, also known as traditional or lay midwives, may assist women during childbirth, although they do not typically receive formal health care education and training.
8274:
10074:
7675:
3596:
The first stage begins with the onset of labour and ends when the cervix is fully opened. It is the longest stage of labour, usually lasting about 12 to 19 hours
2164:
connection. If the infant's mother had a caesarean birth, the father can hold their baby in skin-to-skin contact while the mother recovers from the anaesthetic.
571:
The first stage of labour is divided into latent and active phases, where the latent phase is sometimes included in the definition of labour, and sometimes not.
8639:
5098:
1105:
report, C-sections were found to have more than tripled from about 6% of all births to 21%. In a statement by the maternal and child health organisation, the
757:
8453:
Jones I, Chandra PS, Dazzan P, Howard LM (November 2014). "Bipolar disorder, affective psychosis, and schizophrenia in pregnancy and the post-partum period".
2098:, the need for instrumental delivery, and an inexperienced attendant. Specific situations that can contribute to birth injury include breech presentation and
1171:
in the vagina. Evidence of benefit with chlorhexidine is lacking. A decreased risk is found with providone-iodine when a cesarean section is to be performed.
8609:
1201:
is not unusual after childbirth but it is more common after an instrument delivery. Certain exercises and physiotherapy will help the condition to improve.
8903:"Risks of stillbirth and neonatal death with advancing gestation at term: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies of 15 million pregnancies"
5733:
4472:
Hantoushzadeh S, Alhusseini N, Lebaschi AH (February 2007). "The effects of acupuncture during labour on nulliparous women: a randomised controlled trial".
13951:
10051:
6085:
5442:
4656:
4102:
2145:
The majority of guidebooks related to pregnancy and childbirth were written by men who had never been involved in the birthing process. A Greek physician,
2072:
is of most concern and perhaps the least likely to quickly or completely heal. Oxygen deprivation can lead to permanent disabilities in the child, such as
1012:
779:
if it occurs. For many years it was believed that late cord cutting led to a mother's risk of experiencing significant bleeding after giving birth, called
10230:
7831:
Glazener CM, Abdalla M, Stroud P, Naji S, Templeton A, Russell IT (April 1995). "Postnatal maternal morbidity: extent, causes, prevention and treatment".
4584:
2048:
to a newborn infant that lasts long enough during the birth process to cause physical harm. Hypoxic damage can also occur to most of the infant's organs (
12090:
6861:
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus Newborn; American College of Obstetricians Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice (April 2014).
6790:
6081:
4312:"Fetal distress increases interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 and decreases tumour necrosis factor-alpha cord blood levels in noninfected full-term neonates"
2251:
is a medically unnecessary caesarean section, where the infant is born by a caesarean section requested by the parent even though there is not a medical
7739:
2590:
Model of pelvis used in the beginning of the 19th century to teach technical procedures for a successful childbirth. Museum of the History of Medicine,
2160:
was found to increase not only in mothers who had experienced early skin to skin attachment with their infants but in the fathers as well, suggesting a
1796:
may be carried out. Following a stillbirth, women are at higher risk of another one; however, most subsequent pregnancies do not have similar problems.
8952:
4726:
4351:
LyrenΓ€s S, Clason I, Ulmsten U (February 2001). "In vivo controlled release of PGE2 from a vaginal insert (0.8 mm, 10 mg) during induction of labour".
3583:
1755:
Five causes make up about 80% of newborn deaths globally: prematurity, low-birth-weight, infections, lack of oxygen at birth, and trauma during birth.
957:
8535:
1686:
occurs in nearly 15% of births, may begin shortly before or any time after childbirth, but commonly begins between a week and a month after delivery.
640:
descend. Full dilation is reached when the cervix has widened enough to allow passage of the baby's head, around 10 cm dilation for a term baby.
14293:
8901:
Muglu, J; Rather, H; Arroyo-Manzano, D; Bhattacharya, S; Balchin, I; Khalil, A; Thilaganathan, B; Khan, KS; Zamora, J; Thangaratinam, S (July 2019).
7814:
6345:
3214:
2442:
1689:
7765:
6912:
McKinney, Jordan; Vilchez, Gustavo; Jowers, Alicia; Atchoo, Amanda; Lin, Lifeng; Kaunitz, Andrew; Lewis, Kendall; Sanchez-Ramos, Luis (March 2024).
3355:
14431:
8504:
5385:
3749:
1658:
10491:
6556:
6189:
5933:
5836:
3982:"Unaltered innervation of the human cervix uteri in contrast to the corpus during pregnancy and labor as revealed by PGP 9.5 immunohistochemistry"
1011:
The 2012 rate of labour induction in the United States was 23.3%, and had more than doubled from 1990 to 2010. By 2022 it had climbed to 32%. The
775:
for at least one minute or until it ceases to pulsate, which may take several minutes, improves outcomes as long as there is the ability to treat
381:
within 24 to 48 hours. If the baby is preterm (less than 37 weeks of pregnancy), the healthcare provider may use a medication to delay delivery.
7438:
6175:
5245:
Gjerdingen DK, Froberg DG (January 1991). "The fourth stage of labor: the health of birth mothers and adoptive mothers at six-weeks postpartum".
3958:
787:
concentration and higher birthweight and increased iron reserves up to six months after birth with no change in the rate of postpartum bleeding.
10463:
Having a Great Birth in Australia: Twenty Stories of Triumph, Power, Love and Delight from the Women and Men who Brought New Life Into the World
9805:
Callister LC, Khalaf I, Semenic S, Kartchner R, et al. (December 2003). "The pain of childbirth: perceptions of culturally diverse women".
1423:, that continuously emits ultrasound and detects motion of the fetal heart by the characteristic of the reflected sound. The pressure-sensitive
2573:
is usually accomplished with the assistance of a midwife. Some women choose to give birth at home without any professionals present, termed an
1305:
is the most common method used to increase the rate of vaginal delivery. The World Health Organization recommends its use either alone or with
9630:
8879:
5647:
13306:
6256:
1515:(CDC) has led an initiative to improve woman's health previous to conception in an effort to improve both neonatal and maternal death rates.
7636:
4214:
554:. Once the sac ruptures, termed "the water breaks", the baby is at risk for infection and the mother's medical team will assess the need to
15051:
10533:
2197:(BFHI), that encourages birthing centres and hospitals to institute procedures that encourage mother/baby bonding and breastfeeding. The
903:
As of 2014, early postpartum SSC is endorsed by all major organisations that are responsible for the well-being of infants, including the
620:
dilatation for first and subsequent laboursβ. In the US, the definition of active labour was changed from 3 to 4 cm, to 5 cm of
13275:
12659:
12644:
11843:
10627:
10113:
5755:
5613:
3482:
3394:
3303:
3172:
752:
massage after delivery of the placenta, followed by performance of uterine massage every 15 minutes for two hours. In a joint statement,
9246:
Marret, StΓ©phane; Vanhulle, Catherine; Laquerriere, Annie (1 January 2013), Dulac, Olivier; Lassonde, Maryse; Sarnat, Harvey B. (eds.),
4547:
The BabyCenter Essential Guide to Pregnancy and Birth: Expert Advice and Real-World Wisdom from the Top Pregnancy and Parenting Resource
4192:
2296:
810 women die every day from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. 94% occur in low and lower middle-income countries.
14860:
12497:
11703:
10302:
9031:
8669:
8296:
Lapp LK, Agbokou C, Peretti CS, Ferreri F (September 2010). "Management of post traumatic stress disorder after childbirth: a review".
4401:
3920:
2211:
1547:
The second stage of labour may be delayed or lengthy due to poor or uncoordinated uterine action, an abnormal uterine position such as
1512:
9074:
3053:
1862:, two weeks beyond the usual 40-week duration of pregnancy. Postmature births carry risks for both the mother and the baby, including
12423:
9715:
Murray, Christopher JL; Lopez, Alan D; Vos, Theo; et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (January 2015).
5215:
4433:"A randomised evaluation of two techniques of management of the third stage of labour in women at low risk of postpartum haemorrhage"
3325:
2555:
is a hospital that specialises in caring for women while they are pregnant and during childbirth and provide care for newborn babies,
977:
7623:
Where nothing effective is done to avert maternal death, "natural" mortality is probably of the order of magnitude of 1,500/100,000.
6027:
5408:
5137:
4526:
4245:
12586:
11762:
9096:
8179:
Lukasse M, Schei B, Ryding EL (October 2014). "Prevalence and associated factors of fear of childbirth in six European countries".
5482:
2736:
assist midwives, doctors, women, and babies before, during, and after the birth process, in the hospital system. They hold various
1335:
can occur at the vaginal opening as the baby's head passes through, especially if the baby descends quickly. Tears can involve the
1224:
medication during childbirth. Psychological preparation may be beneficial. Relaxation techniques, immersion in water, massage, and
875:
10524:
9604:
5031:
1888:
12609:
12083:
11809:
11685:
9172:
8778:
8748:
5094:
3817:
761:
488:, and monitoring of the neonatal tone and vitals. As of 2014, all major health organisations advise that immediately following a
5981:
4944:"A comparison of active management and expectant management of the third stage of labour: a Swedish randomised controlled trial"
3839:
12621:
12007:
11723:
10290:
7705:
6629:"Vaginal chlorhexidine during labour for preventing maternal and neonatal infections (excluding Group B Streptococcal and HIV)"
6447:
Tranmer JE, Hodnett ED, Hannah ME, Stevens BJ (2005). "The effect of unrestricted oral carbohydrate intake on labor progress".
5837:"Rates for total cesarean section, primary cesarean section, and vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC), United States, 1989β2010"
5093:
4267:
Kupferminc M, Lessing JB, Yaron Y, Peyser MR (December 1993). "Nifedipine versus ritodrine for suppression of preterm labour".
2995:
2248:
389:
There is currently no definitive scientific explanation for why labour is painful. According to studies, during pregnancy, the
9887:
7051:
6280:"Cesarean Delivery Rates and Costs of Childbirth in a State Medicaid Program After Implementation of a Blended Payment Policy"
2185:
For that reason, many male obstetricians performed deliveries in dark rooms or with their patient fully covered with a drape.
1858:
The term postterm pregnancy is used to describe a condition in which a woman has not yet delivered her baby after 42 weeks of
1468:
14778:
13931:
13898:
13471:
13401:
10475:
10367:
10107:
9452:
9421:
8576:
7601:
7432:
6376:
6044:
5280:
4560:
4186:
3476:
3388:
3297:
3208:
3166:
377:. Contractions will typically start within 24 hours after the water breaks. If not, the care provider will generally begin
13616:
3546:
2341:
progression of medical technology, more extensive physician training, and less medical interference with normal deliveries.
813:
The fourth stage of labour is the period beginning immediately after childbirth, and extends for about six weeks. The terms
14549:
14424:
12976:
12616:
10294:
8407:
Alder J, Stadlmayr W, Tschudin S, Bitzer J (June 2006). "Post-traumatic symptoms after childbirth: what should we offer?".
3017:
2000:(a group B streptococcus) is most often the cause of these occasionally fatal infections. The baby contracts the infection
839:
10422:
Dziadosz M, Basch RS, Young BK (March 2016). "Human amniotic fluid: a source of stem cells for possible therapeutic use".
10021:
7522:
7334:
4857:
4748:
4610:
3711:
1721:(PTSD). Many women who are experiencing symptoms of PTSD after childbirth are misdiagnosed with postpartum depression or
1109:, the increase is largely due to an increase of elective C-sections rather than when it is really necessary or indicated.
14805:
14717:
13575:
12743:
12459:
11657:
10286:
7291:
Wei SQ, Luo ZC, Xu H, Fraser WD (September 2009). "The effect of early oxytocin augmentation in labor: a meta-analysis".
1646:
7252:"Placental transfer and neonatal effects of epidural sufentanil and fentanyl administered with bupivacaine during labor"
4813:
3787:
2692:(OB/GYN), and may provide other medical and surgical gynaecological care, and may incorporate more general, well-woman,
1438:
A mother's water has to break before internal (invasive) monitoring can be used. More invasive monitoring can involve a
13946:
13441:
12626:
12076:
11797:
11767:
10325:
10141:
9312:
8848:
8391:
8266:
7808:
6315:
3504:
10260:
7667:
2621:, certification to become a doula is not compulsory, thus, anyone can call themself a doula or a childbirth educator.
14349:
14204:
14131:
13826:
13476:
13341:
12353:
11662:
10810:
10461:
10007:
9271:
7463:"Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour"
5468:
2861:
2727:
2700:
specialists are obstetrician/gynecologists subspecialised in managing and treating high-risk pregnancy and delivery.
2194:
1210:
1030:
9911:"Analysis of variation in charges and prices paid for vaginal and caesarean section births: a cross-sectional study"
8631:
5434:
14376:
13580:
13280:
12805:
12601:
12290:
12275:
10995:
10298:
10169:
9693:
9199:"Long-term cognitive and behavioral consequences of neonatal encephalopathy following perinatal asphyxia: a review"
7566:
2770:
527:
Regular contractions occurring less than 10 minutes apart and progressive cervical dilation or cervical effacement.
496:, and delaying routine procedures for at least one to two hours or until the baby has had its first breastfeeding.
8601:
2304:
estimated that 303,000 women died of pregnancy or childbirth related causes in 2015. These causes range from
14484:
14417:
13997:
13735:
13632:
13346:
11836:
11364:
11187:
10961:
10620:
9125:
Ohlsson A, Shah VS (June 2014). "Intrapartum antibiotics for known maternal Group B streptococcal colonization".
7909:
Borders N (2006). "After the afterbirth: a critical review of postpartum health relative to method of delivery".
5725:
2766:
2497:
2127:
2020:
530:
At least three painful regular uterine contractions during a 10-minute period, each lasting more than 45 seconds.
254:
during the third, and the recovery of the mother and infant during the fourth stage, which is referred to as the
10043:
4094:
2781:
Cultural values, assumptions, and practices of pregnancy and childbirth vary across cultures. For example, some
686:
during labour or pushing, the infant can be born with the membranes intact. This is referred to as "delivery en
13878:
13396:
12543:
12325:
12099:
10650:
10467:
10222:
9840:
Hodnett ED (May 2002). "Pain and women's satisfaction with the experience of childbirth: a systematic review".
7207:
Alehagen S, Wijma B, Lundberg U, Wijma K (September 2005). "Fear, pain and stress hormones during childbirth".
6812:
Jones L, Othman M, Dowswell T, Alfirevic Z, Gates S, Newburn M, Jordan S, Lavender T, Neilson JP (March 2012).
2618:
2301:
1443:
1066:
904:
6782:
6678:"Vaginal preparation with antiseptic solution before cesarean section for preventing postoperative infections"
3894:
1679:, affect up to 80% of mothers. They are somewhat mild, last a week or two, and usually go away on their own.
14479:
14080:
13421:
13328:
12830:
11852:
11745:
11713:
11611:
10102:. Garland Reference Library of Social Sciences. Vol. V. 780. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 144.
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7728:
2990:
2733:
2636:
1892:
1718:
1531:
1507:
374:
8543:
7007:
Caughey AB, Cahill AG, Guise JM, Rouse DJ (March 2014). "Safe prevention of the primary cesarean delivery".
4718:
3575:
915:
during the first days after delivery, especially if it were interrupted for some reason after the delivery.
14662:
14559:
14364:
14147:
13992:
13426:
13386:
12885:
12523:
12408:
12398:
11886:
11690:
11606:
10944:
2537:
2430:, varying from $ 3,296 to $ 37,227 for a vaginal birth and from $ 8,312 to $ 70,908 for a caesarean birth.
1863:
1822:
859:
weeks; initially bright red, it gradually becomes pink, changing to brown, and finally to yellow or white.
7795:
6337:
3195:
14965:
14160:
13678:
13255:
13066:
13039:
12591:
12533:
11917:
11219:
11162:
10726:
9247:
3410:"Planned hospital birth compared with planned home birth for pregnant women at low risk of complications"
3347:
2737:
2697:
2651:
1121:
783:. However a recent review found that delayed cord cutting in healthy full-term infants resulted in early
724:
The period from just after the fetus is expelled until just after the placenta is expelled is called the
698:. It is thought to have some protective roles during fetal development and for a few hours after birth.
8496:
7729:"Healthy Women, Healthy Babies: How health reform can improve the health of women and babies in America"
3738:
3103:"The global burden of neonatal hypothermia: systematic review of a major challenge for newborn survival"
2765:
comes to see the mother and baby at home, usually within 24 hours of discharge, and checks the infant's
1895:
for neonatal infections and other (perinatal) conditions per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004. Excludes
921:
advises women to have a delivery team which includes a support person who will advocate to assure that:
14657:
14271:
14070:
14044:
13780:
13726:
13461:
13298:
13056:
12981:
12951:
12492:
12140:
11829:
11785:
11750:
11740:
10780:
10662:
10613:
9995:
7596:. Studies in Health Services Organisation and Policy. Vol. 17. Antwerp: ITG Press. pp. 7β33.
7120:
Thorp JA, Breedlove G (June 1996). "Epidural analgesia in labor: an evaluation of risks and benefits".
6518:
5948:
5850:
5101:(2004). "Joint statement: management of the third stage of labour to prevent post-partum haemorrhage".
2689:
583:
14727:
7420:
6913:
3950:
3600:
The second stage involves pushing and delivery of your baby. It usually lasts 20 minutes to two hours.
1269:
may be used, but if given too close to birth there is a risk of respiratory depression in the infant.
1237:
Most women like to have someone to support them during labour and birth; such as a midwife, nurse, or
764:
recommend active management of the third stage of labour in all vaginal deliveries to help to prevent
15036:
14652:
14519:
14308:
14298:
14216:
14116:
13511:
13123:
12863:
12787:
12173:
12135:
12130:
11543:
11413:
11371:
11232:
10546:
5144:
3542:
2644:
2496:
in which childbirth takes place is an important factor in determining nationality, in particular for
1618:, which is a molecule used in the human body's blood clotting system, represents all coagulopathies.
1487:
1432:
1168:
908:
824:
753:
664:
278:), and to delay neonate procedures for at least one to two hours or until the baby has had its first
10199:
9951:
8770:
5514:"Care practice #6: no separation of mother and baby, with unlimited opportunities for breastfeeding"
3869:
947:
father's breasts, chest-to-chest shown to reduce stress and anxiety in parents after interaction."
15046:
14569:
13834:
12873:
12576:
12265:
12120:
11912:
11755:
11279:
11095:
11062:
10954:
5785:
Mozurkewich EL, Chilimigras JL, Berman DR, Perni UC, Romero VC, King VJ, Keeton KL (October 2011).
5639:
4895:"Second-stage labor duration in nulliparous women: relationship to maternal and perinatal outcomes"
4310:
Jokic M, Guillois B, Cauquelin B, Giroux JD, Bessis JL, Morello R, Levy G, Ballet JJ (March 2000).
3468:
Communication for Behavior Change: Volume lll: Using EntertainmentβEducation for Distance Education
1996:
1841:
1194:
1042:
683:
9661:
7607:
6278:
Kozhimannil, K. B.; Graves, A. J.; Ecklund, A. M.; Shah, N.; Aggarwal, R.; Snowden, J. M. (2018).
6220:
6003:
Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Sutton PD, Ventura SJ, Mathews TJ, Kirmeyer S, Osterman MJ (August 2010).
3083:
1637:
was seminal in the pathophysiology and treatment of childbed fever and his work saved many lives.
1506:
Compared to other developed nations, the United States also has high infant mortality rates. The
663:. The fetal head then continues descent into the pelvis, below the pubic arch and out through the
14564:
14233:
14155:
13913:
13446:
13311:
13049:
12810:
12777:
12736:
12654:
12581:
12507:
12298:
12191:
11708:
11562:
11354:
11047:
8130:"Antenatal prevalence of fear associated with childbirth and depressed mood in primigravid women"
6068:
3981:
2912:
2851:
2085:
1904:
1793:
1159:, was common practice due to the belief that hair removal reduced the risk of infection, made an
1152:
therefore conclude that "women should be free to eat and drink in labour, or not, as they wish."
1085:
413:
a child also causes a release of oxytocin to help the baby get milk more easily from the nipple.
327:
89:
10075:"British Regulator Urges Home Births Over Hospitals for Uncomplicated Pregnancies - NYTimes.com"
6482:
O'Sullivan G, Scrutton M (March 2003). "NPO during labor. Is there any scientific validation?".
2536:
to women and their children during childbirth. It is generally closely linked to the hospital's
1832:
If a pregnant woman enters preterm labour, delivery can be delayed by giving medications called
14795:
14354:
14328:
14106:
13926:
13921:
13893:
13870:
13770:
13565:
13381:
12946:
12825:
12303:
12285:
12240:
12125:
11621:
11489:
11479:
11344:
11067:
11000:
10975:
10911:
10785:
10530:
7590:"Of Blind Alleys and Things That Have Worked: History's Lessons on Reducing Maternal Mortality"
7523:"WHO recommendations Intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience (Recommendation 17)"
5167:"Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes"
3617:"Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes"
2856:
2485:
2362:
2333:
2309:
2198:
2123:
2111:
2103:
1698:
1447:
1331:
was thought to help prevent more extensive vaginal tears and heal better than a natural tear.
1089:
1052:
10097:
9102:. Department of Measurement and Health Information, World Health Organization. February 2009.
5934:"Elimination of Non-medically Indicated (Elective) Deliveries Before 39 Weeks Gestational Age"
5617:
4611:"WHO recommendations Intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience (Recommendation 5)"
4174:
3466:
3378:
3287:
3156:
2214:, supports the BFHI. As of 2019, 28% of hospitals in the US have been accredited by the WHO.
667:. This is assisted by the additional maternal efforts of pushing, or bearing down, similar to
14554:
14318:
14313:
13765:
13560:
13416:
13371:
13366:
13361:
13356:
13185:
13138:
13133:
13101:
12921:
12482:
12469:
12145:
11601:
11403:
11207:
10882:
10578:
10457:
9444:
9438:
6169:
5844:
3537:
3000:
2917:
2574:
2329:
2252:
2174:
2001:
1682:
1654:
1627:
1439:
1420:
1400:
1390:
1382:
1355:
843:
492:, regardless of the delivery method, that the infant be placed on the mother's chest, termed
485:
479:
during the first stage, descent and birth of the baby during the second, the delivery of the
287:
274:, regardless of the delivery method, that the infant be placed on the mother's chest (termed
263:
250:
during the first stage, descent and birth of the baby during the second, the delivery of the
19:
This article is about birth in humans. For birth in non-human mammals and other animals, see
10282:
9019:
8661:
4777:
4552:
3980:
TingΓ₯ker, Berith K; Johansson, Olle; Cluff, Ann Hjelm; Ekman-Ordeberg, Gunvor (March 2006).
2688:, and assisted delivery. Categorical specialists in obstetrics are commonly trained in both
2405:, ethnicity, preparation, physical environment, pain, immobility, or medical interventions.
