654:
304:
176:
751:
1025:
733:
prevalence is actually higher than the measured value, since murine typhus is often underreported and misdiagnosed because of its non-specific and mild clinical presentation (fever, headache, generalized pain, and rashes). Undiagnosed infections are predicted to outnumber reported cases by 4:1. A
692:
causative agent from nearly every continent around the globe except for
Antarctica. In addition to the widespread distribution, the bacterium is particularly concentrated in regions that boast warmer climates year-round and hug the coasts. This predilection is due to these regions' favourable
1625:
862:
vector) through a blood meal, and is then transmitted from an infected flea to another susceptible rat through direct contact with the infectious feces or tissues of the vector. Transmission through contact with arthropod feces may be through an open wound, the
724:
programs to remove the flea and rodent reservoirs responsible for rickettsial transmission in urban dwellings. Murine typhus infections in the present are more sporadic and infrequent, with fewer than 100 cases reported in the US annually. Nevertheless,
1095:
assays and western blot analysis together provide reliable differentiation among the species. Serum cross-adsorbent analysis alone is also a reliable method for differentiation, as cross reaction between the two species is common.
1086:
There are various methods to differentiate among the typhus group members. One method is through restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), which can differentiate the two species based on the ompB gene and associated
922:
in indoor environments, typically affecting individuals in occupations or living conditions that surround heavy rodent and flea populations. The murine typhus disease is generally considered a mild affliction, with a 4%
1125:
McLeod, Michael P.; Qin, Xiang; Karpathy, Sandor E.; Gioia, Jason; Highlander, Sarah K.; Fox, George E.; McNeill, Thomas Z.; Jiang, Huaiyang; Muzny, Donna; Jacob, Leni S.; Hawes, Alicia C. (2004-09-01).
729:
is still regarded as a bacterium of considerable public health significance, and outbreaks are commonly reported in the
Southern US, Southern Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. It is estimated that
720:
Historically, thousands of murine typhus cases were reported in the United States every year; however, the disease experienced a sudden decline in incidence in the 1940s with the implementation of
915:
agent with humans serving as aberrant dead-end hosts, and thus do not play an ecological role in the bacterium's transmission and lifecycle. Humans are most commonly infected through flea and rat
855:
and rarely dogs. Cats and opossums are thought to be fairly significant reservoirs for murine typhus in urban environments due to their unpicky ectoparasites and close association with humans.
497:
from the rat flea is affected by contact with rickettsia-containing flea feces during or after blood feeding, as well as via flea bite. The rickettsiae have no harmful effects on the
1188:
Mansueto, Pasquale; Vitale, Giustina; Cascio, Antonio; Seidita, Aurelio; Pepe, Ilenia; Carroccio, Antonio; di Rosa, Salvatore; Rini, Giovam
Battista; Cillari, Enrico (2011-09-06).
91:
to humans: a classic rat-flea-rat cycle that is most well studied and common, and a secondary periodomestic cycle that could involve cats, dogs, opossums, sheep, and their fleas.
2278:
Eremeeva, Marina E.; Warashina, Wesley R.; Sturgeon, Michele M.; Buchholz, Arlene E.; Olmsted, Gregory K.; Park, Sarah Y.; Effler, Paul V.; Karpathy, Sandor E. (October 2008).
2846:
Minervino, Antonio H.H.; Labruna, Marcelo B.; Dias, Salatiel R.; Costa, Francisco B.; Martins, Thiago F.; da Silva, Phablo N.S.; Faccini-MartĂnez, Ălvaro A. (September 2020).
2518:
Sorvillo, Frank J.; Gondo, Barbara; Emmons, Richard; Ryan, Patrick; Waterman, Stephen H.; Tilzer, Arthur; Andersen, Ellen M.; Murray, Robert A.; Barr, A. Ralph (1993-02-01).
653:
645:
is the antibiotic of choice as it is shown to shorten the course of illness, although 99% of those infected will clear the disease within weeks without specific treatment.
2678:"Development of quantitative real-time PCR assays to detect Rickettsia typhi and Rickettsia felis, the causative agents of murine typhus and flea-borne spotted fever"
3384:
2469:
Adjemian, Jennifer; Parks, Sharyn; McElroy, Kristina; Campbell, Jill; Eremeeva, Marina E.; Nicholson, William L.; McQuiston, Jennifer; Taylor, Jeffery (2010).
927:
in untreated patients. Proper murine typhus oversight is especially critical in elderly patients that often require hospitalization as the disease progresses.
436:
transmission from animal reservoirs to human: a classic rat-flea-rat cycle, and a peridomestic cycle involving cats, dogs, opossums, sheep, and their fleas.
1013:. The use of real-time PCR can allow for the detection and confirmation of R. typhi earlier than serological tests. Membrane protein ompB and prsA
97:
was once one of the most prevalent causes of rickettsial diseases worldwide, but has since experienced a drop in case reports with the implementation of
734:
recent study presented a clinical case of a patient that works in the
Brazilian Amazon and presented an unspecific febrile illness probably caused by
521:
Thus far, there have not been many studies on the periodomestic animal cycle of transmission, with the majority that have been done focusing on cats.
1822:"An Epidemiological Study of Endemic Typhus (Brill's Disease) in the Southeastern United States: With Special Reference to Its Mode of Transmission"
3358:
821:
has an incredibly wide host range and can thus transmit the bacterium to a broad set of mammalian hosts, including humans; members of the genus
252:
105:
is concentrated in warmer climate and coastal ports where there is an abundance of rats and their fleas, which are the preferred hosts for the
3397:
613:) are abundant. Humans acquire infection by inhalation or by self-inoculating infected fleas or flea feces into skin when they visit disease-
327:. During this period, less severe and untraceable cases began appearing. These cases were characterized by fever, rash, headache, as well as
1091:, which has a unique sequence for each species. Serological methods are also useful. It has been shown that utilizing indirect fluorescent
1009:
down to the species level. Microimmunofluorescence is a highly sensitive test that is often used in endemic areas to confirm infection by
331:
and gastro intestinal signs. Epidemiologist
Kenneth F Maxy recognized this and began questioning and isolating the presence of another
3345:
2570:
Nogueras, MarĂa-Mercedes; Pons, Immaculada; Pla, JĂșlia; Ortuño, Anna; Miret, Jaime; Sanfeliu, Isabel; Segura, Ferran (2013-04-12).
