Birth control - Knowledge

1874:, New York in 1916. It was shut down after eleven days and resulted in her arrest. The publicity surrounding the arrest, trial, and appeal sparked birth control activism across the United States. Besides her sister, Sanger was helped in the movement by her first husband, William Sanger, who distributed copies of "Family Limitation." Sanger's second husband, James Noah H. Slee, would also later become involved in the movement, acting as its main funder. Sanger also contributed to the funding of research into hormonal contraceptives in the 1950s. She helped fund research John Rock, and biologist Gregory Pincus that resulted in the first hormonal contraceptive pill, later called Enovid. The first human trials of the pill were done on patients in the Worcester State Psychiatric Hospital, after which 1636: 1817: 1415: 1472:, can also have undesirable side effects. Intensity of side effects can range from minor to debilitating, and varies with individual experiences. These most commonly include change in menstruation regularity and flow, nausea, breast tenderness, headaches, weight gain, and mood changes (specifically an increase in depression and anxiety). Additionally, hormonal contraception can contribute to bone mineral density loss, impaired glucose metabolism, increased risk of venous thromboembolism. Comprehensive sex education and transparent discussion of birth control side effects and contraindications between healthcare provider and patient is imperative. 1165:, or the day of the cycle. They have typical first-year failure rates of 24%; perfect use first-year failure rates depend on which method is used and range from 0.4% to 5%. The evidence on which these estimates are based, however, is poor as the majority of people in trials stop their use early. Globally, they are used by about 3.6% of couples. If based on both basal body temperature and another primary sign, the method is referred to as symptothermal. First-year failure rates of 20% overall and 0.4% for perfect use have been reported in clinical studies of the symptothermal method. A number of 1288: 1139: 16046: 1407: 1541: 1275:. For a postpartum woman to be infertile (protected from pregnancy), their periods have usually not yet returned (not menstruating), they are exclusively breastfeeding the infant, and the baby is younger than six months. If breastfeeding is the infant's only source of nutrition and the baby is less than 6 months old, 93–99% of women are estimated to have protection from becoming pregnant in the first six months (0.75–7.5% failure rate). The failure rate increases to 4–7% at one year and 13% at two years. Feeding formula, pumping instead of nursing, the use of a 1491: 1883:

100,000 women because the use of birth control was often compared to eugenics; however, there were women seeking a community with like-minded women. The ideology that surrounded birth control started to gain traction during the Progressive Era due to voluntary associations establishing community. Birth control was unlike the Victorian Era because women wanted to manage their sexuality. The use of birth control was another form of self-interest women clung to. This was seen as women began to gravitate towards strong figures, like the

911: 217: 950: 2246:. It is possible, although not very likely, to become pregnant during menstruation. Contraceptive use, regardless of its duration and type, does not have a negative effect on the ability of women to conceive following termination of use and does not significantly delay fertility. Women who use oral contraceptives for a longer duration may have a slightly lower rate of pregnancy than do women using oral contraceptives for a shorter period of time, possibly due to fertility decreasing with age. 970: 926: 726: 893: 742: 13716: 16613: 1943:

1931 and 1959, the Association founded and funded a series of tests to assess chemical efficacy and safety and rubber quality. These tests became the basis for the Association's Approved List of contraceptives, which was launched in 1937, and went on to become an annual publication that the expanding network of FPA clinics relied upon as a means to 'establish facts and to publish these facts as a basis on which a sound public and scientific opinion can be built'.

754: 16563: 14859: 13654: 769: 1062:. Short term complications are twenty times less likely from a vasectomy than a tubal ligation. After a vasectomy, there may be swelling and pain of the scrotum which usually resolves in one or two weeks. Chronic scrotal pain associated with negative impact on quality of life occurs after vasectomy in about 1–2% of men. With tubal ligation, complications occur in 1 to 2 percent of procedures with serious complications usually due to the 16589: 14883: 1077:

levels. Chemical, e.g. drug-based methods are also available, e.g. orally-administered Lonidamine for temporary, or permanent (depending on the dose) fertility management. Boris provides a method for chemically inducing either temporary or non-reversible sterility, depending on the dose, "Permanent sterility in human males can be obtained by a single oral dosage containing from about 18 mg/kg to about 25 mg/kg".

16551: 14871: 13643: 877: 16601: 850:, latex or polyurethane. Male condoms have the advantage of being inexpensive, easy to use, and have few adverse effects. Making condoms available to teenagers does not appear to affect the age of onset of sexual activity or its frequency. In Japan, about 80% of couples who are using birth control use condoms, while in Germany this number is about 25%, and in the United States it is 18%. 1181:(also known as coitus interruptus) is the practice of ending intercourse ("pulling out") before ejaculation. The main risk of the withdrawal method is that the man may not perform the maneuver correctly or in a timely manner. First-year failure rates vary from 4% with perfect usage to 22% with typical usage. It is not considered birth control by some medical professionals. 2078:

effective birth control methods are available including emergency contraceptives, make sure there are appropriately trained healthcare providers and facilities at an affordable price, and create a process to review the programs implemented. If governments fail to do the above it may put them in breach of binding international treaty obligations.

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unplanned pregnancies and nearly 80,000 maternal deaths a year. Part of the reason that many women are without birth control is that many countries limit access due to religious or political reasons, while another contributor is poverty. Due to restrictive abortion laws in Sub-Saharan Africa, many women turn to unlicensed abortion providers for

550:(LAM), if adhered to strictly, can also have first-year (or for LAM, first-6-month) failure rates of less than 1%. With typical use, first-year failure rates are considerably higher, at 9%, due to inconsistent use. Other methods such as condoms, diaphragms, and spermicides have higher first-year failure rates even with perfect usage. The 222: 221: 218: 223: 2286:

over the years. In the 2010s, policies, and attitudes to contraceptive care shifted abruptly between Obama's and Trump's administrations. The Trump administration extensively overturned the efforts for contraceptive care, and reduced federal spending, compared to efforts and funding during the Obama administration.

664:. Venous clots, on average, increase from 2.8 to 9.8 per 10,000 women years which is still less than that associated with pregnancy. Due to this risk, they are not recommended in women over 35 years of age who continue to smoke. Due to the increased risk, they are included in decision tools such as the 1279:, and feeding solids all increase the chances of becoming pregnant while breastfeeding. In those who are exclusively breastfeeding, about 10% begin having periods before three months and 20% before six months. In those who are not breastfeeding, fertility may return as early as four weeks after delivery. 220: 1964:

Committee on Contraception revoked its 1936 statement condemning birth control. A national survey in 1937 showed 71 percent of the adult population supported the use of contraception. By 1938, 374 birth control clinics were running in the United States despite their advertisement still being illegal.

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before Enovid was approved for use in the U.S.. The people participating in these trials were not fully informed on the medical implications of the pill, and often had minimal to no other family planning options. The newly approved birth control method was not made available to the participants after

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While less used in the developed countries than the developing world, the number of women using IUDs as of 2007 was more than 180 million. Avoiding sex when fertile is used by about 3.6% of women of childbearing age, with usage as high as 20% in areas of South America. As of 2005, 12% of couples

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health interventions. For every dollar spent, the United Nations estimates that two to six dollars are saved. These cost savings are related to preventing unplanned pregnancies and decreasing the spread of sexually transmitted illnesses. While all methods are beneficial financially, the use of copper

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is also more effective than levonorgestrel, while copper IUDs are the most effective method. IUDs can be inserted up to five days after intercourse and prevent about 99% of pregnancies after an episode of unprotected sex (pregnancy rate of 0.1 to 0.2%). This makes them the most effective form of

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In most parts of the world, the political attitude to contraception determines whether and how much state provisioning of contraceptive care occurs. In the United States, for example, the Republican party and the Democratic party have held opposite positions, contributing to continuous policy shifts

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Since at least the 1870s, American religious, medical, legislative, and legal commentators have debated contraception laws. Ana Garner and Angela Michel have found that in these discussions men often attach reproductive rights to moral and political matters, as part of an ongoing attempt to regulate

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The increased use of birth control was seen by some as a form of social decay. A decrease of fertility was seen as a negative. Throughout the Progressive Era (1890–1920), there was an increase of voluntary associations aiding the contraceptive movement. These organizations failed to enlist more than

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by 40% (about 270,000 deaths prevented in 2008) and could prevent 70% of deaths if the full demand for birth control were met. These benefits are achieved by reducing the number of unplanned pregnancies that subsequently result in unsafe abortions and by preventing pregnancies in those at high risk.

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methods are medications (sometimes misleadingly referred to as "morning-after pills") or devices used after unprotected sexual intercourse with the hope of preventing pregnancy. Emergency contraceptives are often given to victims of rape. They work primarily by preventing ovulation or fertilization.

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methods have also been explored. Fahim et al. found that heat exposure, especially high-intensity ultrasound, was effective either for temporary or permanent contraception depending on the dose, e.g. selective destruction of germ cells and Sertoli cells without affecting Leydig cells or testosterone

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While all methods of birth control have some potential adverse effects, the risk is less than that of pregnancy. After stopping or removing many methods of birth control, including oral contraceptives, IUDs, implants and injections, the rate of pregnancy during the subsequent year is the same as for

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product and safety standards that manufacturers must meet to ensure their contraceptives could be prescribed as part of the Association's standard two-part-technique combining 'a rubber appliance to protect the mouth of the womb' with a 'chemical preparation capable of destroying... sperm'. Between

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in 1914 after her arrest for distributing birth control information and left the United States for the United Kingdom. In the U.K., Sanger, influenced by Havelock Ellis, further developed her arguments for birth control. She believed women needed to enjoy sex without fearing a pregnancy. During her

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and Otto Bobsein popularized the phrase "birth control" in 1914. Sanger primarily advocated for birth control on the idea that it would prevent women from seeking unsafe abortions, but during her lifetime, she began to campaign for it on the grounds that it would reduce mental and physical defects.

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and IUDs. All methods have minimal side effects. Providing emergency contraceptive pills to women in advance of sexual activity does not affect rates of sexually transmitted infections, condom use, pregnancy rates, or sexual risk-taking behavior. In a UK study, when a three-month "bridge" supply of

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Progestin-only pills, injections and intrauterine devices are not associated with an increased risk of blood clots and may be used by women with a history of blood clots in their veins. In those with a history of arterial blood clots, non-hormonal birth control or a progestin-only method other than

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movement to assess the progress toward meeting women's contraceptive needs. The initiative has set a goal of increasing the number of users of modern birth control by 120 million women in the world's 69 poorest countries by 2020. Additionally, they aim to eradicate discrimination against girls and

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has a failure rates of 0.2% in the first year of use. Among types of birth control, they, along with birth control implants, result in the greatest satisfaction among users. As of 2007, IUDs are the most widely used form of reversible contraception, with more than 180 million users worldwide.

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by 40% (about 270,000 deaths prevented in 2008) and could prevent 70% if the full demand for birth control were met. By lengthening the time between pregnancies, birth control can improve adult women's delivery outcomes and the survival of their children. In the developing world, women's earnings,

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eight years later. The Association amalgamated several British birth control-focused groups into 'a central organisation' for administering and overseeing birth control in Britain. The group incorporated the Birth Control Investigation Committee, a collective of physicians and scientists that was

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may be used as a form of birth control, meaning either not engaging in any type of sexual activity, or specifically not engaging in vaginal intercourse, while engaging in other forms of non-vaginal sex. Complete sexual abstinence is 100% effective in preventing pregnancy. However, among those who

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Gavin L, Moskosky S, Carter M, Curtis K, Glass E, Godfrey E, et al. (Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC) (April 2014). "Providing quality family planning services: Recommendations of CDC and the U.S. Office of Population

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Access to birth control may be affected by finances and the laws within a region or country. In the United States African American, Hispanic, and young women are disproportionately affected by limited access to birth control, as a result of financial disparity. For example, Hispanic and African

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As of 2012, 57% of women of childbearing age want to avoid pregnancy (867 of 1,520 million). About 222 million women, however, were not able to access birth control, 53 million of whom were in sub-Saharan Africa and 97 million of whom were in Asia. This results in 54 million

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to be effective. Typical failure rates during the first year depend on whether or not a woman has previously given birth, being 24% in those who have and 12% in those who have not. The sponge can be inserted up to 24 hours before intercourse and must be left in place for at least six hours

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Human rights agreements require most governments to provide family planning and contraceptive information and services. These include the requirement to create a national plan for family planning services, remove laws that limit access to family planning, ensure that a wide variety of safe and

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women sterilized before the age of 30. By contrast, less than 5% of men are likely to regret sterilization. Men who are more likely to regret sterilization are younger, have young or no children, or have an unstable marriage. In a survey of biological parents, 9% stated they would not have had

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Male condoms and the diaphragm with spermicide have typical use first-year failure rates of 18% and 12%, respectively. With perfect use condoms are more effective with a 2% first-year failure rate versus a 6% first-year rate with the diaphragm. Condoms have the additional benefit of helping to

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such as implants, IUDs, or vaginal rings are more successful in reducing rates of teenage pregnancy. After the delivery of a child, a woman who is not exclusively breastfeeding may become pregnant again after as few as four to six weeks. Some methods of birth control can be started immediately

2771:"The effectiveness of group-based comprehensive risk-reduction and abstinence education interventions to prevent or reduce the risk of adolescent pregnancy, human immunodeficiency virus, and sexually transmitted infections: two systematic reviews for the Guide to Community Preventive Services" 1643:

Globally, as of 2009, approximately 60% of those who are married and able to have children use birth control. How frequently different methods are used varies widely between countries. The most common method in the developed world is condoms and oral contraceptives, while in Africa it is oral

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98–138 AD) pointed out. Soranus attempted to list reliable methods of birth control based on rational principles. He rejected the use of superstition and amulets and instead prescribed mechanical methods such as vaginal plugs and pessaries using wool as a base covered in oils or other gummy

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The most effective methods are those that are long acting and do not require ongoing health care visits. Surgical sterilization, implantable hormones, and intrauterine devices all have first-year failure rates of less than 1%. Hormonal contraceptive pills, patches or vaginal rings, and the

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In September 2021, France announced that women aged under 25 in France will be offered free contraception from 2022. It was elaborated that they "would not be charged for medical appointments, tests, or other medical procedures related to birth control" and that this would "cover hormonal

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The permanence of this decision may cause regret in some men and women. Of women who have undergone tubal ligation after the age of 30, about 6% regret their decision, as compared with 20–24% of women who received sterilization within one year of delivery and before turning 30, and 6% in

229: 2339:, a patch containing only progestin, and a vaginal ring containing long-acting progesterone. This vaginal ring appears to be effective for three or four months and is currently available in some areas of the world. For women who rarely have sex, the taking of the hormonal birth control 2334:

Improvements of existing birth control methods are needed, as around half of those who get pregnant unintentionally are using birth control at the time. A number of alterations of existing contraceptive methods are being studied, including a better female condom, an improved

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or method of intercourse to prevent introduction of sperm into the female reproductive tract, either altogether or when an egg may be present. If used perfectly the first-year failure rate may be around 3.4%; however, if used poorly first-year failure rates may approach 85%.

1208:, as many as 88% who engage in sex, do so prior to marriage. The choice to abstain from sex cannot protect against pregnancy as a result of rape, and public health efforts emphasizing abstinence to reduce unwanted pregnancy may have limited effectiveness, especially in 1438:

Birth control also improves child survival in the developing world by lengthening the time between pregnancies. In this population, outcomes are worse when a mother gets pregnant within eighteen months of a previous delivery. Delaying another pregnancy after a

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are effective for up to five days after sex. Effectiveness is generally expressed as the percentage of women who become pregnant using a given method during the first year, and sometimes as a lifetime failure rate among methods with high effectiveness, such as

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Gizzo S, Fanelli T, Di Gangi S, Saccardi C, Patrelli TS, Zambon A, et al. (October 2012). "Nowadays which emergency contraception? Comparison between past and present: latest news in terms of clinical efficacy, side effects and contraindications".

1109:. The number of males who request reversal is between 2 and 6 percent. Rates of success in fathering another child after reversal are between 38 and 84 percent; with success being lower the longer the time period between the vasectomy and the reversal. 1644:

contraceptives and in Latin America and Asia it is sterilization. In the developing world overall, 35% of birth control is via female sterilization, 30% is via IUDs, 12% is via oral contraceptives, 11% is via condoms, and 4% is via male sterilization.

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Glasier A, Cameron ST, Blithe D, Scherrer B, Mathe H, Levy D, et al. (October 2011). "Can we identify women at risk of pregnancy despite using emergency contraception? Data from randomized trials of ulipristal acetate and levonorgestrel".

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in a Dutch clinic, which she thought was a better form of contraceptive. Once Sanger returned to the United States, she established a short-lived birth-control clinic with the help of her sister, Ethel Bryne, based in the Brownville section of

1736:. Due to its desirability, by the first century AD, it had become so rare that it was worth more than its weight in silver and, by late antiquity, it was fully extinct. Most methods of birth control used in antiquity were probably ineffective. 2241:

after sexual intercourse is not an effective form of birth control. Additionally, it is associated with a number of health problems and thus is not recommended. Women can become pregnant the first time they have sexual intercourse and in any

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assets, and weight, as well as their children's schooling and health, all improve with greater access to birth control. Birth control increases economic growth because of fewer dependent children, more women participating in the

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was provided by a pharmacist along with emergency contraception after sexual activity, this intervention was shown to increase the likelihood that the person would begin to use an effective method of long-term contraception.

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are using a male form of birth control (either condoms or a vasectomy) with higher rates in the developed world. Usage of male forms of birth control has decreased between 1985 and 2009. Contraceptive use among women in

219: 8478: 2000:, requires all plans in the Health Insurance Marketplace to cover contraceptive methods. These include barrier methods, hormonal methods, implanted devices, emergency contraceptives, and sterilization procedures. 1694: 2376:

Despite high levels of interest in male contraception, progress been stymied by a lack of industry involvement. Most funding for male contraceptive research is derived from government or philanthropic sources.

54:. Birth control has been used since ancient times, but effective and safe methods of birth control only became available in the 20th century. Planning, making available, and using human birth control is called 4368:

Havrilesky LJ, Moorman PG, Lowery WJ, Gierisch JM, Coeytaux RR, Urrutia RP, et al. (July 2013). "Oral contraceptive pills as primary prevention for ovarian cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

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into the vagina. Women in the Middle Ages were also encouraged to tie weasel testicles around their thighs during sex to prevent pregnancy. The oldest condoms discovered to date were recovered in the ruins of

1105:. In women, the desire for a reversal is often associated with a change in spouse. Pregnancy success rates after tubal reversal are between 31 and 88 percent, with complications including an increased risk of 14725: 565:

For individuals with specific health problems, certain forms of birth control may require further investigations. For women who are otherwise healthy, many methods of birth control should not require a

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in the uterus which causes scarring and infertility. While the procedure is inexpensive and does not require surgical skills, there are concerns regarding long-term side effects. Another substance,

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admits a possible exception to its traditional teaching forbidding the use of artificial contraception, if used within marriage for certain purposes, including the spacing of births. Among

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about sex. In April 1930 the Birth Control Conference assembled 700 delegates and was successful in bringing birth control and abortion into the political sphere – three months later, the

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Cameron ST, Glasier A, McDaid L, Radley A, Patterson S, Baraitser P, Stephenson J, Gilson R, Battison C, Cowle K, Vadiveloo T, Johnstone A, Morelli A, Goulao B, Forrest M (May 5, 2021).

9489: 621:. They are currently available only for women, although hormonal contraceptives for men have been and are being clinically tested. There are two types of oral birth control pills, the 13177: 12886: 9389: 1005:

and can be inserted immediately after delivery. They may also be used immediately after an abortion. Once removed, even after long term use, fertility returns to normal immediately.

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and thickening cervical mucus. They may also change the lining of the uterus and thus decrease implantation. Their effectiveness depends on the user's adherence to taking the pills.