14773:
14712:
14612:
14586:
14323:
14192:
14087:
13908:
13883:
13667:
13606:
13466:
13323:
13247:
13155:
13145:
12941:
12842:
12820:
12703:
12548:
12383:
12115:
11866:
11616:
11567:
10887:
10877:
10805:
10800:
10775:
10760:
10755:
9054:
3061:
2964:
2939:
2866:
2841:
2754:
2402:
2271:
1992:
1732:
1728:
1650:
1198:
1048:
889:
551:
493:
366:
343:
319:
275:
106:
6004:
4749:"WHO recommendations Intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience (item #3.2.2.)"
3317:
8:
15089:
15041:
15026:
14359:
14303:
14197:
14126:
14111:
14092:
13941:
13755:
13570:
13481:
13436:
13336:
13195:
13113:
13096:
13061:
12916:
12837:
12797:
12403:
12343:
12260:
12107:
11120:
11077:
11042:
10949:
10929:
5148:
4516:
4237:
2980:
2883:
2846:
2836:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2529:
2461:
2305:
2005:
1722:
1604:
1186:
1180:
900:
also found that SSC at birth promotes the likelihood and effectiveness of breastfeeding.
847:
780:
765:
733:
719:
633:
589:
579:
521:
472:
465:
311:
243:
98:
8048:
8015:
7766:"U.S. has highest first-day infant mortality out of industrialized world, group reports"
6676:
Haas, David M.; Morgan, Sarah; Contreras, Karenrose; Kimball, Savannah (26 April 2020).
5490:
5320:
5304:"Society of Family Planning Guidelines: Postplacental insertion of intrauterine devices"
5303:
4052:"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and their effects on relationship satisfaction"
748:
drug within one minute of fetal delivery, controlled traction of the umbilical cord and
15094:
14534:
14333:
14288:
14263:
14228:
14075:
14065:
13760:
13456:
13351:
13316:
13175:
13024:
12936:
12901:
12782:
12729:
12649:
12538:
12444:
12245:
12168:
11718:
11447:
11301:
11072:
11057:
9935:
9910:
9865:
9782:
9765:
9741:
9716:
9593:
9394:
9378:
9263:
9223:
9198:
9168:
9150:
8988:
8968:
8929:
8902:
8840:
8740:
8478:
8432:
8364:
8321:
8156:
8129:
8105:
8080:
8061:
7996:
7856:
7844:
7487:
7396:
7371:
7316:
7232:
7184:
7159:
7133:
6984:
6959:
6838:
6813:
6759:
6734:
6710:
6677:
6653:
6628:
6604:
6579:
6543:
6424:
6399:
6307:
6248:
6157:
5909:
5876:
5813:
5786:
5726:"American women giving birth leave the hospital as quickly as women in Haiti and Kenya"
5698:
5673:
5587:
5562:
5538:
5513:
5191:
5166:
5071:
5046:
5019:
4919:
4894:
4695:
4670:
4497:
4449:
4432:
4376:
4328:
4311:
4292:
4280:
4179:
Maternal & Child Health Nursing: Care of the Childbearing & Childrearing Family
4150:
4125:
4075:
4056:
3813:
3641:
3616:
3442:
3409:
3260:
3235:
3129:
3102:
3027:
2831:
2719:
2657:
2552:
2472:
2287:
2264:
2152:
Both preterm and full term infants benefit from skin to skin contact, sometimes called
2146:
2041:
2036:
1883:
1853:
1840:
which can help the fetal lungs to mature enough to reduce morbidity and mortality from
1804:
1789:
1694:
1589:
1277:
1019:
800:
489:
394:
271:
228:
9853:
9818:
9732:
8709:
8692:
8466:
7965:
7948:
7668:"US sees continued rise in maternal deaths β and ongoing inequities, CDC report shows"
6914:"Water birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis of maternal and neonatal outcomes"
6495:
6110:
World Health Organization Human Reproduction Programme, 10 April 2015 (January 2015).
6109:
5463:"Rooming-in: An Essential Evolution in American Maternity Care", By Jennifer Usianov.
4858:"WHO recommendations Intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience (item #33)"
14748:
14687:
14509:
14238:
14210:
14170:
14165:
14100:
13974:
13775:
13750:
13718:
13535:
13411:
13150:
13091:
12931:
12911:
12906:
12418:
12338:
11929:
11907:
11538:
11457:
11381:
11359:
10872:
10790:
10641:
10471:
10439:
10401:
10373:
10363:
10331:
10321:
10147:
10137:
10103:
10013:
10003:
9940:
9857:
9822:
9787:
9746:
9653:
9649:
9496:
9448:
9417:
9398:
9386:
9308:
9302:
9277:
9267:
9228:
9154:
9142:
9066:
8980:
8972:
8934:
8832:
8824:
8820:
8722:
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8470:
8424:
8387:
8356:
8313:
8245:
8206:
8161:
8110:
8065:
8053:
8035:
7988:
7980:
7926:
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7887:
7848:
7804:
7597:
7492:
7428:
7401:
7308:
7273:
7268:
7251:
7224:
7189:
7137:
7102:
7094:
7024:
6989:
6933:
6894:
6843:
6764:
6715:
6697:
6658:
6609:
6548:
6499:
6464:
6429:
6299:
6240:
6221:"Indications for caesarean section in a consultant obstetric unit over three decades"
6149:
6141:
6019:
5973:
5914:
5896:
5818:
5703:
5592:
5543:
5333:
5325:
5254:
5196:
5118:
5076:
5047:"Use of active management of the third stage of labour in seven developing countries"
5020:"Active management of the third state of labour is rare in some developing countries"
5000:
4965:
4960:
4943:
4924:
4805:
4700:
4556:
4489:
4485:
4454:
4368:
4364:
4333:
4284:
4182:
4155:
4079:
4032:
3646:
3472:
3447:
3429:
3384:
3293:
3265:
3204:
3162:
3134:
2969:
2890:
stem cells. They are being studied as possible treatments of a number of conditions.
2782:
2541:
2312:, for which there are highly effective interventions. As women have gained access to
2099:
2045:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1519:
1416:
1293:
1190:
987:
969:
855:
796:
738:
621:
597:
517:
476:
307:
255:
247:
220:
212:
152:
94:
73:
24:
9869:
8871:
8844:
8482:
8436:
8325:
7860:
7697:
7320:
7236:
6311:
6252:
6161:
4501:
4380:
4296:
706:, and obstetric haemorrhage, as well as the need for intensive care of the neonate.
578:
is generally defined as beginning at the point at which the woman perceives regular
504:
14642:
14617:
14121:
14060:
13792:
13506:
13118:
12991:
12986:
12880:
12680:
12675:
12571:
12555:
11100:
10867:
10862:
10431:
9930:
9922:
9849:
9814:
9777:
9736:
9728:
9645:
9526:
9517:
Thompson CJ (2005). "Consumer Risk Perceptions in a Community of Reflexive Doubt".
9486:
9370:
9259:
9218:
9210:
9138:
9134:
8992:
8964:
8924:
8914:
8816:
8704:
8462:
8416:
8368:
8348:
8305:
8237:
8196:
8188:
8151:
8141:
8100:
8092:
8043:
8027:
8000:
7970:
7960:
7918:
7883:
7840:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7300:
7263:
7216:
7179:
7175:
7171:
7129:
7086:
7016:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6925:
6884:
6874:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6705:
6693:
6689:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6491:
6456:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6291:
6232:
6131:
6123:
6069:
ACOG District II Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Committee (December 2011).
5932:
Main E, Oshiro B, Chagolla B, Bingham D, Dang-Kilduff L, Kowalewski L (July 2010).
5904:
5888:
5808:
5798:
5693:
5685:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5533:
5525:
5315:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5110:
5066:
5058:
4992:
4955:
4914:
4906:
4797:
4690:
4682:
4545:
4481:
4444:
4360:
4323:
4276:
4145:
4137:
4065:
4024:
4012:
3993:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3437:
3425:
3421:
3255:
3247:
3158:
Fanaroff and Martin's Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine: Diseases of the Fetus and Infant
3124:
3114:
2985:
2928:
2723:
2681:
2669:
2607:
2244:
2095:
2091:
1781:
1706:
1634:
1404:
1081:
1024:
983:
973:
546:
While inside the uterus the baby is enclosed in a fluid-filled membrane called the
516:
Regular uterine contractions at least every six minutes with evidence of change in
422:
378:
347:
303:
239:
208:
124:
9631:"State-of-the-Science Conference Statement. Cesarean Delivery on Maternal Request"
6368:
5469:
https://www.nichq.org/insight/rooming-essential-evolution-american-maternity-care}
4996:
3786:. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. December 2014. Archived from
1288:
238:
The most common childbirth method worldwide is vaginal delivery. It involves four
16:
Conclusion of the human pregnancy with the expulsion of a fetus from mother's womb
15066:
15016:
14945:
14920:
14890:
14800:
14707:
14647:
14276:
14243:
14032:
14017:
13797:
13555:
13270:
13165:
13034:
12926:
12815:
12764:
12502:
12439:
12373:
12333:
12315:
12183:
12068:
12057:
11973:
11596:
11452:
11316:
11274:
11135:
11110:
11034:
10924:
10906:
10852:
10736:
10537:
8919:
8309:
8014:
Bienstock, Jessica L.; Eke, Ahizechukwu C.; Hueppchen, Nancy A. (29 April 2021).
7304:
6295:
4942:
Jangsten E, Mattsson LΓ
, Lyckestam I, HellstrΓΆm AL, et al. (February 2011).
4686:
4652:
4028:
3997:
3532:
2954:
2949:
2673:
2665:
2599:
2559:
2476:
babies in a nearby urban hospital setting. This practice is common in Indigenous
2381:
2378:
2353:
2317:
2313:
2161:
1837:
1785:
1773:
death at or after 20 to 28 weeks of pregnancy. It results in a baby born without
1676:
1662:
1369:
1148:
1138:
during labour and reduce the risk of babies having low five-minute Apgar scores.
1034:
918:
897:
675:. At this point, the mother will feel an intense burning or stinging sensation.
555:
331:
299:
270:. As of 2014, all major health organisations advise that immediately following a
171:
11821:
10605:
10593:
9926:
9475:"Maternal mortality in the past and its relevance to developing countries today"
8339:
Condon J (February 2010). "Women's mental health: a "wish-list" for the DSM V".
6236:
5689:
5165:
McDonald SJ, Middleton P, Dowswell T, Morris PS (July 2013). McDonald SJ (ed.).
4431:
Giacalone PL, Vignal J, Daures JP, Boulot P, Hedon B, Laffargue F (March 2000).
4141:
15056:
14940:
14880:
14544:
14539:
14529:
14524:
14489:
14371:
14281:
14177:
14037:
14026:
13966:
13844:
13601:
13516:
13222:
13170:
12868:
11997:
11639:
11466:
11442:
11386:
11264:
11259:
11249:
11237:
11115:
10899:
10770:
10716:
10435:
9997:
8192:
7922:
7020:
6929:
6111:
5944:
5114:
4910:
3703:
3005:
2959:
2795:
2762:
2741:
2373:
2232:
2107:
2073:
1900:
1463:
1459:
1349:
1106:
772:
715:
427:
323:
110:
65:
11648:
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
10151:
9214:
8420:
8352:
7220:
6733:
Liabsuetrakul, T; Choobun, T; Peeyananjarassri, K; Islam, QM (26 March 2020).
6127:
2672:
whose training, skills and practices include obstetrics, and in some contexts
960:
that requires insurers to cover at least 48 hours for uncomplicated delivery.
558:
if it has not started within the time they believe to be safe for the infant.
15083:
15061:
15031:
15011:
14870:
14845:
14768:
14682:
14672:
14667:
14581:
14474:
14253:
14223:
13956:
13839:
13611:
13501:
13290:
13265:
13017:
12858:
12772:
12698:
12413:
12232:
12200:
12195:
12163:
11677:
11591:
11552:
11528:
11437:
11321:
11254:
11125:
11029:
10990:
10847:
10682:
10405:
10377:
10335:
9491:
9474:
9346:
Get Me Out: A History of Childbirth from the Garden of Eden to the Sperm Bank
8976:
8953:"Practice Bulletin No. 146: Management of Late-Term and Postterm Pregnancies"
8828:
8718:
8566:"Ending preventable stillbirths An Executive Summary for The Lancet's Series"
8146:
8039:
7984:
7098:
6701:
6460:
6398:
Bohren, MA; Hofmeyr, GJ; Sakala, C; Fukuzawa, RK; Cuthbert, A (6 July 2017).
6145:
5900:
5529:
5329:
4785:
4070:
4051:
4036:
3433:
2899:
2707:
2703:
2393:
2153:
2061:
1896:
1816:
1714:
1611:
1577:
1332:
1310:
1254:
1164:
994:
drug treatment alone, or with a combination of prostaglandin and intravenous
991:
893:
879:
851:
737:
duration of the third stage is longer than 30 minutes and raises concern for
703:
439:
410:
279:
148:
114:
8241:
7160:"Epidural versus non-epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour"
6279:
5892:
5803:
4801:
4669:
Boyle A, Reddy UM, Landy HJ, Huang CC, Driggers RW, Laughon SK (July 2013).
3119:
2740:
and typically undergo additional obstetric training in addition to standard
2544:
unit if present. It usually includes facilities both for childbirth and for
2464:. Before the 20th century and in some countries to the present day, such as
1272:
Popular medical pain control in hospitals include the regional anaesthetics
1257:
gas for pain control, especially as 53% nitrous oxide, 47% oxygen, known as
1092:
infection, in which cases a cesarean section is the safest delivery method.
982:
In many cases and with increasing frequency, childbirth is achieved through
632:. The Bishop score can also be used as a means to predict the success of an
438:
refers to the relationship of the fetal presenting part to the level of the
346:. Pain in contractions has been described as feeling similar to very strong
14900:
14895:
14875:
14855:
14841:
14785:
14632:
14514:
14464:
14248:
14182:
13647:
13227:
13180:
13128:
13086:
12721:
12710:
12693:
11506:
11501:
11242:
11142:
11087:
10815:
10694:
10689:
10443:
10252:
10017:
9944:
9861:
9826:
9750:
9657:
9500:
9390:
9281:
9232:
9146:
9070:
8984:
8938:
8836:
8804:
8726:
8474:
8428:
8360:
8317:
8249:
8210:
8165:
8114:
8057:
7992:
7975:
7930:
7895:
7496:
7461:
Alfirevic, Zarko; Gyte, Gillian ML; Cuthbert, Anna; Devane, Declan (2017).
7405:
7312:
7228:
7193:
7106:
7028:
6993:
6937:
6898:
6879:
6862:
6847:
6768:
6719:
6662:
6613:
6552:
6503:
6468:
6433:
6303:
6244:
6153:
6023:
5918:
5822:
5707:
5596:
5547:
5337:
5200:
5122:
5080:
5004:
4969:
4928:
4809:
4704:
4493:
4458:
4372:
4337:
4159:
3650:
3451:
3269:
3138:
3054:"confinement β Definition of confinement in English by Oxford Dictionaries"
2944:
2934:
2923:
2693:
2591:
2493:
2069:
2024:
1548:
1057:
679:
660:
629:
547:
460:
405:
During the later stages of gestation, there is an increase in abundance of
295:
13708:
9999:
Intrapartum Care: Care of Healthy Women and Their Babies During Childbirth
9791:
8096:
8031:
7852:
7277:
7141:
7090:
5563:"Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants"
5483:"Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants"
5258:
5062:
4288:
2660:
who practise in the field of childbirth include categorically specialised
659:
pelvis; the widest diameter of the head has passed below the level of the
46:
Labour and delivery, partus, giving birth, parturition, birth, confinement
15006:
15001:
14975:
14865:
14850:
14831:
14790:
14758:
14753:
14591:
14469:
14409:
14187:
13936:
13888:
13821:
13802:
13787:
13637:
13232:
13190:
13108:
12528:
12487:
12454:
12222:
12215:
12052:
12019:
12002:
11496:
11432:
11269:
11212:
11152:
11147:
10985:
10934:
10795:
10542:
9097:"Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2004"
7803:(2nd ed.). Geneva: World Health Organisation. 2008. pp. 38β44.
7797:
Education material for teachers of midwifery: midwifery education modules
6889:
6732:
3197:
Education material for teachers of midwifery: midwifery education modules
3032:
2715:
2533:
2465:
2325:
2228:
1867:
1774:
1386:
1242:
1230:
1225:
1077:
784:
749:
453:
and is much more prominent in women having their first vaginal delivery.
358:
10637:
10165:
9996:
National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health (2007).
6814:"Pain management for women in labour: an overview of systematic reviews"
6805:
6627:
Lumbiganon P, Thinkhamrop J, Thinkhamrop B, Tolosa JE (September 2014).
6136:
5045:
Stanton C, Armbruster D, Knight R, Ariawan I, et al. (March 2009).
4474:
The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
4181:. Hagerstown, Maryland: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 350.
3986:
European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
1751:
Mechanical fetal injury may be caused by improper rotation of the fetus.
1261:; in the UK, midwives may use this gas without a doctor's prescription.
350:. Crowning may be experienced as an intense stretching and burning. The
14985:
14930:
14925:
14915:
14910:
14763:
14499:
14494:
14450:
13807:
13642:
13160:
13082:
12688:
12378:
12310:
12024:
11939:
10894:
10765:
10318:
Natal signs: cultural representations of pregnancy, birth and parenting
9689:
9382:
7558:
2887:
2879:
2758:
2685:
2661:
2570:
2548:
rest and observation of mothers in normal as well as complicated cases.
2545:
2455:
2427:
2275:
2270:
call for natural childbirth was spread nationwide, in conjunction with
2139:
2013:
1833:
1800:
1764:
1668:
1328:
1322:
1160:
864:
831:
815:
745:
668:
443:
390:
232:
78:
8201:
6958:
Bohren MA, Hofmeyr GJ, Sakala C, Fukuzawa RK, Cuthbert A (July 2017).
6626:
5667:
5665:
4893:
Rouse DJ, Weiner SJ, Bloom SL, Varner MW, et al. (October 2009).
3251:
2426:
2013 study found varying costs by facility for childbirth expenses in
1807:. Stillbirth rates have declined, though more slowly since the 2000s.
936:
All testing, bathing or other procedures are done in the parent's room
14970:
14836:
14815:
14697:
14622:
14574:
14504:
14459:
13851:
13710:
12752:
12477:
12365:
12205:
11978:
11284:
11157:
11017:
11007:
10842:
10820:
10747:
9546:
A natural process? Women, men and the medicalisation of childbirth".
8900:
3203:(2nd ed.). Geneva : World Health Organisation. 2008. p. 3.
2747:
2631:
2413:
2385:
1859:
1702:
1573:
1568:
1480:
1472:
Share of women that are expected to die from pregnancy-related causes
1306:
1221:
1061:
601:
370:
315:
196:
138:
128:
102:
82:
10561:
5829:
5674:"Oxytocin and early parent-infant interactions: A systematic review"
4126:"Oxytocin and early parent-infant interactions: A systematic review"
3979:
2586:
671:. The appearance of the fetal head at the vaginal opening is termed
15021:
14960:
14950:
14885:
14722:
14702:
14627:
13745:
13521:
13237:
12449:
12393:
12250:
12210:
11667:
11484:
11398:
11376:
11296:
11197:
11105:
11012:
10939:
10857:
10677:
9530:
9374:
7637:"U.S. Has The Worst Rate Of Maternal Deaths In The Developed World"
5662:
5400:
4985:
Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
4521:
2975:
2711:
2624:
2358:
2224:
2157:
1871:
1615:
1336:
1302:
1273:
1266:
1156:
1076:
labour are the same as for spontaneous vaginal delivery, including
995:
943:
883:
835:
776:
480:
406:
259:
251:
224:
52:
8224:
Carlino, Elisa; Frisaldi, Elisa; Benedetti, Fabrizio (June 2014).
5505:
4941:
2201:
describes the process of receiving the Baby Friendly designation:
262:. The fourth stage of labour involves the recovery of the mother,
14980:
14955:
14732:
14050:
13044:
12029:
11968:
11922:
11586:
11557:
11533:
11515:
11311:
11291:
10398:
Growing up in a culture of respect child rearing in highland Peru
8693:"Stillbirths: rates, risk factors, and acceleration towards 2030"
6190:"Rate Of C-Sections Is Rising At An 'Alarming' Rate, Report Says"
5784:
5277:"WHO recommendations on postnatal care of the mother and newborn"
2677:
2563:
2389:
2065:
1826:
1710:
1395:
1258:
999:
933:
The baby will receive no supplementation without a medical reason
644:
not extend beyond 10 hours in subsequent labours ("multiparae").
291:
267:
61:
10044:"Recommendations: Intrapartum care for healthy women and babies"
8803:
Tsatsaris, Vassilis; Cabrol, Dominique; Carbonne, Bruno (2004).
5138:
WHO recommendations for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage
4576:
2801:
Ceremonies and customs can vary greatly between countries. See;
2650:
In jurisdictions where midwifery is not a regulated profession,
2102:. Most fetal birth injuries resolve without long term harm, but
1991:
Newborns are prone to infection in the first month of life. The
1610:
categories: Tone, Trauma, Tissue, and Thrombin. Tone represents
14905:
14692:
14677:
14440:
14054:
13550:
13012:
13007:
12255:
11963:
11934:
11876:
11871:
11424:
11306:
11130:
11052:
10711:
10706:
10701:
10588:
10573:
9804:
9196:
9020:"ACOG Releases Guidelines on Management of Post-term Pregnancy"
8261:
8259:
7075:"Epidural Opioid Analgesia and Neonatal Respiratory Depression"
5925:
5849:. Relentless Rise in Cesarian Rate. August 2012. Archived from
5435:"Rooming-in: An Essential Evolution in American Maternity Care"
5216:"Hospitals warned to delay cutting umbilical cords after birth"
5164:
4471:
4013:"Changes in uterine innervation in pregnancy and during labour"
3784:
National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health
3614:
3022:
2481:
2324:
Outcomes for mothers in childbirth were especially poor before
2009:
1821:
Preterm birth is the birth of an infant at fewer than 37 weeks
1713:
for the whole or parts of the event), problems in developing a
1262:
695:
593:
351:
204:
200:
7372:"Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth"
6517:
Singata M, Tranmer J, Gyte GM (August 2013). Singata M (ed.).
5044:
2898:
Some animal mothers are known to eat their afterbirth, called
1442:
to give an additional measure of fetal heart activity, and/or
867:
has increasingly become standard practice in maternity wards.
607:
362:
as the fetusβ occiput exerts pressure on the motherβs sacrum.
14810:
14013:
13984:
13817:
13596:
13260:
13029:
12036:
12014:
11992:
11983:
11944:
11881:
11186:
10721:
10672:
9197:
van Handel M, Swaab H, de Vries LS, Jongmans MJ (July 2007).
4175:"Chapter 15: Nursing Care of a Family During Labor and Birth"
3615:
McDonald SJ, Middleton P, Dowswell T, Morris PS (July 2013).
3377:
Co-Operation, Organisation for Economic; Development (2009).
2613:
2477:
2057:
2049:
1770:
1747:
1736:
1238:
1131:
838:, it is stitched. This is also an optimal time for uptake of
550:. Shortly before, at the beginning of, or during labour the
540:
216:
20:
13952:
Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)
10543:
Social Devices for Impelling Women to Bear and Rear Children
10227:
Statues and Regulations of British Columbia internet version
10220:
8406:
8256:
8078:
7949:"Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis"
7873:
7157:
6811:
6277:
5671:
5561:
Moore ER, Bergman N, Anderson GC, Medley N (November 2016).
