38:
628:
280:. Serotypes differ widely between individuals; therefore, if cells from one human (or animal) are introduced into another random human, those cells are often determined to be non-self because they do not match the self-serotype. For this reason, transplants between genetically non-identical humans often induce a problematic immune response in the recipient, leading to
500:
have 187 possible O antigens (6 later removed from list, 3 actually producing no LPS), 53 H antigens, and at least 72 K antigens. Among these three, the O antigen has the best correlation with lineages; as a result, the O antigen is used to define the "serogroup" and is also used to define strains in
594:, whereas the antigen H is tested with a bacterial suspension from a broth culture. The scheme classifies the serovar depending on its antigen formula obtained via the agglutination reactions. Additional serotyping methods and alternative subtyping methodologies have been reviewed by Wattiau et al.
1273:
Arredondo-Alonso, Sergio; Blundell-Hunter, George; Fu, Zuyi; Gladstone, Rebecca A.; Fillol-Salom, Alfred; Loraine, Jessica; Cloutman-Green, Elaine; Johnsen, Pål J.; Samuelsen, Ørjan; Pöntinen, Anna K.; Cléon, François; Chavez-Bueno, Susana; De la Cruz, Miguel A.; Ares, Miguel A.; Vongsouvath,
233:. By analyzing which surface antigen-defining allele(s) are present, these methods can produce faster results. However, their results may not always agree with traditional serotyping, as they can fail to account for factors that affect the expression of antigen-determining genes.
573:
can be subdivided into six subspecies. The process to identify the serovar of the bacterium consists of finding the formula of surface antigens which represent the variations of the bacteria. The traditional method for determining the antigen formula is
1274:
Manivanh; Chmielarczyk, Agnieszka; Horner, Carolyne; Klein, Nigel; McNally, Alan; Reis, Joice N.; Penadés, José R.; Thomson, Nicholas R.; Corander, Jukka; Taylor, Peter W.; McCarthy, Alex J. (15 June 2023).
514:
are only classified by their O antigen, as they are non-motile and produce no flagella. Across the four "species", there are 15 + 11 + 20 + 2 = 48 serotypes. Some of these O antigens have equivalents in
479:
Some antigens are invariant among a taxonomic group. Presence of these antigens would not be useful for classification lower than the species level, but may inform identification. One example is the
242:
973:
Danan C, Fremy S, Moury F, Bohnert ML, Brisabois A (2009). "Determining the serotype of isolated
Salmonella strains in the veterinary sector using the rapid slide agglutination test".
185:. As a result, A9 is now known as a "broad" serotype. For organisms with many possible serotypes, first obtaining a polyvalent match can reduce the number of tests required.
446:. Variation in the O antigen can be caused by genetic differences in the biosynthetic pathway or the tranporter used to move the building-blocks to the outside of the cell.
615:
pathway is used by almost all gram-positive bacteria, by lactococci and streptococci (exopolysacchide), and is also responsible for group 1 and 4 Gram-negative capsules.
902:
1851:
Shobab, Leila; Pleyer, Uwe; Johnsen, Joerdis; Metzner, Sylvia; James, Erick R.; Torun, N.; Fay, Michael P.; Liesenfeld, Oliver; Grigg, Michael E. (1 November 2013).
1133:
Furthermore, the array identified the H types of 97% of the produce STEC strains compared to 65% by serology, including six strains that were mistyped by serology.
1387:
Liu, Bin; Furevi, Axel; Perepelov, Andrei V; Guo, Xi; Cao, Hengchun; Wang, Quan; Reeves, Peter R; Knirel, Yuriy A; Wang, Lei; Widmalm, Göran (24 November 2020).
268:
is capable of discerning a cell as being 'self' or 'non-self' according to that cell's serotype. In humans, that serotype is largely determined by
1792:
Cowan, Graeme J. M.; Creasey, Alison M.; Dhanasarnsombut, Kelwalin; Thomas, Alan W.; Remarque, Edmond J.; Cavanagh, David R. (26 October 2011).
188:
The binding between a surface antigen and the antiserum can be experimentally observed in many forms. A number of bacteria species, including
1071:
However, similar to all molecular assays, genotyping assay does not necessary correlate with phenotypic assay as genes may not be expressed.
1542:
Liu, Bin; Knirel, Yuriy A.; Feng, Lu; Perepelov, Andrei V.; Senchenkova, Sof'ya N.; Wang, Quan; Reeves, Peter R.; Wang, Lei (July 2008).
1716:
Yother, J (2011). "Capsules of
Streptococcus pneumoniae and other bacteria: paradigms for polysaccharide biosynthesis and regulation".
284:. In some situations, this effect can be reduced by serotyping both recipient and potential donors to determine the closest HLA match.