2399:
Nogueras, Maria
Mercedes; Pons, Immaculada; Ortuño, Ana; Miret, Jaime; Pla, Julia; Castellà , Joaquim; Segura, Ferran (2013-08-06).
2812:
Blanton, Lucas S.; Dumler, J. Stephen; Walker, David H. (2015-01-01), Bennett, John E.; Dolin, Raphael; Blaser, Martin J. (eds.),
2245:
3371:
871:
of the mammalian host. There is evidence that flea bite transmission is possible as well after the bacterium undergoes a certain
2018:
Rauch, Jessica; Eisermann, Philip; Noack, Bernd; Mehlhoop, Ute; Muntau, Birgit; SchÀfer, Johannes; Tappe, Dennis (July 2018).
1299:
Rauch, Jessica; Eisermann, Philip; Noack, Bernd; Mehlhoop, Ute; Muntau, Birgit; SchÀfer, Johannes; Tappe, Dennis (July 2018).
617:
areas infested with rats. Most patients present with a fever, and many have a rash and headache, although it can also lead to
546:
There is also some evidence that other domestic animals such as dogs and sheep, as well as opossums, could be involved in the
2825:
1582:
978:
However, serologic tests take about 15 days after the onset of symptoms for there to be diagnostically significant titers of
3376:
3034:"Development of a duplex real time PCR for the detection of Rickettsia spp. and typhus group rickettsia in clinical samples"
3083:"Comparative evaluation of two Rickettsia typhi-specific quantitative real-time PCRs for research and diagnostic purposes"
2676:
Henry, Katherine M.; Jiang, Ju; Rozmajzl, Patrick J.; Azad, Abdu F.; Macaluso, Kevin R.; Richards, Allen L. (2007-02-01).
2471:"Murine Typhus in Austin, Texas, USA, 2008 - Volume 16, Number 3âMarch 2010 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC"
601:
illness that is mainly transmitted by the fleas of rodents, commonly associated with cities and ports where urban rats (
621:, multisystem disease including infections of the brain, lung, liver, kidney, and heart endothelia. As these signs and
370:. Rickettsia species are generally broken into 3 groups, the spotted fever group, typhus group and scrub typhus group.
2120:
817:) rats. These globally distributed hosts are especially proficient at transmitting this rickettsiae for many reasons:
3081:
Papp, Stefanie; Rauch, Jessica; Kuehl, Svenja; Richardt, Ulricke; Keller, Christian; Osterloh, Anke (February 2017).
2103:
994:
samples. Even when stringent physiologic conditions are met, when grown in media that mimics the environment of host
2520:"A Suburban Focus of Endemic Typhus in Los Angeles County: Association with Seropositive Domestic Cats and Opossums"
2764:"Histopathology and Immunohistologic Demonstration of the Distribution of Rickettsia typhi in Fatal Murine Typhus"
1028:
Vitellus or "yolk" of an embryonic egg is a commonly used site for growth of the obligate intracellular bacterium
891:
infection that has no effect on host life span or reproductivity. Because of its versatility in transmission, the
2723:
Walker, D. H.; Feng, H. M.; Ladner, S.; Billings, A. N.; Zaki, S. R.; Wear, D. J.; Hightower, B. (October 1997).
3402:
1756:
Abdad, Mohammad Yazid; Abdallah, Rita Abou; Fournier, Pierre-Edouard; Stenos, John; Vasoo, Shawn (2018-08-01).
539:
infections from cats, but instead an association between high rates of infected cats related to human cases of
3198:"Serological Differentiation of Murine Typhus and Epidemic Typhus Using Cross-Adsorption and Western Blotting"
3136:
Peniche-Lara, Gaspar; Zavala-Velazquez, Jorge; Dzul-Rosado, Karla; Walker, D.H.; Zavala-Castro, Jorge (2013).
2342:
Gillespie, Joseph J.; Ammerman, Nicole C.; Beier-Sexton, Magda; Sobral, Bruno S.; Azad, Abdu F. (2009-03-01).
629:
is difficult to diagnose clinically. In addition to non-uniform and non-specific symptoms, there is a lack of
2762:
Walker, David H.; Parks, Francis M.; Betz, Thomas G.; Taylor, Jeffery P.; Muehlberger, Joan W. (1989-06-01).
2725:"Immunohistochemical diagnosis of typhus rickettsioses using an anti-lipopolysaccharide monoclonal antibody"
1423:"Laboratory diagnosis of rickettsioses: current approaches to diagnosis of old and new rickettsial diseases"
858:
The bacterium transmits from an infected rat (or other mammalian host) to a susceptible rat flea (or other
709:
could be introduced through the international movement of ships. These ports can subsequently transfer the
2083:
717:
infections are also reported from late Spring to early Autumn when flea populations are especially high.
432:
is a flea-borne disease organism and is widely distributed throughout the world. There are two cycles in
175:
2813:
1570:
401:
level 2/3 organism (dependent upon the tissue being worked with). As obligate intracellular pathogens, R
83:, displaying non-specific mild symptoms of fevers, headaches, pains and rashes. There are two cycles of
3297:
3196:
La Scola, Bernard; Rydkina, Lena; Ndihokubwayo, Jean-Bosco; Vene, Sirkka; Raoult, Didier (2000-07-01).