5024:
International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health
4309:
4266:
4123:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3704:"Uninterrupted Skin-to-Skin Contact Immediately After Birth"
942:
It has long been known that a mother's level of the hormone
805:
431:
Sequence of images showing the stages of ordinary childbirth
14596:
11391:
8690:
8079:
Ataman, A. D.; VatanoΔlu-Lutz, E. E.; YΔ±ldΔ±rΔ±m, G. (2013).
7698:"Sharp rise in deaths among pregnant women and new mothers"
7460:
6957:
6911:
6446:
6397:
6002:
5874:
5672:
Scatliffe, N.; Casavant, S.; Vittner, D.; Cong, X. (2019).
5352:"Immediate Postpartum Long-Acting Reversible Contraception"
4430:
4124:
Scatliffe, N.; Casavant, S.; Vittner, D.; Cong, X. (2019).
3084:"Confinement β meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"
2243:
There are many conflicting stories of the first successful
2053:
1365:
One twin born vaginally and the other by caesarean section.
687:
9361:
Dye NS (Autumn 1980). "History of Childbirth in America".
7206:
6675:
5974:"Recent Declines in Induction of Labor by Gestational Age"
5560:
5409:"Postpartum care: What to expect after a vaginal delivery"
4646:
Obstetric Data Definitions Issues and Rationale for Change
3780:"Care of healthy women and their babies during childbirth"
11202:
10191:
9245:
9055:"Common Questions About Late-Term and Postterm Pregnancy"
8295:
8081:"Medicine in stamps-Ignaz Semmelweis and Puerperal Fever"
7830:
7158:
Anim-Somuah M, Smyth RM, Cyna AM, Cuthbert A (May 2018).
5931:
3726:
1788:. Otherwise depending on how far along the pregnancy is,
1399:") can be used. A method of external (noninvasive) fetal
1368:
If the twins are joined at any part of the body β called
963:
11653:
Declaration on the elimination of violence against women
10192:"Welcome to the College of Midwives of British Columbia"
9307:(35th British ed.). London: Longman. p. 1046.
8452:
8225:
8223:
7635:
Propublica, Nina Martin; Montagne, Renee (12 May 2017).
7587:
7074:
5099:
International Federation of Gynaecologists Obstetricians
4719:"Birth (Parturition) | Boundless Anatomy and Physiology"
3101:
Lunze K, Bloom DE, Jamison DT, Hamer DH (January 2013).
10229:. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: Queens Printer.
9770:
Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing
9558:
9556:
8802:
8085:
Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association
7006:
6735:"Antibiotic prophylaxis for operative vaginal delivery"
6449:
Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing
3376:
2328:
were discovered in the 1930s, because of high rates of
1576:
is the onset of seizures (convulsions) in a woman with
927:
The mother and her baby are not separated unnecessarily
342:
The most prominent sign of labour is strong repetitive
7370:
Jiang H, Qian X, Carroli G, Garner P (February 2017).
7369:
6519:"Restricting oral fluid and food intake during labour"
6481:
6045:"The U.S. rate of C-section births continues to climb"
5719:
5717:
5302:
Whitaker, Amy K.; Chen, Beatrice A. (5 October 2017).
5147:, Department of Making Pregnancy Safer. Archived from
4892:
3100:
1717:, and others similar to those commonly experienced in
1174:
758:
International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics
215:. In 2019, there were about 140.11 million human
11343:
9967:"How Much Does It Cost To Have A Baby? 2023 Averages"
9294:
8013:
7946:
5787:"Methods of induction of labour: a systematic review"
5474:
5374:
5270:
5268:
3811:
1725:. These diagnoses can lead to inadequate treatment.
471:
Vaginal delivery involves four stages of labour: the
10551:
9908:
9553:
7594:
Safe Motherhood Strategies: A Review of the Evidence
6082:
American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
5135:
4668:
4350:
3739:"Essential Antenatal, Perinatal and Postpartum Care"
1735:
in which symptoms of high mood and racing thoughts (
1525:
1029:
Fetal compromise such as isoimmunisation leading to
1013:
American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
8409:
Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology
8298:
Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology
8127:
7209:
Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology
6219:MacKenzie, I. Z.; Cooke, Inez B; Annan, B. (2003).
6218:
5714:
4983:Weeks AD (December 2008). "The retained placenta".
4783:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3154:
998:treatment. Caesarean section is the removal of the
709:
12098:
10421:
10002:. NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 55. London: RCOG.
9414:Brought to Bed: Childbearing in America, 1750β1950
8178:
7634:
6516:
6338:"Share of births attended by skilled health staff"
5265:
4786:"Reassessing the labor curve in nulliparous women"
4544:
3870:"What is back labor? Signs, pain relief, and more"
1518:Looking at 168 countries around the world, a 2015
1481:Maternal mortality and adverse health consequences
14294:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder
11851:
10635:
10048:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
8602:"How do health care providers manage stillbirth?"
8448:
8446:
6580:"Routine perineal shaving on admission in labour"
5244:
4542:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4390:
2920:, when a woman is of an older age at reproduction
2878:It is currently possible to collect two types of
2460:Childbirth routinely occurs in hospitals in many
2443:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
2357:Medieval woman, having given birth, enjoying her
2193:In 1991 the WHO launched a global programme, the
1690:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder
15081:
10221:Province of British Columbia (21 August 2013) .
9909:Hsia RY, Akosa Antwi Y, Weber E (January 2014).
9766:"Cultural aspects of pain in childbearing women"
9248:"Chapter 16 - Pathophysiology of cerebral palsy"
9053:Wang, Mary; Fontaine, Patricia (1 August 2014).
6960:"Continuous support for women during childbirth"
6400:"Continuous support for women during childbirth"
4784:Zhang J, Troendle JF, Yancey MK (October 2002).
4671:"Primary cesarean delivery in the United States"
4011:TingΓ₯ker, Berith K; Irestedt, Lars (June 2010).
4010:
3767:
1659:Childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder
1125:Share of births attended by skilled health staff
809:Newborn rests as caregiver checks breath sounds.
653:
10196:College of Midwives of British Columbia website
9888:"American Way of Birth, Costliest in the World"
9300:
7726:
7249:
6529:(8). Pregnancy and Childbirth Group: CD003930.
6062:
5465:National Institute for Childre's Health Quality
4551:. Emmaus, Pennsylvania: Rodale Books. pp.
3505:"What Are the Different Types of Contractions?"
3236:"Vaginal childbirth and pelvic floor disorders"
2417:Cost of childbirth in several countries in 2012
1825:. Globally, about 15 million infants were born
1513:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
10360:Developing destinies: a Mayan midwife and town
9714:
9594:"The CDC Guide to Breastfeeding Interventions"
9369:(1). The University of Chicago Press: 97β108.
9363:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
9192:
9190:
8443:
8386:. Cumbria England: M & K Pub. p. 26.
7867:
7824:
7418:
7290:
7119:
6863:"Immersion in water during labor and delivery"
6577:
4387:
4166:
3408:Olsen, Ole; Clausen, Jette A. (8 March 2023).
1640:
1292:Oxytocin facilitates labour and will follow a
592:, which is the thinning and stretching of the
14935:(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot')
14425:
13694:
12737:
12084:
11837:
10621:
10424:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
10134:Indigenous experiences of pregnancy and birth
10072:
9842:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
9684:
9682:
9443:. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. pp.
8172:
8121:
7902:
7833:British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
7581:
7009:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
6918:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
5406:
4899:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
4790:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
4582:
4269:British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
3807:
3805:
3464:
2421:According to a 2013 analysis commissioned by
2210:Every major health organisation, such as the
870:
12751:
10527:, Video by Merck Manual Professional Edition
9512:
9510:
9052:
7592:. In De Brouwere V, Van Lerberghe W (eds.).
7335:"Recommendations for Augmentation of Labour"
6369:"Men At Birth β Should Your Bloke Be There?"
5301:
3407:
2090:Risk factors for fetal birth injury include
958:Newborns' and Mothers' Health Protection Act
702:delivery and increasing rates of infection,
512:Definitions of the onset of labour include:
12660:Timeline of reproductive rights legislation
12645:Birth control movement in the United States
9348:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
9187:
9127:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9124:
8558:
8530:
8528:
8526:
8524:
8522:
8489:
8332:
7376:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7250:Loftus JR, Hill H, Cohen SE (August 1995).
7164:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6964:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6818:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6739:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6682:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6633:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6584:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6523:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6404:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6174:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5567:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5279:. World Health Organization. Archived from
5238:
5171:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3697:
3695:
3693:
3621:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3414:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
2972:, to calculate the due date for a pregnancy
790:
14439:
14432:
14418:
13701:
13687:
12744:
12730:
12498:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
12091:
12077:
11844:
11830:
11704:International Center for Research on Women
10628:
10614:
10417:
10415:
9679:
9479:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
8594:
8400:
7788:
7153:
7151:
7041:
6112:"WHO Statement on caesarean section rates"
5978:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5608:
5606:
4172:
3802:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3527:
3525:
3281:
3279:
3233:
2776:
2468:, it has more typically occurred at home.
2188:
2173:the birthing process. At the onset of the
2079:
1372:, delivery is mostly by caesarean section.
1313:agents for prevention of delay in labour.
830:Following the birth, if the mother had an
51:
10531:Maternal Morbidity/Mortality in the Media
10131:
9934:
9885:
9881:
9879:
9781:
9740:
9507:
9490:
9222:
8928:
8918:
8708:
8384:Perinatal Mental Health: a Clinical Guide
8200:
8155:
8145:
8104:
8047:
7974:
7964:
7911:Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health
7486:
7395:
7267:
7183:
7072:
7000:
6983:
6888:
6878:
6837:
6758:
6709:
6652:
6603:
6542:
6423:
6135:
5908:
5812:
5802:
5697:
5678:International Journal of Nursing Sciences
5586:
5537:
5319:
5190:
5103:Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health
5070:
5051:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
4959:
4918:
4694:
4448:
4327:
4149:
4130:International Journal of Nursing Sciences
4069:
4043:
3640:
3441:
3259:
3229:
3227:
3161:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 116.
3155:Martin RJ, Fanaroff AA, Walsh MC (2014).
3150:
3148:
3128:
3118:
2581:
2384:showing a woman giving birth between two
1583:
1385:of the fetus during childbirth, a simple
978:delivery after previous caesarean section
524:between consecutive digital examinations.
10089:
10073:Bennhold K, Louis CS (3 December 2014).
9708:
9516:
9430:
9416:. University of Oxford. pp. 90β91.
9169:"Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)"
9161:
8876:The Merck Manuals Online Medical Library
8684:
8519:
7763:
7048:Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals
5511:
5480:
5213:
5136:Mathai M, GΓΌlmezoglu AM, Hill S (2007).
4235:
3690:
3292:. Oxford University Press. p. 375.
3179:
2873:
2585:
2412:
2372:
2352:
2291:
2272:the second-wave of the feminist movement
2044:is the medical condition resulting from
1887:
1746:
1621:
1467:
1287:
1120:
874:
804:
606:
503:
426:
365:Another prominent sign of labour is the
10412:
10357:
10257:Nursing & Midwifery Council website
10095:
9839:
9564:"The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative"
9436:
9411:
9171:. World Health Organization. May 2013.
8798:
8796:
7908:
7727:Levi J, Kohn D, Johnson K (June 2011).
7666:Howard, Jacqueline (23 February 2022).
7588:Van Lerberghe W, De Brouwere V (2001).
7467:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7148:
7073:Kumar, Manoj; Paes, Bosco (July 2003).
6484:Anesthesiology Clinics of North America
5996:
5877:"VBAC: antenatal predictors of success"
5603:
5384:. ATI Nursing Education. Archived from
5095:International Confederation of Midwives
4536:
4215:"Baby's head shape: Cause for concern?"
3561:
3522:
3397:from the original on 11 September 2017.
3306:from the original on 11 September 2017.
3276:
3175:from the original on 11 September 2017.
2128:Men's role in childbirth Β§ History
1790:medications may be used to start labour
762:International Confederation of Midwives
15082:
10456:
10391:
10389:
10387:
10353:
10351:
10349:
10347:
10345:
10315:
10283:"The Nursing and Midwifery Order 2001"
10202:from the original on 17 September 2013
10127:
10125:
10123:
9876:
9542:
9540:
9472:
9468:
9466:
9464:
9356:
9354:
9340:
9338:
9336:
9334:
9332:
9330:
9328:
9326:
9324:
9077:from the original on 11 September 2022
9034:from the original on 11 September 2022
8999:from the original on 11 September 2022
8869:
8851:from the original on 12 September 2022
8805:"Pharmacokinetics of tocolytic agents"
8381:
8338:
8128:Jaju S, Al Kharusi L, Gowri V (2015).
7942:
7940:
7820:from the original on 21 February 2015.
7665:
7044:"Medicine Administration for Midwives"
6578:Basevi V, Lavender T (November 2014).
6366:
5723:
5616:. Kangaroo Mother Care. Archived from
3755:from the original on 24 September 2015
3662:
3660:
3485:from the original on 11 September 2017
3348:"Number of births and deaths per year"
3310:
3285:
3224:
3220:from the original on 21 February 2015.
3145:
2996:Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition
2480:and Northern Manitoban communities in
2348:
2249:caesarean delivery on maternal request
1742:
1598:
964:Labour induction and caesarean section
486:delayed clamping of the umbilical cord
306:. Complications in the mother include
264:delayed clamping of the umbilical cord
203:exits the internal environment of the
14413:
13932:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
13899:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
13682:
12725:
12072:
11825:
11423:
10609:
10492:"Labor and delivery, postpartum care"
10263:from the original on 5 September 2013
10172:from the original on 23 February 2014
9763:
9696:from the original on 29 November 2020
9301:Warwick R, Williams PL, eds. (1973).
9175:from the original on 25 November 2014
8672:from the original on 9 September 2021
7776:from the original on 14 February 2023
7708:from the original on 14 February 2023
7678:from the original on 14 February 2023
7569:from the original on 29 November 2020
6793:from the original on 16 November 2020
6225:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
5766:from the original on 14 February 2022
5415:from the original on 21 December 2014
4982:
4816:from the original on 18 January 2016.
4543:Murray LJ, Hennen L, Scott J (2005).
4514:
4402:"Labor and delivery, postpartum care"
4092:
4049:
3921:"Labor and delivery, postpartum care"
3610:
3608:
3289:Concise Colour Medical l.p.Dictionary
2258:
2238:
2030:
1877:
1215:
337:
14550:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
13998:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability
11792:
11686:Office of Research on Women's Health
10395:
10259:. London, England. 31 August 2011 .
10116:from the original on 2 January 2016.
10054:from the original on 2 December 2020
9898:from the original on 1 January 2017.
9622:
9610:from the original on 21 January 2022
9344:Hutter Epstein, M.D., Randi (2011).
9018:Neff, Matthew J. (1 December 2004).
9017:
9011:
8945:
8793:
8181:Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare
6033:from the original on 21 August 2013.
5314:(1) (published January 2018): 2β13.
5017:
4838:from the original on 8 December 2019
4591:from the original on 4 December 2016
3701:
3538:The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia
3328:from the original on 26 January 2021
3018:Bradley method of natural childbirth
2392:. From Iran, 1000 to 650 BC, at the
1842:infant respiratory distress syndrome
1536:
840:long-acting reversible contraception
322:. Complications in the baby include
13576:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
11804:
11724:Society for Women's Health Research
11658:International Day of the Girl Child
10384:
10342:
10309:
10305:from the original on 8 August 2013.
10233:from the original on 25 August 2013
10120:
10085:from the original on 28 March 2017.
9964:
9628:
9574:from the original on 9 January 2022
9537:
9461:
9360:
9351:
9321:
9106:from the original on 28 August 2021
8882:from the original on 20 August 2012
8642:from the original on 5 October 2016
8612:from the original on 5 October 2016
8507:from the original on 5 October 2016
8271:National Institute of Mental Health
8020:The New England Journal of Medicine
7937:
5487:The WHO Reproductive Health Library
5321:10.1016/j.contraception.2017.09.014
5274:
4729:from the original on 11 August 2021
4105:from the original on 29 August 2014
3931:from the original on 2 January 2018
3657:
2508:Facilities for childbirth include:
1769:Stillbirth is typically defined as
1647:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
1501:
1376:
1175:Forceps or vacuum assisted delivery
1095:
1006:
930:The baby will receive only her milk
561:
13:
13947:Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy
11768:Birth control in the United States
9977:from the original on 10 March 2023
9783:10.1111/j.1552-6909.1996.tb02515.x
9692:. United Nations Population Fund.
9548:broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk
9264:10.1016/B978-0-444-52891-9.00016-6
8969:10.1097/01.AOG.0000452744.06088.48
8963:(2 PART 1): 390β396. August 2014.
8662:"Stillbirths and stillbirth rates"
7845:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1995.tb09132.x
7647:from the original on 24 April 2018
7539:from the original on 29 March 2018
7134:10.1111/j.1523-536X.1996.tb00833.x
6348:from the original on 17 March 2020
6318:from the original on 17 March 2023
6259:from the original on 16 March 2023
6200:from the original on 16 March 2023
6078:Optimizing Protocols in Obstetrics
5756:"Where to give birth: the options"
5614:"Fathers and skin-to-skin contact"
5518:The Journal of Perinatal Education
5034:from the original on 4 March 2016.
4874:from the original on 29 March 2018
4765:from the original on 29 March 2018
4627:from the original on 29 March 2018
4585:"Cervical effacement and dilation"
4529:from the original on 3 March 2016.
4450:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb13236.x
4329:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb13241.x
4281:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1993.tb15171.x
4248:from the original on 7 August 2020
4099:Hypertexts for Biomedical Sciences
3961:from the original on 17 March 2023
3850:from the original on 16 March 2023
3746:Promoting Effective Perinatal Care
3605:
1847:
1411:that consists of two sensors: The
1343:
600:occur during the closing weeks of
499:
14:
15106:
14205:Pain management during childbirth
14132:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
12354:self-report sexual risk behaviors
11663:Commission on the Status of Women
10673:External female genitalia (vulva)
10518:
10502:from the original on 29 June 2022
10024:from the original on 15 July 2020
8781:from the original on 7 March 2015
8751:from the original on 7 March 2015
8341:Archives of Women's Mental Health
8277:from the original on 21 June 2017
7764:Castillo, Michelle (7 May 2013).
7745:from the original on 24 June 2012
7441:from the original on 4 March 2016
6012:National Vital Statistics Reports
5881:Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis
5362:from the original on 22 July 2020
5226:from the original on 12 June 2018
4195:from the original on 28 June 2014
4017:Current Opinion in Anesthesiology
3840:"Making Noise in Labor and Birth"
3820:from the original on 3 April 2017
3714:from the original on 3 April 2015
3586:from the original on 28 July 2016
3549:from the original on 6 March 2016
3358:from the original on 14 June 2022
2862:Childbirth in Trinidad and Tobago
2757:assist the mother and newborn to
2728:pain management during childbirth
2195:Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative
2124:Natural childbirth Β§ History
1526:Labour and delivery complications
1248:
1211:Pain management during childbirth
1031:haemolytic disease of the newborn
14391:
14390:
14377:Sexual activity during pregnancy
13581:Postpartum physiological changes
13281:Postpartum physiological changes
12806:Assisted reproductive technology
12424:Precocious puberty and pregnancy
11803:
11791:
11780:
11779:
10996:Assisted reproductive technology
10636:
10484:
10450:
10275:
10245:
10214:
10184:
10158:
10066:
10036:
9989:
9958:
9950:
9902:
9833:
9798:
9757:
9650:10.1097/00006250-200606000-00027
9586:
9405:
9239:
9118:
9089:
9046:
8894:
8863:
8821:10.2165/00003088-200443130-00001
8763:
8741:"Preterm birth Fact sheet NΒ°363"
8733:
8654:
8624:
8375:
8289:
8217:
8072:
8007:
7888:10.1046/j.1523-536X.2002.00167.x
7757:
7720:
7690:
7659:
7628:
7551:
7515:
7454:
7425:The Medical Equipment Dictionary
7412:
7363:
7327:
7284:
7269:10.1097/00000542-199508000-00010
7243:
7200:
7113:
7066:
7035:
6951:
6905:
6854:
6559:from the original on 7 July 2014
6379:from the original on 1 June 2013
5984:from the original on 10 May 2018
5736:from the original on 21 May 2022
5650:from the original on 17 May 2022
5445:from the original on 28 May 2022
4961:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2010.02800.x
4486:10.1111/j.1479-828X.2006.00674.x
4365:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2001.00039.x
3678:from the original on 27 May 2022
2893:
2771:postpartum physiological changes
2132:
1810:
1453:
710:Third stage: placental expulsion
416:
400:
14485:Breastfeeding and mental health
13633:Adaptation to extrauterine life
12544:Sexually transmitted infections
10962:Breastfeeding and mental health
10287:Her Majesty's Stationery Office
7503:from the original on 7 May 2018
7351:from the original on 8 May 2018
7042:Lancashire, Liz (9 July 2018).
6775:
6726:
6669:
6620:
6571:
6510:
6475:
6440:
6391:
6360:
6330:
6271:
6212:
6182:
6103:
6037:
5966:
5868:
5778:
5748:
5632:
5554:
5457:
5427:
5344:
5295:
5207:
5158:
5129:
5087:
5038:
5011:
4976:
4935:
4886:
4850:
4820:
4741:
4711:
4662:
4639:
4603:
4508:
4465:
4424:
4412:from the original on 7 May 2018
4344:
4303:
4260:
4229:
4207:
4117:
4086:
4004:
3973:
3943:
3913:
3887:
3862:
3832:
3497:
3458:
3401:
3370:
3234:Memon HU, Handa VL (May 2013).
2767:adaptation to extrauterine life
2498:birth aboard aircraft and ships
2281:
2021:sexually transmitted infections
1907:which have their own maps/data.
1283:
1204:
23:. For the band Childbirth, see
13879:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
13276:Maternal physiological changes
12100:Sexual and reproductive health
10468:Australian College of Midwives
10099:Encyclopedia of Social History
9254:, Pediatric Neurology Part I,
9252:Handbook of Clinical Neurology
9203:European Journal of Pediatrics
9139:10.1002/14651858.CD007467.pub4
8870:Kendig, James W (March 2007).
8575:. January 2016. Archived from
7563:United Nations Population Fund
7479:10.1002/14651858.CD006066.pub3
7427:. London: Chapman & Hall.
7388:10.1002/14651858.CD000081.pub3
7176:10.1002/14651858.CD000331.pub4
6976:10.1002/14651858.CD003766.pub6
6830:10.1002/14651858.CD009234.pub2
6751:10.1002/14651858.CD004455.pub5
6694:10.1002/14651858.CD007892.pub7
6645:10.1002/14651858.CD004070.pub3
6596:10.1002/14651858.CD001236.pub2
6535:10.1002/14651858.CD003930.pub3
6416:10.1002/14651858.CD003766.pub6
5579:10.1002/14651858.CD003519.pub4
5183:10.1002/14651858.CD004074.pub3
3899:American Pregnancy Association
3814:"Newborns: reducing mortality"
3633:10.1002/14651858.CD004074.pub3
3426:10.1002/14651858.CD000352.pub3
3340:
3094:
3076:
3046:
2619:unlicensed assistive personnel
2302:United Nations Population Fund
1792:or a type of surgery known as
1444:intrauterine pressure catheter
1141:
1067:Premature rupture of membranes
905:American Academy of Pediatrics
566:
508:The hormones initiating labour
384:
375:prelabour rupture of membranes
1:
14480:Breastfeeding and medications
14081:Prelabor rupture of membranes
12831:partner-assisted reproduction
11853:Development of the human body
11612:Social determinants of health
10400:. University of Texas Press.