1085:"Novel microarray design for molecular serotyping of shiga toxin- producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from fresh produce"
1145:
Frohn C, Fricke L, Puchta JC, Kirchner H (February 2001). "The effect of HLA-C matching on acute renal transplant rejection".
276:. Cells determined to be non-self are usually recognized by the immune system as foreign, causing an immune response, such as
1197:
777:
748:
1902:
Balouz, Virginia; Bracco, Leonel; Ricci, Alejandro D.; Romer, Guadalupe; Agüero, Fernán; Buscaglia, Carlos A. (March 2021).
1989:
1794:"A Malaria Vaccine Based on the Polymorphic Block 2 Region of MSP-1 that Elicits a Broad Serotype-Spanning Immune Response"
1634:
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in serotyping. Minute genetic differences in the components of the flagella lead to variations detectable by antibodies.
1979:
1994:
1009:
534:
273:
676:
is notorious for its many surface antigen variants. A certain vaccine candidate is designed to cover all of these
1585:"Same species, different diseases: how and why typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars differ"
590:, which reacts with the antigen to produce a mass. The antigen O is tested with a bacterial suspension from an
480:
123:, has over 200 serotypes, based on cell antigens. Only two of them have been observed to produce the potent
210:
are traditionally detected using a slide agglutination test. HLA types are originally determined with the
430:
Most bacteria produce antigenic substances on the outer surface that can be distinguished by serotyping.
416:
225:"Molecular serotyping" refers to methods that replace the antibody-based test with a test based on the
157:
that bind to a set of known antigens. Some antisera detect multiple known antigens and are known as
1031:
Serotyping Assay With
Traditional Serotyping and Discordance Resolution by Whole Genome Sequencing"
211:
190:
1661:"Methodologies for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica subtyping: gold standards and alternatives"
754:
575:
269:
17:
638:
461:
435:
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Wang, L; Wang, Q; Reeves, PR (2010). "The
Variation of O Antigens in Gram-Negative Bacteria".
37:
1984:
672:
1805:
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473:
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1753:"Serotypes of Plasmodium falciparum defined by immune serum inhibition of in vitro growth"
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on the outer membrane. The outermost portion of the LPS accessible to antibodies is the
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Serotyping often plays an essential role in determining species and subspecies. The
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813:"A Serological Differentiation of Human and Other Groups of Hemolytic Streptococci"
579:
484:
277:
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1335:"Enterobacterial Common Antigen: Synthesis and Function of an Enigmatic Molecule"
860:
Fussell H, Thomas M, Street J, Darke C (1996). "HLA-A9 antibodies and epitopes".
115:
1223:"Serology and genetics of the flagellar antigen of Escherichia coli O157:H7a,7c"
1221:
Ratiner, YA; Salmenlinna, S; Eklund, M; Keskimäki, M; Siitonen, A (March 2003).
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1300:
697:
250:
82:
1025:
Luo Y, Huang C, Ye J, Octavia S, Wang H, Dunbar SA, et al. (2020-09-07).
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serotype is determined by the unique combination of reactions of cell surface
27:
Distinct variation within a species of bacteria or virus or among immune cells
1963:
1919:
1601:
1047:
925:"Capsular serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae using the Quellung reaction"
265:
78:
1869:
1853:"Toxoplasma Serotype Is Associated With Development of Ocular Toxoplasmosis"
1405:
1083:
Lacher, DW; Gangiredla, J; Jackson, SA; Elkins, CA; Feng, PC (August 2014).
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of bacteria, for example, has been determined to have over 2600 serotypes.
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881:
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219:
124:
1276:"Evolutionary and functional history of the Escherichia coli K1 capsule"
662:
Many other organisms can be classified using recognition by antibodies.
627:
591:
230:
106:
46:
31:
541:. To date, more than 2600 different serotypes have been identified. A
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62:
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246:
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The LPS (O) and capsule (K) antigens are themselves important
89:, allowing the epidemiologic classification of organisms to a
1493:"EK3D: an E. coli K antigen 3-dimensional structure database"
1082:
348:
331:
313:
110:
70:
1904:"Serological Approaches for Trypanosoma cruzi Strain Typing"
1184:. Subcellular Biochemistry. Vol. 53. pp. 123–52.
45:
2a and 2b on surface, which are recognized by two distinct
1850:
1437:
553:, the O and H antigens are used. There are two species of
1491:
Kunduru, BR; Nair, SA; Rathinavelan, T (4 January 2016).
1144:
607:
has 93 capsular serotypes. 91 of these serotypes use the
258:
996:. Clinical Immunobiology. Vol. 4. pp. 99–111.
