261:
203:
123:
308:
surveys are usually used to quantify the proportion of people or animals in a population positive for a specific antibody or the titre or concentrations of an antibody. These surveys are potentially the most direct and informative technique available to infer the dynamics of a population's susceptibility and level of immunity. The authors proposed a
225:. When the antibodies bind to red blood cells that express the corresponding antigen, they cause red blood cells to clump together (agglutinate), which can be identified visually. The person's blood group antibodies can also be identified by adding plasma to cells that express the corresponding antigen and observing the agglutination reactions.
178:(IgG). IgM is produced in high quantities shortly after a person is exposed to the pathogen, and production declines quickly thereafter. IgG is also produced on the first exposure, but not as quickly as IgM. On subsequent exposures, the antibodies produced are primarily IgG, and they remain in circulation for a prolonged period of time.
244:
to ensure that the donor blood is compatible. It involves adding the recipient's plasma to the donor blood cells and observing for agglutination reactions. The direct antiglobulin test is performed to detect if antibodies are bound to red blood cells inside the person's body, which is abnormal and
307:
to determine the prevalence of a disease in a population. Such surveys are sometimes performed by random, anonymous sampling from samples taken for other medical tests or to assess the prevalence of antibodies of a specific organism or protective titre of antibodies in a population. Serological
181:
This affects the interpretation of serology results: a positive result for IgM suggests that a person is currently or recently infected, while a positive result for IgG and negative result for IgM suggests that the person may have been infected or immunized in the past. Antibody testing for
186:) is compared, and a significantly higher amount of IgG in the convalescent specimen suggests infection as opposed to previous exposure. False negative results for antibody testing can occur in people who are
206:
O positive blood type: the patient's red cells are agglutinated by Anti-D (anti-Rh factor) antisera, but not by anti-A and anti-B antisera. The patient's plasma agglutinates type A and B red cells.
170:
The presence of antibodies against a pathogen in a person's blood indicates that they have been exposed to that pathogen. Most serologic tests measure one of two types of antibodies:
182:
infectious diseases is often done in two phases: during the initial illness (acute phase) and after recovery (convalescent phase). The amount of antibody in each specimen (
1714:
1465:
545:
309:
980:
348:
257:. The indirect antiglobulin test is used to screen for antibodies that could cause transfusion reactions and identify certain blood group antigens.
149:, or to detect antigens associated with a pathogen in a person's sample. Serologic tests are especially useful for organisms that are difficult to
1707:
372:
1458:
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784:
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Serologic tests can help to diagnose autoimmune disorders by identifying abnormal antibodies directed against a person's own tissues (
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485:
335:
In a helpful reply entitled "Opportunities and challenges of a World Serum Bank", de
Lusignan and Correa observed that the
43:
2074:
2012:
1041:
1509:
1352:
317:
260:
1320:
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is typically performed using serologic methods. The antigens on a person's red blood cells, which determine their
1482:
822:
296:
835:"Use of serological surveys to generate key insights into the changing global landscape of infectious disease"
85:
to investigate crime scene evidence. Several methods can be used to detect antibodies and antigens, including
2213:
1969:
1499:
1544:
1524:
404:
2276:
1905:
1867:
1654:
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271:
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Interpretation of antibody panel used in serology to detect patient antibodies towards the most relevant
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102:
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202:
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94:
1947:
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312:(or serum bank) and foresaw "associated major methodological developments in serological testing,
1942:
1810:
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90:
38:
in the serum. Such antibodies are typically formed in response to an infection (against a given
2208:
2062:
1957:
1900:
1862:
1514:
477:
343:
and logistical challenges that need to be overcome are the methods of obtaining specimens, how
150:
882:
De
Lusignan, Simon; Correa, Ana (2017). "Opportunities and challenges of a World Serum Bank".