9854:10.1016/S0002-9378(02)70189-0
9819:10.1016/S1524-9042(03)00028-6
9733:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2
8710:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00837-5
8467:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61278-2
8267:"Postpartum Depression Facts"
7966:10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70227-X
7419:Hammond P, Johnson A (1986).
6496:10.1016/S0889-8537(02)00029-9
6005:"Births: final data for 2007"
5481:Saloojee H (4 January 2008).
4997:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2008.07.005
3816:. World Health Organization.
3557:– via Encyclopedia.com.
3465:Fossard Ed, Bailey M (2016).
3058:Oxford Dictionaries β English
3039:
2991:Pre- and perinatal psychology
2696:elements in their practices.
2637:Nursing and Midwifery Council
2503:
2217:
2206:physicians and staff members.
1893:Disability-adjusted life year
1758:
1719:posttraumatic stress disorder
1532:Obstetric labour complication
1316:
1116:
892:(SSC), sometimes also called
771:Delaying the clamping of the
654:Second stage: fetal expulsion
15042:Neonatal withdrawal syndrome
14663:Infant cognitive development
14560:Neonatal intensive care unit
14360:Systemic lupus erythematosus
14011:Maternal care related to the
13993:Gestational thrombocytopenia
12524:Disorders of sex development
11607:Gender disparities in health
10945:Mother-to-child transmission
10525:Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery
9886:Rosenthal E (30 June 2013).
9550:. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
9519:Journal of Consumer Research
8920:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002838
8310:10.3109/0167482X.2010.503330
8134:Indian Journal of Psychiatry
7305:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181b11cb8
6783:"Forceps or vacuum delivery"
6367:Vernon D (6 February 2007).
6296:10.1097/MLR.0000000000000937
5791:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
4687:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182952242
4236:Goldberg AE (2 March 2018).
4217:. Mayo Clinic. 10 March 2022
4029:10.1097/ACO.0b013e328337c881
3998:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2005.07.020
3383:. Paris: OECD. p. 105.
2931:, an abnormal birth position
2652:traditional birth attendants
2538:neonatal intensive care unit
2433:Reporting on costs in 2023,
2167:
1864:meconium aspiration syndrome
1827:before 37 weeks of gestation
1562:
1446:(IUPC). It can also involve
1047:Maternal conditions such as
950:
611:Engagement of the fetal head
7:
14966:Supplemental nursing system
14161:Cephalopelvic disproportion
13067:Traditional birth attendant
12534:Reproductive system disease
11220:Pelvic inflammatory disease
11163:Hormone replacement therapy
10727:Reproductive system disease
10362:. Oxford University Press.
9927:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004017
9848:(5 Suppl Nature): S160-72.
9638:Obstetrics & Gynecology
9412:Leavitt, Judith W. (1988).
8957:Obstetrics & Gynecology
8230:Nature Reviews Rheumatology
6237:10.1080/0144361031000098316
6116:Reproductive Health Matters
5690:10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.09.009
5214:Campbell D (10 July 2013).
4142:10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.09.009
3812:World Health Organization.
3576:"Pregnancy Labor and Birth"
3471:. Sage Publications India.
2905:
2610:is one well-known example.
2449:
2023:(STIs) are associated with
1641:Psychological complications
1403:(EFM) during childbirth is
1220:Some women prefer to avoid
1155:At one time shaving of the
223:, most deliveries occur in
10:
15111:
14718:Prenatal development table
14658:Irritant diaper dermatitis
14272:Breastfeeding difficulties
14071:Constriction ring syndrome
14045:Braxton Hicks contractions
13299:Brain health and pollution
12493:Obstetrics and gynaecology
11714:Black Women's Health Study
10781:Complications of pregnancy
10436:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.12.061
8193:10.1016/j.srhc.2014.06.007
7923:10.1016/j.jmwh.2005.10.014
7736:Trust for America's Health
7021:10.1016/j.ajog.2014.01.026
6930:10.1016/j.ajog.2023.08.034
5471:Retrieved 1 November 2021.
5115:10.1016/j.jmwh.2003.11.005
4911:10.1016/j.ajog.2009.08.003
3246:(3): 265β77, quiz 276β77.
2722:) for Cesarean section or
2690:obstetrics and gynaecology
2453:
2285:
2262:
2121:
2117:
2083:
2034:
1881:
1866:, fetal malnutrition, and
1851:
1814:
1762:
1644:
1625:
1602:
1587:
1566:
1540:
1529:
1508:Trust for America's Health
1457:
1347:
1320:
1208:
1178:
967:
871:Early skin-to-skin contact
794:
713:
584:Braxton Hicks contractions
420:
18:
15037:Prenatal cocaine exposure
14994:
14825:Infant care and equipment
14824:
14742:Socialization and Culture
14741:
14653:Infant visual development
14605:
14520:Infant and toddler safety
14448:
14385:
14342:
14309:Peripartum cardiomyopathy
14299:Pubic symphysis diastasis
14262:
14146:
14010:
13983:
13965:
13907:
13869:
13860:
13816:
13734:
13725:
13660:
13625:
13589:
13543:
13534:
13512:Chorionic villus sampling
13494:
13289:
13246:
13215:
13208:
13075:
13000:
12969:
12960:
12894:
12864:Obstetric ultrasonography
12851:
12796:
12788:Pre-conception counseling
12763:
12668:
12637:
12564:
12516:
12468:
12432:
12409:Pregnant patients' rights
12364:
12324:
12274:
12231:
12182:
12174:Pre-conception counseling
12156:
12131:Abortion-rights movements
12106:
12045:
11953:
11895:
11859:
11775:
11732:
11691:Women's Health Initiative
11676:
11638:
11629:
11578:
11544:Major depressive disorder
11412:
11372:Intimate partner violence
11334:
11233:Female genital mutilation
11228:
11177:
11086:
11028:
10974:
10920:
10833:
10746:
10735:
10661:
10648:
10555:
10547:Leta Stetter Hollingworth
10132:Tait HN, Cidro J (2018).
9764:Weber SE (January 1996).
9215:10.1007/s00431-007-0437-8
9059:American Family Physician
9024:American Family Physician
8809:Clinical Pharmacokinetics
8775:World Health Organization
8540:World Health Organization
8421:10.1080/01674820600714632
8353:10.1007/s00737-009-0114-1
7530:World Health Organization
7342:World Health Organization
7293:Obstetrics and Gynecology
7221:10.1080/01443610400023072
6128:10.1016/j.rhm.2015.07.007
5640:"Birth and Breastfeeding"
5145:World Health Organization
4865:World Health Organization
4756:World Health Organization
4723:courses.lumenlearning.com
4675:Obstetrics and Gynecology
4618:World Health Organization
3543:Columbia University Press
3380:Doing better for children
1705:, as well as symptoms of
1488:World Health Organization
1433:World Health Organization
1169:providone-iodine solution
909:World Health Organization
825:World Health Organization
754:World Health Organization
166:
158:
144:
134:
120:
88:
72:
59:
50:
42:
37:
15047:Parental child abduction
14570:Oral rehydration therapy
13835:Gestational hypertension
13402:Intrahepatic cholestasis
12295:Gamete Cryopreservation
12141:Circumcision controversy
12121:Compulsory sterilization
11280:Gynaecological disorders
11096:Culture and menstruation
11063:Contraceptive prevalence
10955:Compulsory sterilization
10299:Her Majesty's Government
10223:"Health Professions Act"
10096:Stearns PN, ed. (1993).
8632:"Stillbirth: Other FAQs"
8147:10.4103/0019-5545.158152
7953:The Lancet Global Health
7451:Online version accessed.
6461:10.1177/0884217505276155
6071:"Oxytocin for Induction"
5530:10.1624/105812407X217147
4515:Satin AJ (1 July 2013).
4093:Bowen R (12 July 2010).
4071:10.1177/1066480707305470
2598:Different categories of
2408:
2365:). France, 14th century.
2278:have gained popularity.
1997:Streptococcus agalactiae
1195:prophylactic antibiotics
1043:Gestational hypertension
791:Fourth stage: postpartum
266:, and monitoring of the
15052:Parental responsibility
14565:Newborn care and safety
14234:Umbilical cord prolapse
14156:Amniotic fluid embolism
13914:dermatoses of pregnancy
13472:Motor vehicle emissions
13333:Concomitant conditions
13307:environmental toxicants
13050:Auxiliary nurse midwife
12811:artificial insemination
12778:Natural family planning
12655:Social hygiene movement
12508:Transgender health care
11563:Urinary tract infection
11355:Abuse during childbirth
10466:. Canberra, Australia:
9807:Pain Management Nursing
8242:10.1038/nrrheum.2014.17
8016:"Postpartum Hemorrhage"
7079:Journal of Perinatology
5893:10.23750/abm.v90i3.7623
5804:10.1186/1471-2393-11-84
5382:"Postpartum Assessment"
4802:10.1067/mob.2002.127142
4651:6 November 2013 at the
4532:(subscription required)
4517:"Latent phase of labor"
3120:10.1186/1741-7015-11-24
2913:Abuse during childbirth
2852:Childbirth in Sri Lanka
2777:Non-western communities
2698:Maternalβfetal medicine
2639:in the United Kingdom.
2441:Beginning in 2014, the
2189:Baby Friendly Hospitals
2086:Birth trauma (physical)
2080:Mechanical fetal injury
1794:dilation and evacuation
1715:mother-child attachment
1086:umbilical cord prolapse
324:lack of oxygen at birth
195:, is the completion of
14796:Grandparent visitation
14350:Concomitant conditions
14329:Postpartum thyroiditis
14107:Circumvallate placenta
13927:Impetigo herpetiformis
13922:Gestational pemphigoid
13894:Hyperemesis gravidarum
13827:hypertensive disorders
13566:Postpartum confinement
12826:in vitro fertilisation
12483:Genitourinary medicine
12286:In vitro fertilization
12241:Hormonal contraception
12126:Contraceptive security
11480:Cardiovascular disease
11068:Contraceptive security
11001:In vitro fertilization
10912:Postpartum confinement
10786:Hyperemesis gravidarum
9568:Johns Hopkins Medicine
9492:10.1093/ajcn/72.1.241S
9485:(1 Suppl): 241Sβ246S.
9473:Loudon I (July 2000).
8497:"Stillbirth: Overview"
8226:"Pain and the Context"
6880:10.1542/peds.2013-3794
6084:(ACOG). Archived from
5941:Patient Safety Council
2857:Childbirth in Thailand
2738:nursing certifications
2726:. They are experts in
2595:
2582:Associated occupations
2418:
2397:
2366:
2363:postpartum confinement
2297:
2208:
2199:Johns Hopkins Hospital
2104:brachial plexus injury
1988:
1899:and low birth weight,
1752:
1584:Maternal complications
1473:
1448:fetal scalp pH testing
1415:(cardio) sensor is an
1297:
1157:area around the vagina
1126:
1090:genital herpes simplex
1053:chronic kidney disease
886:
810:
766:postpartum haemorrhage
612:
509:
432:
14555:Infant sleep training
14319:Postpartum infections
14314:Postpartum depression
13561:Postpartum depression
13442:Pruritic folliculitis
13186:Unassisted childbirth
12146:Intersex human rights
11602:Healthcare inequality
11404:Gender discrimination
11208:Human papilloma virus
10883:Vesicovaginal fistula
10291:The National Archives
9258:, Elsevier: 169β176,
8638:. 23 September 2014.
8608:. 23 September 2014.
8503:. 23 September 2014.
8097:10.5152/jtgga.2013.08
8032:10.1056/NEJMra1513247
7091:10.1038/sj.jp.7210905
5845:Childbirth Connection
5724:Harrington, Rebecca.
5489:. WHO. Archived from
5063:10.2471/BLT.08.052597
4173:Pillitteri A (2010).
3582:. 27 September 2010.
3012:Natural birth topics:
3001:Unassisted childbirth
2918:Advanced maternal age
2874:Collecting stem cells
2755:Lactation consultants
2751:delivered vaginally.
2670:general practitioners
2589:
2575:unassisted childbirth
2486:Australian aboriginal
2454:Further information:
2416:
2376:
2356:
2295:
2255:to have the surgery.
2203:
2175:Industrial Revolution
2046:deprivation of oxygen
1891:
1750:
1733:psychiatric emergency
1683:Postpartum depression
1655:Postpartum depression
1628:Postpartum infections
1622:Postpartum infections
1471:
1440:fetal scalp electrode
1427:transducer, called a
1421:Doppler fetal monitor
1391:doppler fetal monitor
1356:head first-presenting
1321:Further information:
1291:
1124:
878:
844:contraceptive implant
808:
795:Further information:
726:third stage of labour
714:Further information:
610:
507:
477:opening of the cervix
430:
421:Further information:
288:relaxation techniques
248:opening of the cervix
14713:Prenatal development
14613:Attachment parenting
14587:Shaken baby syndrome
14324:Postpartum psychosis
14193:Obstetrical bleeding
14088:Obstetrical bleeding
13909:Integumentary system
13884:Gestational diabetes
13863:related to pregnancy
13861:Other, predominantly
13668:Gravidity and parity
13648:Congenital disorders
13607:Lactation consultant
13477:Pre-existing disease
13156:Childbirth positions
13146:Rupture of membranes
12843:Unintended pregnancy
12821:fertility medication
12704:tax on childlessness
12460:Genital modification
12384:Unintended pregnancy
12116:Reproductive Justice
11709:Nurses' Health Study
11617:Reproductive justice
11568:Urinary incontinence
11188:Sexually transmitted
11043:Intrauterine devices
10888:Rectovaginal fistula
10878:Obstetrical fistulae
10806:Gestational diabetes
10801:Obstetrical bleeding
10776:Adolescent pregnancy
10761:Gravidity and parity
10756:Unintended pregnancy
10536:27 July 2022 at the
9965:Rivelli, Elizabeth.
7734:. Washington, D.C.:
7423:. In Brown M (ed.).
6924:(3): S961βS979.e33.
5018:Ball H (June 2009).
3844:Lamaze International
3318:"The World Factbook"
3088:Cambridge Dictionary
2965:Obstetrical bleeding
2940:Childbirth positions
2867:Childbirth in Zambia
2842:Childbirth in Mexico
2666:family practitioners
2403:socioeconomic status
2321:last 10 years.
1993:pathogenic bacterium
1985: more than 1850
1729:Postpartum psychosis
1723:adjustment disorders
1651:Postpartum psychosis
1199:Urinary incontinence
1049:gestational diabetes
890:Skin-to-skin contact
842:(LARC), such as the
834:or a tearing of the
580:uterine contractions
494:skin-to-skin contact
367:rupture of membranes
344:uterine contractions
320:postpartum infection
276:skin-to-skin contact
229:developing countries
115:neonatal hypothermia
107:postpartum infection
15027:Infant ear piercing
14304:Postpartum bleeding
14127:Placental abruption
14112:Monochorionic twins
13942:Prurigo gestationis
13571:Sex after pregnancy
13378:Endocrine diseases
13324:Prenatal depression
13196:Placental expulsion
13114:Uterine contraction
13097:cervical effacement
12838:Fertility awareness
12404:Pregnancy from rape
12261:Intrauterine device
11622:Women's empowerment
11490:Alzheimer's disease
11121:Cloth menstrual pad
11078:Fertility awareness
11048:Oral contraceptives
10930:Perinatal mortality
10295:Ministry of Justice
10285:. London, England:
10050:. 3 December 2014.
8872:"Postmature Infant"
6049:The Washington Post
5954:on 20 November 2012
5856:on 17 February 2013
5512:Crenshaw J (2007).
5493:on 21 December 2014
5407:Mayo clinic staff.
5388:on 24 December 2014
5283:on 22 December 2014
4583:Mayo clinic staff.
4238:"Cervical Ripening"
3790:on 12 February 2015
3702:Phillips, Raylene.
3064:on 23 November 2018
2981:Obstetrical Dilemma
2884:amniotic stem cells
2882:during childbirth:
2847:Childbirth in Nepal
2837:Childbirth in Japan
2827:Childbirth in India
2822:Childbirth in Haiti
2817:Childbirth in Ghana
2812:Childbirth in China
2807:Childbirth in Benin
2625:Confinement nannies
2603:less formal basis.
2530:hospital department
2462:developed countries
2349:Society and culture
2112:Klumpke's paralysis
2006:respiratory disease
1919: less than 150
1743:Fetal complications
1605:Postpartum bleeding
1599:Postpartum bleeding
1187:obstetrical forceps
1181:Obstetrical forceps
1071:Post-term pregnancy
848:intrauterine device
781:postpartum bleeding
734:Placental expulsion
720:Placental expulsion
634:induction of labour
590:Cervical effacement
522:cervical effacement
466:induction of labour
312:postpartum bleeding
221:developed countries
99:postpartum bleeding
14535:Infant food safety
14334:Puerperal mastitis
14289:Breast engorgement
14076:Monoamniotic twins
14066:Chorionic hematoma
13347:Hypercoagulability
13176:Natural childbirth
13025:Postterm pregnancy
12783:Male contraceptive
12650:History of condoms
12539:Sexual dysfunction
12445:Sexual orientation
12399:Options counseling
12246:Male contraception
12169:Genetic counseling
12008:Emerging adulthood
11719:Cartwright Inquiry
11630:Politics, research
11448:Endometrial cancer
11302:Sexual intercourse
11073:Planned parenthood
11058:Male contraceptive
10358:Barbara R (2011).
10079:The New York Times
9892:The New York Times
9667:on 18 January 2017
9437:Cassidy T (2006).
8703:(10018): 587β603.
5143:(Report). Geneva:
4525:. Wolters Kluwer.
4057:The Family Journal
3028:Natural childbirth
2832:Childbirth in Iraq
2720:spinal anaesthesia
2596:
2553:maternity hospital
2473:remote communities
2423:The New York Times
2419:
2398:
2388:, ornamented with
2367:
2298:
2288:Maternal mortality
2265:Natural childbirth
2259:Natural childbirth
2239:Caesarean sections
2147:Soranus of Ephesus
2042:Perinatal asphyxia
2037:Perinatal asphyxia
2031:Perinatal asphyxia
1989:
1884:Neonatal infection
1878:Neonatal infection
1854:Postterm pregnancy
1805:Sub-Saharan Africa
1753:
1695:intrusive symptoms
1590:Puerperal disorder
1474:
1387:pinard stethoscope
1298:
1278:spinal anaesthesia
1216:Non-pharmaceutical
1127:
1020:Abruptio placentae
887:
811:
801:Puerperal disorder
648:Dystocia of labour
613:
510:
433:
338:Signs and symptoms
326:(birth asphyxia),
199:where one or more
162:135 million (2015)
15077:
15076:
14937:
14774:Children's rights
14688:Object permanence
14510:Failure to thrive
14407:
14406:
14365:Thyroid disorders
14355:Diabetes mellitus
14239:Uterine inversion
14171:Shoulder dystocia
14166:Obstructed labour
14142:
14141:
14006:
14005:
13975:Chorea gravidarum
13751:Ectopic pregnancy
13676:
13675:
13661:Obstetric history
13656:
13655:
13617:Confinement nanny
13530:
13529:
13397:Acute fatty liver
13204:
13203:
13092:cervical dilation
12719:
12718:
12419:Teenage pregnancy
12136:Genital integrity
12066:
12065:
11930:Adult development
11908:Child development
11819:
11818:
11699:
11698:
11524:
11523:
11475:
11474:
11458:Papanicolaou test
11414:Non-communicable
11382:Sexual harassment
11360:Domestic violence
11330:
11329:
11173:
11172:
10970:
10969:
10873:Retained placenta
10791:Ectopic pregnancy
10603:
10602:
10477:978-0-9751674-3-4
10369:978-0-19-531990-3
10320:. Demeter Press.
10316:Burton N (2015).
10136:. Demeter Press.
10109:978-0-8153-0342-8
9690:"Maternal health"
9454:978-0-87113-938-2
9423:978-0-19-505690-7
9030:(11): 2221β2225.
8747:. November 2015.
8546:on 2 October 2016
8461:(9956): 1789β99.
8382:Martin C (2012).
8026:(17): 1635β1645.
7613:on 28 August 2021
7603:978-90-76070-19-3
7559:"Maternal health"
7434:978-0-412-28290-4
7421:"Tocodynamometer"
6373:BellyBelly.com.au
6342:Our World in Data
5762:. December 2020.
4828:"Abnormal Labour"
4562:978-1-59486-211-3
4188:978-1-58255-999-5
3668:"Stages of Labor"
3478:978-93-5150-758-1
3390:978-92-64-05934-4
3352:Our World in Data
3299:978-0-19-968799-2
3286:Martin E (2015).
3252:10.2217/whe.13.17
3210:978-92-4-154666-9
3168:978-0-323-29537-6
2769:and the mother's
2682:cesarean sections
2542:obstetric surgery
2528:, is generally a
2310:obstructed labour
2231:, also known as "
2100:shoulder dystocia
1557:obstetric fistula
1553:shoulder dystocia
1543:Obstructed labour
1537:Obstructed labour
1520:Save the Children
1417:ultrasonic sensor
1294:positive feedback
1191:vacuum extraction
988:caesarean section
970:Caesarean section
856:postpartum chills
797:Postpartum period
739:retained placenta
622:cervical dilation
598:cervical dilation
518:cervical dilation
457:Cervical ripening
308:obstructed labour
219:globally. In the
213:caesarean section
178:
177:
153:elective abortion
95:Obstructed labour
32:Medical condition
25:Childbirth (band)
15102:
14933:
14618:Baby-led weaning
14434:
14427:
14420:
14411:
14410:
14394:
14393:
14229:Postmature birth
14217:Placenta accreta
14122:Placenta praevia
14117:Placenta accreta
14061:Chorioamnionitis
13871:Digestive system
13867:
13866:
13793:Fetal resorption
13781:Rudimentary horn
13738:abortive outcome
13732:
13731:
13703:
13696:
13689:
13680:
13679:
13541:
13540:
13507:Cardiotocography
13213:
13212:
13119:Vaginal delivery
12992:Nesting instinct
12967:
12966:
12952:Rudimentary horn
12881:Prenatal testing
12746:
12739:
12732:
12723:
12722:
12681:Two-child policy
12676:One-child policy
12556:Gender dysphoria
12093:
12086:
12079:
12070:
12069:
12046:Social and legal
11846:
11839:
11832:
11823:
11822:
11807:
11806:
11795:
11794:
11783:
11782:
11636:
11635:
11421:
11420:
11341:
11340:
11335:Non-reproductive
11184:
11183:
11101:Feminine hygiene
10868:Cesarian section
10863:Obstructed labor
10744:
10743:
10659:
10658:
10640:
10630:
10623:
10616:
10607:
10606:
10553:
10552:
10512:
10511:
10509:
10507:
10488:
10482:
10481:
10454:
10448:
10447:
10419:
10410:
10409:
10393:
10382:
10381:
10355:
10340:
10339:
10313:
10307:
10306:
10279:
10273:
10272:
10270:
10268:
10249:
10243:
10242:
10240:
10238:
10218:
10212:
10211:
10209:
10207:
10188:
10182:
10181:
10179:
10177:
10162:
10156:
10155:
10129:
10118:
10117:
10093:
10087:
10086:
10070:
10064:
10063:
10061:
10059:
10040:
10034:
10033:
10031:
10029:
9993:
9987:
9986:
9984:
9982:
9962:
9956:
9955:
9954:
9948:
9938:
9906:
9900:
9899:
9883:
9874:
9873:
9837:
9831:
9830:
9802:
9796:
9795:
9785:
9761:
9755:
9754:
9744:
9727:(9963): 117β71.