11010: 3504:"U.S. Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use, 2013: adapted from the World Health Organization selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use, 2nd edition" 2317:. The pill, Opill is expected to be more effective in preventing unintended pregnancies than condoms are. Opill is expected to be available in 2024 but the price has yet to be set. 1188:. While some tentative research did not find sperm, one trial found sperm present in 10 out of 27 volunteers. The withdrawal method is used as birth control by about 3% of couples. 6788:

The evidence strongly supports disruption of ovulation as a mechanism of action. The data suggest that emergency contraceptives are unlikely to act by interfering with implantation

1898:. Her clinic made contraception acceptable during the 1920s by presenting it in scientific terms. In 1921, Sanger founded the American Birth Control League, which later became the 11730: 1902:

Federation of America. In 1924 the Society for the Provision of Birth Control Clinics was founded to campaign for municipal clinics; this led to the opening of a second clinic in

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In the developing world, birth control increases economic growth due to there being fewer dependent children and thus more women participating in or increased contribution to the

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pills, when used within 3 days, decrease the chance of pregnancy after a single episode of unprotected sex or condom failure by 70% (resulting in a pregnancy rate of 2.2%).

8309: 4983: 3514:(RR-05). Division Of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention Health Promotion, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 1–60. June 2013. 10300: 11383: 10525:

Jensen JT (October 2011). "The future of contraception: innovations in contraceptive agents: tomorrow's hormonal contraceptive agents and their clinical implications".

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Shulman LP (October 2011). "The state of hormonal contraception today: benefits and risks of hormonal contraceptives: combined estrogen and progestin contraceptives".

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working with the Malthusian League. The clinic, run by midwives and supported by visiting doctors, offered women's birth-control advice and taught them the use of a

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Taliaferro LA, Sieving R, Brady SS, Bearinger LH (December 2011). "We have the evidence to enhance adolescent sexual and reproductive health—do we have the will?".

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in England, and are dated back to 1640. They were made of animal gut, and were most likely used to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections during the

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and access to birth control decreases the rate of unintended pregnancies in this age group. While all forms of birth control can generally be used by young people,

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If pregnancy is a high concern, using two methods at the same time is reasonable. For example, two forms of birth control are recommended in those taking the anti-

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Mansour D, Gemzell-Danielsson K, Inki P, Jensen JT (November 2011). "Fertility after discontinuation of contraception: a comprehensive review of the literature".

1808:, living in 18th-century Italy, described the use of a lambskin covering to prevent pregnancy; however, condoms only became widely available in the 20th century. 1526:

as of 2012. In most other countries, the cost is less than half. For a child born in 2011, an average US family will spend $ 235,000 over 17 years to raise them.

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American women often lack insurance coverage and are more often poor. New immigrants in the United States are not offered preventive care such as birth control.

1020:. Other potential complications include expulsion (2–5%) and rarely perforation of the uterus (less than 0.7%). A previous model of the intrauterine device (the 5599:

Hillis SD, Marchbanks PA, Tylor LR, Peterson HB (June 1999). "Poststerilization regret: findings from the United States Collaborative Review of Sterilization".

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Committee on Adolescent Health Care Long-Acting Reversible Contraception Working Group, The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (October 2012).

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Lonidamine analogues for fertility management, WO2011005759A3 WIPO (PCT), Ingrid Gunda GeorgeJoseph S. TashRamappa ChakrsaliSudhakar R. JakkarajJames P. Calvet

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dissolved in water, which it claimed would prevent pregnancy for a year. This method was not only ineffective, but also dangerous, as the later medical writer

1249:. Some authorities recommend that those using abstinence as a primary method have backup methods available (such as condoms or emergency contraceptive pills). 8151: 7288:

Bhakta J, Bainbridge J, Borgelt L (November 2015). "Teratogenic medications and concurrent contraceptive use in women of childbearing ability with epilepsy".

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founded to investigate scientific and medical aspects of contraception with 'neutrality and impartiality'. Subsequently, the Association effected a series of

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Jennings VH, Burke AE (November 1, 2011). "Fertility awareness-based methods". In Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Nelson AL, Cates Jr W, Kowal D, Policar MS (eds.).

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overturned a state law prohibiting dissemination of contraception information based on a constitutional right to privacy for marital relationships. In 1972,

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The total medical cost for a pregnancy, delivery and care of a newborn in the United States is on average $ 21,000 for a vaginal delivery and $ 31,000 for a

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started endorsing public funding for family planning services, and the Federal Government began subsidizing birth control services for low-income families.

13053: 10965:"CDP Research: Developing Hormonal Contraception Methods for Men | NICHD – Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development" 5571:

Fahim, M. S., Z. Fahim, and F. Azzazi. "Effect of ultrasound on testicular electrolytes (sodium and potassium)." Archives of andrology 1.2 (1978): 179–184.

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World map colored according to modern birth control use. Each shading level represents a range of six percentage points, with usage less than or equal to:

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Darroch JE, Singh S (May 2013). "Trends in contraceptive need and use in developing countries in 2003, 2008, and 2012: an analysis of national surveys".

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publicly supported birth control and family planning. The restrictions on birth control in the Comstock laws were effectively rendered null and void by

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the injectable version should be used. Progestin-only pills may improve menstrual symptoms and can be used by breastfeeding women as they do not affect

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Birth Control Investigation Committee Statement of Intent , Wellcome Library, Archives of the Family Planning Association (WL/SA/FPA), WL/SA/FPA/A13/5.

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Richardson AR, Maltz FN (January 2012). "Ulipristal acetate: review of the efficacy and safety of a newly approved agent for emergency contraception".

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Contraceptive sponges combine a barrier with a spermicide. Like diaphragms, they are inserted vaginally before intercourse and must be placed over the

583: 6586: 2197:, the Asian Pacific Council on Contraception, Centro Latinamericano Salud y Mujer, the European Society of Contraception and Reproductive Health, the 69:

provide guidance on the safety of birth control methods among women with specific medical conditions. The most effective methods of birth control are

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September 26 is World Contraception Day, devoted to raising awareness and improving education about sexual and reproductive health, with a vision of

1245:. Teen pregnancy rates and STI rates are generally the same or higher in states where students are given abstinence-only education, as compared with 725: 4461:

Burke AE (October 2011). "The state of hormonal contraception today: benefits and risks of hormonal contraceptives: progestin-only contraceptives".

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Cunningham FG, Stuart GS (2012). "Contraception and sterilization". In B, Schorge JO, Schaffer JI, Halvorson LM, Bradshaw KD, Cunningham FG (eds.).

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The effect on sexual drive is varied, with increase or decrease in some but with no effect in most. Combined oral contraceptives reduce the risk of

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Sholapurkar SL (February 2010). "Is there an ideal interpregnancy interval after a live birth, miscarriage or other adverse pregnancy outcomes?".

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Jones RK, Fennell J, Higgins JA, Blanchard K (June 2009). "Better than nothing or savvy risk-reduction practice? The importance of withdrawal".

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In 1909, Richard Richter developed the first intrauterine device made from silkworm gut, which was further developed and marketed in Germany by

1335:, when used within 5 days, decreases the chance of pregnancy by about 85% (pregnancy rate 1.4%) and is more effective than levonorgestrel. 13090: 13085: 13058: 12600: 10121: 4049:

Nelson A, Cwiak C (2011). "Combined oral contraceptives (COCs)". In Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Nelson AL, Cates Jr W, Kowal D, Policar MS (eds.).

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or spaying, which involves removing some of the reproductive organs, is often carried out as a method of birth control in household pets. Many

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Deffieux X, Morin Surroca M, Faivre E, Pages F, Fernandez H, Gervaise A (May 2011). "Tubal anastomosis after tubal sterilization: a review".

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human bodies. In press coverage between 1873 and 2013 they found a divide between institutional ideology and real-life experiences of women.

58:. Some cultures limit or discourage access to birth control because they consider it to be morally, religiously, or politically undesirable. 9393: 5553:

Fahim, M. S., et al. "Heat in male contraception (hot water 60°C, infrared, microwave, and ultrasound)." Contraception 11.5 (1975): 549–562.

2875: 15371: 13043: 12991: 12761: 7626: 4834:

Kuyoh MA, Toroitich-Ruto C, Grimes DA, Schulz KF, Gallo MF (January 2003). "Sponge versus diaphragm for contraception: a Cochrane review".

4804: 137:. Sterilization, while highly effective, is not usually reversible; all other methods are reversible, most immediately upon stopping them. 11018: 6679: 2503: 1169:

apps are available, as of 2016, but they are more commonly designed to assist those trying to get pregnant rather than prevent pregnancy.

17177: 16480: 13705: 13065: 13038: 13011: 12986: 12368: 12353: 11041: 9989: 9927: 9822: 9666: 9609: 9118: 6710: 6572: 5659: 5507: 5451: 5249: 5138: 5053: 4967: 4790: 4759: 4687: 4656: 4626: 4559: 3664: 3633: 2202: 2072: 11360: 11329: 9958: 9853: 9220: 8422: 8294: 5690: 4885: 4592: 16393: 14781: 12206: 11547: 9787: 9181: 3844: 1993: 1227:

without vaginal sex are also sometimes considered birth control. While this generally avoids pregnancy, pregnancy can still occur with

66: 10656: 8317: 1001:

Evidence supports effectiveness and safety in adolescents and those who have and have not previously had children. IUDs do not affect

13397: 13137: 12633: 12132: 11623:

World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (2011).

10991: 9731: 8877:

Szuhan N (September 2018). "Sex in the laboratory: the Family Planning Association and contraceptive science in Britain, 1929–1959".

949: 10888: 10453: 6350: 5919:

Freundl G, Sivin I, Batár I (April 2010). "State-of-the-art of non-hormonal methods of contraception: IV. Natural family planning".

5328: 16425: 16116: 15962: 14840: 13667: 13662: 13382: 13006: 12295: 9371: 3523: 3109: 2404: 2313:

On July 13, 2023, the first US daily oral nonprescription over-the-counter birth control pill was approved for manufacturer by the

2035: 1923: 14887: 14763: 13657: 13001: 12318: 11792: 6729: 11375: 2305:

are working to bring birth control over-the-counter, covered by insurance with no age-restriction throughout the United States.

2270:

contraception, biological tests that go with it, the prescription of contraception and all care related to this contraception".

1461:. In 2012 in the United States 82% of pregnancies in those between the ages of 15 and 19 years old are unplanned. Comprehensive 14801: 13387: 12330: 8531:

Küenzl J, Schwabenland C, Elmaco J, Hale S, Levi E, Chen M, et al. (2010), "International Planned Parenthood Federation",

4248:"Predicting disease recurrence in patients with previous unprovoked venous thromboembolism: a proposed prediction score (DASH)" 2198: 1443:, however, does not appear to alter risk and women are advised to attempt pregnancy in this situation whenever they are ready. 7604: 17373: 17303: 16016: 13646: 13402: 13080: 12653: 11637: 11591: 11568: 11541: 11354: 11323: 9983: 9952: 9921: 9847: 9816: 9689: 9660: 9628: 9603: 9572: 9537: 9343: 9214: 9153: 9061: 8837: 8600: 8548: 8503: 8472: 8445: 8416: 8354: 8288: 8119: 8084: 8044: 8017: 7985: 7956: 7732: 7268: 6704: 6673: 6566: 6539: 6452: 6425: 6391: 6291: 6257: 6230: 6070: 5971: 5900: 5684: 5653: 5530: 5501: 5445: 5243: 5132: 5047: 4961: 4879: 4784: 4753: 4681: 4650: 4620: 4586: 4553: 4102: 4058: 4033: 3940: 3857: 3820: 3704: 3658: 3627: 3471: 3074: 2869: 2716: 2626: 2555: 17518: 11556: 10750: 9578: 9543: 8234:

d'Arcy F (November 1977). "The Malthusian League and the resistance to birth control propaganda in late Victorian Britain".

7274: 7183:"Dual protection against unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections: what is the best contraceptive approach?" 4295:

Burrows LJ, Basha M, Goldstein AT (September 2012). "The effects of hormonal contraceptives on female sexuality: a review".

3990: 16878: 16083: 13497: 13345: 12798: 12506: 12325: 11503: 3462:

Trussell J (2011). "Contraceptive efficacy". In Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Nelson AL, Cates Jr W, Kowal D, Policar MS (eds.).

2596: 1856:

She was mainly active in the United States but had gained an international reputation by the 1930s. At the time, under the

1126: 986: 715:

side effects but increase the risks of blood clots and are thus not first line. The perfect use first-year failure rate of

555: 177: 10964: 2358:, which expands when placed in the fallopian tubes and blocks them, was approved in the United States in 2002. In 2016, a 1303:

They are unlikely to affect implantation, but this has not been completely excluded. A number of options exist, including

834:

and physically block ejaculated sperm from entering the body of a sexual partner. Modern condoms are most often made from

17477: 16645: 16485: 14735: 13350: 12996: 12981: 12476: 12445: 12168: 8383: 2380:

A number of novel contraceptive methods based on hormonal and non-hormonal mechanisms of action are in various stages of

1875: 243: 9415:

Garner AC, Michel AR (November 4, 2016). ""The Birth Control Divide": U.S. Press Coverage of Contraception, 1873–2013".

2457:

have been found to be effective in a number of different animal populations. Kenyan goat herders fix a skirt, called an

1840:

and to advocate for getting rid of penalties for promoting birth control. It was founded during the "Knowlton trial" of

17343: 16555: 14875: 14845: 13447: 13261: 13251: 13172: 13095: 12335: 11785: 8666: 7044: 4168:"Different combined oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thrombosis: systematic review and network meta-analysis" 4021: 1973: 1360:

and pregnancy. This can be with condoms either alone or along with another birth control method or by the avoidance of

994: 5562:

Fahim, M. S., et al. "Ultrasound as a new method of male contraception." Fertility and sterility 28.8 (1977): 823–831.

5069:"A review of barriers and myths preventing the more widespread use of intrauterine contraception in nulliparous women" 4216: 4166:

Stegeman BH, de Bastos M, Rosendaal FR, van Hylckama Vlieg A, Helmerhorst FM, Stijnen T, Dekkers OM (September 2013).

17378: 17243: 16377: 15947: 15146: 14740: 13888: 13672: 13281: 13266: 13100: 13048: 12610: 12062: 9770: 9625:"The Stand of the Orthodox Church on Controversial Issues – Society Articles – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America" 8852:

BCIC Memorandum on Proposed Re-organisation . Wellcome Library, Archives of the Eugenics Society (WL/SA/EUG/D/12/12.)

8740: 8699: 3351: 3300: 3242: 3130: 2891:"Interventions to reduce unintended pregnancies among adolescents: systematic review of randomised controlled trials" 2210: 1235:) where sperm can be deposited near the entrance to the vagina and can travel along the vagina's lubricating fluids. 910: 527: 12793: 9624: 4986:"Committee opinion no. 539: adolescents and long-acting reversible contraception: implants and intrauterine devices" 1716:

from 1850 BC have within them some of the earliest documented descriptions of birth control: the use of honey,

17482: 17182: 16707: 16131: 14073: 13328: 13142: 13033: 13023: 12595: 12310: 11999: 11984: 11626:

Family planning: A global handbook for providers: Evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration

8140: 8036:

Hippocratic Recipes: Oral and Written Transmission of Pharmacological Knowledge in Fifth- and Fourth-Century Greece

6183: 5755:

Shridharani A, Sandlow JI (November 2010). "Vasectomy reversal versus IVF with sperm retrieval: which is better?".

3929:

Family planning: A global handbook for providers: Evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration

3063:

Family planning: A global handbook for providers: Evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration

2705:

Family planning: A global handbook for providers: Evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration

732: 622: 204:

are not using a modern birth control method. Birth control use in developing countries has decreased the number of

186: 94: 11067: 4414:"Assessing the risk of venous thromboembolic events in women taking progestin-only contraception: a meta-analysis" 17534: 17248: 16526: 16460: 15999: 14442: 14265: 14039: 13698: 13462: 13211: 13189: 13147: 13117: 13070: 12953: 12936: 12919: 12895: 12853: 12496: 11689: 7072:"The efficacy of intrauterine devices for emergency contraception: a systematic review of 35 years of experience" 3963: 1029: 146: 10248: 7243: 17298: 16475: 15519: 15163: 15046: 13728: 13167: 13162: 12625: 12438: 12252: 12034: 11808: 9283:

Cottingham J, Germain A, Hunt P (July 2012). "Use of human rights to meet the unmet need for family planning".

8798: 2450: 2031: 1635: 1357: 551: 182: 27: 20: 8624: 5192: 892: 753: 17323: 17230: 16732: 15818: 15481: 15210: 14921: 14823: 14791: 14689: 13333: 13271: 12615: 10195: 9012:"BIRTH CONTROL AID AT PEAK IN NATION; 374 Clinics Now Operating, an Increase of 87 in a Year, League Reports" 6807:

Shen J, Che Y, Showell E, Chen K, Cheng L, et al. (Cochrane Fertility Regulation Group) (January 2019).

6726:"What is the difference between emergency contraception, the 'morning after pill', and the 'day after pill'?" 6723: 2177:

view is that preventing conception is acceptable, while intervening after conception has occurred is not. In

2128: 1264: 1238: 1016:

may reduce menstrual bleeding or stop menstruation altogether. Cramping can be treated with painkillers like

158: 10716: 8931:"Fifty Years of Family Planning: New Evidence on the Long-Run Effects of Increasing Access to Contraception" 7232:"Statement on Dual Protection against Unwanted Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Infections, including HIV" 6594: 6314:

Fortenberry JD (April 2005). "The limits of abstinence-only in preventing sexually transmitted infections".

6065:(4th ed.). Geneva: Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization. 2009. pp. 91–100. 17328: 17288: 16787: 15984: 15654: 15509: 15343: 15233: 14768: 14684: 14022: 12929: 12232: 12117: 12107: 10429: 2314: 2194: 2106: 1961: 940: 13482: 10097:

Brown SS, Eisenberg L, et al. (Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Unintended Pregnancy) (1995).

6883:

Shrader SP, Hall LN, Ragucci KR, Rafie S (September 2011). "Updates in hormonal emergency contraception".

6754:

Leung VW, Levine M, Soon JA (February 2010). "Mechanisms of action of hormonal emergency contraceptives".

3815:(4th ed.). Geneva: Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization. 2009. pp. 1–10. 2026:). Djerassi had chemically created the pill but was not equipped to distribute it to patients. Meanwhile, 1414: 17157: 16968: 16941: 16500: 16490: 16403: 16309: 15328: 15026: 14297: 14240: 13804: 13300: 13184: 12941: 12300: 12242: 11708: 9148:(8th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1095–98. 2550:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 382–395. 1956:

that medically prescribing contraception to save a person's life or well-being was not illegal under the

1930: 1535: 1258: 1246: 1025: 716: 386: 17595: 12585: 11093: 10487: 10275: 8493: 6005:"Mobile Phone Apps for the Prevention of Unintended Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Content Analysis" 3925: 3059: 2701: 2427:

in mice. Such an inhibitor would be a potent male contraceptive if it passed safety and efficacy tests.