859:
537:
scheme is the basis for naming the manifold serovars of
1635:"Serotypes and the Importance of Serotyping Salmonella"
1490:
1389:"Structure and genetics of Escherichia coli O antigens"
93:. A group of serovars with common antigens is called a
1901:
1541:
972:
1658:
1386:
173:
is now subdivided into two more specific serotypes ("
923:
Habib, M; Porter, BD; Satzke, C (24 February 2014).
903:"Laboratory Protocol: "Serotyping of Shigella spp.""
1582:
1750:
1659:Wattiau P, Boland C, Bertrand S (November 2011).
1024:
991:
922:
1961:
1035:Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
582:. The agglutination between the antigen and the
236:
1544:"Structure and genetics of Shigella O antigens"
1182:Endotoxins: Structure, Function and Recognition
85:are classified together based on their surface
1179:
804:
767:
743:(4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch.
735:Baron EJ (1996). Baron S; et al. (eds.).
229:sequence – therefore actually a kind of
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1266:
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1955:HLA Allele and Haplotype Frequency Database
1438:Wang L; Rothemund D; Reeves PR (May 2003).
1382:
1380:
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198:visible under a microscope. Others such as
1751:Chulay, JD; Haynes, JD; Diggs, CL (1985).
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968:
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853:
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768:Ryan KJ, Ray CG, Sherris JC, eds. (2004).
169:. For example, what was once described as
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700:, can be serotyped using whole parasites.
1484:
1431:
1377:
1333:Rai, AK; Mitchell, AM (11 August 2020).
798:The American Heritage Medical Dictionary
734:
240:
36:
1583:Gal-Mor O, Boyle EC, Grassl GA (2014).
963:
910:WHO Global Foodborne Infections Network
293:Serotypes according to HLA (MHC) locus
130:Serotypes were discovered in hemolytic
14:
1962:
1730:10.1146/annurev.micro.62.081307.162944
1715:
1665:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1089:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
897:
895:
893:
891:
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127:that results in cholera: O1 and O139.
119:, the species of bacteria that causes
1147:Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation
728:
817:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
622:
888:
519:, which also cladistically include
24:
1857:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
1002:10.1016/B978-0-12-070004-2.50012-8
874:10.1111/j.1399-0039.1996.tb02558.x
657:
149:is the process of determining the
25:
2006:
1948:
994:The Serology of HLA-A, -B, and -C
929:Journal of Visualized Experiments
800:. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2007.
688:can be classified into serotypes.
453:on motile bacteria is called the
61:is a distinct variation within a
1561:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00114.x
1227:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
626:
597:
274:major histocompatibility complex
272:(HLA), the human version of the
77:of different individuals. These
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1785:
1744:
1709:
1652:
1627:
1576:
1535:
1460:10.1128/JB.185.9.2936-2943.2003
1440:"Species-Wide Variation in the
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1239:10.1128/JCM.41.3.1033-1040.2003
1173:
1018:
214:. Newer procedures include the
153:of an organism, using prepared
134:by the American microbiologist
992:Kissmeyer-Nielsen, F. (1980).
985:
916:
786:
481:enterobacterial common antigen
13:
1:
1718:Annual Review of Microbiology
772:(4th ed.). McGraw Hill.
721:
535:Kauffman–White classification
526:
291:
237:Role in organ transplantation
41:Two serotypes 1a and 1b with
1819:10.1371/journal.pone.0026616
811:Lancefield RC (March 1933).
770:Sherris Medical Microbiology
741:Baron's Medical Microbiology
397:
380:
363:
345:
328:
310:
141:
7:
1990:Infraspecific bacteria taxa
1444:Flagellin (H-Antigen) Gene"
1190:10.1007/978-90-481-9078-2_6
704:
504:
501:taxonomy and epidemiology.
425:
10:
2011:
1301:10.1038/s41467-023-39052-w
618:
490:
253:with anti-A3 alloreactive
29:
1980:Biological classification
1589:Frontiers in Microbiology
1548:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
1393:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
414:
49:, 3a and 3b, respectively
1995:Infraspecific virus taxa
1920:10.1016/j.pt.2020.12.002
1602:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00391
1048:10.3389/fcimb.2020.00452
605:Streptococcus pneumoniae
586:is made with a specific
483:(ECA), universal to all
460:Some bacteria produce a
415:*DP and many Cw require
288:Human leukocyte antigens
212:complement fixation test
191:Streptococcus pneumoniae
30:Not to be confused with
1448:Journal of Bacteriology
270:human leukocyte antigen
91:level below the species
1908:Trends in Parasitology
1497:Nucleic Acids Research
635:This section is empty.