9712:
9706:
9705:
9703:
9701:
9686:
9677:
9676:
9674:
9672:
9666:
9660:. Archived from
9635:
9626:
9620:
9619:
9617:
9615:
9609:
9598:
9590:
9584:
9583:
9581:
9579:
9560:
9551:
9544:
9535:
9534:
9514:
9505:
9504:
9494:
9470:
9459:
9458:
9434:
9428:
9427:
9409:
9403:
9402:
9358:
9349:
9342:
9319:
9318:
9298:
9292:
9291:
9290:
9288:
9243:
9237:
9236:
9226:
9194:
9185:
9184:
9182:
9180:
9165:
9159:
9158:
9122:
9116:
9115:
9113:
9111:
9101:
9093:
9087:
9086:
9084:
9082:
9050:
9044:
9043:
9041:
9039:
9015:
9009:
9008:
9006:
9004:
8949:
8943:
8942:
8932:
8922:
8898:
8892:
8891:
8889:
8887:
8867:
8861:
8860:
8858:
8856:
8800:
8791:
8790:
8788:
8786:
8767:
8761:
8760:
8758:
8756:
8737:
8731:
8730:
8712:
8688:
8682:
8681:
8679:
8677:
8658:
8652:
8651:
8649:
8647:
8628:
8622:
8621:
8619:
8617:
8598:
8592:
8591:
8589:
8587:
8581:
8570:
8562:
8556:
8555:
8553:
8551:
8542:. Archived from
8532:
8517:
8516:
8514:
8512:
8493:
8487:
8486:
8450:
8441:
8440:
8404:
8398:
8397:
8379:
8373:
8372:
8336:
8330:
8329:
8293:
8287:
8286:
8284:
8282:
8263:
8254:
8253:
8221:
8215:
8214:
8204:
8176:
8170:
8169:
8159:
8149:
8125:
8119:
8118:
8108:
8076:
8070:
8069:
8051:
8011:
8005:
8004:
7978:
7968:
7959:(6): e323βe333.
7944:
7935:
7934:
7906:
7900:
7899:
7871:
7865:
7864:
7828:
7822:
7821:
7819:
7802:
7792:
7786:
7785:
7783:
7781:
7761:
7755:
7754:
7752:
7750:
7744:
7733:
7724:
7718:
7717:
7715:
7713:
7694:
7688:
7687:
7685:
7683:
7663:
7657:
7656:
7654:
7652:
7632:
7626:
7625:
7620:
7618:
7612:
7606:. Archived from
7585:
7579:
7578:
7576:
7574:
7555:
7549:
7548:
7546:
7544:
7538:
7527:
7519:
7513:
7512:
7510:
7508:
7490:
7458:
7452:
7450:
7448:
7446:
7416:
7410:
7409:
7399:
7367:
7361:
7360:
7358:
7356:
7350:
7339:
7331:
7325:
7324:
7288:
7282:
7281:
7271:
7247:
7241:
7240:
7204:
7198:
7197:
7187:
7155:
7146:
7145:
7117:
7111:
7110:
7070:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7059:
7050:. Archived from
7039:
7033:
7032:
7004:
6998:
6997:
6987:
6955:
6949:
6948:
6946:
6944:
6909:
6903:
6902:
6892:
6882:
6858:
6852:
6851:
6841:
6809:
6803:
6802:
6800:
6798:
6779:
6773:
6772:
6762:
6730:
6724:
6723:
6713:
6673:
6667:
6666:
6656:
6624:
6618:
6617:
6607:
6590:(11): CD001236.
6575:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6564:
6546:
6514:
6508:
6507:
6479:
6473:
6472:
6444:
6438:
6437:
6427:
6395:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6384:
6364:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6334:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6323:
6275:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6264:
6216:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6205:
6186:
6180:
6179:
6173:
6165:
6139:
6107:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6096:
6090:
6075:
6066:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6055:
6041:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6009:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5970:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5953:
5947:. Archived from
5943:(1st ed.).
5938:
5929:
5923:
5922:
5912:
5872:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5861:
5855:
5841:
5833:
5827:
5826:
5816:
5806:
5782:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5752:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5721:
5712:
5711:
5701:
5669:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5636:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5620:on 26 April 2013
5610:
5601:
5600:
5590:
5573:(11): CD003519.
5558:
5552:
5551:
5541:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5478:
5472:
5461:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5378:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5348:
5342:
5341:
5323:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5272:
5263:
5262:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5194:
5162:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5142:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5074:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5015:
5009:
5008:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4963:
4939:
4933:
4932:
4922:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4873:
4862:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4781:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4764:
4753:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4698:
4666:
4660:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4626:
4615:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4550:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4452:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4398:
4385:
4384:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4331:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4153:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4073:
4050:Meyer D (2007).
4047:
4041:
4040:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3955:Cleveland Clinic
3951:"Water Breaking"
3947:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3809:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3776:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3754:
3743:
3735:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3699:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3664:
3655:
3654:
3644:
3612:
3603:
3602:
3593:
3591:
3572:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3529:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3445:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3324:. 11 July 2016.
3314:
3308:
3307:
3283:
3274:
3273:
3263:
3231:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3202:
3192:
3177:
3176:
3152:
3143:
3142:
3132:
3122:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3060:. Archived from
3050:
2986:Perineal massage
2929:Asynclitic birth
2761:successfully. A
2742:nursing training
2734:Obstetric nurses
2724:forceps delivery
2714:or by providing
2674:general surgeons
2608:Lamaze technique
2600:birth attendants
2318:birth attendants
2245:cesarean section
2096:maternal obesity
2092:fetal macrosomia
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1635:Ignaz Semmelweis
1502:Infant mortality
1405:cardiotocography
1377:Fetal monitoring
1245:for the infant.
1096:Cesarean section
1082:placenta praevia
1025:Chorioamnionitis
1007:Labour induction
984:labour induction
974:labour induction
730:involution stage
562:Stages of labour
423:Vaginal delivery
379:labour induction
348:menstrual cramps
304:developing world
240:stages of labour
209:vaginal delivery
183:, also known as
125:Vaginal delivery
55:
35:
34:
15110:
15109:
15105:
15104:
15103:
15101:
15100:
15099:
15080:
15079:
15078:
15073:
15067:Paternity fraud
15017:Closed adoption
14990:
14946:Infant clothing
14921:Haberman Feeder
14891:Car seat safety
14820:
14801:Infant swimming
14779:UN Child rights
14737:
14648:Gestational age
14601:
14444:
14438:
14408:
14403:
14381:
14338:
14282:Cracked nipples
14277:Low milk supply
14258:
14244:Uterine rupture
14138:
14033:Oligohydramnios
14018:amniotic cavity
14012:
14002:
13979:
13961:
13912:
13903:
13862:
13856:
13825:
13812:
13798:Molar pregnancy
13737:
13721:
13707:
13677:
13672:
13652:
13621:
13585:
13556:Postpartum care
13526:
13490:
13393:Liver diseases
13387:Thyroid disease
13285:
13271:Gestational age
13242:
13200:
13166:Labor induction
13071:
13062:Perinatal nurse
13035:Birth attendant
12996:
12956:
12890:
12886:Medical imaging
12847:
12816:fertility fraud
12792:
12759:
12750:
12720:
12715:
12664:
12633:
12606:United Kingdom
12560:
12512:
12503:Sexual medicine
12464:
12440:Gender identity
12428:
12374:Maternal health
12360:
12320:
12316:fertility fraud
12277:
12270:
12227:
12178:
12152:
12102:
12097:
12067:
12062:
12058:Age of majority
12041:
11974:Early childhood
11949:
11896:Birth and after
11891:
11887:Gestational age
11855:
11850:
11820:
11815:
11771:
11756:Family planning
11734:
11728:
11695:
11672:
11631:
11625:
11597:Gender equality
11580:
11574:
11520:
11471:
11453:Cervical cancer
11415:
11408:
11346:
11336:
11326:
11317:Sex differences
11275:Forced marriage
11224:
11189:
11179:
11169:
11111:Menstrual cycle
11082:
11035:Family planning
11033:
11024:
10977:
10966:
10925:Maternal deaths
10916:
10907:Postpartum care
10853:Multiple births
10829:
10738:
10731:
10664:
10655:
10652:
10644:
10634:
10604:
10599:
10598:
10564:
10538:Wayback Machine
10521:
10516:
10515:
10505:
10503:
10490:
10489:
10485:
10478:
10455:
10451:
10420:
10413:
10396:Inge B (2006).
10394:
10385:
10370:
10356:
10343:
10328:
10314:
10310:
10281:
10280:
10276:
10266:
10264:
10251:
10250:
10246:
10236:
10234:
10219:
10215:
10205:
10203:
10190:
10189:
10185:
10175:
10173:
10164:
10163:
10159:
10144:
10130:
10121:
10110:
10094:
10090:
10071:
10067:
10057:
10055:
10042:
10041:
10037:
10027:
10025:
10010:
9994:
9990:
9980:
9978:
9963:
9959:
9949:
9907:
9903:
9884:
9877:
9838:
9834:
9803:
9799:
9762:
9758:
9713:
9709:
9699:
9697:
9688:
9687:
9680:
9670:
9668:
9664:
9633:
9627:
9623:
9613:
9611:
9607:
9596:
9592:
9591:
9587:
9577:
9575:
9562:
9561:
9554:
9545:
9538:
9515:
9508:
9471:
9462:
9455:
9435:
9431:
9424:
9410:
9406:
9359:
9352:
9343:
9322:
9315:
9299:
9295:
9286:
9284:
9274:
9244:
9240:
9195:
9188:
9178:
9176:
9167:
9166:
9162:
9133:(6): CD007467.
9123:
9119:
9109:
9107:
9099:
9095:
9094:
9090:
9080:
9078:
9051:
9047:
9037:
9035:
9016:
9012:
9002:
9000:
8951:
8950:
8946:
8913:(7): e1002838.
8899:
8895:
8885:
8883:
8868:
8864:
8854:
8852:
8815:(13): 833β844.
8801:
8794:
8784:
8782:
8771:"Preterm Birth"
8769:
8768:
8764:
8754:
8752:
8739:
8738:
8734:
8689:
8685:
8675:
8673:
8660:
8659:
8655:
8645:
8643:
8630:
8629:
8625:
8615:
8613:
8600:
8599:
8595:
8585:
8583:
8582:on 12 July 2018
8579:
8568:
8564:
8563:
8559:
8549:
8547:
8534:
8533:
8520:
8510:
8508:
8495:
8494:
8490:
8451:
8444:
8405:
8401:
8394:
8380:
8376:
8337:
8333:
8294:
8290:
8280:
8278:
8265:
8264:
8257:
8222:
8218:
8177:
8173:
8126:
8122:
8077:
8073:
8012:
8008:
7976:1854/LU-5796925
7945:
7938:
7907:
7903:
7872:
7868:
7829:
7825:
7817:
7811:
7800:
7794:
7793:
7789:
7779:
7777:
7762:
7758:
7748:
7746:
7742:
7731:
7725:
7721:
7711:
7709:
7696:
7695:
7691:
7681:
7679:
7664:
7660:
7650:
7648:
7633:
7629:
7616:
7614:
7610:
7604:
7586:
7582:
7572:
7570:
7557:
7556:
7552:
7542:
7540:
7536:
7525:
7521:
7520:
7516:
7506:
7504:
7473:(5): CD006066.
7459:
7455:
7444:
7442:
7435:
7417:
7413:
7382:(2): CD000081.
7368:
7364:
7354:
7352:
7348:
7337:
7333:
7332:
7328:
7289:
7285:
7248:
7244:
7205:
7201:
7170:(5): CD000331.
7156:
7149:
7118:
7114:
7071:
7067:
7057:
7055:
7054:on 16 June 2019
7040:
7036:
7005:
7001:
6970:(8): CD003766.
6956:
6952:
6942:
6940:
6910:
6906:
6859:
6855:
6824:(3): CD009234.
6810:
6806:
6796:
6794:
6781:
6780:
6776:
6745:(3): CD004455.
6731:
6727:
6688:(4): CD007892.
6674:
6670:
6639:(9): CD004070.
6625:
6621:
6576:
6572:
6562:
6560:
6515:
6511:
6480:
6476:
6445:
6441:
6410:(8): CD003766.
6396:
6392:
6382:
6380:
6365:
6361:
6351:
6349:
6336:
6335:
6331:
6321:
6319:
6276:
6272:
6262:
6260:
6217:
6213:
6203:
6201:
6188:
6187:
6183:
6167:
6166:
6122:(45): 149β150.
6108:
6104:
6094:
6092:
6091:on 21 June 2013
6088:
6073:
6067:
6063:
6053:
6051:
6043:
6042:
6038:
6030:
6007:
6001:
5997:
5987:
5985:
5972:
5971:
5967:
5957:
5955:
5951:
5936:
5930:
5926:
5873:
5869:
5859:
5857:
5853:
5839:
5835:
5834:
5830:
5783:
5779:
5769:
5767:
5754:
5753:
5749:
5739:
5737:
5722:
5715:
5670:
5663:
5653:
5651:
5644:La Leche League
5638:
5637:
5633:
5623:
5621:
5612:
5611:
5604:
5559:
5555:
5510:
5506:
5496:
5494:
5479:
5475:
5462:
5458:
5448:
5446:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5418:
5416:
5411:. Mayo Clinic.
5405:
5401:
5391:
5389:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5365:
5363:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5300:
5296:
5286:
5284:
5273:
5266:
5247:Family Medicine
5243:
5239:
5229:
5227:
5212:
5208:
5177:(7): CD004074.
5163:
5159:
5154:on 5 July 2009.
5151:
5140:
5134:
5130:
5092:
5088:
5043:
5039:
5016:
5012:
4981:
4977:
4940:
4936:
4905:(4): 357.e1β7.
4891:
4887:
4877:
4875:
4871:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4841:
4839:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4782:
4778:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4732:
4730:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4667:
4663:
4653:Wayback Machine
4644:
4640:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4594:
4592:
4587:. Mayo Clinic.
4581:
4577:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4541:
4537:
4531:
4513:
4509:
4470:
4466:
4429:
4425:
4415:
4413:
4400:
4399:
4388:
4349:
4345:
4308:
4304:
4275:(12): 1090β94.
4265:
4261:
4251:
4249:
4234:
4230:
4220:
4218:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4198:
4196:
4189:
4171:
4167:
4122:
4118:
4108:
4106:
4091:
4087:
4048:
4044:
4009:
4005:
3978:
3974:
3964:
3962:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3934:
3932:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3904:
3902:
3901:. 27 April 2020
3893:
3892:
3888:
3878:
3876:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3853:
3851:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3823:
3821:
3810:
3803:
3793:
3791:
3778:
3777:
3768:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3727:
3717:
3715:
3700:
3691:
3681:
3679:
3666:
3665:
3658:
3627:(7): CD004074.
3613:
3606:
3599:
3597:
3589:
3587:
3574:
3573:
3562:
3552:
3550:
3531:
3530:
3523:
3513:
3511:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3488:
3486:
3479:
3463:
3459:
3420:(3): CD000352.
3406:
3402:
3391:
3375:
3371:
3361:
3359:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3331:
3329:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3300:
3284:
3277:
3232:
3225:
3217:
3211:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3180:
3169:
3153:
3146:
3099:
3095:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3065:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3037:
2955:Maternal health
2950:Ferguson reflex
2908:
2896:
2876:
2871:
2779:
2658:Medical doctors
2584:
2560:birthing centre
2506:
2466:the Netherlands
2458:
2452:
2411:
2379:Luristan bronze
2351:
2330:puerperal fever
2314:family planning
2306:severe bleeding
2290:
2284:
2267:
2261:
2241:
2220:
2191:
2170:
2162:neurobiological
2135:
2130:
2120:
2088:
2082:
2039:
2033:
2002:from the mother
1987:
1986:
1982:
1980:
1979: 1500β1850
1976:
1974:
1973: 1350β1500
1970:
1968:
1967: 1200β1350
1964:
1962:
1961: 1050β1200
1958:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1886:
1880:
1856:
1850:
1848:Post-term birth
1838:glucocorticoids
1823:gestational age
1819:
1813:
1786:developed world
1767:
1761:
1745:
1665:
1663:Maternity blues
1645:Main articles:
1643:
1630:
1624:
1607:
1601:
1592:
1586:
1571:
1565:
1545:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1504:
1483:
1466:
1456:
1429:tocodynamometer
1419:, similar to a
1409:cardiotocograph
1407:(CTG), using a
1379:
1370:conjoined twins
1352:
1346:
1344:Multiple births
1325:
1319:
1286:
1251:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1189:extraction and
1183:
1177:
1149:Cochrane review
1144:
1119:
1098:
1035:oligohydramnios
1009:
980:
968:Main articles:
966:
953:
919:La Leche League
898:Cochrane review
873:
803:
793:
722:
712:
665:vaginal opening
656:
582:. In contrast,
569:
564:
502:
500:Onset of labour
425:
419:
403:
387:
340:
300:birthing deaths
227:, while in the
172:maternal deaths
33:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
15108:
15098:
15097:
15092:
15075:
15074:
15072:
15071:
15070:
15069:
15059:
15057:Parenting plan
15054:
15049:
15044:
15039:
15034:
15029:
15024:
15019:
15014:
15009:
15004:
14998:
14996:
14992:
14991:
14989:
14988:
14983:
14978:
14973:
14968:
14963:
14958:
14953:
14948:
14943:
14941:Infant carrier
14938:
14928:
14923:
14918:
14913:
14908:
14903:
14898:
14893:
14888:
14883:
14881:Baby transport
14878:
14873:
14868:
14863:
14858:
14853:
14848:
14839:
14834:
14828:
14826:
14822:
14821:
14819:
14818:
14813:
14808:
14803:
14798:
14793:
14788:
14783:
14782:
14781:
14771:
14766:
14761:
14756:
14751:
14745:
14743:
14739:
14738:
14736:
14735:
14730:
14725:
14720:
14715:
14710:
14705:
14700:
14695:
14690:
14685:
14680:
14675:
14670:
14665:
14660:
14655:
14650:
14645:
14640:
14635:
14630:
14625:
14620:
14615:
14609:
14607:
14603:
14602:
14600:
14599:
14594:
14589:
14584:
14579:
14578:
14577:
14567:
14562:
14557:
14552:
14547:
14545:Infant massage
14542:
14540:Infant formula
14537:
14532:
14530:Infant feeding
14527:
14525:Infant bathing
14522:
14517:
14512:
14507:
14502:
14497:
14492:
14490:Bottle feeding
14487:
14482:
14477:
14472:
14467:
14462:
14456:
14454:
14446:
14445:
14443:and their care
14437:
14436:
14429:
14422:
14414:
14405:
14404:
14402:
14401:
14386:
14383:
14382:
14380:
14379:
14374:
14372:Maternal death
14369:
14368:
14367:
14362:
14357:
14346:
14344:
14340:
14339:
14337:
14336:
14331:
14326:
14321:
14316:
14311:
14306:
14301:
14296:
14291:
14286:
14285:
14284:
14279:
14268:
14266:
14260:
14259:
14257:
14256:
14251:
14246:
14241:
14236:
14231:
14226:
14221:
14220:
14219:
14207:
14202:
14201:
14200:
14190:
14185:
14180:
14178:Fetal distress
14175:
14174:
14173:
14163:
14158:
14152:
14150:
14144:
14143:
14140:
14139:
14137:
14136:
14135:
14134:
14129:
14124:
14119:
14114:
14109:
14097:
14096:
14095:
14085:
14084:
14083:
14078:
14073:
14068:
14063:
14047:
14042:
14041:
14040:
14038:Polyhydramnios
14035:
14027:amniotic fluid
14022:
14020:
14008:
14007:
14004:
14003:
14001:
14000:
13995:
13989:
13987:
13981:
13980:
13978:
13977:
13971:
13969:
13967:Nervous system
13963:
13962:
13960:
13959:
13954:
13949:
13944:
13939:
13934:
13929:
13924:
13918:
13916:
13905:
13904:
13902:
13901:
13896:
13891:
13886:
13881:
13875:
13873:
13864:
13858:
13857:
13855:
13854:
13849:
13848:
13847:
13845:HELLP syndrome
13837:
13831:
13829:
13814:
13813:
13811:
13810:
13805:
13800:
13795:
13790:
13785:
13784:
13783:
13778:
13773:
13768:
13763:
13758:
13748:
13742:
13740:
13736:Pregnancy with
13729:
13723:
13722:
13706:
13705:
13698:
13691:
13683:
13674:
13673:
13671:
13670:
13664:
13662:
13658:
13657:
13654:
13653:
13651:
13650:
13645:
13640:
13635:
13629:
13627:
13623:
13622:
13620:
13619:
13614:
13609:
13604:
13602:Health visitor
13599:
13593:
13591:
13587:
13586:
13584:
13583:
13578:
13573:
13568:
13563:
13558:
13553:
13547:
13545:
13538:
13532:
13531:
13528:
13527:
13525:
13524:
13519:
13517:Nonstress test
13514:
13509:
13504:
13498:
13496:
13492:
13491:
13489:
13488:
13487:
13486:
13485:
13484:
13479:
13474:
13469:
13464:
13459:
13451:
13450:
13449:
13444:
13439:
13433:Skin diseases
13431:
13430:
13429:
13424:
13419:
13414:
13406:
13405:
13404:
13399:
13391:
13390:
13389:
13384:
13376:
13375:
13374:
13369:
13364:
13359:
13349:
13344:
13339:
13331:
13326:
13321:
13320:
13319:
13314:
13309:
13301:
13295:
13293:
13287:
13286:
13284:
13283:
13278:
13273:
13268:
13263:
13258:
13252:
13250:
13244:
13243:
13241:
13240:
13235:
13230:
13225:
13223:Amniotic fluid
13219:
13217:
13210:
13206:
13205:
13202:
13201:
13199:
13198:
13193:
13188:
13183:
13178:
13173:
13171:Multiple birth
13168:
13163:
13158:
13153:
13148:
13143:
13142:
13141:
13136:
13131:
13121:
13116:
13111:
13106:
13105:
13104:
13099:
13094:
13079:
13077:
13073:
13072:
13070:
13069:
13064:
13059:
13054:
13053:
13052:
13042:
13037:
13032:
13027:
13022:
13021:
13020:
13010:
13004:
13002:
12998:
12997:
12995:
12994:
12989:
12984:
12979:
12977:Bradley method
12973:
12971:
12964:
12958:
12957:
12955:
12954:
12949:
12944:
12939:
12934:
12929:
12924:
12919:
12914:
12909:
12904:
12898:
12896:
12892:
12891:
12889:
12888:
12883:
12878:
12877:
12876:
12869:Pregnancy test
12866:
12861:
12855:
12853:
12849:
12848:
12846:
12845:
12840:
12835:
12834:
12833:
12828:
12823:
12818:
12813:
12802:
12800:
12794:
12793:
12791:
12790:
12785:
12780:
12775:
12769:
12767:
12761:
12760:
12749:
12748:
12741:
12734:
12726:
12717:
12716:
12714:
12713:
12708:
12707:
12706:
12701:
12696:
12691:
12683:
12678:
12672:
12670:
12666:
12665:
12663:
12662:
12657:
12652:
12647:
12641:
12639:
12635:
12634:
12632:
12631:
12630:
12629:
12624:
12622:teen pregnancy
12614:
12613:
12612:
12604:
12599:
12594:
12589:
12584:
12579:
12574:
12568:
12566:
12562:
12561:
12559:
12558:
12553:
12552:
12551:
12541:
12536:
12531:
12526:
12520:
12518:
12514:
12513:
12511:
12510:
12505:
12500:
12495:
12490:
12485:
12480:
12474:
12472:
12466:
12465:
12463:
12462:
12457:
12452:
12447:
12442:
12436:
12434:
12430:
12429:
12427:
12426:
12421:
12416:
12411:
12406:
12401:
12396:
12391:
12386:
12381:
12376:
12370:
12368:
12362:
12361:
12359:
12358:
12357:
12356:
12348:
12347:
12346:
12336:
12330:
12328:
12322:
12321:
12319:
12318:
12313:
12308:
12307:
12306:
12301:
12293:
12288:
12282:
12280:
12272:
12271:
12269:
12268:
12263:
12258:
12253:
12248:
12243:
12237:
12235:
12229:
12228:
12226:
12225:
12220:
12219:
12218:
12213:
12203:
12198:
12188:
12186:
12180:
12179:
12177:
12176:
12171:
12166:
12160:
12158:
12154:
12153:
12151:
12150:
12149:
12148:
12143:
12133:
12128:
12123:
12118:
12112:
12110:
12104:
12103:
12096:
12095:
12088:
12081:
12073:
12064:
12063:
12061:
12060:
12055:
12049:
12047:
12043:
12042:
12040:
12039:
12034:
12033:
12032:
12027:
12022:
12012:
12011:
12010:
12005:
12000:
11998:Preadolescence
11990:
11989:
11988:
11987:
11986:
11976:
11971:
11966:
11957:
11955:
11951:
11950:
11948:
11947:
11942:
11937:
11932:
11927:
11926:
11925:
11920:
11915:
11905:
11899:
11897:
11893:
11892:
11890:
11889:
11884:
11879:
11874:
11869:
11863:
11861:
11857:
11856:
11849:
11848:
11841:
11834:
11826:
11817:
11816:
11814:
11813:
11801:
11789:
11776:
11773:
11772:
11770:
11765:
11760:
11759:
11758:
11748:
11743:
11738:
11736:
11733:Women's health
11730:
11729:
11727:
11726:
11721:
11716:
11711:
11706:
11700:
11697:
11696:
11694:
11693:
11688:
11682:
11680:
11674:
11673:
11671:
11670:
11665:
11660:
11655:
11650:
11644:
11642:
11640:United Nations
11633:
11632:& advocacy
11627:
11626:
11624:
11619:
11614:
11609:
11604:
11599:
11594:
11589:
11584:
11582:
11579:Sociocultural
11576:
11575:
11573:
11572:
11571:
11570:
11565:
11560:
11550:
11549:
11548:
11547:
11546:
11536:
11525:
11522:
11521:
11519:
11518:
11513:
11512:
11511:
11510:
11509:
11494:
11493:
11492:
11482:
11476:
11473:
11472:
11470:
11469:
11467:Ovarian cancer
11464:
11463:
11462:
11461:
11460:
11450:
11443:Uterine cancer
11440:
11435:
11429:
11427:
11418:
11410:
11409:
11407:
11406:
11401:
11396:
11395:
11394:
11387:Sexual assault
11384:
11379:
11374:
11369:
11368:
11367:
11357:
11351:
11349:
11338:
11332:
11331:
11328:
11327:
11325:
11324:
11319:
11314:
11309:
11304:
11299:
11294:
11289:
11288:
11287:
11277:
11272:
11267:
11265:Child marriage
11262:
11260:Breast ironing
11257:
11252:
11250:Breast binding
11247:
11246:
11245:
11240:
11238:Clitoridectomy
11229:
11226:
11225:
11223:
11222:
11217:
11216:
11215:
11205:
11200:
11194:
11192:
11181:
11175:
11174:
11171:
11170:
11168:
11167:
11166:
11165:
11155:
11150:
11145:
11140:
11139:
11138:
11133:
11128:
11123:
11116:Menstrual aids
11113:
11108:
11103:
11098:
11092:
11090:
11084:
11083:
11081:
11080:
11075:
11070:
11065:
11060:
11055:
11050:
11045:
11039:
11037:
11026:
11025:
11023:
11022:
11021:
11020:
11015:
11005:
11004:
11003:
10998:
10993:
10982:
10980:
10972:
10971:
10968:
10967:
10965:
10964:
10959:
10958:
10957:
10947:
10942:
10937:
10932:
10927:
10921:
10918:
10917:
10915:
10914:
10909:
10904:
10903:
10902:
10900:Husband stitch
10892:
10891:
10890:
10885:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10839:
10837:
10831:
10830:
10828:
10827:
10826:
10825:
10824:
10823:
10818:
10808:
10803:
10798:
10793:
10788:
10778:
10773:
10771:Antenatal care
10768:
10763:
10758:
10752:
10750:
10741:
10733:
10732:
10730:
10729:
10724:
10719:
10717:Fallopian tube
10714:
10709:
10704:
10699:
10698:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10686:
10685:
10669:
10667:
10663:Reproductive
10656:
10649:
10646:
10645:
10642:Women's health
10633:
10632:
10625:
10618:
10610:
10601:
10600:
10597:
10596:
10581:
10565:
10560:
10559:
10557:
10556:Classification
10550:
10549:
10540:
10528:
10520:
10519:External links
10517:
10514:
10513:
10483:
10476:
10470:. p. 56.