2181:, contraceptives are allowed if they do not threaten health, although their use is discouraged by some. 1816: 1783:, although it is believed that women of the time still used a number of birth control measures, such as 17363: 17200: 16958: 16883: 16853: 16579: 16372: 15763: 15315: 14930: 14863: 14828: 14818: 13858: 13740: 13691: 12820: 12785: 12733: 12201: 11849: 10815:"Acceptability of a transdermal gel-based male hormonal contraceptive in a randomized controlled trial" 10691:"FDA takes additional action to better understand safety of Essure, inform patients of potential risks" 8986: 4874:(4th ed.). Geneva: Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization. 2009. p. 88. 2206: 2122: 2042:, which became publicly available in the 1960s through the Food and Drug Administration under the name 1510:, and their children's schooling and body mass index all improve with greater access to birth control. 1150: 687:. The lower doses of estrogen released from the vaginal ring may reduce the risk of breast tenderness, 181:

following the birth, while others require a delay of up to six months. In women who are breastfeeding,

126: 4776:

Yen and Jaffe's reproductive endocrinology : physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical management

17413: 17025: 16765: 16689: 16282: 16106: 15489: 15195: 15173: 14621: 14491: 14449: 14310: 13570: 13522: 13417: 13310: 13194: 12698: 12643: 11882: 11844: 11839: 11772: 10914: 9709: 4217:"[Summary of the Dutch College of General Practitioners' practice guideline 'Contraception']" 2470: 1866: 1683: 1679: 932: 812: 606: 579: 578:, or blood test before starting birth control pills does not appear to affect outcomes. In 2009, the 570:—including birth control pills, injectable or implantable birth control, and condoms. For example, a 523: 118: 106: 62: 15632: 15627: 13477: 11624: 8111: 8105: 7629:. United States Department of Agriculture, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. Archived from 5263:

Grimes DA (2007). "Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)". In Hatcher RA, Nelson TJ, Guest F, Kowal D (eds.).

4956:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 232. 3927: 3842: 3061: 2703: 2346:

A number of methods to perform sterilization via the cervix are being studied. One involves putting

1926:, in the United Kingdom, allowed local authorities to give birth-control advice in welfare centres. 637:(sometimes called minipills). If either is taken during pregnancy, they do not increase the risk of 16775: 16287: 16076: 15994: 15567: 15514: 14833: 14357: 14173: 14140: 14032: 13575: 13530: 13432: 13157: 12973: 12551: 12285: 11974: 11829: 10473: 10005:"Return of fertility after discontinuation of contraception: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 9515: 9141: 6471:

Santelli JS, Kantor LM, Grilo SA, Speizer IS, Lindberg LD, Heitel J, et al. (September 2017).

6076: 5798:

Nagler HM, Jung H (August 2009). "Factors predicting successful microsurgical vasectomy reversal".

5465: 3826: 2939: 2770: 2381: 2302: 1673: 1073: 1047: 768: 471: 70: 6473:"Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage: An Updated Review of U.S. Policies and Programs and Their Impact" 3069:(Rev. and Updated ed.). Geneva: WHO and Center for Communication Programs. pp. 260–300. 2442:

require these procedures as part of adoption agreements. In large animals the surgery is known as

2273:

From August 2022 onwards contraception for women aged between 17 and 25 years will be free in the

741: 17348: 17213: 16951: 16712: 16679: 16638: 16229: 16006: 15979: 15833: 14786: 14640: 14432: 14125: 13622: 13560: 12963: 12713: 12363: 12290: 12216: 12007: 11900: 9111:"Birth control benefits and reproductive health care options in the Health Insurance Marketplace" 8567:"The Bitter Pill: Harvard and the Dark History of Birth Control | Magazine | The Harvard Crimson" 7630: 6724:

Office of Population Research, Association of Reproductive Health Professionals (July 31, 2013).

6383: 2859: 2650:

Curtis KM, Tepper NK, Jatlaoui TC, Berry-Bibee E, Horton LG, Zapata LB, et al. (July 2016).

2142: 2083: 1978: 1485: 1299: 1292: 475: 150: 11376:"Birth control for animals: a scientific approach to limiting the wildlife population explosion" 11126: 10301:"Minister Donnelly secures free contraception for women aged between 17–25 years in Budget 2022" 8566: 7652: 4812: 2362:

regarding potentially serious side effects was added, and in 2018, the device was discontinued.

17590: 17467: 17283: 16848: 16727: 16398: 16356: 16351: 16234: 16111: 16050: 15935: 15931: 15921: 15637: 15471: 15461: 14699: 14567: 14557: 14422: 14145: 14078: 14053: 13989: 13863: 13565: 13392: 12723: 12576: 12540: 12012: 11994: 11949: 11834: 11735: 11647:

Curtis KM, Jatlaoui TC, Tepper NK, Zapata LB, Horton LG, Jamieson DJ, Whiteman MK (July 2016).

6663: 3935:(Rev. and Updated ed.). Geneva: WHO and Center for Communication Programs. pp. 1–10. 2495: 2051: 2039: 1469: 1268: 1158: 1114: 594: 547: 463: 90: 11579: 9973: 9911: 9806: 9650: 9593: 9564: 9529: 9519: 9335: 9110: 9053: 8732: 8346: 8340: 8278: 8212: 8074: 8034: 8005: 7973: 7944: 6694: 6556: 6442: 5890: 5643: 5491: 5435: 5233: 5122: 5037: 4949: 4774: 4743: 4671: 4640: 4610: 4543: 3648: 3617: 2543: 2449:

Birth control is also being considered as an alternative to hunting as a means of controlling

2258:

In the United Kingdom contraception can be obtained free of charge via contraception clinics,

1836:, was established in 1877 in the United Kingdom to educate the public about the importance of 1157:

and avoiding unprotected intercourse. Techniques for determining fertility include monitoring

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Ibis celebrates the first-ever application for an OTC birth control pill in the United States

10392:"U.S. Insurance Coverage of Contraceptives and the Impact Of Contraceptive Coverage Mandates" 9942: 9837: 9450:

Srikanthan A, Reid RL (February 2008). "Religious and cultural influences on contraception".

9204: 9173: 8406: 8101: 6531: 6523: 6415: 5674: 4869: 4574: 2454: 2263: 2234: 2150: 1321: 1185: 936: 788: 634: 626: 602: 531: 110: 86: 11531: 9791: 9327: 9076:"Griswold v. Connecticut: Landmark Case Remembered", by Andi Reardon. NY Times, May 28, 1989 9045: 5193:"Society of Family Planning clinical recommendations: contraception after surgical abortion" 3863: 17569: 17508: 17368: 17225: 17149: 17057: 17047: 16843: 16744: 16722: 16495: 16450: 16418: 16413: 16339: 16314: 16270: 15957: 15773: 15572: 15263: 15136: 14694: 14645: 13965: 13955: 13883: 13878: 13853: 13838: 13833: 13550: 13318: 12958: 12924: 12914: 12703: 12412: 12257: 12092: 11824: 11270: 11164: 4246:

Tosetto A, Iorio A, Marcucci M, Baglin T, Cushman M, Eichinger S, et al. (June 2012).

2769:

Chin HB, Sipe TA, Elder R, Mercer SL, Chattopadhyay SK, Jacob V, et al. (March 2012).

2259: 1721: 1702: 1657: 1465:

and access to birth control are effective in decreasing pregnancy rates in this age group.

1427: 1419: 1376: 956: 867: 816: 491: 467: 122: 51: 9735: 3024:

Rowan SP, Someshwar J, Murray P (April 2012). "Contraception for primary care providers".

2415:

that is indispensable for male fertility in humans and mice. An inhibitor of this kinase,

1755:

to the womb before intercourse, a method which was probably only effective on occasion. A

876: 8: 17472: 17383: 17338: 17238: 17097: 17015: 16998: 16963: 16818: 16739: 16699: 16566: 16344: 16175: 16126: 16069: 16011: 15862: 15845: 15800: 15664: 15622: 15577: 15303: 15074: 15036: 14198: 14155: 14120: 14027: 14007: 13612: 13605: 13545: 13442: 13437: 13112: 12828: 12803: 12605: 12517: 12112: 12052: 11969: 11816: 8492:

McCann CR (2010). "Women as Leaders in the Contraceptive Movement". In O'Connor K (ed.).

7447:

Robbins CL, Ott MA (October 2017). "Contraception options and provision to adolescents".

6362: 5324: 4900: 3503: 2475: 2359: 2298: 2274: 2146: 2089: 1984: 1220: 1162: 978: 760: 661: 646: 610: 535: 515: 511: 162: 149:. Other methods of birth control do not protect against sexually transmitted infections. 98: 82: 11274: 11185: 11168: 11152: 10830: 10791: 10562:"Repeated use of pre- and postcoital hormonal contraception for prevention of pregnancy" 9867:

Cottrell BH (March–April 2010). "An updated review of evidence to discourage douching".

9360: 7701: 7133: 6109: 5209: 5169: 3897: 3782: 3437: 3098: 2009: 1089:

Although sterilization is considered a permanent procedure, it is possible to attempt a

153:

can prevent pregnancy if taken within 72 to 120 hours after unprotected sex. Some argue

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Blenning CE, Paladine H (December 2005). "An approach to the postpartum office visit".

3563: 3538: 3446: 3421: 3379: 3328: 3270: 3220: 3158: 2967: 2841: 2371: 2214: 2022: 1903: 1899: 1784: 1768: 1649: 1361: 1209: 1166: 1098: 989:

which are the most effective types of reversible birth control. Failure rates with the

680: 598: 507: 506:. Female contraception is more developed compared to male contraception, these include 495: 487: 201: 11258: 9463: 9296: 7856: 6725: 5612: 4899:

Winner B, Peipert JF, Zhao Q, Buckel C, Madden T, Allsworth JE, Secura GM (May 2012).

4847: 3882:"Physical examination prior to initiating hormonal contraception: a systematic review" 3367: 3316: 3258: 3208: 3146: 2915: 2890: 2651: 1929:

The National Birth Control Association was founded in Britain in 1931, and became the

1490: 1231:

and other forms of penis-near-vagina sex (genital rubbing, and the penis exiting from

699:. Irregular bleeding may occur with progestin-only methods, with some users reporting 683:

and do not change the risk of breast cancer. They often reduce menstrual bleeding and

17437: 17313: 17052: 16993: 16833: 16813: 16808: 16445: 16319: 16212: 16121: 15952: 15877: 15674: 15446: 15436: 15348: 15333: 15288: 15283: 15248: 14955: 14914: 14616: 14535: 14459: 14437: 13950: 13868: 13719: 13502: 13377: 13323: 13122: 13107: 12833: 12127: 12047: 11670: 11633: 11611: 11587: 11564: 11537: 11477: 11463: 11420: 11415: 11398: 11350: 11319: 11294: 11286: 11239: 11202: 11190: 11101: 11042:"In the hunt for a male contraceptive, scientists look to stop sperm in their tracks" 10844: 10795: 10724: 10664: 10641: 10629: 10591: 10542: 10495: 10411: 10372: 10354: 10177: 10036: 9979: 9948: 9917: 9884: 9843: 9812: 9685: 9656: 9652:

Water is thicker than blood : an Augustinian theology of marriage and singleness

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Opposition and Intimidation: The Abortion Wars and Strategies of Political Harassment

9328: 9300: 9265: 9210: 9149: 9057: 9048:

Opposition and Intimidation: The Abortion Wars and Strategies of Political Harassment

9046: 9019: 8968: 8950: 8894: 8833: 8761: 8736: 8725: 8705: 8695: 8672: 8662: 8606: 8596: 8544: 8509: 8499: 8468: 8441: 8412: 8350: 8284: 8259: 8185: 8115: 8080: 8040: 8013: 7981: 7952: 7912: 7907: 7890: 7860: 7822: 7765: 7728: 7705: 7582: 7528: 7474: 7416: 7373: 7305: 7264: 7204: 7199: 7182: 7160: 7137: 7101: 7026: 6991: 6900: 6865: 6838: 6771: 6700: 6669: 6639: 6562: 6535: 6504: 6489: 6472: 6448: 6421: 6387: 6331: 6327: 6287: 6253: 6226: 6162: 6113: 6066: 6036: 5985: 5977: 5967: 5948: 5936: 5896: 5871: 5815: 5772: 5726: 5680: 5649: 5616: 5536: 5526: 5497: 5441: 5416: 5381: 5306: 5239: 5214: 5173: 5128: 5098: 5043: 5007: 4957: 4922: 4875: 4851: 4780: 4749: 4724: 4677: 4646: 4616: 4582: 4549: 4513: 4478: 4443: 4386: 4350: 4312: 4308: 4269: 4264: 4247: 4228: 4197: 4148: 4098: 4072: 4064: 4054: 4029: 3936: 3901: 3853: 3816: 3786: 3751: 3700: 3654: 3623: 3598: 3568: 3515: 3485: 3477: 3467: 3451: 3371: 3320: 3262: 3212: 3162: 3150: 3070: 3033: 3003: 2959: 2920: 2865: 2833: 2790: 2748: 2712: 2673: 2632: 2622: 2551: 2161:, to allowing all methods of birth control. Views in Judaism range from the stricter 1989: 1969: 1845: 1829: 1801: 1733: 1523: 1446: 1242: 1196: 1178: 1106: 657: 169: 154: 134: 11703: 9896: 9312: 8906: 8197: 7978:

Economic Transformations: General Purpose Technologies and Long-Term Economic Growth

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It is supported by a group of governments and international NGOs, including the

1540: 193:, it is recommended that birth control be continued for one year after the last 17503: 17418: 17124: 17072: 16770: 16617: 16536: 15731: 15592: 15451: 15426: 15416: 15293: 15278: 15228: 15141: 15021: 14960: 14717: 14544: 14520: 14464: 14342: 14337: 14327: 14315: 14193: 13977: 13848: 13794: 13617: 13512: 13412: 13340: 13127: 12559: 10778:

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The first permanent birth-control clinic was established in Britain in 1921 by

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the trials, and contraceptives are still not widely accessible in Puerto Rico.

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3489: 3481: 2636: 2294: 2222: 2154: 2138: 2013: 1957: 1915: 1821: 1797: 1713: 1709: 1698: 1462: 1450: 1380: 1304: 1272: 1213: 1067: 1021: 1013: 1002: 969: 917: 843: 804: 642: 173: 142: 11761: 11448:"Contraceptive vaccines for the humane control of community cat populations" 11282: 11176: 8765: 8676: 8610: 7568: 7087: 4412:

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in Mexico City made the hormones in progesterone pills using Mexican yams (

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In medieval Europe, any effort to halt pregnancy was deemed immoral by the

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Encyclopedia of women in the Renaissance : Italy, France, and England

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tool, used for estimating fertility based on days since last menstruation

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became an alternative to surgical abortion with the availability of

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prevent the spread of some sexually transmitted infections such as

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native to north Africa, may have been used as birth control in

1725: 1717: 1017: 902: 883: 862: 826:

Globally, condoms are the most common method of birth control.

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Blackwell's five-minute veterinary practice management consult

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developed the first birth control pills in the 1950s, such as

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About 222 million women who want to avoid pregnancy in

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leaves and lint to be placed in the vagina to block sperm.

1693: 1368: 985:, which are inserted into the uterus. They are one form of 11646: 10688: 10657:"Bayer's Essure Contraceptive Implant, Now With a Warning" 10100:

Socioeconomic and Cultural Influences on Contraceptive Use

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is permissible, although large numbers of Catholics in

1044:

Two broad categories exist, surgical and non-surgical.

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is available in a number of different forms, including

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In the United States, the 1965 Supreme Court decision

1652:

has risen from about 5% in 1991 to about 30% in 2006.

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accept and use modern methods of birth control. The

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There is little data regarding the sperm content of