1972:
113:
is transmitted between competent flea and mammalian hosts through flea bites and contact with infected
637:
may generally be clinically mild, but severe and even fatal cases have been reported. The severity of
421:, with little control over directionality and speed, and are often seen moving in a circular pattern.
3412:
2677:
944:
876:
137:
1758:"A Concise Review of the Epidemiology and Diagnostics of Rickettsioses: Rickettsia and Orientia spp"
3032:
Giulieri, Stefano; Jaton, Katia; Cometta, Alain; Trellu, Laurence T.; Greub, Gilbert (2012-02-01).
2519:
2572:"The role of dogs in the eco-epidemiology of Rickettsia typhi, etiological agent of Murine typhus"
3448:
1128:"Complete Genome Sequence of Rickettsia typhi and Comparison with Sequences of Other Rickettsiae"
141:
1005:
Laboratory techniques such as real-time PCR and microimmunofluorescence can be used to identify
3363:
3259:
2818:
Mandell, Douglas, and
Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases (Eighth Edition)
896:
674:
614:
510:
386:
70:
29:
319:) ran rampant throughout many parts of the world. It was associated with high mortality, high
2847:
2019:
1300:
919:
841:. In addition to rats and their fleas, other hosts have been observed to naturally carry the
838:
574:
530:
475:
343:
275:
40:
3425:
633:
effective during the acute stages of the illness, leading to delayed appropriate treatment.
3319:
2412:
2132:
1696:"Identification of a novel rickettsial infection in a patient diagnosed with murine typhus"
1361:"Identification of a novel rickettsial infection in a patient diagnosed with murine typhus"
618:
418:
339:, he detailed this in an article released in 1926. Maxy speculated the presence of another
982:. And so the diagnosis is often confirmed after the patient has either recovered or died.
535:
which is a flea species that readily bites humans. So far, there has been no direct human
8:
2763:
2470:
875:
in the arthropod vector. Female fleas can also pass the infection onto offspring through
710:
697:, leading to their greater abundance and ability to maintain the rickettsial organism as
502:
207:
2416:
2136:
1988:
1869:"Clinical, Laboratory, and Epidemiologic Features of Murine Typhus in 97 Texas Children"
1694:
Schriefer, M. E.; Sacci, J. B.; Dumler, J. S.; Bullen, M. G.; Azad, A. F. (1994-04-01).
1626:"Clinical, Laboratory, and Epidemiologic Features of Murine Typhus in 97 Texas Children"
3170:
3137:
3118:
2940:
2880:
2495:
2443:
2400:
2376:
2343:
2312:
2279:
2218:
2185:
2166:
2145:
2095:
2052:
1849:
1841:
1790:
1757:
1517:
1484:
1333:
1281:
1261:
1216:
1189:
956:
924:
792:
170:
1728:
1695:
1455:
1422:
1393:
1360:
1160:
1127:
738:
since the patient presented specific antibodies to this bacteria. This shows that the
3420:
3306:
3235:
3230:
3217:
3197:
3175:
3157:
3110:
3102:
3082:
3063:
3055:
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3033:
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3003:
2984:"Clinical and laboratory features of murine typhus in south Texas, 1980 through 1987"
2932:
2924:
2885:
2867:
2821:
2791:
2783:
2744:
2736:
2705:
2697:
2655:
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2599:
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2500:
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2381:
2363:
2317:
2299:
2257:
2223:
2205:
2158:
2150:
2099:
2057:
2039:
2000:
1992:
1898:
1890:
1795:
1777:
1733:
1715:
1655:
1647:
1578:
1522:
1504:
1460:
1442:
1438:
1398:
1380:
1338:
1320:
1273:
1265:
1221:
1165:
1147:
1143:
872:
864:
830:
801:
698:
498:
462:
2170:
1853:
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3311:
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2944:
2916:
2875:
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2775:
2689:
2637:
2583:
2531:
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2482:
2438:
2420:
2371:
2355:
2307:
2291:
2213:
2197:
2140:
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2047:
2031:
1984:
1880:
1833:
1785:
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1707:
1637:
1512:
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1388:
1372:
1328:
1312:
1257:
1211:
1201:
1155:
1139:
630:
382:
73:
typhus in humans that is distributed worldwide. As with all rickettsial organisms,
25:
3213:
1711:
1376:
486:
lice and bloodsucking mites of rats have been reported to be capable of acquiring
303:
2587:
2425:
684:
infection in mammals and fleas. Murine typhus was once one of the most prevalent
328:
98:
3389:
2184:
Azad, A. F.; Radulovic, S.; Higgins, J. A.; Noden, B. H.; Troyer, J. M. (1997).
49:
has an uncertain history, as it may have long gone shadowed by epidemic typhus (
3282:
2959:"Rickettsia typhi (Murine typhus)- Infectious Disease and Antimicrobial Agents"
2280:"Rickettsia typhi and R. felis in Rat Fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis), Oahu, Hawaii"
1885:
1868:
1642:
799:
species. The bacterium's lifecycle classically involves the
Oriental rat flea (
784:
694:
398:
227:
197:
54:
3098:
2983:
2693:
2535:
625:
are similar to those produced by other diseases, including other rickettsiae,
3442:
3221:
3161:
3135:
3106:
3059:
3007:
2999:
2928:
2871:
2787:
2740:
2701:
2651:
2595:
2543:
2434:
2367:
2359:
2303:
2209:
2154:
2043:
1996:
1894:
1781:
1719:
1651:
1508:
1446:
1384:
1324:
1269:
1246:"Experimental transmission of murine typhus by Xenopsylla cheopis flea bites"
1151:
769:
681:
677:
638:
634:
626:
594:
540:
467:
217:
102:
79:
66:
2779:
2571:
661:
is common in sea ports, where there is an abundance of rats and their fleas.