462:polysaccharide capsule
436:Gram-negative bacteria
434:Almost all species of
261:
50:
1870:10.1093/infdis/jit313
1406:10.1093/femsre/fuz028
1352:10.1128/mBio.01914-20
1280:Nature Communications
673:Plasmodium falciparum
474:pathogenicity factors
244:
40:
1685:10.1128/AEM.05527-11
1159:10.1093/ndt/16.2.355
1110:10.1128/AEM.01049-14
1027:"Comparison of xMAP
829:10.1084/jem.57.4.571
755:(via NCBI Bookshelf)
611:enzyme pathway. The
282:transplant rejection
1810:2011PLoSO...626616C
1677:2011ApEnM..77.7877W
1510:10.1093/nar/gkv1313
1292:2023NatCo..14.3294A
1101:2014ApEnM..80.4677L
571:Salmonella enterica
566:Salmonella enterica
438:produce a layer of
294:
257:containing Anti-A3
216:latex fixation test
560:Salmonella bongori
440:lipopolysaccharide
292:
262:
218:and various other
136:Rebecca Lancefield
51:
1199:978-90-481-9077-5
1095:(15): 4677–4682.
779:978-0-8385-8529-0
750:978-0-9631172-1-2
693:Trypanosoma cruzi
685:Toxoplasma gondii
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245:Agglutination of
196:Quellung reaction
16:(Redirected from
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1153:(2): 355–60.
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1911:
1907:
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227:nucleic acid
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132:streptococci
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114:
105:
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75:immune cells
58:
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52:
1286:(1): 3294.
125:enterotoxin
99:serocomplex
1975:Speciation
1964:Categories
1724:: 563–81.
1644:16 October
1029:Salmonella
722:References
592:agar plate
555:Salmonella
551:Salmonella
543:Salmonella
539:Salmonella
528:Salmonella
231:genotyping
208:Salmonella
167:monovalent
159:polyvalent
147:Serotyping
107:Salmonella
47:antibodies
32:Stereotype
794:"Serovar"
716:Morphovar
678:serotypes
670:pathogen
466:K antigen
455:H antigen
444:O antigen
298:HLA Locus
249:positive
142:Procedure
138:in 1933.
95:serogroup
73:or among
1970:Serology
1938:33436314
1889:23878321
1838:22073118
1798:PLOS ONE
1738:21721938
1703:21856826
1621:25136336
1570:18422615
1529:26615200
1478:12700273
1425:31778182
1371:32788387
1320:37322051
1311:10272209
1257:12624026
1208:20593265
1167:11158412
1129:24837388
1067:33014887
957:24637727
847:19870148
705:See also
588:antisera
584:antibody
547:antigens
521:Shigella
512:Shigella
506:Shigella
451:flagella
426:Bacteria
255:antisera
200:Shigella
155:antisera
151:serotype
87:antigens
67:bacteria
55:serotype
43:antigens
1929:8900812
1880:3789564
1829:3202563
1806:Bibcode
1779:3893775
1770:2536403
1694:3209009
1673:Bibcode
1612:4120697
1595:: 391.
1520:4702918
1416:7685785
1362:7439462
1288:Bibcode
1120:4148803
1097:Bibcode
1058:7504902
1041:: 452.
981:: 13–8.
948:4131683
882:8773320
838:2132252
668:malaria
619:Viruses
517:E. coli
498:E. coli
492:E. coli
417:SSP-PCR
204:E. coli
183:HLA-A24
179:HLA-A23
121:cholera
63:species
59:serovar
18:Serovar
1936:
1926:
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711:Biovar
580:slides
549:. For
247:HLA-A3
206:) and
171:HLA-A9
1345:(4).
906:(PDF)
202:(and
163:broad
111:genus
83:cells
71:virus
1934:PMID
1885:PMID
1834:PMID
1775:PMID
1734:PMID
1699:PMID
1646:2014
1617:PMID
1566:PMID
1525:PMID
1474:PMID
1421:PMID
1367:PMID
1339:mBio
1316:PMID
1253:PMID
1204:PMID
1194:ISBN
1163:PMID
1125:PMID
1063:PMID
1006:ISBN
953:PMID
878:PMID
843:PMID
774:ISBN
745:ISBN
666:The
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1916:doi
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1865:doi
1861:208
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1814:doi
1765:PMC
1726:doi
1689:PMC
1681:doi
1639:CDC
1607:PMC
1597:doi
1556:doi
1515:PMC
1505:doi
1464:PMC
1456:doi
1452:185
1411:PMC
1401:doi
1357:PMC
1347:doi
1306:PMC
1296:doi
1243:PMC
1235:doi
1186:doi
1155:doi
1115:PMC
1105:doi
1053:PMC
1043:doi
998:doi
943:PMC
933:doi
870:doi
833:PMC
825:doi
739:In:
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613:Wzy
609:Wzy
325:15
259:IgM
161:or
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