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2768: 1271:which occurs after delivery and may be extended by 719:is 0.2%; the typical use first failure rate is 6%. 11807: 11215: 10560:Halpern V, Raymond EG, Lopez LM (September 2014). 9978:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Reference. p. 928. 9146:Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility 8724: 6806: 6665:Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility 6059:Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use 5754: 4871:Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use 4745:Andrology Male Reproductive Health and Dysfunction 4127:"Hormonal contraception and cardiovascular system" 3809:Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use 3129:Carr B, Gates MF, Mitchell A, Shah R (July 2012). 2619:Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use 2219:United States Agency for International Development 1953:United States v. One Package of Japanese Pessaries 233:Video explaining how to prevent unwanted pregnancy 13713: 11216:Abbe CR, Page ST, Thirumalai A (September 2020). 10812: 9528:. Bloomington, IN : Indiana Univ. Press. p. 9095:"History of Birth Control in the United States". 8345:. Boston: Northeastern University Press. p. 7974:"Historical Record on the Control of Family Size" 7971: 7790: 7619: 6003:Mangone ER, Lebrun V, Muessig KE (January 2016). 5918: 3615: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 2093:extended this right to privacy to single people. 1820:"And the villain still pursues her", a satirical 1153:involve determining the most fertile days of the 838:, but some are made from other materials such as 17582: 11577: 11315:Infectious Disease Management in Animal Shelters 11150: 11068:"Why there's still no new birth control for men" 9655:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 178. 9233: 8654: 8012:. 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Tubal ligation decreases the risk of 50:, is the use of methods or devices to prevent 16639: 16077: 14915: 13699: 12880: 12446: 11793: 11529: 11256: 10689:Office of the Commissioner (March 24, 2020). 10527:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 10152:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 10115:"Just the Facts: Latinas & Contraception" 9913:New Dimensions In Women's Health – Book Alone 7895:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 7884: 7882: 7722: 7176: 7174: 6876: 6849: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6461: 6212: 5961: 5955: 5035: 5031: 5029: 4532: 4463:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 4335:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 4120: 4118: 4116: 4114: 3912: 3802: 3800: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 1865:time abroad, Sanger also saw a more flexible 1430:is estimated to have decreased the number of 249:Chance of pregnancy during first year of use 206:deaths during or around the time of pregnancy 16653: 10607: 10605: 10073:"Who's Impacted by Attacks on Birth Control" 9724: 9484: 9452:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 9414: 9358: 9139: 8440:. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood. p. 43. 8283:. Ohio State University Press. p. 184. 8053: 7980:. Oxford University Press. pp. 335–40. 7931: 7842: 7716: 7670: 7627:"Expenditures on Children by Families, 2011" 7546: 7544: 7542: 7351: 7349: 7229: 7180: 7063: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6351:"Nonconsensual Sex Undermines Sexual Health" 6245: 6091: 6089: 5914: 5912: 5356:Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 5283:Marnach ML, Long ME, Casey PM (March 2013). 5116: 5114: 5112: 4941: 4604: 4602: 4581:(7th ed.). Elsevier India. p. 88. 4454: 4083: 3579: 3530: 3422:"Contraceptive failure in the United States" 3343: 3285: 3231: 3173: 3119: 3096: 3014: 2982: 2931: 2882: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 645:. Both types of birth control pills prevent 16481:United Nations world population conferences 12369:Timeline of reproductive rights legislation 12354:Birth control movement in the United States 11452:American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 11403:American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 11367: 11259:"An emerging target for male contraception" 10912: 10566:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 10513: 9808:What your mother never told you about s.e.x 9616: 9240:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9234:Zhang J, Zhou K, Shan D, Luo X (May 2022). 9174:"American Experience | The Pill | Timeline" 8533:International Encyclopedia of Civil Society 8370: 8368: 8366: 8003: 7965: 7838: 7836: 7598: 7596: 7355: 7331:Country Comparison: Maternal Mortality Rate 6813:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6809:"Interventions for emergency contraception" 6749: 6747: 6614:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6608:Van der Wijden C, Manion C (October 2015). 6313: 6283:Exploring the Dimensions of Human Sexuality 6280:Greenberg JS, Bruess CE, Oswalt SB (2016). 6047: 5846:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5835: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5750: 5748: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5271: 5231: 4979: 4977: 4947: 4323: 4125:Brito MB, Nobre F, Vieira CS (April 2011). 4048: 4042: 4013: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3543:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3537:Van der Wijden C, Manion C (October 2015). 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3241:Ahmed S, Li Q, Liu L, Tsui AO (July 2012). 2759: 2732: 2541: 2203:International Planned Parenthood Federation 2073:Timeline of reproductive rights legislation 1024:) was associated with an increased risk of 141:practices, such as with the use of male or 16646: 16632: 16394:Population and housing censuses by country 16084: 16070: 14922: 14908: 14782:International Center for Research on Women 13706: 13692: 12887: 12873: 12487:Preventing sexually-transmitted infections 12453: 12439: 12207:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility 11800: 11786: 10002: 9804: 9209:. 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The 2096:In 2010, the United Nations launched the 1811: 1494:Map of countries by fertility rate (2020) 1070:is also used for sterilization in women. 672:used to predict the risk of blood clots. 135:withdrawal by the male before ejaculation 17601:Reproductive rights in the United States 16117:Estimates of historical world population 13383:Effects of climate change on agriculture 11729:) is being considered for deletion. See 11342: 11222:The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 10771: 10748: 10326: 10324: 10322: 10307:. Department of Health. October 22, 2021 10273: 10246: 9866: 9773:from the original on September 26, 2006. 9598:. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press. p. 202. 8464:Margaret Sanger : a life of passion 8363: 8170:International Journal of Health Services 8167: 8110:. 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Guttmacher Policy Review. 2007. 5141:from the original on May 15, 2016. 5039:A clinical guide for contraception 4970:from the original on May 12, 2016. 4888:from the original on May 15, 2016. 4793:from the original on May 18, 2016. 4762:from the original on May 10, 2016. 4659:from the original on May 13, 2016. 4629:from the original on June 3, 2016. 4026:The encyclopedia of women's health 3619:Essentials for health and wellness 3390:from the original on May 10, 2013. 3339:from the original on June 2, 2013. 3281:from the original on May 10, 2013. 3169:from the original on May 10, 2013. 2116: 2066: 1502:– as they are usually the primary 1468:Birth control methods, especially 1351: 1223:without vaginal sex or deliberate 129:. The least effective methods are 89:. This is followed by a number of 14: 17612: 16378:Population and Development Review 14741:Commission on the Status of Women 13751:External female genitalia (vulva) 13178:pharmaceuticals and personal care 12063:self-report sexual risk behaviors 11769:Bulk procurement of birth control 11733:to help reach a consensus. › 11683: 11653:MMWR. Recommendations and Reports 11604:MMWR. 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Recommendations and Reports 2587:World Health Organization (WHO). 2228: 2211:Population Services International 2003: 1751:384–322 BC) recommended applying 623:combined oral contraceptive pills 562:those who used no birth control. 494:. Common male contraceptives are 187:combined oral birth control pills 109:. Less effective methods include 17483:Postpartum physiological changes 17183:Postpartum physiological changes 16708:Assisted reproductive technology 16611: 16599: 16587: 16562: 16561: 16549: 16426:Population concern organizations 16132:Projections of population growth 16044: 14881: 14869: 14858: 14857: 14074:Assisted reproductive technology 13714: 13653: 13652: 13641: 13329:decline in amphibian populations 13034:Deforestation and climate change 12133:Precocious puberty and pregnancy 11762:"Birth Control Comparison Chart" 11488: 11464:10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.01005.x 11439: 11416:10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.01003.x 11390: 11336: 11305: 11250: 11209: 11144: 11119: 11085: 11059: 11033: 11002: 10957: 10932: 10906: 10881: 10861: 10855: 10742: 10708: 10682: 10648: 10553: 10479: 10463: 10447: 10422: 10383: 10293: 10267: 10247:Willsher K (September 9, 2021). 10240: 10214: 10196:"Where can I get contraception?" 10188: 10148:"Disparities in family planning" 10139: 10107: 10103:. 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February 2017. Archived from 4797: 4766: 4694: 4663: 4633: 4566: 4489: 4405: 4361: 4288: 4239: 4208: 4159: 4144:10.1590/S0066-782X2011005000022 3982: 3956: 3873: 3836: 3762: 3722:"Contraception for adolescents" 3713: 3609: 2852: 2405:serine/threonine-protein kinase 1960:. Following this decision, the 1358:sexually transmitted infections 1030:sexually transmitted infections 147:sexually transmitted infections 17178:Maternal physiological changes 16476:United Nations Population Fund 16091: 15164:Sexually transmitted infection 11809:Sexual and reproductive health 11561:Berek & Novak's Gynecology 10913:Sitruk-Ware R (May 11, 2018). 10655:Rabin RC (November 21, 2016). 10578:10.1002/14651858.CD007595.pub3 9623:Harakas SS (August 12, 1985). 9252:10.1002/14651858.CD002855.pub5 7461:10.23736/s0026-4946.17.05026-5 6926:Beeston A (January 27, 2022). 6825:10.1002/14651858.CD001324.pub6 6626:10.1002/14651858.CD001329.pub2 5858:10.1002/14651858.CD004860.pub2 4297:The Journal of Sexual Medicine 3555:10.1002/14651858.CD001329.pub2 3106:United Nations Population Fund 2643: 2611: 2488: 2451:overpopulation in wild animals 1117:may also be an option in men. 735:in calendar oriented packaging 552:American Academy of Pediatrics 458:Birth control methods include 28:Contraception (disambiguation) 21:Birth control (disambiguation) 1: 16733:partner-assisted reproduction 15211:Women who have sex with women 14690:Social determinants of health 13334:decline in insect populations 12491: 11718: 11530:Speroff L, Darney PD (2010). 11131:Male Contraceptive Initiative 11040:Barber R (December 4, 2022). 10758:Male Contraceptive Initiative 9947:. 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New York: Greenwood Press. 8541:10.1007/978-0-387-93996-4_403 8010:Encyclopedia of birth control 7857:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60597-8 7723:Darney L, Speroff PD (2010). 7603:Rosenthal E (June 30, 2013). 7401:Current Opinion in Pediatrics 7187:Sexually Transmitted Diseases 5613:10.1016/s0029-7844(98)00539-0 5036:Speroff L, Darney PD (2010). 4848:10.1016/s0010-7824(02)00434-1 4612:Pharmacology for nursing care 3368:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60902-7 3317:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60827-7 3259:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60478-4 3209:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60609-6 3147:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60905-2 2496:"Definition of Birth control" 2481: 2237:regarding sex and pregnancy. 2137:re-affirmed its teachings in 2129:Jewish views on contraception 1772: 1748: 1529: 1305:high dose birth control pills 1265:lactational amenorrhea method 1239:Abstinence-only sex education 1191: 1172: 1120: 548:lactational amenorrhea method 444:Lactational amenorrhea method 159:abstinence-only sex education 15344:History of erotic depictions 15234:Criminal transmission of HIV 14685:Gender disparities in health 14023:Mother-to-child transmission 12233:Disorders of sex development 11709:Resources in other libraries 11015:National Geographic Magazine 10430:"#FreeThePill Youth Council" 9881:10.1097/NMC.0b013e3181cae9da 9142:"Intrauterine contraception" 9140:Fritz MA, Speroff L (2011). 8782:"Family Planning Timeline". 8211:Simms M (January 27, 1977). 7762:10.1097/gco.0b013e328329247d 7413:10.1097/MOP.0b013e3283555bee 6966:Health Technology Assessment 6593:. April 2005. Archived from 6223:10.1007/978-0-387-32328-2_12 6149:10.3109/14647273.2010.520798 5769:10.1097/MOU.0b013e32833f1b35 5302:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.01.007 5085:10.3109/13625187.2012.700744 5003:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182723b7d 4809:British Columbia Health Link 4510:10.1097/GCO.0b013e328355871d 4383:10.1097/AOG.0b013e318291c235 3991:"The male pill? Bring it on" 2830:10.3109/09513590.2012.662546 2787:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.11.006 2542:Hanson SJ, Burke AE (2010). 2195:Office of Population Affairs 2107:over the counter medications 1962:American Medical Association 1282: 1252: 1050:is available in the form of 959:set inside its open package. 584:medical eligibility criteria 189:. In women who have reached 7: 16969:Traditional birth attendant 16501:World Population Foundation 16491:World Population Conference 16404:World population milestones 15329:Counterculture of the 1960s 14298:Pelvic inflammatory disease 14241:Hormone replacement therapy 13805:Reproductive system disease 12804:Fertility awareness methods 12243:Reproductive system disease 11009:Gibbens S (March 3, 2023). 10486:Belluck P (July 13, 2023). 9734:. Alan Khoo. Archived from 9682:Birth Control in Jewish Law 8182:10.2190/bl3n-xajx-0yqb-vqbx 7302:10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.08.004 5350:Cramer DW (February 2012). 4703:"Condom Use by Adolescents" 2818:Gynecological Endocrinology 2464: 2308: 2289: 1990:President Lyndon B. Johnson 1931:Family Planning Association 1536:Prevalence of birth control 1475: 1387:if taken during pregnancy. 1259:Breastfeeding and fertility 1247:comprehensive sex education 1151:Fertility awareness methods 1125:Behavioral methods involve 1026:pelvic inflammatory disease 685:painful menstruation cramps 589: 127:fertility awareness methods 10: 17617: 17201:Brain health and pollution 16373:Population and Environment 16051:Human sexuality portal 14792:Black Women's Health Study 13859:Complications of pregnancy 12202:Obstetrics and gynaecology 10715:Kaplan S (July 20, 2018). 10539:10.1016/j.ajog.2011.06.055 10350:10.1186/s12978-021-01289-3 10222:"Your contraception guide" 10164:10.1016/j.ajog.2009.08.022 9388:ACOG (September 9, 2014). 7949:Encyclopedia of motherhood 5757:Current Opinion in Urology 4475:10.1016/j.ajog.2011.04.033 4347:10.1016/j.ajog.2011.06.057 2430: 2369: 2329: 2297:, a collaboration between 2207:Marie Stopes International 2126: 2123:Religion and birth control 2120: 2070: 1712:from 1550 BC and the 1677: 1671: 1667: 1533: 1479: 1399: 1390: 1383:, due to the high risk of 1256: 1074:Non-surgical sterilization 783: 241: 237: 25: 18: 17562: 17527: 17491: 17445: 17436: 17414:Chorionic villus sampling 17396: 17191: 17148: 17117: 17110: 16977: 16902: 16871: 16862: 16796: 16766:Obstetric ultrasonography 16753: 16698: 16690:Pre-conception counseling 16665: 16545: 16509: 16434: 16386: 16365: 16283:Human population planning 16248: 16194: 16145: 16107:Demographics of the world 16099: 16039: 15920: 15809: 15528: 15480: 15357: 15314: 15219: 15196:Men who have sex with men 15172: 15045: 14941: 14853: 14810: 14769:Women's Health Initiative 14754: 14716: 14707: 14656: 14622:Major depressive disorder 14490: 14450:Intimate partner violence 14412: 14311:Female genital mutilation 14306: 14255: 14164: 14106: 14052: 13998: 13911: 13824: 13813: 13739: 13726: 13636: 13571:Environmental engineering 13521: 13418:Environmental degradation 13309: 13195:fishing down the food web 12972: 12902: 12846: 12817: 12799:Calendar (rhythm) methods 12782: 12775: 12752: 12712: 12674: 12652: 12624: 12584: 12575: 12550: 12505: 12469: 12377: 12346: 12273: 12225: 12177: 12141: 12118:Pregnant patients' rights 12073: 12033: 11983: 11940: 11891: 11883:Pre-conception counseling 11865: 11840:Abortion-rights movements 11815: 11773:World Health Organization 11704:Resources in your library 11374:Boyle R (March 3, 2009). 11318:. 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Archived from 8891:10.1017/S0007087418000481 8148:Planned Parenthood Report 7370:10.3109/01443610903470288 7336:November 8, 2012, at the 6858:American Family Physician 6591:World Health Organization 5933:10.3109/13625180903545302 5812:10.1016/j.ucl.2009.05.010 5723:10.1007/s00404-011-1858-1 5601:Obstetrics and Gynecology 5413:10.1016/j.ucl.2009.05.009 5368:10.1016/j.hoc.2011.10.009 4990:Obstetrics and Gynecology 4371:Obstetrics and Gynecology 3591:American Family Physician 2907:10.1136/bmj.324.7351.1426 2573:Oxford English Dictionary 2471:Human population planning 2169:sect, which allows most. 1697:Ancient silver coin from 1684:Human population planning 1680:Demographics of the world 1395: 830:are put on a man's erect 580:World Health Organization 87:implantable birth control 63:World Health Organization 17304:Intrahepatic cholestasis 16288:Compulsory sterilization 14358:Gynaecological disorders 14174:Culture and menstruation 14141:Contraceptive prevalence 14033:Compulsory sterilization 13576:Environmental mitigation 13433:Greenhouse gas emissions 13393:Environmental insecurity 12004:Gamete Cryopreservation 11850:Circumcision controversy 11830:Compulsory sterilization 11731:templates for discussion 11584:Comprehensive Gynecology 11382:. New York: PopSci.com. 11343:Ackerman L, ed. (2007). 11127:"What Is In Development" 10474:Ibis Reproductive Health 9875:(2): 102–7, quiz 108–9. 9429:10.1177/1522637916672457 8008:. In Bullough VL (ed.). 6528:Contraceptive Technology 6009:JMIR mHealth and uHealth 5964:Contraceptive technology 5645:Contraceptive technology 5265:Contraceptive Technology 4575:"Barrier Contraceptives" 4051:Contraceptive technology 3647:Edmonds DK, ed. (2012). 3464:Contraceptive technology 2382:research and development 2365: 2303:Ibis Reproductive Health 1832:, based on the ideas of 1674:History of birth control 993:is about 0.8% while the 476:emergency contraceptives 411:Diaphragm and spermicide 145:, can also help prevent 17374:Motor vehicle emissions 17235:Concomitant conditions 17209:environmental toxicants 16952:Auxiliary nurse midwife 16713:artificial insemination 16680:Natural family planning 16230:Malthusian growth model 14641:Urinary tract infection 14433:Abuse during childbirth 13623:Sustainable consumption 12964:Social ecology (ethics) 12714:Emergency Contraception 12364:Social hygiene movement 12217:Transgender health care 11283:10.1126/science.adp6432 11177:10.1126/science.adf9341 10889:"Birth control for men" 8991:ropercenter.cornell.edu 8758:The First Five Thousand 8382:. New York University. 7947:. 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Connecticut 1486:Cost of raising a child 1300:Emergency contraceptive 1293:emergency contraceptive 842:, or lamb's intestine. 