65:-borne disease that is best known to be the causative agent for the disease
3239:
3179:
3114:
3067:
2889:
2863:
2724:
2709:
2659:
2603:
2504:
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2385:
2321:
2295:
2201:
2162:
2061:
2035:
1902:
1799:
1659:
1569:
Eremeeva, Marina E.; Dasch, Gregory A. (2012-01-01), Long, Sarah S. (ed.),
1526:
1342:
1316:
1245:
1225:
1169:
960:
888:
887:
relationship with these insect and non-human hosts, as it only produces an
884:
721:
570:
406:
3015:
2936:
2795:
2748:
2551:
2227:
2004:
1867:
Whiteford, Sarah F.; Taylor, Jeffery P.; Dumler, J. Stephen (2001-03-01).
1737:
1624:
Whiteford, Sarah F.; Taylor, Jeffery P.; Dumler, J. Stephen (2001-03-01).
1464:
1402:
1277:
1206:
998:, pathogen activity cannot survive very long. A common method for growing
354:
has historically been under diagnosed compared to its typhus group member
3291:
2958:
2261:
1773:
1575:
Principles and
Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Fourth Edition)
948:
868:
788:
750:
642:
597:(endemic typhus) in humans and is distributed worldwide. It is an acute,
566:
346:
transmitting this new form of typhus, which would later be discovered as
1359:
Schriefer, M E; Sacci, J B; Dumler, J S; Bullen, M G; Azad, A F (1994).
3350:
2920:
2244:
TRAUB, R; R, TRAUB; JR, WISSEMAN CL; AZAD, ABDULRAHMAN FARHANG (1978).
1845:
1821:
1190:"New Insight into Immunity and Immunopathology of Rickettsial Diseases"
842:
773:
706:
685:
237:
121:
3153:
2344:"Louse- and flea-borne rickettsioses: biological and genomic analyses"
1024:
951:
cells, and serodiagnostic tests such as the Weil-Felix test, CF test,
3332:
2904:
1500:
1079:
995:
967:
936:
859:
834:
813:
807:
641:
infection has been associated with age, race, and delayed diagnosis.
609:
603:
455:
449:
340:
320:
125:
32:
3253:
1837:
362:
lead to the creation of the typhus group
Rickettsia, which contains
3337:
3276:
2642:
2625:
2341:
1092:
975:
912:
847:
837:
cells and increase the number of bacteria available to infect flea
414:
394:
312:
187:
133:
106:
2820:, Philadelphia: Content Repository Only!, pp. 2221â2224.e2,
2277:
1043:
1017:
fragments have been shown to be identifiable markers in qPCR for
622:
598:
152:
565:
enter the skin and spread through the bloodstream to infect the
3324:
3195:
1088:
1067:
991:
987:
796:
777:
713:
to nearby cities that line the main routes of trade. Spikes in
409:
using standard plating methods seen with most other organisms.
332:
509:
for life, giving them potential for infecting large number of
2626:"Murine Typhus: An Unrecognized Suburban Vectorborne Disease"
952:
324:
114:
2468:
895:
bacterium is very successful in perpetuating its numbers in
2401:"Molecular Detection of Rickettsia typhi in Cats and Fleas"
2017:
1755:
1485:"Host-cell interactions with pathogenic Rickettsia species"
1298:
1187:
1014:
781:
585:
577:, which is collectively known as 'Rickettsial vasculitis'
307:
Rickettsia typhus group rash, a common symptom of infection
62:
3031:
1693:
1358:
693:
climatic conditions for the survival of flea and wildlife
3138:"Simple Method to Differentiate among Rickettsia Species"
2845:
2183:
1577:, London: Content Repository Only!, pp. 930â938.e4,
851:), opossums, shrews, skunks, house mice and their fleas (
665:
136:. However, newer laboratory techniques such as real-time
2722:
2517:
2398:
990:
or sterile conditions, and must be grown in tissue, or
550:
transmission cycle, but studies are currently limited.
3080:
2675:
1124:
742:
geographical distribution can be wider than expected.
701:
in the environment. Seaports are exceptional foci for
2988:
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association
2761:
2569:
2524:
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1866:
1623:
1035:
405:
can be difficult to isolate, and are not able to be
3142:
Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology
2811:
2186:"Flea-borne rickettsioses: ecologic considerations"
373:
2020:"Typhus Group Rickettsiosis, Germany, 2010â20171"
1301:"Typhus Group Rickettsiosis, Germany, 2010â20171"
569:lining the blood vessels. This leads to vascular
132:species, with the traditional diagnosis based on
3440:
2246:"The ecology of murine typhus-a critical review"
1873:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
1630:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
573:, damage to vascular integrity, and compromised
501:of either the vector or the rat, showing a true
2250:The Ecology of Murine Typhus. A Critical Review
1483:Sahni, Sanjeev K; Rydkina, Elena (2009-03-30).
947:-based detection, immunodetection, circulating
930:
87:transmission from animal reservoirs containing
2902:
2848:"Typhus Group Rickettsiosis, Brazilian Amazon"
745:
2903:Walker, D. H.; Fishbein, D. B. (1991-05-01).
1568:
439:
2243:
1482:
1002:is through the yolk sacs of embryonic eggs.
77:is a zoonotic agent that causes the disease
1420:
688:diseases in the world, having isolated the
3038:FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology
2125:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
505:relationship. Infected fleas can maintain
474:in nature. While the rat flea is the main
3229:
3202:Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology
3169:
3049:
2879:
2641:
2494:
2442:
2424:
2375:
2311:
2217:
2144:
2051:
1884:
1789:
1727:
1641:
1516:
1454:
1392:
1332:
1243:
1215:
1205:
1159:
845:as well, including cats and their fleas (
528:can be present in cats and the cat flea,
2814:"192 - Rickettsia typhi (Murine Typhus)"
2623:
1023:
749:
652:
586:Murine typhus (endemic typhus) in humans
302:
35:. It belongs to the typhus group of the
3027:
3025:
2671:
2669:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
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2271:
2118:
2077:
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1966:
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1942:
1940:
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1934:
1932:
1689:
1421:Scola, B. La; Raoult, D. (1997-11-01).