10460:, ed. (2005).
10449:
10411:
10383:
10368:
10341:
10327:978-1926452326
10326:
10308:
10274:
10244:
10213:
10183:
10157:
10143:978-1772581355
10142:
10119:
10108:
10088:
10065:
10035:
10008:
9988:
9957:
9921:(1): e004017.
9901:
9875:
9832:
9797:
9756:
9707:
9678:
9644:(6): 1386β97.
9621:
9585:
9552:
9536:
9531:10.1086/432233
9506:
9460:
9453:
9429:
9422:
9404:
9375:10.1086/493779
9350:
9320:
9314:978-0443010118
9313:
9304:Gray's Anatomy
9293:
9272:
9238:
9186:
9160:
9117:
9088:
9065:(3): 160β165.
9045:
9010:
8944:
8893:
8862:
8792:
8762:
8732:
8683:
8653:
8623:
8593:
8557:
8518:
8488:
8442:
8399:
8393:978-1907830495
8392:
8374:
8331:
8288:
8255:
8236:(6): 348β355.
8216:
8171:
8120:
8071:
8006:
7936:
7901:
7866:
7823:
7810:978-9241546669
7809:
7787:
7756:
7719:
7689:
7658:
7627:
7602:
7580:
7550:
7514:
7453:
7433:
7411:
7362:
7326:
7283:
7256:Anesthesiology
7242:
7199:
7147:
7112:
7065:
7034:
6999:
6950:
6904:
6853:
6804:
6774:
6725:
6668:
6619:
6570:
6509:
6474:
6439:
6390:
6359:
6329:
6290:(8): 658β664.
6270:
6231:(3): 233β238.
6211:
6181:
6102:
6061:
6036:
5995:
5965:
5945:March of Dimes
5924:
5887:(3): 300β309.
5867:
5828:
5777:
5747:
5713:
5684:(4): 445β453.
5661:
5631:
5602:
5553:
5504:
5473:
5456:
5426:
5399:
5373:
5343:
5294:
5264:
5237:
5206:
5157:
5128:
5086:
5037:
5010:
4991:(6): 1103β17.
4975:
4934:
4885:
4849:
4819:
4776:
4740:
4710:
4661:
4638:
4602:
4575:
4561:
4535:
4507:
4464:
4443:(3): 396β400.
4423:
4386:
4343:
4302:
4259:
4228:
4206:
4187:
4165:
4136:(4): 445β453.
4116:
4085:
4042:
4023:(3): 300β303.
4003:
3972:
3942:
3912:
3886:
3861:
3831:
3801:
3766:
3725:
3689:
3656:
3604:
3580:Women's Health
3560:
3541:(6 ed.).
3521:
3496:
3477:
3457:
3400:
3389:
3369:
3339:
3309:
3298:
3275:
3240:Women's Health
3223:
3209:
3178:
3167:
3144:
3093:
3075:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3009:
3008:
3006:Vernix caseosa
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2970:Naegele's rule
2967:
2962:
2960:Multiple birth
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2895:
2892:
2886:and umbilical
2875:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2796:umbilical cord
2778:
2775:
2763:health visitor
2583:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2567:
2556:
2549:
2532:that provides
2518:maternity unit
2516:, also called
2514:maternity ward
2505:
2502:
2494:exact location
2451:
2448:
2410:
2407:
2350:
2347:
2286:Main article:
2283:
2280:
2263:Main article:
2260:
2257:
2240:
2237:
2233:twilight sleep
2219:
2216:
2190:
2187:
2169:
2166:
2134:
2131:
2119:
2116:
2084:Main article:
2081:
2078:
2074:cerebral palsy
2035:Main article:
2032:
2029:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1955: 900β1050
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1901:birth asphyxia
1882:Main article:
1879:
1876:
1852:Main article:
1849:
1846:
1815:Main article:
1812:
1809:
1763:Main article:
1760:
1757:
1744:
1741:
1642:
1639:
1626:Main article:
1623:
1620:
1603:Main article:
1600:
1597:
1588:Main article:
1585:
1582:
1567:Main article:
1564:
1561:
1541:Main article:
1538:
1535:
1530:Main article:
1527:
1524:
1503:
1500:
1482:
1479:
1464:maternal death
1460:Neonatal death
1455:
1452:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1363:
1354:In cases of a
1350:Multiple birth
1348:Main article:
1345:
1342:
1333:Perineal tears
1318:
1315:
1285:
1282:
1250:
1249:Pharmaceutical
1247:
1217:
1214:
1209:Main article:
1206:
1203:
1179:Main article:
1176:
1173:
1143:
1140:
1118:
1115:
1107:March of Dimes
1097:
1094:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1055:
1045:
1040:
1037:
1027:
1022:
1008:
1005:
965:
962:
952:
949:
940:
939:
938:
937:
934:
931:
928:
872:
869:
792:
789:
773:umbilical cord
716:Umbilical cord
711:
708:
704:perineal tears
655:
652:
568:
565:
563:
560:
532:
531:
528:
525:
501:
498:
440:ischial spines
418:
415:
402:
399:
386:
383:
339:
336:
176:
175:
168:
164:
163:
160:
156:
155:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
122:
118:
117:
111:birth asphyxia
92:
86:
85:
76:
70:
69:
66:vernix caseosa
57:
56:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15107:
15096:
15093:
15091:
15088:
15087:
15085:
15068:
15065:
15064:
15063:
15060:
15058:
15055:
15053:
15050:
15048:
15045:
15043:
15040:
15038:
15035:
15033:
15032:Open adoption
15030:
15028:
15025:
15023:
15020:
15018:
15015:
15013:
15012:Child neglect
15010:
15008:
15005:
15003:
15000:
14999:
14997:
14993:
14987:
14984:
14982:
14979:
14977:
14974:
14972:
14969:
14967:
14964:
14962:
14959:
14957:
14954:
14952:
14949:
14947:
14944:
14942:
14939:
14936:
14932:
14929:
14927:
14924:
14922:
14919:
14917:
14914:
14912:
14909:
14907:
14904:
14902:
14899:
14897:
14894:
14892:
14889:
14887:
14884:
14882:
14879:
14877:
14874:
14872:
14869:
14867:
14864:
14862:
14859:
14857:
14854:
14852:
14849:
14847:
14846:Hidden camera
14843:
14840:
14838:
14835:
14833:
14830:
14829:
14827:
14823:
14817:
14814:
14812:
14809:
14807:
14804:
14802:
14799:
14797:
14794:
14792:
14789:
14787:
14784:
14780:
14777:
14776:
14775:
14772:
14770:
14769:Child custody
14767:
14765:
14762:
14760:
14757:
14755:
14752:
14750:
14747:
14746:
14744:
14740:
14734:
14731:
14729:
14726:
14724:
14721:
14719:
14716:
14714:
14711:
14709:
14706:
14704:
14701:
14699:
14696:
14694:
14691:
14689:
14686:
14684:
14683:Nursery rhyme
14681:
14679:
14676:
14674:
14673:Kangaroo care
14671:
14669:
14668:Infant crying
14666:
14664:
14661:
14659:
14656:
14654:
14651:
14649:
14646:
14644:
14641:
14639:
14636:
14634:
14631:
14629:
14626:
14624:
14621:
14619:
14616:
14614:
14611:
14610:
14608:
14604:
14598:
14595:
14593:
14590:
14588:
14585:
14583:
14582:Preterm birth
14580:
14576:
14573:
14572:
14571:
14568:
14566:
14563:
14561:
14558:
14556:
14553:
14551:
14548:
14546:
14543:
14541:
14538:
14536:
14533:
14531:
14528:
14526:
14523:
14521:
14518:
14516:
14513:
14511:
14508:
14506:
14503:
14501:
14498:
14496:
14493:
14491:
14488:
14486:
14483:
14481:
14478:
14476:
14475:Breastfeeding
14473:
14471:
14468:
14466:
14463:
14461:
14458:
14457:
14455:
14452:
14447:
14442:
14435:
14430:
14428:
14423:
14421:
14416:
14415:
14412:
14400:
14399:
14395:
14388:
14387:
14384:
14378:
14375:
14373:
14370:
14366:
14363:
14361:
14358:
14356:
14353:
14352:
14351:
14348:
14347:
14345:
14341:
14335:
14332:
14330:
14327:
14325:
14322:
14320:
14317:
14315:
14312:
14310:
14307:
14305:
14302:
14300:
14297:
14295:
14292:
14290:
14287:
14283:
14280:
14278:
14275:
14274:
14273:
14270:
14269:
14267:
14265:
14261:
14255:
14254:Uterine atony
14252:
14250:
14247:
14245:
14242:
14240:
14237:
14235:
14232:
14230:
14227:
14225:
14224:Preterm birth
14222:
14218:
14215:
14214:
14213:
14212:
14208:
14206:
14203:
14199:
14196:
14195:
14194:
14191:
14189:
14186:
14184:
14181:
14179:
14176:
14172:
14169:
14168:
14167:
14164:
14162:
14159:
14157:
14154:
14153:
14151:
14149:
14145:
14133:
14130:
14128:
14125:
14123:
14120:
14118:
14115:
14113:
14110:
14108:
14105:
14104:
14103:
14102:
14098:
14094:
14091:
14090:
14089:
14086:
14082:
14079:
14077:
14074:
14072:
14069:
14067:
14064:
14062:
14059:
14058:
14057:
14056:
14052:
14048:
14046:
14043:
14039:
14036:
14034:
14031:
14030:
14029:
14028:
14024:
14023:
14021:
14019:
14015:
14009:
13999:
13996:
13994:
13991:
13990:
13988:
13986:
13982:
13976:
13973:
13972:
13970:
13968:
13964:
13958:
13957:Stretch marks
13955:
13953:
13950:
13948:
13945:
13943:
13940:
13938:
13935:
13933:
13930:
13928:
13925:
13923:
13920:
13919:
13917:
13915:
13910:
13906:
13900:
13897:
13895:
13892:
13890:
13887:
13885:
13882:
13880:
13877:
13876:
13874:
13872:
13868:
13865:
13859:
13853:
13850:
13846:
13843:
13842:
13841:
13840:Pre-eclampsia
13838:
13836:
13833:
13832:
13830:
13828:
13823:
13819:
13815:
13809:
13806:
13804:
13801:
13799:
13796:
13794:
13791:
13789:
13786:
13782:
13779:
13777:
13774:
13772:
13769:
13767:
13764:
13762:
13759:
13757:
13754:
13753:
13752:
13749:
13747:
13744:
13743:
13741:
13739:
13733:
13730:
13728:
13724:
13720:
13716:
13712:
13709:Pathology of
13704:
13699:
13697:
13692:
13690:
13685:
13684:
13681:
13669:
13666:
13665:
13663:
13659:
13649:
13646:
13644:
13641:
13639:
13636:
13634:
13631:
13630:
13628:
13624:
13618:
13615:
13613:
13612:Monthly nurse
13610:
13608:
13605:
13603:
13600:
13598:
13595:
13594:
13592:
13588:
13582:
13579:
13577:
13574:
13572:
13569:
13567:
13564:
13562:
13559:
13557:
13554:
13552:
13549:
13548:
13546:
13542:
13539:
13537:
13533:
13523:
13520:
13518:
13515:
13513:
13510:
13508:
13505:
13503:
13502:Amniocentesis
13500:
13499:
13497:
13493:
13483:
13480:
13478:
13475:
13473:
13470:
13468:
13465:
13463:
13462:Vaginal flora
13460:
13458:
13455:
13454:
13452:
13448:
13445:
13443:
13440:
13438:
13435:
13434:
13432:
13428:
13425:
13423:
13420:
13418:
13415:
13413:
13410:
13409:
13407:
13403:
13400:
13398:
13395:
13394:
13392:
13388:
13385:
13383:
13380:
13379:
13377:
13373:
13370:
13368:
13365:
13363:
13360:
13358:
13355:
13354:
13353:
13352:Substance use
13350:
13348:
13345:
13343:
13340:
13338:
13335:
13334:
13332:
13330:
13327:
13325:
13322:
13318:
13315:
13313:
13310:
13308:
13305:
13304:
13302:
13300:
13297:
13296:
13294:
13292:
13288:
13282:
13279:
13277:
13274:
13272:
13269:
13267:
13266:Fundal height
13264:
13262:
13259:
13257:
13254:
13253:
13251:
13249:
13245:
13239:
13236:
13234:
13231:
13229:
13226:
13224:
13221:
13220:
13218:
13214:
13211:
13207:
13197:
13194:
13192:
13189:
13187:
13184:
13182:
13179:
13177:
13174:
13172:
13169:
13167:
13164:
13162:
13159:
13157:
13154:
13152:
13149:
13147:
13144:
13140:
13137:
13135:
13132:
13130:
13127:
13126:
13125:
13122:
13120:
13117:
13115:
13112:
13110:
13107:
13103:
13100:
13098:
13095:
13093:
13090:
13089:
13088:
13084:
13081:
13080:
13078:
13074:
13068:
13065:
13063:
13060:
13058:
13055:
13051:
13048:
13047:
13046:
13043:
13041:
13038:
13036:
13033:
13031:
13028:
13026:
13023:
13019:
13018:Preterm birth
13016:
13015:
13014:
13011:
13009:
13006:
13005:
13003:
12999:
12993:
12990:
12988:
12985:
12983:
12982:Hypnobirthing
12980:
12978:
12975:
12974:
12972:
12968:
12965:
12963:
12959:
12953:
12950:
12948:
12945:
12943:
12940:
12938:
12935:
12933:
12930:
12928:
12925:
12923:
12920:
12918:
12915:
12913:
12910:
12908:
12905:
12903:
12900:
12899:
12897:
12893:
12887:
12884:
12882:
12879:
12875:
12872:
12871:
12870:
12867:
12865:
12862:
12860:
12859:3D ultrasound
12857:
12856:
12854:
12850:
12844:
12841:
12839:
12836:
12832:
12829:
12827:
12824:
12822:
12819:
12817:
12814:
12812:
12809:
12808:
12807:
12804:
12803:
12801:
12799:
12795:
12789:
12786:
12784:
12781:
12779:
12776:
12774:
12773:Birth control
12771:
12770:
12768:
12766:
12762:
12758:
12754:
12747:
12742:
12740:
12735:
12733:
12728:
12727:
12724:
12712:
12709:
12705:
12702:
12700:
12699:child benefit
12697:
12695:
12692:
12690:
12687:
12686:
12684:
12682:
12679:
12677:
12674:
12673:
12671:
12667:
12661:
12658:
12656:
12653:
12651:
12648:
12646:
12643:
12642:
12640:
12636:
12628:
12627:birth control
12625:
12623:
12620:
12619:
12618:
12617:United States
12615:
12611:
12608:
12607:
12605:
12603:
12600:
12598:
12595:
12593:
12590:
12588:
12585:
12583:
12580:
12578:
12575:
12573:
12570:
12569:
12567:
12563:
12557:
12554:
12550:
12547:
12546:
12545:
12542:
12540:
12537:
12535:
12532:
12530:
12527:
12525:
12522:
12521:
12519:
12515:
12509:
12506:
12504:
12501:
12499:
12496:
12494:
12491:
12489:
12486:
12484:
12481:
12479:
12476:
12475:
12473:
12471:
12467:
12461:
12458:
12456:
12453:
12451:
12448:
12446:
12443:
12441:
12438:
12437:
12435:
12431:
12425:
12422:
12420:
12417:
12415:
12414:Prenatal care
12412:
12410:
12407:
12405:
12402:
12400:
12397:
12395:
12392:
12390:
12387:
12385:
12382:
12380:
12377:
12375:
12372:
12371:
12369:
12367:
12363:
12355:
12352:
12351:
12349:
12345:
12342:
12341:
12340:
12337:
12335:
12332:
12331:
12329:
12327:
12323:
12317:
12314:
12312:
12309:
12305:
12302:
12300:
12297:
12296:
12294:
12292:
12289:
12287:
12284:
12283:
12281:
12279:
12273:
12267:
12266:Sterilization
12264:
12262:
12259:
12257:
12254:
12252:
12249:
12247:
12244:
12242:
12239:
12238:
12236:
12234:
12233:Contraception
12230:
12224:
12221:
12217:
12214:
12212:
12209:
12208:
12207:
12204:
12202:
12201:Birth spacing
12199:
12197:
12196:childlessness
12193:
12192:Childfreeness
12190:
12189:
12187:
12185:
12181:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12167:
12165:
12164:Sex education
12162:
12161:
12159:
12155:
12147:
12144:
12142:
12139:
12138:
12137:
12134:
12132:
12129:
12127:
12124:
12122:
12119:
12117:
12114:
12113:
12111:
12109:
12105:
12101:
12094:
12089:
12087:
12082:
12080:
12075:
12074:
12071:
12059:
12056:
12054:
12051:
12050:
12048:
12044:
12038:
12035:
12031:
12028:
12026:
12023:
12021:
12018:
12017:
12016:
12013:
12009:
12006:
12004:
12001:
11999:
11996:
11995:
11994:
11991:
11985:
11982:
11981:
11980:
11977:
11975:
11972:
11970:
11967:
11965:
11962:
11961:
11959:
11958:
11956:
11952:
11946:
11943:
11941:
11938:
11936:
11933:
11931:
11928:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11910:
11909:
11906:
11904:
11901:
11900:
11898:
11894:
11888:
11885:
11883:
11880:
11878:
11875:
11873:
11870:
11868:
11865:
11864:
11862:
11858:
11854:
11847:
11842:
11840:
11835:
11833:
11828:
11827:
11824:
11812:
11811:
11802:
11800:
11799:
11790:
11788:
11787:
11778:
11777:
11774:
11769:
11766:
11764:
11761:
11757:
11754:
11753:
11752:
11749:
11747:
11744:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11731:
11725:
11722:
11720:
11717:
11715:
11712:
11710:
11707:
11705:
11702:
11701:
11692:
11689:
11687:
11684:
11683:
11681:
11679:
11678:United States
11675:
11669:
11666:
11664:
11661:
11659:
11656:
11654:
11651:
11649:
11646:
11645:
11643:
11641:
11637:
11634:
11628:
11623:
11620:
11618:
11615:
11613:
11610:
11608:
11605:
11603:
11600:
11598:
11595:
11593:
11592:Disadvantaged
11590:
11588:
11585:
11583:
11577:
11569:
11566:
11564:
11561:
11559:
11556:
11555:
11554:
11553:Urinary tract
11551:
11545:
11542:
11541:
11540:
11537:
11535:
11532:
11531:
11530:
11529:Mental health
11527:
11526:
11517:
11514:
11508:
11505:
11504:
11503:
11500:
11499:
11498:
11495:
11491:
11488:
11487:
11486:
11483:
11481:
11478:
11477:
11468:
11465:
11459:
11456:
11455:
11454:
11451:
11449:
11446:
11445:
11444:
11441:
11439:
11438:Breast cancer
11436:
11434:
11431:
11430:
11428:
11426:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11411:
11405:
11402:
11400:
11397:
11393:
11390:
11389:
11388:
11385:
11383:
11380:
11378:
11375:
11373:
11370:
11366:
11363:
11362:
11361:
11358:
11356:
11353:
11352:
11350:
11348:
11347:against women
11342:
11339:
11333:
11323:
11322:Sex education
11320:
11318:
11315:
11313:
11310:
11308:
11305:
11303:
11300:
11298:
11295:
11293:
11290:
11286:
11283:
11282:
11281:
11278:
11276:
11273:
11271:
11268:
11266:
11263:
11261:
11258:
11256:
11255:Breast health
11253:
11251:
11248:
11244:
11241:
11239:
11236:
11235:
11234:
11231:
11230:
11227:
11221:
11218:
11214:
11211:
11210:
11209:
11206:
11204:
11201:
11199:
11196:
11195:
11193:
11191:
11185:
11182:
11176:
11164:
11161:
11160:
11159:
11156:
11154:
11151:
11149:
11146:
11144:
11141:
11137:
11134:
11132:
11129:
11127:
11126:Menstrual cup
11124:
11122:
11119:
11118:
11117:
11114:
11112:
11109:
11107:
11104:
11102:
11099:
11097:
11094:
11093:
11091:
11089:
11085:
11079:
11076:
11074:
11071:
11069:
11066:
11064:
11061:
11059:
11056:
11054:
11051:
11049:
11046:
11044:
11041:
11040:
11038:
11036:
11031:
11030:Contraception
11027:
11019:
11016:
11014:
11011:
11010:
11009:
11006:
11002:
10999:
10997:
10994:
10992:
10991:Childlessness
10989:
10988:
10987:
10984:
10983:
10981:
10979:
10976:Reproductive
10973:
10963:
10960:
10956:
10953:
10952:
10951:
10950:Sterilization
10948:
10946:
10943:
10941:
10938:
10936:
10933:
10931:
10928:
10926:
10923:
10922:
10919:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10901:
10898:
10897:
10896:
10893:
10889:
10886:
10884:
10881:
10880:
10879:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10848:Preterm birth
10846:
10844:
10841:
10840:
10838:
10836:
10832:
10822:
10819:
10817:
10814:
10813:
10812:
10809:
10807:
10804:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10787:
10784:
10783:
10782:
10779:
10777:
10774:
10772:
10769:
10767:
10764:
10762:
10759:
10757:
10754:
10753:
10751:
10749:
10745:
10742:
10740:
10734:
10728:
10725:
10723:
10720:
10718:
10715:
10713:
10710:
10708:
10705:
10703:
10700:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10684:
10683:Clitoral hood
10681:
10680:
10679:
10676:
10675:
10674:
10671:
10670:
10668:
10666:
10660:
10657:
10654:
10651:Reproductive
10647:
10643:
10639:
10631:
10626:
10624:
10619:
10617:
10612:
10611:
10608:
10595:
10591:
10590:
10586:
10582:
10580:
10576:
10575:
10571:
10567:
10566:
10563:
10558:
10554:
10548:
10544:
10541:
10539:
10535:
10532:
10529:
10526:
10523:
10522:
10501:
10497:
10493:
10487:
10479:
10473:
10469:
10465:
10464:
10459:
10453:
10445:
10441:
10437:
10433:
10430:(3): 321β27.