446:(6 months failure rate) 151:Emergency birth control 17468:Postpartum confinement 16728:in vitro fertilisation 16357:Zero population growth 16352:Sustainable population 16276:Malthusian catastrophe 16235:Overshoot (population) 16112:Demographic transition 15472:Split attraction model 15462:Sexual objectification 15372:Anarchism and love/sex 14558:Cardiovascular disease 14146:Contraceptive security 14079:In vitro fertilization 13990:Postpartum confinement 13864:Hyperemesis gravidarum 13566:Ecological engineering 13346:runaway climate change 12634:Multi-month injections 12577:Hormonal contraception 12541:Levonorgestrel implant 12507:Long-acting reversible 12192:Genitourinary medicine 11995:In vitro fertilization 11950:Hormonal contraception 11835:Contraceptive security 11764:. Cedar River Clinics. 11666:10.15585/mmwr.rr6504a1 10940:"G-FINDER data portal" 10626:10.1055/s-0030-1248134 9522:. In Keller RS (ed.). 8595:. 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January 27, 1938. 8784:Congressional Digest 8535:, pp. 891–892, 8104:. In Robin D (ed.). 8004:unspecified (2001). 6022:10.2196/mhealth.4846 4773:Barbieri JF (2009). 4542:Neinstein L (2008). 4022:"oral contraceptive" 2403:. For instance, the 1910:pioneers, including 1658:unintended pregnancy 1428:developing countries 1420:total fertility rate 1377:anti-epileptic drugs 1291:A split dose of two 1214:disadvantaged groups 1210:developing countries 979:intrauterine devices 965:Intrauterine devices 957:contraceptive sponge 870:have been reported. 868:toxic shock syndrome 799:. They include male 717:injectable progestin 662:arterial blood clots 625:(which contain both 492:female contraception 468:intrauterine devices 309:Sterilization (male) 202:developing countries 83:intrauterine devices 52:unintended pregnancy 19:For other uses, see 17473:Sex after pregnancy 17280:Endocrine diseases 17226:Prenatal depression 17098:Placental expulsion 17016:Uterine contraction 16999:cervical effacement 16740:Fertility awareness 16345:Reproductive rights 16176:Population dynamics 16127:Population momentum 16012:Sacred prostitution 15801:Wet T-shirt contest 15665:Non-penetrative sex 15623:Mammary intercourse 15304:Revenge pornography 15075:Masters and Johnson 15037:Vaginal lubrication 14700:Women's empowerment 14568:Alzheimer's disease 14199:Cloth menstrual pad 14156:Fertility awareness 14126:Oral contraceptives 14008:Perinatal mortality 13613:Restoration ecology 13546:Climate engineering 13483:Ocean acidification 13473:Loss of green belts 13443:Holocene extinction 13438:Habitat destruction 13113:Environmental crime 12829:Non-penetrative sex 12821:vaginal intercourse 12786:vaginal intercourse 12606:Contraceptive patch 12601:Extended cycle Pill 12518:Intrauterine device 12482:Male contraceptives 12113:Pregnancy from rape 11970:Intrauterine device 11502:. 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February 24, 2015 3697:Williams gynecology 3032:(1): 95–110, x–xi. 3026:Adolescent Medicine 2996:Adolescent Medicine 2741:Adolescent Medicine 2476:Immunocontraception 2423:without measurable 2360:black boxed warning 2325:Research directions 2299:Advocates for Youth 2275:Republic of Ireland 2159:Quiverfull movement 2147:developed countries 2090:Eisenstadt v. Baird 2062:Society and culture 2034:with help from the 1985:Eisenstadt v. Baird 1459:death of the infant 1447:Teenage pregnancies 1221:non-penetrative sex 1163:cervical secretions 1134:Fertility awareness 761:contraceptive patch 747:Birth control pills 733:birth control pills 731:Three varieties of 536:fertility awareness 508:contraceptive pills 422:Fertility awareness 287:Progestin-only pill 250: 185:are preferred over 163:teenage pregnancies 17249:Hypercoagulability 17078:Natural childbirth 16927:Postterm pregnancy 16685:Male contraceptive 16471:Population Matters 16186:Population pyramid 16164:Population density 16159:Population decline 15858:Red-light district 15754:Sexual penetration 15742:Sexual intercourse 15660:Nipple stimulation 15339:Golden Age of Porn 15239:Child sexual abuse 15206:Sexual orientation 15132:Sexual dysfunction 15070:Male contraceptive 15032:Sexual stimulation 14981:Nocturnal emission 14797:Cartwright Inquiry 14708:Politics, research 14526:Endometrial cancer 14380:Sexual intercourse 14151:Planned parenthood 14136:Male contraceptive 13628:Waste minimization 13586:Mitigation banking 13581:Industrial ecology 13541:Cleaner production 13493:Resource depletion 13029:Corporate behavior 12987:animal agriculture 12729:Ulipristal acetate 12717:(Post-intercourse) 12611:Monthly injections 12359:History of condoms 12248:Sexual dysfunction 12154:Sexual orientation 12108:Options counseling 11955:Male contraception 11878:Genetic counseling 11098:The New York Times 10721:The New York Times 10661:The New York Times 10533:(4 Suppl): S21-5. 10492:The New York Times 9972:Strange M (2011). 9941:Sharkey H (2013). 9496:on August 24, 2000 9016:The New York Times 8929:Bailey MJ (2013). 8756:Stopes MC (1925). 8571:www.thecrimson.com 8320:on October 1, 2013 8236:Population Studies 7449:Minerva Pediatrica 7076:Human Reproduction 6414:Thomas RM (2009). 6376:Francis L (2017). 6188:Planned Parenthood 5642:Hatcher R (2008). 4469:(4 Suppl): S14-7. 4424:(aug07 2): e4944. 4341:(4 Suppl): S9-13. 2747:(3): 521–43, xii. 2399:required for male 2372:Male contraceptive 2215:Population Council 2023:Dioscorea mexicana 1924:Ministry of Health 1904:Greengate, Salford 1900:Planned Parenthood 1826: 1785:coitus interruptus 1769:Soranus of Ephesus 1706: 1650:Sub-Saharan Africa 1641: 1633: 1524:caesarean delivery 1496: 1424: 1412: 1297: 1167:fertility tracking 1148: 1099:vasectomy reversal 995:levonorgestrel IUD 975: 795:from entering the 681:endometrial cancer 488:male contraception 248: 235: 17578: 17577: 17563:Obstetric history 17558: 17557: 17519:Confinement nanny 17432: 17431: 17299:Acute fatty liver 17106: 17105: 16994:cervical dilation 16575: 16574: 16446:7 Billion Actions 16320:Population ethics 16213:Carrying capacity 16122:Population growth 16059: 16058: 15968:Hindu monasticism 15953:Clerical celibacy 15819:Adult video games 15530:Sexual activities 15447:Sexual attraction 15437:Sexual abstinence 15349:Sexual revolution 15334:Feminist sex wars 15289:Sexual misconduct 15284:Sexual harassment 15249:Indecent exposure 14956:Clitoral erection 14897: 14896: 14777: 14776: 14602: 14601: 14553: 14552: 14536:Papanicolaou test 14492:Non-communicable 14460:Sexual harassment 14438:Domestic violence 14408: 14407: 14251: 14250: 14048: 14047: 13951:Retained placenta 13869:Ectopic pregnancy 13681: 13680: 13503:Water degradation 13378:Ecological crisis 13324:biodiversity loss 13123:Industrialisation 13108:Genetic pollution 12954:Impact assessment 12862: 12861: 12842: 12841: 12670: 12669: 12428: 12427: 12128:Teenage pregnancy 11845:Genital integrity 11690:Library resources 11639:978-0-9788563-7-3 11593:978-0-323-06986-1 11570:978-1-4511-1433-1 11557:"Family Planning" 11543:978-1-60831-610-6 11356:978-0-7817-5984-7 11325:978-1-119-94945-9 11312:Millar L (2011). 11269:(6698): 849–850. 11163:(6641): 154–158. 10969:www.nichd.nih.gov 9985:978-1-4129-7685-5 9954:978-0-00-751686-5 9923:978-1-4496-8375-7 9849:978-1-57356-255-3 9836:Rengel M (2000). 9818:978-0-399-52853-8 9763:Hamdard Islamicus 9712:on March 23, 2004 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6427:978-1-60709-018-2 6393:978-0-19-998187-8 6293:978-1-4496-9801-0 6259:978-0-7637-5641-3 6232:978-0-387-32327-5 6072:978-92-4-156388-8 5973:978-1-59708-004-0 5902:978-1-4377-0788-5 5686:978-1-4292-2426-0 5673:Moore DS (2010). 5655:978-1-59708-001-9 5532:978-0-323-53266-2 5503:978-0-7817-6942-6 5447:978-0-7817-6942-6 5245:978-0-323-03309-1 5134:978-1-4557-3395-8 5049:978-1-60831-610-6 4963:978-1-60547-433-5 4911:(21): 1998–2007. 4881:978-92-4-156388-8 4786:978-1-4160-4907-4 4755:978-3-540-78355-8 4683:978-0-7817-3498-1 4652:978-92-806-4466-1 4622:978-1-4377-3582-6 4588:978-81-312-1150-2 4555:978-0-7817-9256-1 4430:10.1136/bmj.e4944 4184:10.1136/bmj.f5298 4104:978-0-07-171672-7 4060:978-1-59708-004-0 4035:978-0-8160-7407-5 3942:978-0-9788563-7-3 3869:on July 18, 2013. 3859:978-92-4-156284-3 3822:978-92-4-156388-8 3706:978-0-07-171672-7 3660:978-0-470-65457-6 3629:978-0-7637-0909-9 3597:(12): 2491–2496. 3473:978-1-59708-004-0 3311:(9837): 165–171. 3253:(9837): 111–125. 3203:(9837): 149–156. 3076:978-0-9788563-7-3 3002:(1): 123–38, xi. 2871:978-92-4-156284-3 2718:978-0-9788563-7-3 2628:978-92-4-154915-8 2589:"Family planning" 2557:978-1-60547-433-5 2054:in the 1970s and 1988:(1972). In 1966, 1970:Eleanor Roosevelt 1846:Charles Bradlaugh 1830:Malthusian League 1802:English Civil War 1734:ancient Near East 1630: 1629: 1243:teenage pregnancy 1202:pledge to abstain 1197:Sexual abstinence 1179:withdrawal method 1107:ectopic pregnancy 1101:to reconnect the 1093:to reconnect the 941:quarter U.S. coin 935:vaginal-cervical 898:An unrolled male 882:A rolled up male 703:. The progestins 456: 455: 230: 111:physical barriers 48:fertility control 17608: 17443: 17442: 17409:Cardiotocography 17115: 17114: 17021:Vaginal delivery 16894:Nesting instinct 16869: 16868: 16854:Rudimentary horn 16783:Prenatal testing 16648: 16641: 16634: 16625: 16624: 16616: 16615: 16604: 16603: 16602: 16592: 16591: 16590: 16583: 16565: 16564: 16553: 16552: 16522:Green Revolution 16303:Two-child policy 16298:One-child policy 16221: 16181:Population model 16137:World population 16086: 16079: 16072: 16063: 16062: 16049: 16048: 15973:Jain monasticism 15737:Sexual fetishism 15655:Mechanics of sex 15538:Conventional sex 15442:Sexual addiction 15377:Extramarital sex 15159:Sexual surrogate 14995:male ejaculation 14924: 14917: 14910: 14901: 14900: 14885: 14884: 14873: 14872: 14861: 14860: 14714: 14713: 14499: 14498: 14419: 14418: 14413:Non-reproductive 14262: 14261: 14179:Feminine hygiene 13946:Cesarian section 13941:Obstructed labor 13822: 13821: 13737: 13736: 13718: 13708: 13701: 13694: 13685: 13684: 13656: 13655: 13645: 13644: 13478:Phosphorus cycle 13458:Land consumption 13453:Land degradation 13428:Freshwater cycle 13227:Overexploitation 13200:marine pollution 13007:cocoa production 12889: 12882: 12875: 12866: 12865: 12780: 12779: 12626:Progestogen-only 12582: 12581: 12455: 12448: 12441: 12432: 12431: 12390:Two-child policy 12385:One-child policy 12265:Gender dysphoria 11802: 11795: 11788: 11779: 11778: 11765: 11757: 11755: 11753: 11746:"WHO Fact Sheet" 11678: 11668: 11643: 11631: 11619: 11597: 11574: 11551: 11516: 11515: 11513: 11511: 11492: 11486: 11485: 11475: 11443: 11437: 11436: 11418: 11394: 11388: 11387: 11371: 11365: 11364: 11340: 11334: 11333: 11309: 11303: 11302: 11254: 11248: 11247: 11237: 11213: 11207: 11206: 11188: 11148: 11142: 11141: 11139: 11137: 11123: 11117: 11116: 11114: 11112: 11089: 11083: 11082: 11080: 11078: 11063: 11057: 11056: 11054: 11052: 11037: 11031: 11030: 11028: 11026: 11021:on March 3, 2023 11017:. Archived from 11006: 11000: 10999: 10987: 10981: 10980: 10978: 10976: 10961: 10955: 10954: 10952: 10950: 10936: 10930: 10929: 10927: 10925: 10910: 10904: 10903: 10901: 10899: 10885: 10879: 10878: 10876: 10874: 10859: 10853: 10852: 10842: 10810: 10804: 10803: 10775: 10769: 10768: 10766: 10764: 10755: 10746: 10740: 10739: 10737: 10735: 10712: 10706: 10705: 10703: 10701: 10686: 10680: 10679: 10677: 10675: 10652: 10646: 10645: 10609: 10600: 10599: 10589: 10557: 10551: 10550: 10522: 10511: 10510: 10508: 10506: 10483: 10477: 10467: 10461: 10451: 10445: 10444: 10442: 10440: 10426: 10420: 10419: 10387: 10381: 10380: 10370: 10352: 10328: 10317: 10316: 10314: 10312: 10297: 10291: 10290: 10288: 10286: 10271: 10265: 10264: 10262: 10260: 10244: 10238: 10237: 10235: 10233: 10218: 10212: 10211: 10209: 10207: 10192: 10186: 10185: 10175: 10143: 10137: 10136: 10134: 10132: 10126: 10120:. Archived from 10119: 10111: 10105: 10104: 10094: 10088: 10087: 10085: 10083: 10069: 10063: 10062: 10051: 10045: 10044: 10034: 10024: 10000: 9994: 9993: 9969: 9963: 9962: 9938: 9932: 9931: 9907: 9901: 9900: 9864: 9858: 9857: 9833: 9827: 9826: 9802: 9796: 9795: 9790:. Archived from 9784: 9775: 9774: 9754: 9748: 9747: 9745: 9743: 9738:on June 29, 2008 9728: 9722: 9721: 9719: 9717: 9702: 9696: 9695: 9677: 9671: 9670: 9646: 9640: 9639: 9637: 9635: 9620: 9614: 9613: 9589: 9583: 9582: 9554: 9548: 9547: 9512: 9506: 9505: 9503: 9501: 9482: 9476: 9475: 9447: 9441: 9440: 9412: 9406: 9405: 9403: 9401: 9392:. Archived from 9385: 9379: 9378: 9376: 9365: 9356: 9350: 9349: 9333: 9323: 9317: 9316: 9291:(9837): 172–80. 9280: 9274: 9273: 9263: 9231: 9225: 9224: 9200: 9194: 9193: 9191: 9189: 9170: 9164: 9163: 9137: 9131: 9130: 9128: 9126: 9107: 9101: 9100: 9092: 9086: 9083: 9077: 9074: 9068: 9067: 9051: 9041: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9030: 9008: 9002: 9001: 8999: 8997: 8983: 8977: 8976: 8966: 8926: 8920: 8917: 8911: 8910: 8874: 8868: 8867: 8859: 8853: 8850: 8844: 8843: 8825: 8819: 8818: 8816: 8814: 8794: 8788: 8787: 8779: 8770: 8769: 8753: 8747: 8746: 8730: 8720: 8714: 8713: 8687: 8681: 8680: 8652: 8641: 8640: 8638: 8636: 8631:. April 11, 2004 8621: 8615: 8614: 8588: 8582: 8581: 8579: 8577: 8563: 8554: 8553: 8528: 8522: 8521: 8489: 8483: 8482: 8458: 8452: 8451: 8436:Zorea A (2012). 8433: 8427: 8426: 8402: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8391: 8372: 8361: 8360: 8339:Rossi A (1988). 8336: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8316:. Archived from 8305: 8299: 8298: 8274: 8268: 8267: 8231: 8225: 8224: 8208: 8202: 8201: 8165: 8159: 8158: 8156: 8150:. January 2012. 8145: 8137: 8126: 8125: 8097: 8091: 8090: 8070: 8051: 8050: 8030: 8024: 8023: 8001: 7992: 7991: 7969: 7963: 7962: 7943:Cuomo A (2010). 7940: 7929: 7928: 7910: 7886: 7877: 7876: 7840: 7831: 7830: 7820: 7788: 7782: 7781: 7745: 7739: 7738: 7720: 7714: 7713: 7685: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7663: 7649: 7643: 7642: 7640: 7638: 7633:on March 8, 2008 7623: 7617: 7616: 7600: 7591: 7590: 7580: 7548: 7537: 7536: 7526: 7516: 7492: 7483: 7482: 7472: 7444: 7433: 7432: 7396: 7390: 7389: 7353: 7344: 7328: 7322: 7321: 7285: 7279: 7278: 7254: 7248: 7247: 7227: 7221: 7220: 7202: 7178: 7169: 7168: 7152: 7146: 7145: 7116: 7110: 7109: 7099: 7082:(7): 1994–2000. 7067: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7041: 7035: 7034: 7006: 7000: 6999: 6989: 6978:10.3310/hta25270 6957: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6923: 6917: 6916: 6880: 6874: 6873: 6853: 6847: 6846: 6836: 6804: 6791: 6790: 6751: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6690: 6684: 6683: 6662:Fritz M (2012). 6659: 6648: 6647: 6637: 6620:(10): CD001329. 6605: 6599: 6598: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6522:Kowal D (2007). 6519: 6513: 6512: 6502: 6492: 6468: 6459: 6458: 6441:Edlin G (2012). 6438: 6432: 6431: 6411: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6346: 6340: 6339: 6311: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6277: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6180: 6171: 6170: 6160: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6093: 6084: 6083: 6082:on July 9, 2012. 6081: 6075:. Archived from 6064: 6054: 6045: 6044: 6034: 6024: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5959: 5953: 5952: 5916: 5907: 5906: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5869: 5837: 5824: 5823: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5752: 5743: 5742: 5706: 5695: 5694: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5639: 5633: 5632: 5596: 5590: 5587: 5581: 5578: 5572: 5569: 5563: 5560: 5554: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5487: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5379: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5304: 5280: 5269: 5268: 5267:(19th ed.). 5260: 5254: 5253: 5229: 5223: 5222: 5212: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5121:Gabbe S (2012). 5118: 5107: 5106: 5096: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5033: 5024: 5023: 5005: 4981: 4972: 4971: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4920: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4815:on July 27, 2020 4801: 4795: 4794: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4722: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4670:Pray WS (2005). 4667: 4661: 4660: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4606: 4597: 4596: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4539: 4530: 4529: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4441: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4330: 4321: 4320: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4267: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4195: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4146: 4122: 4109: 4108: 4090: 4081: 4080: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4020:Ammer C (2009). 4017: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4006: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3934: 3923: 3910: 3909: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3862:. Archived from 3851: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3832:on July 9, 2012. 3831: 3825:. Archived from 3814: 3804: 3795: 3794: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3749: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3692: 3669: 3668: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3586: 3577: 3576: 3566: 3549:(10): CD001329. 3534: 3528: 3527: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3459: 3449: 3417: 3392: 3391: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3296: 3283: 3282: 3238: 3229: 3228: 3188: 3171: 3170: 3126: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3103: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3068: 3057: 3042: 3041: 3021: 3012: 3011: 2991: 2980: 2979: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2918: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2812: 2799: 2798: 2766: 2757: 2756: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2710: 2699: 2682: 2681: 2671: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2539: 2516: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2492: 2407:33 (STK33) is a 2048:Medical abortion 2010:Ernst Gräfenberg 1774: 1750: 1662:unsafe abortions 1623: 1617: 1611: 1605: 1597: 1591: 1585: 1579: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1553: 1547: 1482:Family economics 1470:hormonal methods 1455:low birth weight 1241:does not reduce 1233:anal intercourse 1111:Sperm extraction 952: 928: 913: 895: 879: 771: 756: 744: 728: 605:under the skin, 276:Combination pill 265:No birth control 251: 247: 231: 195:menstrual period 38:, also known as 17616: 17615: 17611: 17610: 17609: 17607: 17606: 17605: 17581: 17580: 17579: 17574: 17554: 17523: 17487: 17458:Postpartum care 17428: 17392: 17295:Liver diseases 17289:Thyroid disease 17187: 17173:Gestational age 17144: 17102: 17068:Labor induction 16973: 16964:Perinatal nurse 16937:Birth attendant 16898: 16858: 16792: 16788:Medical imaging 16749: 16718:fertility fraud 16694: 16661: 16652: 16622: 16610: 16600: 16598: 16588: 16586: 16578: 16576: 16571: 16541: 16505: 16439: 16437: 16430: 16382: 16361: 16310:Overconsumption 16293:Family planning 16250: 16244: 16217: 16201: 16198: 16190: 16152: 16149: 16141: 16095: 16090: 16060: 16055: 16043: 16035: 15963:Catholic Church 15923: 15916: 15805: 15524: 15476: 15382:Family planning 15361: 15353: 15310: 15299:Sexual violence 15274:Sex trafficking 15215: 15201:Sexual identity 15191:Gender identity 15168: 15154:Sexual medicine 15050: 15041: 15007:Penile erection 14961:Erogenous zones 14945: 14937: 14935:human sexuality 14928: 14898: 14893: 14849: 14834:Family planning 14812: 14806: 14773: 14750: 14709: 14703: 14675:Gender equality 14658: 14652: 14598: 14549: 14531:Cervical cancer 14493: 14486: 14424: 14414: 14404: 14395:Sex differences 14353:Forced marriage 14302: 14267: 14257: 14247: 14189:Menstrual cycle 14160: 14113:Family planning 14111: 14102: 14055: 14044: 14003:Maternal deaths 13994: 13985:Postpartum care 13931:Multiple births 13907: 13816: 13809: 13742: 13733: 13730: 13722: 13712: 13682: 13677: 13632: 13591:Organic farming 13517: 13508:Water pollution 13488:Ozone depletion 13468:Loss and damage 13368:Desertification 13305: 13217:Overconsumption 13138:cleaning agents 13039:Energy industry 13002:meat production 12968: 12898: 12893: 12863: 12858: 12838: 12819: 12813: 12784: 12771: 12748: 12716: 12708: 12689:Internal condom 12684:External condom 12676:Barrier Methods 12666: 12648: 12620: 12587: 12571: 12546: 12508: 12501: 12465: 12459: 12429: 12424: 12373: 12342: 12315:United Kingdom 12269: 12221: 12212:Sexual medicine 12173: 12149:Gender identity 12137: 12083:Maternal health 12069: 12029: 12025:fertility fraud 11986: 11979: 11936: 11887: 11861: 11811: 11806: 11760: 11751: 11749: 11744: 11734: 11715: 11714: 11713: 11698: 11697: 11693: 11686: 11681: 11640: 11629: 11610:(RR-04): 1–54. 