1244:Azad, A. F.; Traub, R. (October 1989).
935:The laboratory tests available for the
298:
3441:
3191:
3189:
2981:
2905:"Epidemiology of rickettsial diseases"
2807:
2805:
2768:American Journal of Clinical Pathology
2624:Civen, Rachel; Ngo, Van (2008-03-15).
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2464:
2462:
2239:
2237:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1619:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1354:
1352:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1058:infections usually being less severe.
666:Geographical and temporal distribution
490:, either naturally or experimentally.
385:, obligate intracellular, rod shaped,
3258:
3257:
1819:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1194:Clinical and Developmental Immunology
1183:
1181:
1179:
902:
516:
291:(Wolbach and Todd, 1920) Philip, 1943
53:). This bacterium is recognized as a
28:, obligate intracellular, rod shaped
3413:603d5250-79c0-4999-ac60-472010cb8e67
3022:
2951:
2666:
2328:
2268:
2068:
2011:
1970:
943:species includes: shell vial assay,
335:within the United States aside from
323:, and thought to be transmitted via
3186:
3087:Medical Microbiology and Immunology
2802:
2610:
2558:
2459:
2234:
2081:
1989:10.1146/annurev.en.35.010190.003005
1909:
1806:
1744:
1666:
1471:
1409:
1349:
1232:
1105:
543:in the same geographical location.
13:
2896:
2146:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07424.x
2121:"Rickettsial Actin-Based Motility"
2096:10.1016/B978-0-12-397169-2.00111-6
1596:
1533:
1292:
1262:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1989.tb00251.x
1176:
959:, immunoperoxidase, line blot and
397:bacterium that is recognized as a
14:
3460:
1250:Medical and Veterinary Entomology
907:As with all rickettsiae species,
3051:10.1111/j.1574-695X.2011.00910.x
2909:European Journal of Epidemiology
1762:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
1700:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
1571:"179 - Other Rickettsia Species"
1439:10.1128/jcm.35.11.2715-2727.1997
1427:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
1365:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
1144:10.1128/JB.186.17.5842-5855.2004
470:also play a role in maintaining
374:Cellular morphology and motility
174:
3129:
3074:
2975:
2839:
2755:
2716:
2511:
2392:
2177:
2112:
1973:"Epidemiology of Murine Typhus"
1860:
1099:
680:bacterium that establishes the
648:
553:
466:), but other rodents and their
2088:Molecular Medical Microbiology
772:obligately resides within the
758:) is a common vector host for
705:as infected rodents and their
1:
3249:
3214:10.1128/CDLI.7.4.612-616.2000
2682:Molecular and Cellular Probes
1712:10.1128/JCM.32.4.949-954.1994
1377:10.1128/jcm.32.4.949-954.1994
1066:are composed of very similar
829:to undergo massive rounds of
2982:Dumler, J. S. (1991-09-11).
2852:Emerging Infectious Diseases
2630:Clinical Infectious Diseases
2588:10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.11.043
2475:Emerging Infectious Diseases
2426:10.1371/journal.pone.0071386
2284:Emerging Infectious Diseases
2190:Emerging Infectious Diseases
2024:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1305:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1062:and its typhus group member
931:Diagnosis and identification
424:
417:, creating movement through
7:
2119:Heinzen, Robert A. (2003).
2082:Liu, Dongyou (2015-01-01).
1977:Annual Review of Entomology
1074:can be differentiated from
746:Host range and transmission
10:
3467:
1971:Azad, A F (January 1990).
1886:10.1001/archpedi.155.3.396
1820:Maxcy, Kenneth F. (1926).
1643:10.1001/archpedi.155.3.396
1054:can be very similar, with
580:
440:Classic rat-flea-rat cycle
311:In the early 20th century
3266:
3099:10.1007/s00430-016-0480-z
2694:10.1016/j.mcp.2006.06.002
2536:10.4269/ajtmh.1993.48.269
883:appears to be in a truly
877:transovarial transmission
447:circulates amongst rats (
281:
274:
171:Scientific classification
169:
162:
3000:10.1001/jama.266.10.1365
986:are not able to grow in
593:is a causative agent of
144:can be used to identify
124:tests available for the
2576:Veterinary Microbiology
1132:Journal of Bacteriology
957:microimmunofluorescence
754:The Oriental rat flea (
524:It has been shown that
148:faster and down to the
142:microimmunofluorescence
2864:10.3201/eid2609.201305
2487:10.3201/eid1603.091028
2360:10.1051/vetres:2008050
2296:10.3201/eid1410.080571
2202:10.3201/eid0303.970308
2036:10.3201/eid2407.180093
1317:10.3201/eid2407.180093
1032:
762:
662:
484:P. h. humanus, Polypax
308:
101:control programs. The
2780:10.1093/ajcp/91.6.720
1826:Public Health Reports
1036:Differentiation from
1027:
867:(inhalation), or the
848:Ctenocephalides felis
753:
656:
575:vascular permeability
531:Ctenocephalides felis
350:. It is thought that
306:
1774:10.1128/JCM.01728-17
853:Leptopsylla segnis),
419:actin based motility
299:History and taxonomy
57:level 2/3 organism.