10429:
10425:
10418:
10416:
10407:
10403:
10399:
10392:
10390:
10388:
10379:
10375:
10371:
10365:
10361:
10354:
10352:
10350:
10348:
10346:
10337:
10333:
10329:
10323:
10319:
10312:
10304:
10300:
10296:
10292:
10288:
10284:
10278:
10262:
10258:
10254:
10248:
10232:
10228:
10224:
10217:
10201:
10197:
10193:
10187:
10171:
10167:
10161:
10153:
10149:
10145:
10139:
10135:
10128:
10126:
10124:
10115:
10111:
10105:
10101:
10100:
10092:
10084:
10080:
10076:
10069:
10053:
10049:
10045:
10039:
10023:
10019:
10015:
10011:
10009:9781904752363
10005:
10001:
10000:
9992:
9976:
9972:
9968:
9961:
9953:
9946:
9942:
9937:
9932:
9928:
9924:
9920:
9916:
9912:
9905:
9897:
9893:
9889:
9882:
9880:
9871:
9867:
9863:
9859:
9855:
9851:
9847:
9843:
9836:
9828:
9824:
9820:
9816:
9813:(4): 145β54.
9812:
9808:
9801:
9793:
9789:
9784:
9779:
9775:
9771:
9767:
9760:
9752:
9748:
9743:
9738:
9734:
9730:
9726:
9722:
9718:
9711:
9695:
9691:
9685:
9683:
9663:
9659:
9655:
9651:
9647:
9643:
9639:
9632:
9625:
9606:
9602:
9595:
9589:
9573:
9569:
9565:
9559:
9557:
9549:
9543:
9541:
9532:
9528:
9525:(2): 235β48.
9524:
9520:
9513:
9511:
9502:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9484:
9480:
9476:
9469:
9467:
9465:
9456:
9450:
9446:
9442:
9441:
9433:
9425:
9419:
9415:
9408:
9400:
9396:
9392:
9388:
9384:
9380:
9376:
9372:
9368:
9364:
9357:
9355:
9347:
9341:
9339:
9337:
9335:
9333:
9331:
9329:
9327:
9325:
9316:
9310:
9306:
9305:
9297:
9283:
9279:
9275:
9273:9780444528919
9269:
9265:
9261:
9257:
9253:
9249:
9242:
9234:
9230:
9225:
9220:
9216:
9212:
9209:(7): 645β54.
9208:
9204:
9200:
9193:
9191:
9174:
9170:
9164:
9156:
9152:
9148:
9144:
9140:
9136:
9132:
9128:
9121:
9105:
9098:
9092:
9076:
9072:
9068:
9064:
9060:
9056:
9049:
9033:
9029:
9025:
9021:
9014:
8998:
8994:
8990:
8986:
8982:
8978:
8974:
8970:
8966:
8962:
8958:
8954:
8948:
8940:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8912:
8908:
8907:PLOS Medicine
8904:
8897:
8881:
8877:
8873:
8866:
8850:
8846:
8842:
8838:
8834:
8830:
8826:
8822:
8818:
8814:
8810:
8806:
8799:
8797:
8780:
8776:
8772:
8766:
8750:
8746:
8742:
8736:
8728:
8724:
8720:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8702:
8698:
8694:
8687:
8671:
8667:
8663:
8657:
8641:
8637:
8633:
8627:
8611:
8607:
8603:
8597:
8578:
8574:
8567:
8561:
8545:
8541:
8537:
8536:"Stillbirths"
8531:
8529:
8527:
8525:
8523:
8506:
8502:
8498:
8492:
8484:
8480:
8476:
8472:
8468:
8464:
8460:
8456:
8449:
8447:
8438:
8434:
8430:
8426:
8422:
8418:
8415:(2): 107β12.
8414:
8410:
8403:
8395:
8389:
8385:
8378:
8370:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8354:
8350:
8346:
8342:
8335:
8327:
8323:
8319:
8315:
8311:
8307:
8304:(3): 113β22.
8303:
8299:
8292:
8276:
8272:
8268:
8262:
8260:
8251:
8247:
8243:
8239:
8235:
8231:
8227:
8220:
8212:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8194:
8190:
8187:(3): 99β106.
8186:
8182:
8175:
8167:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8140:(2): 158β61.
8139:
8135:
8131:
8124:
8116:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8098:
8094:
8090:
8086:
8082:
8075:
8067:
8063:
8059:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8041:
8037:
8033:
8029:
8025:
8021:
8017:
8010:
8002:
7998:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7950:
7943:
7941:
7932:
7928:
7924:
7920:
7917:(4): 242β48.
7916:
7912:
7905:
7897:
7893:
7889:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7870:
7862:
7858:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7839:(4): 282β87.
7838:
7834:
7827:
7816:
7812:
7806:
7799:
7798:
7791:
7775:
7771:
7767:
7760:
7741:
7737:
7730:
7723:
7707:
7703:
7699:
7693:
7677:
7673:
7669:
7662:
7646:
7642:
7638:
7631:
7624:
7609:
7605:
7599:
7595:
7591:
7584:
7568:
7564:
7560:
7554:
7535:
7531:
7524:
7518:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7480:
7476:
7472:
7468:
7464:
7457:
7440:
7436:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7415:
7407:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7366:
7347:
7343:
7336:
7330:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7299:(3): 641β49.
7298:
7294:
7287:
7279:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7262:(2): 300β08.
7261:
7257:
7253:
7246:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7215:(3): 153β65.
7214:
7210:
7203:
7195:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7154:
7152:
7143:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7116:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7085:(5): 425β27.
7084:
7080:
7076:
7069:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7038:
7030:
7026:
7022:
7018:
7015:(3): 179β93.
7014:
7010:
7003:
6995:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6954:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6908:
6900:
6896:
6891:
6890:11573/1473752
6886:
6881:
6876:
6873:(4): 758β61.
6872:
6868:
6864:
6857:
6849:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6808:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6778:
6770:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6729:
6721:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6672:
6664:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6623:
6615:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6597:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6574:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6513:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6478:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6455:(3): 319β28.
6454:
6450:
6443:
6435:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6394:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6363:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6333:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6274:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6215:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6185:
6177:
6171:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6106:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6072:
6065:
6050:
6046:
6040:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6006:
5999:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5969:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5935:
5928:
5920:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5871:
5852:
5848:
5846:
5838:
5832:
5824:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5781:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5751:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5720:
5718:
5709:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5668:
5666:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5635:
5619:
5615:
5609:
5607:
5598:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5557:
5549:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5508:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5477:
5470:
5466:
5460:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5430:
5414:
5410:
5403:
5387:
5383:
5377:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5347:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5308:Contraception
5305:
5298:
5282:
5278:
5271:
5269:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5241:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5210:
5202:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5161:
5150:
5146:
5139:
5132:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5090:
5082:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5057:(3): 207β15.
5056:
5052:
5048:
5041:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5014:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4979:
4971:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4954:(3): 362β69.
4953:
4949:
4945:
4938:
4930:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4889:
4870:
4866:
4859:
4853:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4823:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4796:(4): 824β28.
4795:
4791:
4787:
4780:
4761:
4757:
4750:
4744:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4714:
4706:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4647:
4642:
4623:
4619:
4612:
4606:
4590:
4586:
4579:
4564:
4558:
4554:
4549:
4548:
4539:
4528:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4511:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4468:
4460:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4427:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4359:(2): 169β78.
4358:
4354:
4347:
4339:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4322:(3): 420β25.
4321:
4317:
4313:
4306:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4263:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4232:
4216:
4210:
4194:
4190:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4120:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4064:(4): 392β97.
4063:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4046:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4007:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3976:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3806:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3677:
3673:
3672:www.bidmc.org
3669:
3663:
3661:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3609:
3601:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3528:
3526:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3373:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3282:
3280:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3228:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3199:
3198:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3151:
3149:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3097:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3045:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2903:
2901:
2900:placentophagy
2894:Placentophagy
2891:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2708:anaesthetists
2705:
2704:Anaesthetists
2701:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2662:obstetricians
2659:
2655:
2653:
2648:
2646:
2645:Turtle Island
2640:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2609:
2604:
2601:
2593:
2588:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2526:delivery ward
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2471:In rural and
2469:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2447:
2444:
2439:
2436:
2431:
2429:
2424:
2415:
2406:
2404:
2395:
2394:Louvre museum
2391:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2294:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2215:
2213:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2154:kangaroo care
2150:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2133:Role of males
2129:
2125:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2028:
2026:
2025:birth defects
2022:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1949: 750β900
1943: 600β750
1937: 450β600
1931: 300β450
1925: 150β300
1913: no data
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1817:Preterm birth
1811:Preterm birth
1808:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1776:
1775:signs of life
1772:
1766:
1756:
1749:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1672:
1670:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1636:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1612:uterine atony
1606:
1596:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1578:pre-eclampsia
1575:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1533:
1523:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1509:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1478:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1454:Complications
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1381:For external
1371:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1341:
1338:
1337:perineal skin
1334:
1330:
1327:For years an
1324:
1314:
1312:
1311:antispasmodic
1308:
1304:
1295:
1290:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1255:nitrous oxide
1246:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1165:chlorhexidine
1162:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1123:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1004:
1001:
997:
993:
992:prostaglandin
989:
985:
979:
975:
971:
961:
959:
948:
945:
935:
932:
929:
926:
925:
924:
923:
922:
920:
916:
912:
910:
906:
901:
899:
895:
894:kangaroo care
891:
885:
882:by father in
881:
880:Kangaroo care
877:
868:
866:
860:
857:
853:
852:fundal height
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
828:
826:
822:
818:
817:
807:
802:
798:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
742:
740:
735:
731:
727:
721:
717:
707:
705:
699:
697:
691:
689:
685:
681:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
635:
631:
626:
623:
618:
609:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
585:
581:
577:
572:
559:
557:
556:induce labour
553:
549:
544:
542:
538:
529:
526:
523:
519:
515:
514:
513:
506:
497:
495:
491:
487:
482:
478:
474:
469:
467:
462:
458:
454:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
429:
424:
417:Vaginal birth
414:
412:
408:
401:Psychological
398:
396:
392:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
360:
356:
353:
349:
345:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
296:spinal blocks
293:
289:
283:
281:
280:breastfeeding
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
154:
150:
149:Birth control
147:
143:
140:
137:
133:
130:
126:
123:
119:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
91:
90:Complications
87:
84:
80:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
26:
22:
14995:Other topics
14934:
14901:Cradle board
14896:Cloth diaper
14856:Baby shampoo
14842:Baby monitor
14832:Baby bouncer
14786:Circumcision
14637:
14633:Birth defect
14515:Immunization
14465:Birth weight
14396:
14389:
14249:Vasa praevia
14209:
14183:Locked twins
14099:
14049:
14025:
13771:Interstitial
13714:
13342:Hypertension
13329:Immunization
13312:in pregnancy
13228:Amniotic sac
13181:Silent birth
13124:Presentation
13087:Bishop score
13057:Obstetrician
12961:
12947:Interstitial
12874:home testing
12756:
12711:Abortion law
12694:bachelor tax
12388:
12344:vulvovaginal
12278:reproduction
12025:Middle adult
11960:Early years
11902:
11860:Before birth
11808:
11796:
11784:
11507:Hip fracture
11502:Osteoporosis
11243:Infibulation
11143:Dysmenorrhea
11136:Sanitary pad
11088:Menstruation
10834:
10816:Preeclampsia
10811:Hypertension
10695:Labia majora
10690:Labia minora
10583:
10568:
10504:. Retrieved
10495:
10486:
10462:
10452:
10427:
10423:
10397:
10359:
10317:
10311:
10277:
10265:. Retrieved
10256:
10247:
10235:. Retrieved
10226:
10216:
10204:. Retrieved
10195:
10186:
10174:. Retrieved
10166:"About AMCB"
10160:
10133:
10098:
10091:
10078:
10068:
10056:. Retrieved
10047:
10038:
10026:. Retrieved
9998:
9991:
9979:. Retrieved
9970:
9960:
9918:
9914:
9904:
9891:
9845:
9841:
9835:
9810:
9806:
9800:
9776:(1): 67β72.
9773:
9769:
9759:
9724:
9720:
9710:
9698:. Retrieved
9669:. Retrieved
9662:the original
9641:
9637:
9629:NIH (2006).
9624:
9612:. Retrieved
9600:
9588:
9576:. Retrieved
9567:
9547:
9522:
9518:
9482:
9478:
9439:
9432:
9413:
9407:
9366:
9362:
9345:
9303:
9296:
9285:, retrieved
9255:
9251:
9241:
9206:
9202:
9177:. Retrieved
9163:
9130:
9126:
9120:
9108:. Retrieved
9091:
9081:12 September
9079:. Retrieved
9062:
9058:
9048:
9038:12 September
9036:. Retrieved
9027:
9023:
9013:
9003:12 September
9001:. Retrieved
8960:
8956:
8947:
8910:
8906:
8896:
8884:. Retrieved
8875:
8865:
8855:12 September
8853:. Retrieved
8812:
8808:
8783:. Retrieved
8774:
8765:
8753:. Retrieved
8744:
8735:
8700:
8696:
8686:
8674:. Retrieved
8665:
8656:
8644:. Retrieved
8635:
8626:
8614:. Retrieved
8605:
8596:
8584:. Retrieved
8577:the original
8572:
8560:
8550:29 September
8548:. Retrieved
8544:the original
8539:
8509:. Retrieved
8500:
8491:
8458:
8454:
8412:
8408:
8402:
8383:
8377:
8344:
8340:
8334:
8301:
8297:
8291:
8279:. Retrieved
8270:
8233:
8229:
8219:
8184:
8180:
8174:
8137:
8133:
8123:
8091:(1): 35β39.
8088:
8084:
8074:
8023:
8019:
8009:
7956:
7952:
7914:
7910:
7904:
7882:(2): 83β94.
7879:
7875:
7869:
7836:
7832:
7826:
7796:
7790:
7778:. Retrieved
7769:
7759:
7747:. Retrieved
7722:
7710:. Retrieved
7702:PBS Newshour
7701:
7692:
7680:. Retrieved
7671:
7661:
7649:. Retrieved
7640:
7630:
7622:
7615:. Retrieved
7608:the original
7593:
7583:
7571:. Retrieved
7562:
7553:
7541:. Retrieved
7529:
7517:
7505:. Retrieved
7470:
7466:
7456:
7443:. Retrieved
7424:
7414:
7379:
7375:
7365:
7353:. Retrieved
7341:
7329:
7296:
7292:
7286:
7259:
7255:
7245:
7212:
7208:
7202:
7167:
7163:
7128:(2): 63β83.
7125:
7121:
7115:
7082:
7078:
7068:
7056:. Retrieved
7052:the original
7047:
7037:
7012:
7008:
7002:
6967:
6963:
6953:
6941:. Retrieved
6921:
6917:
6907:
6870:
6866:
6856:
6821:
6817:
6807:
6795:. Retrieved
6786:
6777:
6742:
6738:
6728:
6685:
6681:
6671:
6636:
6632:
6622:
6587:
6583:
6573:
6561:. Retrieved
6526:
6522:
6512:
6490:(1): 87β98.
6487:
6483:
6477:
6452:
6448:
6442:
6407:
6403:
6393:
6381:. Retrieved
6372:
6362:
6350:. Retrieved
6341:
6332:
6320:. Retrieved
6287:
6284:Medical Care
6283:
6273:
6261:. Retrieved
6228:
6224:
6214:
6202:. Retrieved
6193:
6184:
6170:cite journal
6137:11343/249912
6119:
6115:
6105:
6093:. Retrieved
6086:the original
6080:. Series 1.
6077:
6064:
6052:. Retrieved
6048:
6039:
6018:(24): 1β85.
6015:
6011:
5998:
5986:. Retrieved
5977:
5968:
5956:. Retrieved
5949:the original
5940:
5927:
5884:
5880:
5870:
5858:. Retrieved
5851:the original
5843:
5831:
5794:
5790:
5780:
5768:. Retrieved
5759:
5750:
5738:. Retrieved
5729:
5681:
5677:
5652:. Retrieved
5643:
5634:
5622:. Retrieved
5618:the original
5570:
5566:
5556:
5524:(3): 39β43.
5521:
5517:
5507:
5495:. Retrieved
5491:the original
5486:
5476:
5464:
5459:
5447:. Retrieved
5438:
5429:
5417:. Retrieved
5402:
5390:. Retrieved
5386:the original
5376:
5364:. Retrieved
5356:www.acog.org
5355:
5346:
5311:
5307:
5297:
5285:. Retrieved
5281:the original
5275:WHO (2013).
5253:(1): 29β35.
5250:
5246:
5240:
5228:. Retrieved
5220:The Guardian
5219:
5209:
5174:
5170:
5160:
5149:the original
5131:
5109:(1): 76β77.
5106:
5102:
5089:
5054:
5050:
5040:
5027:
5023:
5013:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4951:
4947:
4937:
4902:
4898:
4888:
4876:. Retrieved
4864:
4852:
4840:. Retrieved
4831:
4822:
4793:
4789:
4779:
4767:. Retrieved
4755:
4743:
4731:. Retrieved
4722:
4713:
4681:(1): 33β40.
4678:
4674:
4664:
4641:
4629:. Retrieved
4617:
4605:
4593:. Retrieved
4578:
4566:. Retrieved
4546:
4538:
4520:
4510:
4480:(1): 26β30.
4477:
4473:
4467:
4440:
4436:
4426:
4414:. Retrieved
4405:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4319:
4315:
4305:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4250:. Retrieved
4241:
4231:
4219:. Retrieved
4209:
4197:. Retrieved
4178:
4168:
4133:
4129:
4119:
4107:. Retrieved
4098:
4088:
4061:
4055:
4045:
4020:
4016:
4006:
3992:(1): 66β71.