11594: 11571: 11544: 11525: 11523:Further reading 11520: 11519: 11509: 11507: 11494: 11493: 11489: 11444: 11440: 11395: 11391: 11380:Popular Science 11372: 11368: 11357: 11341: 11337: 11326: 11310: 11306: 11255: 11251: 11214: 11210: 11149: 11145: 11135: 11133: 11125: 11124: 11120: 11110: 11108: 11090: 11086: 11076: 11074: 11072:Washington Post 11064: 11060: 11050: 11048: 11038: 11034: 11024: 11022: 11007: 11003: 10988: 10984: 10974: 10972: 10963: 10962: 10958: 10948: 10946: 10938: 10937: 10933: 10923: 10921: 10911: 10907: 10897: 10895: 10887: 10886: 10882: 10872: 10870: 10860: 10856: 10811: 10807: 10776: 10772: 10762: 10760: 10753: 10747: 10743: 10733: 10731: 10713: 10709: 10699: 10697: 10687: 10683: 10673: 10671: 10653: 10649: 10610: 10603: 10572:(9): CD007595. 10558: 10554: 10523: 10514: 10504: 10502: 10484: 10480: 10468: 10464: 10452: 10448: 10438: 10436: 10428: 10427: 10423: 10408:10.1363/3607204 10388: 10384: 10329: 10320: 10310: 10308: 10299: 10298: 10294: 10284: 10282: 10272: 10268: 10258: 10256: 10245: 10241: 10231: 10229: 10220: 10219: 10215: 10205: 10203: 10194: 10193: 10189: 10144: 10140: 10130: 10128: 10124: 10117: 10113: 10112: 10108: 10095: 10091: 10081: 10079: 10071: 10070: 10066: 10053: 10052: 10048: 10001: 9997: 9986: 9970: 9966: 9955: 9939: 9935: 9924: 9908: 9904: 9865: 9861: 9850: 9834: 9830: 9819: 9803: 9799: 9786: 9785: 9778: 9755: 9751: 9741: 9739: 9730: 9729: 9725: 9715: 9713: 9704: 9703: 9699: 9692: 9678: 9674: 9663: 9647: 9643: 9633: 9631: 9621: 9617: 9606: 9590: 9586: 9575: 9555: 9551: 9540: 9513: 9509: 9499: 9497: 9483: 9479: 9448: 9444: 9413: 9409: 9399: 9397: 9386: 9382: 9374: 9363: 9357: 9353: 9346: 9326:Doan A (2007). 9324: 9320: 9281: 9277: 9246:(5): CD002855. 9232: 9228: 9217: 9201: 9197: 9187: 9185: 9172: 9171: 9167: 9156: 9138: 9134: 9124: 9122: 9109: 9108: 9104: 9094: 9093: 9089: 9084: 9080: 9075: 9071: 9064: 9044:Doan A (2007). 9042: 9038: 9028: 9026: 9010: 9009: 9005: 8995: 8993: 8985: 8984: 8980: 8927: 8923: 8918: 8914: 8875: 8871: 8860: 8856: 8851: 8847: 8840: 8828:Hall L (2011). 8826: 8822: 8812: 8810: 8795: 8791: 8781: 8780: 8773: 8754: 8750: 8743: 8723:Hall R (1977). 8721: 8717: 8702: 8688: 8684: 8669: 8653: 8644: 8634: 8632: 8629:Chicago Tribune 8623: 8622: 8618: 8603: 8589: 8585: 8575: 8573: 8565: 8564: 8557: 8551: 8529: 8525: 8506: 8490: 8486: 8475: 8459: 8455: 8448: 8434: 8430: 8419: 8403: 8399: 8389: 8387: 8374: 8373: 8364: 8357: 8337: 8333: 8323: 8321: 8306: 8302: 8291: 8275: 8271: 8248:10.2307/2173367 8232: 8228: 8209: 8205: 8166: 8162: 8154: 8143: 8139: 8138: 8129: 8122: 8098: 8094: 8087: 8071: 8054: 8047: 8031: 8027: 8020: 8002: 7995: 7988: 7970: 7966: 7959: 7945:"Birth control" 7941: 7932: 7887: 7880: 7841: 7834: 7789: 7785: 7746: 7742: 7735: 7721: 7717: 7686: 7671: 7661: 7659: 7651: 7650: 7646: 7636: 7634: 7625: 7624: 7620: 7601: 7594: 7549: 7540: 7493: 7486: 7445: 7436: 7397: 7393: 7354: 7347: 7338:Wayback Machine 7329: 7325: 7296:(Pt A): 212–7. 7286: 7282: 7271: 7255: 7251: 7228: 7224: 7179: 7172: 7154: 7153: 7149: 7117: 7113: 7068: 7064: 7054: 7052: 7043: 7042: 7038: 7007: 7003: 6958: 6954: 6944: 6942: 6924: 6920: 6885:Pharmacotherapy 6881: 6877: 6854: 6850: 6819:(1): CD001324. 6805: 6794: 6756:Pharmacotherapy 6752: 6745: 6735: 6733: 6722: 6718: 6707: 6691: 6687: 6676: 6660: 6651: 6606: 6602: 6585: 6584: 6580: 6569: 6553: 6549: 6542: 6520: 6516: 6469: 6462: 6455: 6439: 6435: 6428: 6412: 6408: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6386:. p. 329. 6374: 6370: 6349:Best K (2005). 6347: 6343: 6312: 6308: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6278: 6274: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6244: 6240: 6233: 6211: 6207: 6197: 6195: 6182: 6181: 6174: 6137:Human Fertility 6129: 6125: 6094: 6087: 6079: 6073: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6048: 6001: 5997: 5974: 5960: 5956: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5887: 5883: 5852:(4): CD004860. 5838: 5827: 5796: 5792: 5753: 5746: 5707: 5698: 5687: 5671: 5667: 5656: 5640: 5636: 5597: 5593: 5588: 5584: 5579: 5575: 5570: 5566: 5561: 5557: 5552: 5548: 5533: 5519: 5515: 5504: 5488: 5484: 5474: 5472: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5448: 5432: 5428: 5397: 5393: 5348: 5344: 5334: 5332: 5323: 5322: 5318: 5281: 5272: 5261: 5257: 5246: 5230: 5226: 5189: 5185: 5150: 5146: 5135: 5119: 5110: 5065: 5061: 5050: 5034: 5027: 4982: 4975: 4964: 4946: 4942: 4897: 4893: 4882: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4832: 4828: 4818: 4816: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4787: 4771: 4767: 4756: 4740: 4736: 4699: 4695: 4684: 4668: 4664: 4653: 4639: 4638: 4634: 4623: 4607: 4600: 4589: 4571: 4567: 4556: 4540: 4533: 4494: 4490: 4459: 4455: 4410: 4406: 4366: 4362: 4331: 4324: 4293: 4289: 4244: 4240: 4213: 4209: 4164: 4160: 4123: 4112: 4105: 4091: 4084: 4061: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4018: 4014: 4004: 4002: 3987: 3983: 3973: 3971: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3949: 3943: 3932: 3924: 3913: 3878: 3874: 3866: 3860: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3829: 3823: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3798: 3767: 3763: 3732:(4): e1244-56. 3718: 3714: 3707: 3693: 3672: 3661: 3645: 3641: 3630: 3614: 3610: 3587: 3580: 3535: 3531: 3502: 3501: 3497: 3474: 3460: 3418: 3395: 3362:(9837): 84–85. 3348: 3344: 3297: 3286: 3239: 3232: 3189: 3174: 3141:(9837): 80–82. 3127: 3120: 3112: 3101: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3077: 3066: 3058: 3045: 3022: 3015: 2992: 2983: 2936: 2932: 2887: 2883: 2872: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2813: 2802: 2767: 2760: 2737: 2733: 2725: 2719: 2708: 2700: 2685: 2648: 2644: 2629: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2602: 2600: 2585: 2581: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2558: 2540: 2519: 2509: 2507: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2467: 2440:animal shelters 2433: 2386:clinical trials 2374: 2368: 2332: 2327: 2311: 2292: 2283: 2252: 2244:sexual position 2231: 2187: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2117:Religious views 2075: 2069: 2067:Legal positions 2064: 2006: 1853:Margaret Sanger 1838:family planning 1814: 1781:Catholic Church 1724:, a species of 1691: 1686: 1676: 1670: 1631: 1625: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1538: 1532: 1512:Family planning 1508:body mass index 1488: 1478: 1432:maternal deaths 1404: 1402:Maternal health 1398: 1393: 1362:penetrative sex 1354: 1352:Dual protection 1285: 1261: 1255: 1229:intercrural sex 1194: 1175: 1155:menstrual cycle 1136: 1123: 1103:vasa deferentia 1095:fallopian tubes 1042: 967: 960: 953: 944: 929: 920: 916:A polyurethane 914: 905: 896: 887: 880: 786: 779: 772: 763: 757: 748: 745: 736: 729: 697:milk production 592: 460:barrier methods 445: 320:Condom (female) 246: 240: 216: 56:family planning 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 17614: 17604: 17603: 17598: 17596:Women's health 17593: 17576: 17575: 17573: 17572: 17566: 17564: 17560: 17559: 17556: 17555: 17553: 17552: 17547: 17542: 17537: 17531: 17529: 17525: 17524: 17522: 17521: 17516: 17511: 17506: 17504:Health visitor 17501: 17495: 17493: 17489: 17488: 17486: 17485: 17480: 17475: 17470: 17465: 17460: 17455: 17449: 17447: 17440: 17434: 17433: 17430: 17429: 17427: 17426: 17421: 17419:Nonstress test 17416: 17411: 17406: 17400: 17398: 17394: 17393: 17391: 17390: 17389: 17388: 17387: 17386: 17381: 17376: 17371: 17366: 17361: 17353: 17352: 17351: 17346: 17341: 17335:Skin diseases 17333: 17332: 17331: 17326: 17321: 17316: 17308: 17307: 17306: 17301: 17293: 17292: 17291: 17286: 17278: 17277: 17276: 17271: 17266: 17261: 17251: 17246: 17241: 17233: 17228: 17223: 17222: 17221: 17216: 17211: 17203: 17197: 17195: 17189: 17188: 17186: 17185: 17180: 17175: 17170: 17165: 17160: 17154: 17152: 17146: 17145: 17143: 17142: 17137: 17132: 17127: 17125:Amniotic fluid 17121: 17119: 17112: 17108: 17107: 17104: 17103: 17101: 17100: 17095: 17090: 17085: 17080: 17075: 17073:Multiple birth 17070: 17065: 17060: 17055: 17050: 17045: 17044: 17043: 17038: 17033: 17023: 17018: 17013: 17008: 17007: 17006: 17001: 16996: 16981: 16979: 16975: 16974: 16972: 16971: 16966: 16961: 16956: 16955: 16954: 16944: 16939: 16934: 16929: 16924: 16923: 16922: 16912: 16906: 16904: 16900: 16899: 16897: 16896: 16891: 16886: 16881: 16879:Bradley method 16875: 16873: 16866: 16860: 16859: 16857: 16856: 16851: 16846: 16841: 16836: 16831: 16826: 16821: 16816: 16811: 16806: 16800: 16798: 16794: 16793: 16791: 16790: 16785: 16780: 16779: 16778: 16771:Pregnancy test 16768: 16763: 16757: 16755: 16751: 16750: 16748: 16747: 16742: 16737: 16736: 16735: 16730: 16725: 16720: 16715: 16704: 16702: 16696: 16695: 16693: 16692: 16687: 16682: 16677: 16671: 16669: 16663: 16662: 16651: 16650: 16643: 16636: 16628: 16621: 16620: 16608: 16596: 16573: 16572: 16570: 16569: 16559: 16546: 16543: 16542: 16540: 16539: 16537:Sustainability 16534: 16529: 16524: 16519: 16513: 16511: 16510:Related topics 16507: 16506: 16504: 16503: 16498: 16493: 16488: 16483: 16478: 16473: 16468: 16463: 16458: 16453: 16448: 16442: 16440: 16435: 16432: 16431: 16429: 16428: 16423: 16422: 16421: 16416: 16411: 16401: 16399:Largest cities 16396: 16390: 16388: 16384: 16383: 16381: 16380: 16375: 16369: 16367: 16363: 16362: 16360: 16359: 16354: 16349: 16348: 16347: 16342: 16337: 16332: 16327: 16317: 16312: 16307: 16306: 16305: 16300: 16295: 16290: 16280: 16279: 16278: 16268: 16260: 16254: 16252: 16246: 16245: 16243: 16242: 16237: 16232: 16227: 16222: 16219:I = P × A × T 16215: 16210: 16204: 16202: 16195: 16192: 16191: 16189: 16188: 16183: 16178: 16173: 16172: 16171: 16161: 16155: 16153: 16146: 16143: 16142: 16140: 16139: 16134: 16129: 16124: 16119: 16114: 16109: 16103: 16101: 16097: 16096: 16089: 16088: 16081: 16074: 16066: 16057: 16056: 16054: 16053: 16040: 16037: 16036: 16034: 16033: 16032: 16031: 16021: 16020: 16019: 16017:Ancient Greece 16009: 16004: 16003: 16002: 15992: 15987: 15982: 15977: 15976: 15975: 15970: 15965: 15960: 15950: 15945: 15944: 15943: 15928: 15926: 15918: 15917: 15915: 15914: 15909: 15904: 15903: 15902: 15892: 15887: 15886: 15885: 15880: 15870: 15865: 15860: 15855: 15854: 15853: 15848: 15838: 15837: 15836: 15826: 15821: 15815: 15813: 15807: 15806: 15804: 15803: 15798: 15797: 15796: 15791: 15781: 15776: 15771: 15766: 15761: 15756: 15751: 15750: 15749: 15739: 15734: 15732:Sexual fantasy 15729: 15724: 15719: 15714: 15709: 15704: 15699: 15698: 15697: 15692: 15687: 15682: 15677: 15667: 15662: 15657: 15652: 15647: 15646: 15645: 15640: 15635: 15633:Anal fingering 15625: 15620: 15615: 15610: 15605: 15600: 15595: 15593:Foot fetishism 15590: 15585: 15580: 15575: 15570: 15565: 15560: 15555: 15550: 15545: 15540: 15534: 15532: 15526: 15525: 15523: 15522: 15517: 15512: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15492: 15486: 15484: 15478: 15477: 15475: 15474: 15469: 15464: 15459: 15454: 15452:Sexual capital 15449: 15444: 15439: 15434: 15429: 15424: 15419: 15417:Premarital sex 15414: 15409: 15404: 15399: 15394: 15389: 15384: 15379: 15374: 15368: 15366: 15355: 15354: 15352: 15351: 15346: 15341: 15336: 15331: 15326: 15320: 15318: 15312: 15311: 15309: 15308: 15307: 15306: 15301: 15296: 15294:Sexual slavery 15291: 15286: 15281: 15279:Sexual assault 15276: 15271: 15266: 15256: 15251: 15246: 15241: 15236: 15231: 15229:Age of consent 15225: 15223: 15217: 15216: 15214: 15213: 15208: 15203: 15198: 15193: 15188: 15182: 15180: 15170: 15169: 15167: 15166: 15161: 15156: 15151: 15150: 15149: 15144: 15142:Hypersexuality 15139: 15129: 15124: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15103: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15082: 15077: 15072: 15067: 15062: 15056: 15054: 15043: 15042: 15040: 15039: 15034: 15029: 15024: 15022:Sexual arousal 15019: 15014: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14998: 14997: 14983: 14978: 14973: 14968: 14963: 14958: 14952: 14950: 14939: 14938: 14927: 14926: 14919: 14912: 14904: 14895: 14894: 14892: 14891: 14879: 14867: 14854: 14851: 14850: 14848: 14843: 14838: 14837: 14836: 14826: 14821: 14816: 14814: 14811:Women's health 14808: 14807: 14805: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14789: 14784: 14778: 14775: 14774: 14772: 14771: 14766: 14760: 14758: 14752: 14751: 14749: 14748: 14743: 14738: 14733: 14728: 14722: 14720: 14718:United Nations 14711: 14710:& advocacy 14705: 14704: 14702: 14697: 14692: 14687: 14682: 14677: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14660: 14657:Sociocultural 14654: 14653: 14651: 14650: 14649: 14648: 14643: 14638: 14628: 14627: 14626: 14625: 14624: 14614: 14603: 14600: 14599: 14597: 14596: 14591: 14590: 14589: 14588: 14587: 14572: 14571: 14570: 14560: 14554: 14551: 14550: 14548: 14547: 14545:Ovarian cancer 14542: 14541: 14540: 14539: 14538: 14528: 14521:Uterine cancer 14518: 14513: 14507: 14505: 14496: 14488: 14487: 14485: 14484: 14479: 14474: 14473: 14472: 14465:Sexual assault 14462: 14457: 14452: 14447: 14446: 14445: 14435: 14429: 14427: 14416: 14410: 14409: 14406: 14405: 14403: 14402: 14397: 14392: 14387: 14382: 14377: 14372: 14367: 14366: 14365: 14355: 14350: 14345: 14343:Child marriage 14340: 14338:Breast ironing 14335: 14330: 14328:Breast binding 14325: 14324: 14323: 14318: 14316:Clitoridectomy 14307: 14304: 14303: 14301: 14300: 14295: 14294: 14293: 14283: 14278: 14272: 14270: 14259: 14253: 14252: 14249: 14248: 14246: 14245: 14244: 14243: 14233: 14228: 14223: 14218: 14217: 14216: 14211: 14206: 14201: 14194:Menstrual aids 14191: 14186: 14181: 14176: 14170: 14168: 14162: 14161: 14159: 14158: 14153: 14148: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14123: 14117: 14115: 14104: 14103: 14101: 14100: 14099: 14098: 14093: 14083: 14082: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14060: 14058: 14050: 14049: 14046: 14045: 14043: 14042: 14037: 14036: 14035: 14025: 14020: 14015: 14010: 14005: 13999: 13996: 13995: 13993: 13992: 13987: 13982: 13981: 13980: 13978:Husband stitch 13970: 13969: 13968: 13963: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13923: 13917: 13915: 13909: 13908: 13906: 13905: 13904: 13903: 13902: 13901: 13896: 13886: 13881: 13876: 13871: 13866: 13856: 13851: 13849:Antenatal care 13846: 13841: 13836: 13830: 13828: 13819: 13811: 13810: 13808: 13807: 13802: 13797: 13795:Fallopian tube 13792: 13787: 13782: 13777: 13776: 13775: 13770: 13765: 13764: 13763: 13747: 13745: 13741:Reproductive 13734: 13727: 13724: 13723: 13720:Women's health 13711: 13710: 13703: 13696: 13688: 13679: 13678: 13676: 13675: 13670: 13665: 13660: 13649: 13637: 13634: 13633: 13631: 13630: 13625: 13620: 13618:Sustainability 13615: 13610: 13609: 13608: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13553: 13548: 13543: 13538: 13533: 13527: 13525: 13519: 13518: 13516: 13515: 13513:Water scarcity 13510: 13505: 13500: 13495: 13490: 13485: 13480: 13475: 13470: 13465: 13460: 13455: 13450: 13448:Nitrogen cycle 13445: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13420: 13415: 13413:Forest dieback 13410: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13365: 13360: 13355: 13354: 13353: 13348: 13341:Climate change 13338: 13337: 13336: 13331: 13326: 13315: 13313: 13307: 13306: 13304: 13303: 13298: 13297: 13296: 13286: 13285: 13284: 13279: 13274: 13269: 13259: 13254: 13249: 13244: 13239: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13209: 13208: 13207: 13202: 13197: 13192: 13182: 13181: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13158:nanotechnology 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13104: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13063: 13062: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13021: 13020: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12978: 12976: 12970: 12969: 12967: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12951: 12946: 12945: 12944: 12942:on marine life 12934: 12933: 12932: 12930:list of issues 12922: 12917: 12912: 12906: 12904: 12900: 12899: 12892: 12891: 12884: 12877: 12869: 12860: 12859: 12857: 12856: 12850: 12848: 12844: 12843: 12840: 12839: 12837: 12836: 12831: 12825: 12823: 12815: 12814: 12812: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12790: 12788: 12777: 12773: 12772: 12770: 12769: 12764: 12758: 12756: 12750: 12749: 12747: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12734:Levonorgestrel 12731: 12726: 12720: 12718: 12710: 12709: 12707: 12706: 12701: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12680: 12678: 12672: 12671: 12668: 12667: 12665: 12664: 12658: 12656: 12650: 12649: 12647: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12630: 12628: 12622: 12621: 12619: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12592: 12590: 12579: 12573: 12572: 12570: 12569: 12563: 12560:Tubal ligation 12556: 12554: 12548: 12547: 12545: 12544: 12530: 12524: 12514: 12512: 12503: 12502: 12500: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12473: 12471: 12470:Related topics 12467: 12466: 12458: 12457: 12450: 12443: 12435: 12426: 12425: 12423: 12422: 12417: 12416: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12392: 12387: 12381: 12379: 12375: 12374: 12372: 12371: 12366: 12361: 12356: 12350: 12348: 12344: 12343: 12341: 12340: 12339: 12338: 12333: 12331:teen pregnancy 12323: 12322: 12321: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12277: 12275: 12271: 12270: 12268: 12267: 12262: 12261: 12260: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12235: 12229: 12227: 12223: 12222: 12220: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12183: 12181: 12175: 12174: 12172: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12145: 12143: 12139: 12138: 12136: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12079: 12077: 12071: 12070: 12068: 12067: 12066: 12065: 12057: 12056: 12055: 12045: 12039: 12037: 12031: 12030: 12028: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12016: 12015: 12010: 12002: 11997: 11991: 11989: 11981: 11980: 11978: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11946: 11944: 11938: 11937: 11935: 11934: 11929: 11928: 11927: 11922: 11912: 11907: 11897: 11895: 11889: 11888: 11886: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11869: 11867: 11863: 11862: 11860: 11859: 11858: 11857: 11852: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11821: 11819: 11813: 11812: 11805: 11804: 11797: 11790: 11782: 11776: 11775: 11766: 11758: 11742: 11712: 11711: 11706: 11700: 11699: 11688: 11687: 11685: 11684:External links 11682: 11680: 11679: 11644: 11638: 11620: 11598: 11592: 11575: 11569: 11552: 11542: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11518: 11517: 11487: 11438: 11389: 11366: 11355: 11335: 11324: 11304: 11249: 11228:(4): 603–613. 11208: 11143: 11118: 11084: 11058: 11032: 11001: 10982: 10956: 10931: 10905: 10880: 10854: 10825:(4): 407–412. 10805: 10786:(5): 453–456. 10770: 10741: 10707: 10681: 10647: 10601: 10552: 10512: 10478: 10462: 10446: 10421: 10382: 10318: 10292: 10266: 10239: 10213: 10187: 10138: 10106: 10089: 10064: 10046: 9995: 9984: 9964: 9953: 9933: 9922: 9902: 9859: 9848: 9828: 9817: 9797: 9776: 9749: 9723: 9697: 9690: 9672: 9661: 9641: 9615: 9604: 9584: 9573: 9549: 9538: 9507: 9477: 9458:(2): 129–137. 9442: 9423:(4): 180–234. 9407: 9380: 9351: 9344: 9318: 9275: 9226: 9215: 9195: 9165: 9154: 9132: 9115:HealthCare.gov 9102: 9087: 9078: 9069: 9062: 9036: 9003: 8978: 8921: 8912: 8885:(3): 487–510. 8869: 8854: 8845: 8838: 8820: 8789: 8771: 8748: 8741: 8715: 8700: 8694:. Free Press. 8682: 8668:978-0313243097 8667: 8642: 8616: 8601: 8583: 8555: 8549: 8523: 8504: 8484: 8473: 8453: 8446: 8428: 8417: 8397: 8362: 8355: 8331: 8300: 8289: 8269: 8226: 8203: 8160: 8127: 8120: 8092: 8085: 8052: 8045: 8025: 8018: 7993: 7986: 7964: 7957: 7930: 7901:(7): 692–700. 7878: 7832: 7783: 7740: 7733: 7715: 7669: 7644: 7618: 7609:New York Times 7592: 7538: 7484: 7455:(5): 403–414. 7434: 7391: 7345: 7323: 7280: 7269: 7249: 7222: 7170: 7159:(3): 8. 1998. 