16:Species of bacterium
2963:www.antimicrobe.org
2417:2013PLoSO...871386N
2348:Veterinary Research
2137:2003NYASA.990..535H
1489:Future Microbiology
1207:10.1155/2012/967852
966:Traditionally, the
358:. The discovery of
208:Alphaproteobacteria
2921:10.1007/BF00145672
1033:
961:Western immunoblot
925:case fatality rate
903:Zoonotic potential
802:Xenopsylla cheopis
763:
756:Xenopsylla cheopis
663:
517:Peridomestic cycle
463:Xenopyslla cheopis
309:
120:There are several
39:genus, along with
3436:
3435:
3421:Open Tree of Life
3260:Taxon identifiers
3154:10.1159/000348298
2994:(10): 1365â1370.
2827:978-1-4557-4801-3
2735:(10): 1038â1042.
2290:(10): 1613â1615.
1832:(52): 2967â2995.
1584:978-1-4377-2702-9
1433:(11): 2715â2727.
1138:(17): 5842â5855.
873:incubation period
865:respiratory tract
814:Rattus norvegicus
805:) and the black (
791:cells lining the
610:Rattus norvegicus
456:Rattus norvegicus
296:
295:
3456:
3429:
3428:
3416:
3415:
3406:
3405:
3393:
3392:
3390:rickettsia-typhi
3380:
3379:
3367:
3366:
3354:
3353:
3341:
3340:
3328:
3327:
3315:
3314:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3298:Rickettsia typhi
3287:
3286:
3285:
3268:Rickettsia typhi
3255:
3254:
3244:
3243:
3233:
3193:
3184:
3183:
3173:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3053:
3029:
3020:
3019:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2883:
2858:(9): 2294â2296.
2843:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2809:
2800:
2799:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2729:Modern Pathology
2720:
2714:
2713:
2673:
2664:
2663:
2645:
2621:
2608:
2607:
2567:
2556:
2555:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2498:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2446:
2428:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2379:
2339:
2326:
2325:
2315:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2241:
2232:
2231:
2221:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2148:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2079:
2066:
2065:
2055:
2030:(7): 1213â1220.
2015:
2009:
2008:
1968:
1907:
1906:
1888:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1817:
1804:
1803:
1793:
1753:
1742:
1741:
1731:
1691:
1664:
1663:
1645:
1621:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1566:
1531:
1530:
1520:
1501:10.2217/fmb.09.6
1480:
1469:
1468:
1458:
1418:
1407:
1406:
1396:
1356:
1347:
1346:
1336:
1311:(7): 1213â1220.
1296:
1290:
1289:
1241:
1230:
1229:
1219:
1209:
1185:
1174:
1173:
1163:
1122:
736:Rickettsia typhi
671:Rickettsia typhi
657:Transmission of
631:diagnostic tests
591:Rickettsia typhi
493:Transmission of
430:Rickettsia typhi
379:Rickettsia typhi
287:
285:Rickettsia typhi
179:
178:
164:Rickettsia typhi
160:
159:
150:Rickettsia typhi
21:Rickettsia typhi
3466:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3424:
3419:
3411:
3409:
3401:
3396:
3388:
3383:
3375:
3370:
3362:
3357:
3349:
3344:
3336:
3331:
3323:
3318:
3310:
3305:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3262:
3252:
3247:
3194:
3187:
3134:
3130:
3079:
3075:
3030:
3023:
2980:
2976:
2967:
2965:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2901:
2897:
2844:
2840:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2810:
2803:
2760:
2756:
2721:
2717:
2674:
2667:
2622:
2611:
2582:(1â2): 97â102.
2568:
2559:
2516:
2512:
2467:
2460:
2397:
2393:
2340:
2329:
2276:
2269:
2242:
2235:
2182:
2178:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2080:
2069:
2016:
2012:
1969:
1910:
1865:
1861:
1838:10.2307/4578110
1818:
1807:
1754:
1745:
1692:
1667:
1622:
1597:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1567:
1534:
1481:
1472:
1419:
1410:
1357:
1350:
1297:
1293:
1242:
1233:
1186:
1177:
1123:
1106:
1102:
1041:
933:
905:
748:
668:
651:
588:
583:
559:Rickettsia spp.
556:
519:
460:and rat fleas (
442:
427:
376:
329:musculoskeletal
301:
292:
289:
283:
270:
173:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3464:
3463:
3452:
3451:
3449:Rickettsiaceae
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3417:
3407:
3394:
3381:
3368:
3355:
3342:
3329:
3316:
3303:
3288:
3272:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3208:(4): 612â616.
3185:
3148:(3): 203â208.
3128:
3073:
3021:
2974:
2950:
2915:(3): 237â245.
2895:
2838:
2826:
2801:
2774:(6): 720â724.
2754:
2715:
2665:
2643:10.1086/527443
2636:(6): 913â918.
2609:
2557:
2530:(2): 269â273.
2510:
2458:
2391:
2327:
2267:
2256:(4): 237â317.
2233:
2196:(3): 319â327.
2176:
2131:(1): 535â547.
2111:
2104:
2067:
2010:
1983:(1): 553â570.
1908:
1879:(3): 396â400.
1859:
1805:
1743:
1706:(4): 949â954.
1665:
1636:(3): 396â400.
1595:
1583:
1532:
1495:(3): 323â339.
1470:
1408:
1371:(4): 949â954.
1348:
1291:
1256:(4): 429â433.
1231:
1175:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1084:R. prowazekii.
1082:inserted into
1040:
1034:
932:
929:
904:
901:
831:binary fission
747:
744:
667:
664:
650:
647:
587:
584:
582:
579:
555:
552:
518:
515:
441:
438:
426:
423:
399:biocontainment
375:
372:
300:
297:
294:
293:
290:
279:
278:
272:
271:
264:
262:
258:
257:
250:
243:
242:
235:
231:
230:
228:Rickettsiaceae
225:
221:
220:
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
200:
198:Pseudomonadota
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
167:
166:
111:R. typhi
69:, which is an
55:biocontainment
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3462:
3461:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3241:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3190:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3026:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2829:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2806:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2670:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2463:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2411:(8): e71386.