3989:
3985:
3975:
3963:. Retrieved
3954:
3945:
3933:. Retrieved
3924:
3915:
3903:. Retrieved
3898:
3895:"Back Labor"
3889:
3877:. Retrieved
3873:
3864:
3852:. Retrieved
3843:
3834:
3822:. Retrieved
3792:. Retrieved
3788:the original
3783:
3757:. Retrieved
3745:
3716:. Retrieved
3707:
3680:. Retrieved
3671:
3624:
3620:
3595:
3588:. Retrieved
3579:
3551:. Retrieved
3536:
3512:. Retrieved
3508:
3499:
3487:. Retrieved
3467:
3460:
3417:
3413:
3403:
3379:
3372:
3360:. Retrieved
3351:
3342:
3330:. Retrieved
3321:
3312:
3288:
3243:
3239:
3196:
3157:
3110:
3107:BMC Medicine
3106:
3096:
3087:
3078:
3066:. Retrieved
3062:the original
3057:
3048:
3011:
3010:
2945:Coffin birth
2935:Birth defect
2924:Antinatalism
2897:
2877:
2800:
2792:
2788:
2780:
2753:
2746:
2732:
2702:
2694:primary care
2686:episiotomies
2656:
2649:
2641:
2630:
2623:
2612:
2605:
2597:
2592:Porto Alegre
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2491:
2470:
2459:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2399:
2368:
2343:
2339:
2323:
2316:and skilled
2299:
2282:Epidemiology
2268:
2242:
2221:
2209:
2204:
2192:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2151:
2144:
2136:
2106:may lead to
2094:(big baby),
2089:
2070:brain damage
2040:
2018:
1995:
1990:
1905:birth trauma
1857:
1831:
1820:
1798:
1779:
1768:
1754:
1727:
1688:
1681:
1677:"baby blues"
1673:
1666:
1631:
1608:
1593:
1572:
1546:
1517:
1505:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1475:
1437:
1428:
1424:
1412:
1408:
1394:
1380:
1353:
1326:
1299:
1284:Augmentation
1271:
1252:
1236:
1219:
1205:Pain control
1184:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1128:
1111:
1102:
1099:
1074:
1058:Preeclampsia
1039:Fetal demise
1010:
981:
954:
941:
917:
913:
902:
888:
861:
829:
820:
814:
812:
770:
743:
729:
725:
723:
700:
692:
680:amniotic sac
677:
672:
661:pelvic inlet
657:
647:
646:
642:
638:
630:Bishop score
627:
617:active phase
616:
614:
588:
576:latent phase
575:
573:
570:
552:sac ruptures
548:amniotic sac
545:
536:
533:
511:
470:
461:Bishop score
456:
455:
450:
448:
435:
434:
404:
388:
364:
357:
341:
328:birth trauma
284:
237:
192:
188:
184:
180:
179:
62:newborn baby
29:
15007:Babywearing
15002:Baby shower
14976:Swim diaper
14866:Baby walker
14851:Baby powder
14791:Foster care
14759:Child abuse
14754:Babysitting
14606:Development
14592:Soy formula
14470:Breast pump
14188:Nuchal cord
13937:Linea nigra
13889:Hepatitis E
13822:proteinuria
13803:Miscarriage
13788:Embryo loss
13766:Heterotopic
13638:Apgar score
13422:Hepatitis C
13408:Infections
13248:Development
13233:Endometrium
13191:Water birth
13109:Bloody show
13040:Men's roles
12970:Preparation
12922:Heterotopic
12597:Philippines
12529:Infertility
12488:Gynaecology
12455:Transgender
12223:Sperm theft
12216:foster care
12030:Elder adult
12020:Young adult
12003:Adolescence
11867:Development
11810:WikiProject
11497:Bone health
11433:Lung cancer
11270:Dyspareunia
11213:HPV vaccine
11153:Amenorrhoea
11148:Menorrhagia
10986:Infertility
10935:Stillbirths
10796:Miscarriage
10496:Mayo Clinic
10176:20 February
9671:30 December
8666:UNICEF DATA
8347:(1): 5β10.
7780:14 February
7712:13 February
7682:13 February
6797:15 November
6054:26 November
5497:23 December
5419:23 December
5392:24 December
5287:22 December
4733:26 February
4406:Mayo Clinic
3925:Mayo Clinic
3794:21 December
3759:21 December
3718:21 December
3322:www.cia.gov
3068:23 November
3033:Water birth
2716:anaesthesia
2534:health care
2522:labour ward
2484:as well as
2334:germ theory
2326:antibiotics
2276:home births
2229:scopolamine
2223:The use of
2108:Erb's palsy
1897:prematurity
1868:stillbirths
1709:(including
1425:contraction
1276:(EDA), and
1243:Apgar score
1231:water birth
1226:acupuncture
1142:Preparation
1080:, complete
1078:vasa previa
785:haemoglobin
567:First stage
385:Labour pain
359:Back labour
332:prematurity
233:home births
189:parturition
64:shown with
60:Mother and
43:Other names
15090:Childbirth
15084:Categories
14986:Travel cot
14931:Infant bed
14926:High chair
14916:Baby wipes
14911:Diaper bag
14876:Baby swing
14764:Child care
14749:Attachment
14638:Childbirth
14500:Cradle cap
14451:Pediatrics
14198:Postpartum
14093:Antepartum
13808:Stillbirth
13719:puerperium
13717:, and the
13715:childbirth
13643:Child care
13536:Postpartum
13495:Procedures
13447:Dermatoses
13303:Nutrition
13161:Home birth
13083:Pelvimetry
12962:Childbirth
12942:Unintended
12798:Conception
12757:childbirth
12689:baby bonus
12685:Financial
12565:By country
12389:childbirth
12379:Obstetrics
12311:Sperm bank
11940:Senescence
11735:by country
11539:Depression
11190:infections
10895:Episiotomy
10835:Childbirth
10766:Obstetrics
10545:(1916) by
10253:"Our role"
10152:1012401274
10058:6 December
10028:22 October
9700:29 January
8697:The Lancet
8586:31 January
8573:The Lancet
8202:10642/2246
6867:Pediatrics
4655:, 2012 by
4595:31 January
4095:"Oxytocin"
3874:BabyCenter
3824:1 February
3040:References
2888:cord blood
2880:stem cells
2759:breastfeed
2748:Paramedics
2571:home birth
2546:postpartum
2504:Facilities
2456:Home birth
2428:California
2253:indication
2218:Medication
2140:home birth
2122:See also:
2019:Untreated
2014:meningitis
2008:, general
1834:tocolytics
1801:South Asia
1782:developing
1765:Stillbirth
1759:Stillbirth
1731:is a rare
1703:nightmares
1699:flashbacks
1669:tokophobia
1458:See also:
1401:monitoring
1383:monitoring
1329:episiotomy
1323:Episiotomy
1317:Episiotomy
1161:episiotomy
1117:Management
1088:or active
865:rooming-in
832:episiotomy
816:postpartum
746:uterotonic
669:defecation
537:lightening
490:live birth
473:shortening
391:myometrium
272:live birth
256:postpartum
244:shortening
181:Childbirth
145:Prevention
79:Obstetrics
38:Childbirth
15095:Midwifery
15062:Paternity
14971:Swaddling
14837:Baby gate
14816:Wet nurse
14806:Milk bank
14698:Parenting
14623:Baby talk
14575:Pedialyte
14505:Esotropia
14460:Baby food
14264:Puerperal
13852:Eclampsia
13756:Abdominal
13727:Pregnancy
13711:pregnancy
13151:Caesarean
12917:Abdominal
12753:Pregnancy
12602:Singapore
12517:Disorders
12478:Andrology
12366:Pregnancy
12350:Research
12206:Parenting
12157:Education
12015:Adulthood
11979:Childhood
11365:Pregnancy
11345:Violence
11285:Vaginitis
11158:Menopause
11018:Fostering
11008:Parenting
10978:life plan
10843:Midwifery
10821:Eclampsia
10748:Pregnancy
10737:Maternal
10458:Vernon DM
10406:748863692
10378:779676136
10336:949328683
10267:30 August
10237:30 August
10206:30 August
9614:9 January
9578:9 January
9399:144068193
9179:30 August
9155:205189572
9110:4 October
8977:0029-7844
8886:6 October
8829:0312-5963
8719:0140-6736
8646:4 October
8616:4 October
8511:4 October
8066:233447661
8040:1533-4406
7985:2214-109X
7749:29 August
7617:29 August
7445:23 August
7099:1476-5543
6702:1469-493X
6563:22 August
6383:23 August
6146:0968-8080
6095:29 August
5958:29 August
5901:2531-6745
5860:29 August
5330:0010-7824
4568:18 August
4199:18 August
4109:18 August
4080:144945177
4037:0952-7907
3434:1469-493X
3113:(1): 24.
2386:antelopes
2168:Hospitals
1860:gestation
1707:avoidance
1574:Eclampsia
1569:Eclampsia
1563:Eclampsia
1307:amniotomy
1274:epidurals
1222:analgesic
1062:eclampsia
951:Discharge
821:postnatal
678:When the
602:pregnancy
371:amniotomy
316:eclampsia
231:most are
225:hospitals
197:pregnancy
159:Frequency
139:Pregnancy
129:C-section
103:eclampsia
83:midwifery
74:Specialty
15022:Cry room
14961:Stroller
14951:Pacifier
14886:Bassinet
14861:Baby toy
14723:Teething
14703:Peekaboo
14643:Crawling
14628:Babbling
14449:Health (
14398:Category
14211:placenta
14101:placenta
13761:Cervical
13746:Abortion
13544:Maternal
13522:Abortion
13467:Bleeding
13417:COVID-19
13382:Diabetes
13367:Cannabis
13317:prenatal
13238:Placenta
13209:Prenatal
13139:shoulder
13134:cephalic
13102:position
13076:Delivery
12937:Postterm
12902:Cervical
12765:Planning
12592:Pakistan
12470:Medicine
12450:Intersex
12433:Identity
12394:Abortion
12276:Assisted
12251:Safe sex
12211:adoption
12184:Planning
11786:Category
11746:Ethiopia
11668:UN Women
11485:Dementia
11416:diseases
11399:Femicide
11377:Misogyny
11297:Polygamy
11198:Safe sex
11106:Menarche
11013:Adoption
10940:Abortion
10858:Oxytocin
10678:Clitoris
10534:Archived
10500:Archived
10444:26767797
10303:Archived
10301:. 2002.
10261:Archived
10231:Archived
10200:Archived
10170:Archived
10114:Archived
10083:Archived
10052:Archived
10022:Archived
10018:21250397
9981:10 March
9975:Archived
9945:24435892
9915:BMJ Open
9896:Archived
9870:33672391
9862:12011880
9827:14663792
9751:25530442
9694:Archived
9658:16738168
9605:Archived
9572:Archived
9501:10871589
9391:21213655
9282:23622161
9233:17426984
9173:Archived
9147:24915629
9104:Archived
9075:Archived
9071:25077721
9032:Archived
8997:Archived
8985:25050770
8939:31265456
8880:Archived
8849:Archived
8845:43377674
8837:15509182
8785:26 April
8779:Archived
8749:Archived
8727:26794078
8670:Archived
8640:Archived
8610:Archived
8505:Archived
8483:44481055
8475:25455249
8437:21859634
8429:16808085
8361:20127444
8326:23594561
8318:20653342
8275:Archived
8250:24567065
8211:25200969
8166:26124521
8115:24592068
8058:33913640
8049:10181876
7993:25103301
7931:16814217
7896:12051189
7861:38872754
7815:Archived
7774:Archived
7770:CBS News
7740:Archived
7706:Archived
7676:Archived
7651:25 April
7645:Archived
7573:24 April
7567:Archived
7534:Archived
7501:Archived
7497:28157275
7439:Archived
7406:28176333
7346:Archived
7321:29571476
7313:19701046
7237:44646591
7229:16295513
7194:29781504
7107:12847541
7029:24565430
6994:28681500
6943:14 March
6938:38462266
6899:24652300
6848:22419342
6791:Archived
6769:32215906
6720:32335895
6663:25218725
6614:25398160
6557:Archived
6553:23966209
6504:12698834
6469:15890830
6434:28681500
6377:Archived
6346:Archived
6322:17 March
6316:Archived
6312:49305610
6304:29912840
6263:16 March
6257:Archived
6253:25452611
6245:12850849
6204:16 March
6198:Archived
6162:40829330
6154:26278843
6028:Archived
6024:21254725
5982:Archived
5919:31580319
5823:22032440
5764:Archived
5740:20 March
5734:Archived
5708:31728399
5654:27 April
5648:Archived
5624:30 April
5597:27885658
5548:18566647
5443:Archived
5413:Archived
5366:20 April
5360:Archived
5338:28987293
5224:Archived
5201:23843134
5123:14710151
5081:19377717
5032:Archived
5005:18793876
4970:21134105
4929:19788967
4869:Archived
4836:Archived
4832:Medscape
4814:Archived
4810:12388957
4760:Archived
4727:Archived
4705:23743454
4649:Archived
4622:Archived
4589:Archived
4527:Archived
4522:UpToDate
4502:23495692
4494:17261096
4459:10740337
4410:Archived
4381:45247771
4373:11236117
4338:10740342
4297:24521943
4246:Archived
4242:Medscape
4193:Archived
4160:31728399
4103:Archived
3965:16 March
3959:Archived
3935:16 March
3929:Archived
3905:17 March
3879:17 March
3854:16 March
3848:Archived
3818:Archived
3750:Archived
3712:Archived
3708:Medscape
3676:Archived
3651:23843134
3584:Archived
3547:Archived
3545:. 2016.
3514:16 March
3483:Archived
3452:36884026
3395:Archived
3356:Archived
3326:Archived
3304:Archived
3270:23638782
3215:Archived
3173:Archived
3139:23369256
2976:Natalism
2906:See also
2712:epidural
2678:surgeons
2632:Midwives
2594:, Brazil
2450:Location
2359:lying-in
2332:. Until
2225:morphine
2158:oxytocin
1872:placenta
1616:Thrombin
1303:Oxytocin
1267:fentanyl
1265:such as
1113:births.
996:oxytocin
944:oxytocin
884:Cameroon
836:perineum
777:jaundice
760:and the
684:ruptured
682:has not
673:crowning
481:placenta
407:oxytocin
260:placenta
252:placenta
193:delivery
170:500,000
68:covering
14981:Teether
14956:Playpen
14733:Weaning
14728:Walking
14441:Infants
14051:chorion
13776:Ovarian
13453:Others
13427:Malaria
13372:Opioids
13362:Alcohol
13357:Smoking
13216:Anatomy
13045:Midwife
13013:Newborn
12932:Ovarian
12912:Ectopic
12907:Cryptic
12852:Testing
12638:History
12587:Ireland
12339:Women's
11969:Toddler
11923:Puberty
11798:Commons
11587:Poverty
11581:factors
11558:Urethra
11534:Anxiety
11516:Anaemia
11312:Puberty
11292:Leblouh
11178:Sexual
11053:Condoms
10594:O80-O84
10506:29 June
9936:3902513
9792:8627405
9742:4340604
9383:3173968
9287:28 July
9224:1914268
8993:7149045
8930:6605635
8755:30 July
8676:24 June
8369:1102994
8157:4462784
8106:3881728
8001:8706769
7853:7612509
7488:6464257
7397:5449575
7278:7631952
7185:6494646
7142:8826170
7058:16 June
6985:6483123
6839:7132546
6760:7096725
6711:7195184
6654:7104295
6605:7076285
6544:4175539
6425:6483123
6352:5 March
5910:7233729
5847:website
5814:3224350
5730:Insider
5699:6838998
5588:3979156
5539:1948089
5259:2001778
5230:11 June
5192:6544813
5072:2654655
4920:2768280
4696:3713634
4289:8297841
4151:6838998
3748:. WHO.
3682:30 June
3642:6544813
3590:31 July
3553:30 July
3533:"Birth"
3509:Parents
3489:31 July
3443:9994459
3362:24 June
3332:30 July
3261:3877300
3130:3606398
2718:(often
2564:midwife
2540:and/or
2390:flowers
2118:History
2068:), but
2066:kidneys
1711:amnesia
1396:doptone
1263:Opioids
1259:Entonox
1000:neonate
728:or the
451:molding
436:Station
411:nursing
395:hypoxia
292:opioids
268:neonate
14906:Diaper
14693:Parent
14678:Mother
14055:amnion
13626:Infant
13551:Lochia
13337:Anemia
13256:Embryo
13129:breech
13008:Mother
12987:Lamaze
12669:Policy
12549:clinic
12326:Health
12256:Condom
12108:Rights
11964:Infant
11954:Phases
11935:Ageing
11913:Stages
11877:Embryo
11872:Zygote
11763:Russia
11425:Cancer
11337:health
11307:Orgasm
11180:health
11131:Tampon
10739:health
10712:Uterus
10707:Cervix
10702:Vagina
10653:health
10474:
10442:
10404:
10376:
10366:
10334:
10324:
10150:
10140:
10106:
10016:
10006:
9971:Forbes
9943:
9933:
9868:
9860:
9825:
9790:
9749:
9739:
9721:Lancet
9656:
9499:
9451:
9420:
9397:
9389:
9381:
9311:
9280:
9270:
9231:
9221:
9153:
9145:
9069:
8991:
8983:
8975:
8937:
8927:
8843:
8835:
8827:
8725:
8717:
8481:
8473:
8455:Lancet
8435:
8427:
8390:
8367:
8359:
8324:
8316:
8248:
8209:
8164:
8154:
8113:
8103:
8064:
8056:
8046:
8038:
7999:
7991:
7983:
7929:
7894:
7859:
7851:
7807:
7600:
7495:
7485:
7431:
7404:
7394:
7319:
7311:
7276:
7235:
7227:
7192:
7182:
7140:
7105:
7097:
7027:
6992:
6982:
6936:
6897:
6846:
6836:
6767:
6757:
6718:
6708:
6700:
6661:
6651:
6612:
6602:
6551:
6541:
6502:
6467:
6432:
6422:
6310:
6302:
6251:
6243:
6160:
6152:
6144:
6022:
5917:
5907:
5899:
5821:
5811:
5797:: 84.
5770:20 May
5706:
5696:
5595:
5585:
5546:
5536:
5449:7 June
5336:
5328:
5257:
5199:
5189:
5121:
5079:
5069:
5003:
4968:
4927:
4917:
4842:14 May
4808:
4703:
4693:
4559:
4555:β295.
4500:
4492:
4457:
4379:
4371:
4336:
4295:
4287:
4252:10 May
4221:9 July
4185:
4158:
4148:
4078:
4035:
3649:
3639:
3475:
3450:
3440:
3432:
3387:
3296:
3268:
3258:
3207:
3165:
3137:
3127:
3023:Lamaze
2614:Doulas
2482:Canada
2435:Forbes
2382:fibula
2126:, and
2010:sepsis
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1870:. The
1661:, and
1549:breech
1132:doulas
1103:Lancet
976:, and
907:. The
756:, the
750:fundal
696:vernix
596:, and
594:cervix
352:Lamaze
330:, and
318:, and
294:, and
242:: the
217:births
205:mother
201:babies
185:labour
174:a year
167:Deaths
135:Causes
14811:Nanny
14495:Colic
14343:Other
14148:Labor
14014:fetus
13985:Blood
13824:, and
13818:Edema
13597:Doula
13590:Roles
13482:Sleep
13457:Drugs
13437:Lupus
13261:Fetus
13030:Doula
13001:Roles
12927:Molar
12895:Types
12577:India
12572:China
12334:Men's
12304:Sperm
12053:Minor
12037:Dying
11993:Youth
11984:Child
11945:Death
11918:Early
11903:Birth
11882:Fetus
11751:India
11741:China
11032:&
10722:Ovary
10665:tract
9866:S2CID
9665:(PDF)
9634:(PDF)
9608:(PDF)
9597:(PDF)
9445:54β55
9440:Birth
9395:S2CID
9379:JSTOR
9151:S2CID
9100:(xls)
8989:S2CID
8841:S2CID
8636:NICHD
8606:NICHD
8580:(PDF)
8569:(PDF)
8501:NICHD
8479:S2CID
8433:S2CID
8365:S2CID
8322:S2CID
8281:4 May
8062:S2CID
7997:S2CID
7876:Birth
7857:S2CID
7818:(PDF)
7801:(PDF)
7743:(PDF)
7732:(PDF)
7611:(PDF)
7543:7 May
7537:(PDF)
7526:(PDF)
7507:6 May
7355:9 May
7349:(PDF)
7338:(PDF)
7317:S2CID
7233:S2CID
7122:Birth
6308:S2CID
6249:S2CID
6158:S2CID
6089:(PDF)
6074:(PDF)
6031:(PDF)
6008:(PDF)
5988:9 May
5952:(PDF)
5937:(PDF)
5854:(PDF)
5840:(PDF)
5439:NICHO
5152:(PDF)
5141:(PDF)
5030:(2).
4878:6 May
4872:(PDF)
4861:(PDF)
4769:6 May
4763:(PDF)
4752:(PDF)
4631:6 May
4625:(PDF)
4614:(PDF)
4498:S2CID
4416:7 May
4377:S2CID
4293:S2CID
4076:S2CID
3753:(PDF)
3742:(PDF)
3218:(PDF)
3201:(PDF)
2562:is a
2478:Inuit
2409:Costs
2058:liver
2054:lungs
2050:heart
2012:, or
1784:than
1771:fetal
1737:mania
1413:heart
1296:loop.
1239:doula
541:mucus
121:Types
21:Birth
14708:Play
14597:SIDS
14016:and
13291:Care
12755:and
12610:teen
12582:Iran
12291:ICSI
11392:Rape
10508:2022
10472:ISBN
10440:PMID
10402:OCLC
10374:OCLC
10364:ISBN
10332:OCLC
10322:ISBN
10269:2013
10239:2013
10208:2013
10178:2014
10148:OCLC
10138:ISBN
10104:ISBN
10060:2020
10030:2019
10014:PMID
10004:ISBN
9983:2023
9941:PMID
9858:PMID
9823:PMID
9788:PMID
9747:PMID
9702:2017
9673:2008
9654:PMID
9616:2022
9580:2022
9497:PMID
9449:ISBN
9418:ISBN
9387:PMID
9309:ISBN
9289:2022
9278:PMID
9268:ISBN
9229:PMID
9181:2013
9143:PMID
9131:2016
9112:2020
9083:2022
9067:PMID
9040:2022
9005:2022
8981:PMID
8973:ISSN
8935:PMID
8888:2008
8857:2022
8833:PMID
8825:ISSN
8787:2018
8757:2016
8723:PMID
8715:ISSN
8678:2022
8648:2016
8618:2016
8588:2020
8552:2016
8513:2016
8471:PMID
8425:PMID
8388:ISBN
8357:PMID
8314:PMID
8283:2018
8246:PMID
8207:PMID
8162:PMID
8111:PMID
8054:PMID
8036:ISSN
7989:PMID
7981:ISSN
7927:PMID
7892:PMID
7849:PMID
7805:ISBN
7782:2023
7751:2013
7714:2023
7684:2023
7653:2018
7619:2013
7598:ISBN
7575:2018
7545:2018
7509:2018
7493:PMID
7447:2013
7429:ISBN
7402:PMID
7380:2017
7357:2018
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