7147: 7111: 7062: 7036: 7001: 6952: 6918: 6875: 6848: 6792: 6743: 6716: 6705: 6685: 6674: 6649: 6600: 6578: 6567: 6547: 6540: 6514: 6483:(3): 273–280. 6460: 6453: 6433: 6426: 6406: 6392: 6368: 6341: 6306: 6292: 6272: 6258: 6238: 6231: 6205: 6172: 6123: 6085: 6071: 6046: 5995: 5972: 5954: 5908: 5901: 5881: 5825: 5790: 5744: 5717:(5): 1149–58. 5696: 5685: 5665: 5654: 5634: 5607:(6): 889–895. 5591: 5582: 5573: 5564: 5555: 5546: 5531: 5513: 5502: 5482: 5470:www.auanet.org 5457: 5446: 5426: 5391: 5342: 5316: 5270: 5255: 5244: 5224: 5183: 5144: 5133: 5108: 5059: 5048: 5025: 4973: 4962: 4940: 4891: 4880: 4861: 4826: 4796: 4785: 4765: 4754: 4734: 4713:(5): 973–981. 4693: 4682: 4662: 4651: 4642:Facts for life 4632: 4621: 4598: 4587: 4565: 4554: 4531: 4488: 4453: 4404: 4360: 4322: 4303:(9): 2213–23. 4287: 4258:(6): 1019–25. 4238: 4207: 4158: 4110: 4103: 4082: 4059: 4041: 4034: 4012: 3981: 3955: 3941: 3911: 3872: 3858: 3835: 3821: 3796: 3761: 3712: 3705: 3670: 3659: 3639: 3628: 3608: 3578: 3529: 3495: 3472: 3432:(5): 397–404. 3393: 3342: 3284: 3230: 3172: 3118: 3089: 3075: 3043: 3013: 2981: 2930: 2901:(7351): 1426. 2881: 2870: 2851: 2824:(10): 758–63. 2800: 2758: 2731: 2717: 2683: 2642: 2627: 2610: 2579: 2563: 2556: 2517: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2479: 2478: 2473: 2466: 2463: 2432: 2429: 2370:Main article: 2367: 2364: 2341:levonorgestrel 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2310: 2307: 2291: 2288: 2282: 2279: 2251: 2248: 2230: 2229:Misconceptions 2227: 2186: 2183: 2121:Main article: 2118: 2115: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058:in the 1980s. 2028:Gregory Pincus 2005: 2004:Modern methods 2002: 1834:Thomas Malthus 1813: 1810: 1787:and inserting 1730:ancient Greece 1690: 1687: 1672:Main article: 1669: 1666: 1628: 1627: 1620: 1614: 1608: 1602: 1600: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1576: 1574: 1568: 1562: 1556: 1550: 1545: 1534:Main article: 1531: 1528: 1516:cost-effective 1477: 1474: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1353: 1350: 1329:Levonorgestrel 1309:levonorgestrel 1284: 1281: 1254: 1251: 1206:premarital sex 1193: 1190: 1174: 1171: 1135: 1132: 1122: 1119: 1091:tubal reversal 1060:ovarian cancer 1054:for women and 1052:tubal ligation 1041: 1038: 1034:ovarian cancer 983:levonorgestrel 966: 963: 962: 961: 954: 947: 945: 930: 923: 921: 915: 908: 906: 897: 890: 888: 881: 874: 844:Female condoms 805:female condoms 785: 782: 781: 780: 773: 766: 764: 759:A transdermal 758: 751: 749: 746: 739: 737: 730: 723: 677:ovarian cancer 591: 588: 540:tubal ligation 481:tubal ligation 454: 453: 450: 447: 441: 440: 437: 434: 430: 429: 426: 423: 419: 418: 415: 412: 408: 407: 404: 401: 397: 396: 393: 390: 383: 382: 379: 376: 372: 371: 368: 365: 361: 360: 357: 354: 350: 349: 346: 343: 339: 338: 335: 332: 328: 327: 324: 321: 317: 316: 313: 310: 306: 305: 302: 299: 295: 294: 291: 288: 284: 283: 280: 277: 273: 272: 269: 266: 262: 261: 258: 255: 239: 236: 155:not having sex 143:female condoms 79:tubal ligation 44:anticonception 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17613: 17602: 17599: 17597: 17594: 17592: 17591:Birth control 17589: 17588: 17586: 17571: 17568: 17567: 17565: 17561: 17551: 17548: 17546: 17543: 17541: 17538: 17536: 17533: 17532: 17530: 17526: 17520: 17517: 17515: 17514:Monthly nurse 17512: 17510: 17507: 17505: 17502: 17500: 17497: 17496: 17494: 17490: 17484: 17481: 17479: 17476: 17474: 17471: 17469: 17466: 17464: 17461: 17459: 17456: 17454: 17451: 17450: 17448: 17444: 17441: 17439: 17435: 17425: 17422: 17420: 17417: 17415: 17412: 17410: 17407: 17405: 17404:Amniocentesis 17402: 17401: 17399: 17395: 17385: 17382: 17380: 17377: 17375: 17372: 17370: 17367: 17365: 17364:Vaginal flora 17362: 17360: 17357: 17356: 17354: 17350: 17347: 17345: 17342: 17340: 17337: 17336: 17334: 17330: 17327: 17325: 17322: 17320: 17317: 17315: 17312: 17311: 17309: 17305: 17302: 17300: 17297: 17296: 17294: 17290: 17287: 17285: 17282: 17281: 17279: 17275: 17272: 17270: 17267: 17265: 17262: 17260: 17257: 17256: 17255: 17254:Substance use 17252: 17250: 17247: 17245: 17242: 17240: 17237: 17236: 17234: 17232: 17229: 17227: 17224: 17220: 17217: 17215: 17212: 17210: 17207: 17206: 17204: 17202: 17199: 17198: 17196: 17194: 17190: 17184: 17181: 17179: 17176: 17174: 17171: 17169: 17168:Fundal height 17166: 17164: 17161: 17159: 17156: 17155: 17153: 17151: 17147: 17141: 17138: 17136: 17133: 17131: 17128: 17126: 17123: 17122: 17120: 17116: 17113: 17109: 17099: 17096: 17094: 17091: 17089: 17086: 17084: 17081: 17079: 17076: 17074: 17071: 17069: 17066: 17064: 17061: 17059: 17056: 17054: 17051: 17049: 17046: 17042: 17039: 17037: 17034: 17032: 17029: 17028: 17027: 17024: 17022: 17019: 17017: 17014: 17012: 17009: 17005: 17002: 17000: 16997: 16995: 16992: 16991: 16990: 16986: 16983: 16982: 16980: 16976: 16970: 16967: 16965: 16962: 16960: 16957: 16953: 16950: 16949: 16948: 16945: 16943: 16940: 16938: 16935: 16933: 16930: 16928: 16925: 16921: 16920:Preterm birth 16918: 16917: 16916: 16913: 16911: 16908: 16907: 16905: 16901: 16895: 16892: 16890: 16887: 16885: 16884:Hypnobirthing 16882: 16880: 16877: 16876: 16874: 16870: 16867: 16865: 16861: 16855: 16852: 16850: 16847: 16845: 16842: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16825: 16822: 16820: 16817: 16815: 16812: 16810: 16807: 16805: 16802: 16801: 16799: 16795: 16789: 16786: 16784: 16781: 16777: 16774: 16773: 16772: 16769: 16767: 16764: 16762: 16761:3D ultrasound 16759: 16758: 16756: 16752: 16746: 16743: 16741: 16738: 16734: 16731: 16729: 16726: 16724: 16721: 16719: 16716: 16714: 16711: 16710: 16709: 16706: 16705: 16703: 16701: 16697: 16691: 16688: 16686: 16683: 16681: 16678: 16676: 16675:Birth control 16673: 16672: 16670: 16668: 16664: 16660: 16656: 16649: 16644: 16642: 16637: 16635: 16630: 16629: 16626: 16619: 16614: 16609: 16607: 16597: 16595: 16585: 16584: 16581: 16568: 16560: 16558: 16557: 16548: 16547: 16544: 16538: 16535: 16533: 16530: 16528: 16525: 16523: 16520: 16518: 16517:Bennett's law 16515: 16514: 16512: 16508: 16502: 16499: 16497: 16494: 16492: 16489: 16487: 16484: 16482: 16479: 16477: 16474: 16472: 16469: 16467: 16464: 16462: 16459: 16457: 16454: 16452: 16449: 16447: 16444: 16443: 16441: 16438:organizations 16433: 16427: 16424: 16420: 16417: 16415: 16412: 16410: 16407: 16406: 16405: 16402: 16400: 16397: 16395: 16392: 16391: 16389: 16385: 16379: 16376: 16374: 16371: 16370: 16368: 16364: 16358: 16355: 16353: 16350: 16346: 16343: 16341: 16338: 16336: 16333: 16331: 16328: 16326: 16323: 16322: 16321: 16318: 16316: 16313: 16311: 16308: 16304: 16301: 16299: 16296: 16294: 16291: 16289: 16286: 16285: 16284: 16281: 16277: 16274: 16273: 16272: 16269: 16267: 16265: 16261: 16259: 16256: 16255: 16253: 16247: 16241: 16238: 16236: 16233: 16231: 16228: 16226: 16225:Kaya identity 16223: 16220: 16216: 16214: 16211: 16209: 16206: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16193: 16187: 16184: 16182: 16179: 16177: 16174: 16170: 16167: 16166: 16165: 16162: 16160: 16157: 16156: 16154: 16151: 16144: 16138: 16135: 16133: 16130: 16128: 16125: 16123: 16120: 16118: 16115: 16113: 16110: 16108: 16105: 16104: 16102: 16098: 16094: 16087: 16082: 16080: 16075: 16073: 16068: 16067: 16064: 16052: 16047: 16042: 16041: 16038: 16030: 16027: 16026: 16025: 16022: 16018: 16015: 16014: 16013: 16010: 16008: 16005: 16001: 15998: 15997: 15996: 15993: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15983: 15981: 15978: 15974: 15971: 15969: 15966: 15964: 15961: 15959: 15956: 15955: 15954: 15951: 15949: 15946: 15942: 15939: 15938: 15937: 15933: 15930: 15929: 15927: 15925: 15919: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15901: 15898: 15897: 15896: 15893: 15891: 15888: 15884: 15881: 15879: 15876: 15875: 15874: 15871: 15869: 15866: 15864: 15861: 15859: 15856: 15852: 15849: 15847: 15844: 15843: 15842: 15839: 15835: 15832: 15831: 15830: 15827: 15825: 15822: 15820: 15817: 15816: 15814: 15812: 15808: 15802: 15799: 15795: 15792: 15790: 15787: 15786: 15785: 15782: 15780: 15777: 15775: 15772: 15770: 15767: 15765: 15762: 15760: 15757: 15755: 15752: 15748: 15745: 15744: 15743: 15740: 15738: 15735: 15733: 15730: 15728: 15727:Sex positions 15725: 15723: 15720: 15718: 15715: 15713: 15710: 15708: 15705: 15703: 15700: 15696: 15693: 15691: 15688: 15686: 15683: 15681: 15678: 15676: 15673: 15672: 15671: 15668: 15666: 15663: 15661: 15658: 15656: 15653: 15651: 15648: 15644: 15641: 15639: 15636: 15634: 15631: 15630: 15629: 15626: 15624: 15621: 15619: 15616: 15614: 15611: 15609: 15606: 15604: 15603:Forced orgasm 15601: 15599: 15596: 15594: 15591: 15589: 15586: 15584: 15581: 15579: 15576: 15574: 15571: 15569: 15566: 15564: 15561: 15559: 15556: 15554: 15551: 15549: 15546: 15544: 15541: 15539: 15536: 15535: 15533: 15531: 15527: 15521: 15520:United States 15518: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15491: 15488: 15487: 15485: 15483: 15479: 15473: 15470: 15468: 15465: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15457:Sexual ethics 15455: 15453: 15450: 15448: 15445: 15443: 15440: 15438: 15435: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15418: 15415: 15413: 15410: 15408: 15405: 15403: 15400: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15390: 15388: 15385: 15383: 15380: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15369: 15367: 15365: 15360: 15359:Relationships 15356: 15350: 15347: 15345: 15342: 15340: 15337: 15335: 15332: 15330: 15327: 15325: 15322: 15321: 15319: 15317: 15313: 15305: 15302: 15300: 15297: 15295: 15292: 15290: 15287: 15285: 15282: 15280: 15277: 15275: 15272: 15270: 15267: 15265: 15262: 15261: 15260: 15257: 15255: 15252: 15250: 15247: 15245: 15242: 15240: 15237: 15235: 15232: 15230: 15227: 15226: 15224: 15222: 15218: 15212: 15209: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15186:Gender binary 15184: 15183: 15181: 15179: 15175: 15171: 15165: 15162: 15160: 15157: 15155: 15152: 15148: 15147:Hyposexuality 15145: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15134: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15122: 15121:PLISSIT model 15118: 15115: 15113: 15112:Sex education 15110: 15108: 15105: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15087: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15060:Birth control 15058: 15057: 15055: 15053: 15048: 15044: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15023: 15020: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15012:Pre-ejaculate 15010: 15008: 15005: 15003: 15002:Pelvic thrust 15000: 14996: 14992: 14989: 14988: 14987: 14984: 14982: 14979: 14977: 14974: 14972: 14969: 14967: 14964: 14962: 14959: 14957: 14954: 14953: 14951: 14949: 14944: 14940: 14936: 14932: 14925: 14920: 14918: 14913: 14911: 14906: 14905: 14902: 14890: 14889: 14880: 14878: 14877: 14868: 14866: 14865: 14856: 14855: 14852: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14839: 14835: 14832: 14831: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14809: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14780: 14779: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14761: 14759: 14757: 14756:United States 14753: 14747: 14744: 14742: 14739: 14737: 14734: 14732: 14729: 14727: 14724: 14723: 14721: 14719: 14715: 14712: 14706: 14701: 14698: 14696: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14686: 14683: 14681: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14670:Disadvantaged 14668: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14655: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14633: 14632: 14631:Urinary tract 14629: 14623: 14620: 14619: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14609: 14608: 14607:Mental health 14605: 14604: 14595: 14592: 14586: 14583: 14582: 14581: 14578: 14577: 14576: 14573: 14569: 14566: 14565: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14555: 14546: 14543: 14537: 14534: 14533: 14532: 14529: 14527: 14524: 14523: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14516:Breast cancer 14514: 14512: 14509: 14508: 14506: 14504: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14489: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14471: 14468: 14467: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14444: 14441: 14440: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14430: 14428: 14426: 14425:against women 14420: 14417: 14411: 14401: 14400:Sex education 14398: 14396: 14393: 14391: 14388: 14386: 14383: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14364: 14361: 14360: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14333:Breast health 14331: 14329: 14326: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14313: 14312: 14309: 14308: 14305: 14299: 14296: 14292: 14289: 14288: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14277: 14274: 14273: 14271: 14269: 14263: 14260: 14254: 14242: 14239: 14238: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14219: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14204:Menstrual cup 14202: 14200: 14197: 14196: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14171: 14169: 14167: 14163: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14118: 14116: 14114: 14109: 14108:Contraception 14105: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14088: 14087: 14084: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14069:Childlessness 14067: 14066: 14065: 14062: 14061: 14059: 14057: 14054:Reproductive 14051: 14041: 14038: 14034: 14031: 14030: 14029: 14028:Sterilization 14026: 14024: 14021: 14019: 14016: 14014: 14011: 14009: 14006: 14004: 14001: 14000: 13997: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13979: 13976: 13975: 13974: 13971: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13958: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13926:Preterm birth 13924: 13922: 13919: 13918: 13916: 13914: 13910: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13892: 13891: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13861: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13850: 13847: 13845: 13842: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13831: 13829: 13827: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13812: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13762: 13761:Clitoral hood 13759: 13758: 13757: 13754: 13753: 13752: 13749: 13748: 13746: 13744: 13738: 13735: 13732: 13729:Reproductive 13725: 13721: 13717: 13709: 13704: 13702: 13697: 13695: 13690: 13689: 13686: 13674: 13671: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13650: 13648: 13639: 13638: 13635: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13607: 13604: 13603: 13602: 13601:Reforestation 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13556:Cultured meat 13554: 13552: 13549: 13547: 13544: 13542: 13539: 13537: 13536:Birth control 13534: 13532: 13529: 13528: 13526: 13524: 13520: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13481: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13358:Deforestation 13356: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13343: 13342: 13339: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13321: 13320: 13317: 13316: 13314: 13312: 13308: 13302: 13299: 13295: 13292: 13291: 13290: 13287: 13283: 13280: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13264: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13187: 13186: 13183: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13135: 13134: 13133:Manufacturing 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13081:nuclear power 13079: 13077: 13076:fracking (US) 13074: 13072: 13069: 13068: 13067: 13064: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13041: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12984: 12983: 12980: 12979: 12977: 12975: 12971: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12943: 12940: 12939: 12938: 12935: 12931: 12928: 12927: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12907: 12905: 12901: 12897: 12890: 12885: 12883: 12878: 12876: 12871: 12870: 12867: 12855: 12852: 12851: 12849: 12845: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12826: 12824: 12822: 12816: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12791: 12789: 12787: 12781: 12778: 12774: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12759: 12757: 12755: 12751: 12745: 12744:Yuzpe regimen 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12721: 12719: 12715: 12711: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12681: 12679: 12677: 12673: 12663: 12660: 12659: 12657: 12655: 12651: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12631: 12629: 12627: 12623: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12593: 12591: 12589: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12574: 12567: 12564: 12561: 12558: 12557: 12555: 12553: 12552:Sterilization 12549: 12542: 12538: 12534: 12531: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12519: 12516: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12509:contraception 12504: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12474: 12472: 12468: 12463: 12462:Birth control 12456: 12451: 12449: 12444: 12442: 12437: 12436: 12433: 12421: 12418: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12408:child benefit 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12395: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12382: 12380: 12376: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12351: 12349: 12345: 12337: 12336:birth control 12334: 12332: 12329: 12328: 12327: 12326:United States 12324: 12320: 12317: 12316: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12278: 12276: 12272: 12266: 12263: 12259: 12256: 12255: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12230: 12228: 12224: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12184: 12182: 12180: 12176: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12146: 12144: 12140: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12123:Prenatal care 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12080: 12078: 12076: 12072: 12064: 12061: 12060: 12058: 12054: 12051: 12050: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12040: 12038: 12036: 12032: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12005: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11992: 11990: 11988: 11982: 11976: 11975:Sterilization 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11947: 11945: 11943: 11942:Contraception 11939: 11933: 11930: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11917: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11910:Birth spacing 11908: 11906: 11905:childlessness 11902: 11901:Childfreeness 11899: 11898: 11896: 11894: 11890: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11873:Sex education 11871: 11870: 11868: 11864: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11847: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11822: 11820: 11818: 11814: 11810: 11803: 11798: 11796: 11791: 11789: 11784: 11783: 11780: 11774: 11770: 11767: 11763: 11759: 11747: 11743: 11741: 11737: 11736:Birth control 11732: 11728: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11716: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11701: 11696: 11695:Birth control 11691: 11676: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11658: 11654: 11650: 11645: 11641: 11635: 11628: 11627: 11621: 11617: 11613: 11609: 11605: 11599: 11595: 11589: 11585: 11581: 11576: 11572: 11566: 11562: 11558: 11553: 11549: 11545: 11539: 11535: 11534: 11528: 11527: 11505: 11501: 11497: 11491: 11483: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11465: 11461: 11457: 11453: 11449: 11442: 11434: 11430: 11426: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11408: 11404: 11400: 11393: 11385: 11381: 11377: 11370: 11362: 11358: 11352: 11348: 11347: 11339: 11331: 11327: 11321: 11317: 11316: 11308: 11300: 11296: 11292: 11288: 11284: 11280: 11276: 11272: 11268: 11264: 11260: 11253: 11245: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11227: 11223: 11219: 11212: 11204: 11200: 11196: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11178: 11174: 11170: 11166: 11162: 11158: 11154: 11147: 11132: 11128: 11122: 11107: 11103: 11099: 11095: 11088: 11073: 11069: 11062: 11047: 11043: 11036: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11005: 10997: 10993: 10986: 10970: 10966: 10960: 10945: 10941: 10935: 10920: 10916: 10909: 10894: 10890: 10884: 10869: 10865: 10858: 10850: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10832: 10828: 10824: 10820: 10819:Contraception 10816: 10809: 10801: 10797: 10793: 10789: 10785: 10781: 10780:Contraception 10774: 10759: 10752: 10745: 10730: 10726: 10722: 10718: 10711: 10696: 10692: 10685: 10670: 10666: 10662: 10658: 10651: 10643: 10639: 10635: 10631: 10627: 10623: 10619: 10615: 10608: 10606: 10597: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10567: 10563: 10556: 10548: 10544: 10540: 10536: 10532: 10528: 10521: 10519: 10517: 10501: 10497: 10493: 10489: 10482: 10475: 10471: 10466: 10460:July 11, 2022 10459: 10455: 10450: 10435: 10431: 10425: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10405: 10401: 10397: 10393: 10386: 10378: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10360: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10342: 10338: 10334: 10327: 10325: 10323: 10306: 10302: 10296: 10281: 10277: 10270: 10254: 10250: 10243: 10227: 10223: 10217: 10201: 10197: 10191: 10183: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10165: 10161: 10158:(3): 214–20. 