2410:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2272:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2238:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2107:
2105:9780123971692
2101:
2097:
2093:
2090:: 2043â2056.
2089:
2085:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1353:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:R. prowazekii
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:R. prowazekii
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:R. prowazekii
1049:
1045:
1039:
1038:R. prowazekii
1031:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
974:was based on
973:
969:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
928:
926:
921:
918:
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890:
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870:
866:
861:
856:
854:
850:
849:
844:
843:microparasite
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
815:
811:) and brown (
810:
809:
808:Rattus rattus
804:
803:
798:
794:
790:
786:
783:
779:
776:cells of the
775:
771:
770:microorganism
768:
761:
757:
752:
743:
741:
737:
732:
728:
723:
718:
716:
712:
708:
707:ectoparasites
704:
700:
696:
691:
687:
683:
682:murine typhus
679:
678:intracellular
676:
675:gram-negative
672:
660:
655:
646:
644:
640:
639:murine typhus
636:
635:Murine typhus
632:
628:
627:murine typhus
624:
620:
616:
612:
611:
606:
605:
604:Rattus rattus
600:
596:
595:murine typhus
592:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
551:
549:
544:
542:
541:murine typhus
538:
534:
532:
527:
522:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:ectoparasites
465:
464:
459:
457:
452:
451:
450:Rattus rattus
446:
437:
435:
431:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
387:gram negative
384:
380:
371:
369:
368:R. prowazekii
365:
361:
357:
356:R. prowazekii
353:
349:
345:
342:
338:
337:R. prowazekii
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:R. prowazekii
314:
305:
288:
286:
280:
277:
276:Binomial name
273:
269:
268:
267:R. typhi
263:
260:
259:
256:
255:
251:
248:
247:Species group
245:
244:
241:
240:
236:
233:
232:
229:
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:Rickettsiales
216:
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203:
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161:
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147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
118:
117:and tissues.
116:
112:
108:
104:
103:microorganism
100:
96:
92:
90:
86:
82:
81:
80:murine typhus
76:
72:
68:
67:murine typhus
64:
60:
56:
52:
51:R. prowazekii
48:
44:
43:
42:R. prowazekii
38:
34:
31:
30:gram negative
27:
23:
22:
3267:
3205:
3201:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3093:(1): 41â51.
3090:
3086:
3076:
3044:(1): 92â97.
3041:
3037:
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2987:
2977:
2966:. Retrieved
2962:
2953:
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2855:
2851:
2841:
2831:, retrieved
2817:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2732:
2728:
2718:
2688:(1): 17â23.
2685:
2681:
2633:
2629:
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2575:
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2513:
2481:(3): 412â7.
2478:
2474:
2408:
2404:
2394:
2351:
2347:
2287:
2283:
2253:
2249:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2087:
2084:"Rickettsia"
2027:
2023:
2013:
1980:
1976:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1829:
1825:
1765:
1761:
1703:
1699:
1633:
1629:
1588:, retrieved
1574:
1492:
1488:
1430:
1426:
1368:
1364:
1308:
1304:
1294:
1253:
1249:
1197:
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1029:
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999:
983:
979:
971:
965:
940:
934:
916:
908:
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892:
889:asymptomatic
880:
869:conjunctivae
857:
852:
846:
826:
822:
818:
812:
806:
800:
766:
764:
759:
755:
739:
735:
730:
726:
722:pest control
719:
714:
702:
689:
673:is a small,
670:
669:
658:
649:Epidemiology
619:disseminated
608:
602:
590:
589:
571:inflammation
562:
558:
557:
554:Pathogenesis
547:
545:
536:
529:
525:
523:
520:
506:
494:
492:
487:
483:
479:
471:
461:
454:
448:
444:
443:
433:
429:
428:
410:
402:
390:
381:is a small,
378:
377:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
336:
316:
310:
284:
282:
266:
265:
254:Typhus group
253:
246:
238:
163:
157:
149:
145:
129:
119:
110:
94:
93:
88:
84:
78:
74:
58:
50:
46:
41:
36:
24:is a small,
20:
19:
18:
3292:Wikispecies
949:endothelial
941:Rickettsial
793:vasculature
789:endothelial
686:rickettsial
643:Doxycycline
567:endothelium
511:susceptible
389:bacterium.
130:Rickettsial
3250:References
2968:2020-09-23
2833:2020-09-10
1590:2020-10-06
1200:: 967852.
1080:base pairs
1007:Rickettsia
972:Rickettsia
835:eukaryotic
819:X. cheopis
787:, and the
774:epithelial
699:reservoirs
561:including
239:Rickettsia
146:Rickettsia
122:laboratory
37:Rickettsia
3222:1098-6588
3162:1660-2412
3107:0300-8584
3060:0928-8244
3008:0098-7484
2929:1573-7284
2872:1080-6040
2788:0002-9173
2741:0893-3952
2702:0890-8508
2652:1058-4838
2596:1873-2542
2544:0002-9637
2435:1932-6203
2368:0928-4249
2354:(2): 12.
2304:1080-6040
2210:1080-6040
2155:1749-6632
2044:1080-6040
1997:0066-4170
1895:1072-4710
1782:0095-1137
1720:0095-1137
1652:1072-4710
1509:1746-0913
1447:0095-1137
1385:0095-1137
1325:1080-6040
1270:0269-283X
1152:0021-9193
1078:by 12000
1019:R. typhi.
996:cytoplasm
968:diagnosis
937:diagnosis
899:regions.
885:commensal
860:arthropod
797:mammalian
425:Virulence
341:arthropod
321:virulence
261:Species:
126:diagnosis
33:bacterium
3443:Category
3364:10930648
3283:Q3010410
3277:Wikidata
3240:10882661
3180:23595041
3115:27696011
3068:22098502
2890:32818424
2710:16893625
2660:18260783
2604:23290118
2505:20202415
2453:23940746
2405:PLOS ONE
2386:19036234
2322:18826827
2171:84913142
2163:12860687
2062:29912688
1903:11231808
1854:74156662
1800:29769278
1660:11231808
1527:19327117
1343:29912688
1286:24176171
1226:21912565
1170:15317790
1093:antibody
1072:R. typhi
1060:R. typhi
1056:R. typhi
1048:R. typhi
1044:Symptoms
1030:R. typhi
1011:R. typhi
1000:R. typhi
984:R. typhi
980:R. tyhpi
976:serology
920:carriers
917:R. typhi
913:zoonotic
909:R. typhi
893:R. typhi
881:R. typhi
827:R. typhi
767:R. typhi
760:R. typhi
740:R. typhi
731:R. typhi
727:R. typhi
715:R. typhi
711:pathogen
703:R. typhi
690:R. typhi
659:R. typhi
623:symptoms
563:R. typhi
548:R. typhi
537:R. typhi
526:R. typhi
507:R. typhi
495:R. typhi
488:R. typhi
480:R. typhi
472:R. typhi
445:R. typhi
434:R. typhi
411:R. typhi
407:cultured
395:zoonotic
391:R. typhi
364:R. typhi
360:R. typhi
352:R. typhi
348:R. typhi
315:typhus (
313:epidemic
224:Family:
194:Phylum:
188:Bacteria
184:Domain:
134:serology
107:pathogen
95:R. typhi
89:R. typhi
85:R. typhi
75:R. typhi
59:R. typhi
47:R. typhi
3351:3221489
3171:4714558
3123:1682815
3016:1880866
2945:1675131
2937:1884775
2881:7454102
2796:2499181
2749:9346184
2552:8447530
2496:3322020
2444:3735526
2413:Bibcode
2377:2695025
2313:2609893
2228:9284376
2219:2627639
2133:Bibcode
2053:6038764
2005:2105686
1846:4578110
1791:6062794
1738:8027348
1518:2775711
1465:9350721
1403:8027348
1334:6038764
1278:2519693
1217:3170826
1089:enzymes
1068:genomes
1021:
963:tests.
897:endemic
839:vectors
833:within
825:enable
615:endemic
599:febrile
581:Disease
513:hosts.
499:fitness
403:. typhi
383:aerobic
234:Genus:
214:Order:
204:Class:
155:level.
153:species
71:endemic
26:aerobic
3426:818988
3410:NZOR:
3377:965659
3338:RICKTY
3325:976602
3238:
3228:
3220:
3178:
3168:
3160:
3121:
3113:
3105:
3066:
3058:
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2943:
2935:
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2262:705902
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2169:
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2050:
2042:
2003:
1995:
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1383:
1341:
1331:
1323:
1284:
1276:
1268:
1224:
1214:
1168:
1161:516817
1158:
1150:
992:embryo
988:axenic
823:Rattus
778:midgut
503:mutual
476:vector
415:motile
344:vector
333:typhus
3359:IRMNG
3312:4T2DW
3231:95923
3119:S2CID
2941:S2CID
2167:S2CID
1850:S2CID
1842:JSTOR
1768:(8).
1282:S2CID
953:ELISA
911:is a
785:hosts
695:hosts
393:is a
325:louse
115:feces
61:is a
3398:NCBI
3385:LPSN
3372:ITIS
3346:GBIF
3333:EPPO
3236:PMID
3218:ISSN
3176:PMID
3158:ISSN
3111:PMID
3103:ISSN
3064:PMID
3056:ISSN
3012:PMID
3004:ISSN
2933:PMID
2925:ISSN
2886:PMID
2868:ISSN
2822:ISBN
2792:PMID
2784:ISSN
2745:PMID
2737:ISSN
2706:PMID
2698:ISSN
2656:PMID
2648:ISSN
2600:PMID
2592:ISSN
2548:PMID
2540:ISSN
2501:PMID
2449:PMID
2431:ISSN
2382:PMID
2364:ISSN
2318:PMID
2300:ISSN
2258:PMID
2224:PMID
2206:ISSN
2159:PMID
2151:ISSN
2100:ISBN
2058:PMID
2040:ISSN
2001:PMID
1993:ISSN
1899:PMID
1891:ISSN
1796:PMID
1778:ISSN
1734:PMID
1716:ISSN
1656:PMID
1648:ISSN
1579:ISBN
1523:PMID
1505:ISSN
1461:PMID
1443:ISSN
1399:PMID
1381:ISSN
1339:PMID
1321:ISSN
1274:PMID
1266:ISSN
1222:PMID
1198:2012
1166:PMID
1148:ISSN
1050:and
1015:gene
782:flea
765:The
607:and
413:are
366:and
140:and
99:pest
63:flea
3403:785
3320:EoL
3307:CoL
3226:PMC
3210:doi
3166:PMC
3150:doi
3095:doi
3091:206
3046:doi
2996:doi
2992:266
2917:doi
2876:PMC
2860:doi
2776:doi
2690:doi
2638:doi
2584:doi
2580:163
2532:doi
2491:PMC
2483:doi
2439:PMC
2421:doi
2372:PMC
2356:doi
2308:PMC
2292:doi
2214:PMC
2198:doi
2141:doi
2129:990
2092:doi
2048:PMC
2032:doi
1985:doi
1881:doi
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1770:doi
1724:PMC
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1497:doi
1451:PMC
1435:doi
1389:PMC
1373:doi
1329:PMC
1313:doi
1258:doi
1212:PMC
1202:doi
1156:PMC
1140:doi
1136:186
1046:of
970:of
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780:in
478:of
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138:PCR
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