10157: 10153: 10149: 10142: 10123: 10116: 10110: 10102: 10101: 10093: 10078: 10074: 10068: 10060: 10056: 10050: 10042: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10014: 10010: 10006: 9999: 9991: 9987: 9981: 9977: 9976: 9968: 9960: 9956: 9950: 9946: 9945: 9937: 9929: 9925: 9919: 9915: 9914: 9906: 9898: 9894: 9890: 9886: 9882: 9878: 9874: 9870: 9863: 9855: 9851: 9845: 9841: 9840: 9832: 9824: 9820: 9814: 9810: 9809: 9801: 9793: 9789: 9783: 9781: 9772: 9768: 9764: 9760: 9753: 9737: 9733: 9727: 9711: 9707: 9701: 9693: 9687: 9683: 9676: 9668: 9664: 9658: 9654: 9653: 9645: 9630: 9626: 9619: 9611: 9607: 9601: 9597: 9596: 9588: 9580: 9576: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9561: 9553: 9545: 9541: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9526: 9521: 9517: 9511: 9495: 9491: 9487: 9481: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9446: 9438: 9434: 9430: 9426: 9422: 9418: 9411: 9400:September 11, 9395: 9391: 9384: 9373: 9369: 9362: 9355: 9347: 9341: 9337: 9332: 9331: 9322: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9298: 9294: 9290: 9286: 9279: 9271: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9230: 9222: 9218: 9212: 9208: 9207: 9199: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9169: 9161: 9157: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9136: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9106: 9098: 9091: 9082: 9073: 9065: 9059: 9055: 9050: 9049: 9040: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9007: 8992: 8988: 8982: 8974: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8925: 8916: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8884: 8880: 8873: 8865: 8858: 8849: 8841: 8835: 8831: 8824: 8808: 8804: 8800: 8793: 8785: 8778: 8776: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8752: 8744: 8742:9780151712885 8738: 8734: 8729: 8728: 8719: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8701:9781439136034 8697: 8693: 8686: 8678: 8674: 8670: 8664: 8660: 8659: 8651: 8649: 8647: 8630: 8626: 8620: 8612: 8608: 8604: 8598: 8594: 8587: 8572: 8568: 8562: 8560: 8552: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8534: 8527: 8519: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8501: 8497: 8496: 8488: 8480: 8476: 8470: 8466: 8465: 8457: 8449: 8443: 8439: 8438:Birth Control 8432: 8424: 8420: 8414: 8410: 8409: 8401: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8371: 8369: 8367: 8358: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8343: 8335: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8304: 8296: 8292: 8286: 8282: 8281: 8273: 8265: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8242:(3): 429–48. 8241: 8237: 8230: 8222: 8218: 8217:New Scientist 8214: 8207: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8176:(3): 523–40. 8175: 8171: 8164: 8153: 8149: 8142: 8136: 8134: 8132: 8123: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8108: 8103: 8096: 8088: 8082: 8078: 8077: 8069: 8067: 8065: 8063: 8061: 8059: 8057: 8048: 8042: 8038: 8037: 8029: 8021: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8000: 7998: 7989: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7968: 7960: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7939: 7937: 7935: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7885: 7883: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7839: 7837: 7828: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7803:(2): 137–43. 7802: 7798: 7794: 7787: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7744: 7736: 7730: 7726: 7719: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7696:(3): 259–63. 7695: 7691: 7690:Contraception 7684: 7682: 7680: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7658: 7654: 7648: 7632: 7628: 7622: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7599: 7597: 7588: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7563:(1): 152–74. 7562: 7558: 7554: 7547: 7545: 7543: 7534: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7491: 7489: 7480: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7443: 7441: 7439: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7395: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7364:(2): 107–10. 7363: 7359: 7352: 7350: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7332: 7327: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7284: 7276: 7272: 7266: 7262: 7261: 7253: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7226: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7193:(3): 168–74. 7192: 7188: 7184: 7177: 7175: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7151: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7122:Contraception 7115: 7107: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7066: 7050: 7046: 7040: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7005: 6997: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6956: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6932:NIHR Evidence 6929: 6922: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6891:(9): 887–95. 6890: 6886: 6879: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6852: 6844: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6762:(2): 158–68. 6761: 6757: 6750: 6748: 6731: 6727: 6720: 6712: 6708: 6702: 6698: 6697: 6689: 6681: 6677: 6671: 6667: 6666: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6645: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6604: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6582: 6574: 6570: 6564: 6560: 6559: 6551: 6543: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6518: 6510: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6467: 6465: 6456: 6450: 6446: 6445: 6437: 6429: 6423: 6419: 6418: 6410: 6395: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6380: 6372: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6345: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6322:(4): 269–70. 6321: 6317: 6310: 6295: 6289: 6285: 6284: 6276: 6261: 6255: 6251: 6250: 6242: 6234: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6209: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6179: 6177: 6168: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6127: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6104:(6): 407–10. 6103: 6099: 6098:Contraception 6092: 6090: 6078: 6074: 6068: 6061: 6060: 6053: 6051: 6042: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 5999: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5969: 5965: 5958: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5927:(2): 113–23. 5926: 5922: 5915: 5913: 5904: 5898: 5894: 5893: 5885: 5877: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5806:(3): 383–90. 5805: 5801: 5794: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5751: 5749: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5692: 5688: 5682: 5678: 5677: 5669: 5661: 5657: 5651: 5647: 5646: 5638: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5595: 5586: 5577: 5568: 5559: 5550: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5528: 5524: 5517: 5509: 5505: 5499: 5495: 5494: 5486: 5471: 5467: 5461: 5453: 5449: 5443: 5439: 5438: 5430: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5395: 5387: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5346: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5312: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5266: 5259: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5237: 5236: 5228: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5197:Contraception 5194: 5187: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5164:(5): 447–64. 5163: 5159: 5158:Contraception 5155: 5148: 5140: 5136: 5130: 5126: 5125: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5104: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5079:(5): 340–50. 5078: 5074: 5070: 5063: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5041: 5040: 5032: 5030: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4978: 4969: 4965: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4944: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4895: 4887: 4883: 4877: 4873: 4872: 4865: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4836:Contraception 4830: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4800: 4792: 4788: 4782: 4778: 4777: 4769: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4747: 4746: 4738: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4697: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4666: 4658: 4654: 4648: 4644: 4643: 4636: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4605: 4603: 4594: 4590: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4569: 4561: 4557: 4551: 4547: 4546: 4538: 4536: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4504:(4): 235–40. 4503: 4499: 4492: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4408: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4377:(1): 139–47. 4376: 4372: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4329: 4327: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4291: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4227:(41): A5083. 4226: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4106: 4100: 4096: 4089: 4087: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4056: 4052: 4045: 4037: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4016: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3985: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3948: 3944: 3938: 3931: 3930: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3886:Contraception 3883: 3876: 3865: 3861: 3855: 3848: 3847: 3839: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3811: 3810: 3803: 3801: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3777:(5): 465–77. 3776: 3772: 3771:Contraception 3765: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3716: 3708: 3702: 3698: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3666: 3662: 3656: 3652: 3651: 3643: 3635: 3631: 3625: 3621: 3620: 3612: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3585: 3583: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3499: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3426:Contraception 3423: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3235: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3125: 3123: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3093: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3065: 3064: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3020: 3018: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2934: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2863: 2862: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2781:(3): 272–94. 2780: 2776: 2772: 2765: 2763: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2724: 2720: 2714: 2707: 2706: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2624: 2620: 2614: 2598: 2594: 2593:Health topics 2590: 2583: 2575: 2574: 2567: 2559: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2491: 2487: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2295:Free the Pill 2287: 2278: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2260:sexual health 2256: 2250:Accessibility 2247: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2226: 2224: 2223:Women Deliver 2221:(USAID), and 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2114: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2091: 2086: 2085: 2079: 2074: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2014:Carl Djerassi 2011: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1981: 1980: 1975: 1974:Supreme Court 1971: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1958:Comstock Laws 1955: 1954: 1949: 1946:In 1936, the 1944: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1916:Stella Browne 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1886: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1823: 1822:Victorian era 1818: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1798:Dudley Castle 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1746: 1742: 1741:ancient Greek 1737: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1714:Kahun Papyrus 1711: 1710:Ebers Papyrus 1708:The Egyptian 1704: 1700: 1695: 1689:Early history 1685: 1681: 1675: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1653: 1651: 1645: 1637: 1624: No data 1601: 1575: 1549: 1548: 1542: 1537: 1527: 1525: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1492: 1487: 1483: 1473: 1471: 1466: 1464: 1463:sex education 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1442: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1421: 1416: 1408: 1403: 1388: 1386: 1385:birth defects 1382: 1381:carbamazepine 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1323: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1294: 1289: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1273:breastfeeding 1270: 1266: 1260: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1189: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1145: 1140: 1131: 1128: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1084: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1069: 1068:salpingectomy 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1040:Sterilization 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1022:Dalkon shield 1019: 1015: 1014:hormonal IUDs 1011: 1006: 1004: 1003:breastfeeding 999: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 971: 958: 951: 946: 942: 938: 934: 927: 922: 919: 918:female condom 912: 907: 904: 901: 894: 889: 885: 878: 873: 872: 871: 869: 864: 859: 857: 851: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 824: 822: 818: 814: 810: 809:cervical caps 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 777: 770: 765: 762: 755: 750: 743: 738: 734: 727: 722: 721: 720: 718: 714: 711:minimize the 710: 706: 702: 698: 692: 690: 686: 682: 678: 673: 671: 667: 663: 659: 654: 652: 648: 647:fertilization 644: 643:birth defects 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 587: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 563: 559: 557: 553: 549: 543: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 484: 482: 477: 473: 472:sterilization 469: 465: 461: 451: 448: 443: 442: 438: 435: 432: 431: 427: 424: 421: 420: 416: 413: 410: 409: 405: 402: 399: 398: 394: 391: 388: 385: 384: 380: 377: 374: 373: 369: 366: 363: 362: 358: 355: 352: 351: 347: 344: 341: 340: 336: 333: 331:Condom (male) 330: 329: 325: 322: 319: 318: 314: 311: 308: 307: 303: 300: 297: 296: 292: 289: 286: 285: 281: 278: 275: 274: 270: 267: 264: 263: 259: 256: 253: 252: 245: 214: 212: 207: 203: 198: 196: 192: 188: 184: 179: 175: 174:sex education 171: 166: 164: 161:may increase 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 103:vaginal rings 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 77:in males and 76: 72: 71:sterilization 68: 64: 59: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 40:contraception 37: 36:Birth control 33: 29: 22: 17244:Hypertension 17231:Immunization 17214:in pregnancy 17130:Amniotic sac 17083:Silent birth 17026:Presentation 16989:Bishop score 16959:Obstetrician 16849:Interstitial 16776:home testing 16674: 16554: 16366:Publications 16325:Antinatalism 16263: 16240:World3 model 16100:Major topics 15922:Religion and 15912:Webcam model 15851:Survival sex 15841:Prostitution 15811:Sex industry 15722:Sex in space 15650:Masturbation 15490:Ancient Rome 15467:Sexual slang 15259:Sexual abuse 15059: 14966:Insemination 14886: 14874: 14862: 14585:Hip fracture 14580:Osteoporosis 14321:Infibulation 14221:Dysmenorrhea 14214:Sanitary pad 14166:Menstruation 13894:Preeclampsia 13889:Hypertension 13773:Labia majora 13768:Labia minora 13535: 13294:urban sprawl 13289:Urbanization 13237:Particulates 13222:Overdrafting 12937:Human impact 12910:Anthropocene 12847:Experimental 12694:Cervical cap 12662:Ormeloxifene 12644:Vaginal ring 12616:Vaginal ring 12522:Hormonal IUD 12461: 12420:Abortion law 12403:bachelor tax 12053:vulvovaginal 11987:reproduction 11750:. Retrieved 11724: 11694: 11656: 11652: 11625: 11607: 11603: 11583: 11560: 11532: 11508:. Retrieved 11499: 11490: 11458:(1): 63–70. 11455: 11451: 11441: 11409:(1): 40–50. 11406: 11402: 11392: 11379: 11369: 11345: 11338: 11314: 11307: 11266: 11262: 11252: 11225: 11221: 11211: 11160: 11156: 11146: 11134:. Retrieved 11130: 11121: 11109:. Retrieved 11097: 11087: 11075:. Retrieved 11071: 11061: 11049:. Retrieved 11045: 11035: 11023:. Retrieved 11019:the original 11014: 11004: 10995: 10985: 10973:. Retrieved 10968: 10959: 10947:. Retrieved 10943: 10934: 10922:. Retrieved 10918: 10908: 10896:. Retrieved 10892: 10883: 10871:. Retrieved 10867: 10857: 10822: 10818: 10808: 10783: 10779: 10773: 10761:. Retrieved 10757: 10744: 10732:. Retrieved 10720: 10710: 10698:. Retrieved 10694: 10684: 10672:. Retrieved 10660: 10650: 10620:(2): 103–9. 10617: 10613: 10569: 10565: 10555: 10530: 10526: 10503:. Retrieved 10491: 10481: 10465: 10449: 10437:. 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July 2017 11719:‹ The 11659:(4): 1–66. 11136:October 12, 11111:October 12, 11077:October 12, 11051:October 12, 11025:October 12, 10990:Gorvett Z. 10975:October 12, 10949:October 12, 10924:October 12, 10898:October 12, 10873:October 12, 10763:October 12, 10082:October 15, 9188:October 20, 9178:www.pbs.org 8941:: 341–409. 8324:January 27, 5475:October 26, 5362:(1): 1–12. 4842:(1): 15–8. 2500:MedicineNet 2421:infertility 2352:polidocanol 2155:Protestants 1982:(1965) and 1885:Gibson Girl 1862:jumped bail 1757:Hippocratic 1664:each year. 1451:early birth 1441:miscarriage 1219:Deliberate 1083:nulliparous 1010:copper IUDs 709:desogestrel 639:miscarriage 576:breast exam 572:pelvic exam 554:recommends 257:Typical use 131:spermicides 17585:Categories 17545:Child care 17438:Postpartum 17397:Procedures 17349:Dermatoses 17205:Nutrition 17063:Home birth 16985:Pelvimetry 16864:Childbirth 16844:Unintended 16700:Conception 16659:childbirth 16436:Events and 16251:population 16197:Population 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Paris 10232:June 7, 10206:June 7, 10173:2835625 10032:6055351 9261:9128719 9099:. 2012. 8964:4203450 8813:May 28, 8786:. 2015. 8256:2173367 8190:9285280 7873:8257042 7818:3040375 7578:3115338 7524:7533104 7386:6346721 7318:6504198 7097:3619968 7055:May 20, 6945:May 31, 6834:7055045 6635:6823189 6355:Network 6158:3564677 6032:4738182 5867:8855505 5377:3259524 5094:4950459 4439:3413580 4193:3771677 4005:May 20, 3747:1070796 3564:6823189 3447:3638209 3225:9982712 2431:Animals 2330:Females 2319:Perrigo 1668:History 1391:Effects 1200:take a 937:barrier 848:nitrile 801:condoms 784:Barrier 611:patches 532:implant 500:condoms 452:<2% 428:0.4–5% 400:Implant 238:Methods 115:condoms 99:patches 17528:Infant 17453:Lochia 17239:Anemia 17158:Embryo 17031:breech 16910:Mother 16889:Lamaze 16266:genics 15980:Daoism 15883:Female 15846:Sacred 15759:Sumata 15578:Facial 15568:Edging 15244:Incest 15065:Condom 15047:Health 14991:Female 14986:Orgasm 14976:Libido 14841:Russia 14503:Cancer 14415:health 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