758:
617:
Linne & Ringsrud's
Clinical Laboratory Science - E-Book: The Basics and Routine Techniques
2286:
2002:
1979:
1964:
1895:
1629:
1519:
1215:
1183:
407:, whose mandate is to carry out a serological survey in a scheme hatched in the midst of the
127:
981:"Prime Minister announces new support for COVID-19 medical research and vaccine development"
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to certain diseases, and in many other situations, such as determining an individual's
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510:
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237:
106:
82:
46:
31:
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967:"WHO set pandemic response back by 2-3 weeks, says doctor on new federal task force"
911:
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1079:
938:
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187:
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61:
Serological tests are diagnostic methods that are used to identify antibodies and
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1992:
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1300:
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814:
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39:
23:
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In another helpful reply on the World Serum Bank, the
Australian researcher
2179:
2148:
2051:
1740:
1634:
1474:
1402:
1232:
1208:
1198:
1103:
1091:
1084:
952:
903:
868:
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783:
727:
368:
313:
210:
138:
1997:
1937:
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1606:
1536:
1390:
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1003:
388:
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190:, as they produce lower amounts of antibodies, and in people who receive
1917:
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671:
Connie R. Mahon; Donald C. Lehman; George
Manuselis (18 January 2018).
214:
78:
27:
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65:
in a patient's sample. Serological tests may be performed to diagnose
2079:
2007:
1805:
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1220:
1142:
1069:
1050:
756:
66:
145:
are used to determine if a person has antibodies against a specific
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1227:
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resources to where they are needed most. A better understanding of
222:
160:
146:
131:
62:
35:
643:
42:), against other foreign proteins (in response, for example, to a
2109:
1554:
1305:
1270:
1250:
1127:
1064:
440:
340:
218:
2114:
1681:
760:
Henry's
Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods
1549:
387:
should inform policy measures including where to concentrate
347:
is acquired in busy practices, and the filling in of gaps in
164:
86:
1019:
757:
Richard A. McPherson; Matthew R. Pincus (6 September 2011).
295:
A 2016 research paper by
Metcalf et al., amongst whom were
983:. Justin Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada. 23 April 2020.
644:
Frank E. Berkowitz; Robert C. Jerris (15 February 2016).
812:
620:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 586–95, 543, 556.
1722:
639:
637:
927:"Opportunities and challenges of a World Serum Bank"
303:, stated that serological surveys are often used by
613:
700:
634:
532:Practical crime scene processing and investigation
881:
16:Scientific study of serum and other bodily fluids
2263:
704:Modern Blood Banking & Transfusion Practices
287:). All people have different immunology graphs.
696:
694:
664:
561:"Immunological Detection and Characterization"
509:(4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch.
363:Improved serological surveillance would allow
30:. In practice, the term usually refers to the
1708:
1459:
1035:
750:
647:Practical Medical Microbiology for Clinicians
609:
607:
605:
500:
49:), or to one's own proteins (in instances of
763:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 714–5.
691:
677:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 193–4.
674:Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology - E-Book
53:). In either case, the procedure is simple.
785:American Association for Clinical Chemistry
729:American Association for Clinical Chemistry
567:, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 47–62,
546:"Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)"
1715:
1701:
1466:
1452:
1042:
1028:
602:
1012:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
942:
858:
650:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 24–25.
463:
461:
817:; Cutts, Felicity T.; Basta, Nicole E.;
614:Mary Louise Turgeon (10 February 2015).
503:"Principles of Diagnosis: Serodiagnosis"
259:
201:
121:
81:. Serological tests may also be used in
1560:Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique
806:
701:Denise M Harmening (30 November 2018).
529:
467:
197:
2264:
924:
918:
476:(4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp.
458:
290:
240:. Crossmatching is performed before a
194:early in the course of the infection.
1696:
1447:
1023:
959:
777:
721:
558:
973:
494:
153:by routine laboratory methods, like
56:
2013:Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB
875:
385:changing patterns of global weather
13:
1510:Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion
1353:Fluorescence in situ hybridization
505:. In Baron S, et al. (eds.).
14:
2303:
990:
548:. British Society for Immunology.
1321:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
707:. F.A. Davis. pp. 65, 261.
251:hemolytic disease of the newborn
228:Other serologic methods used in
221:that contain antibodies, called
117:
112:
552:
538:
523:
468:Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004).
1:
1970:Comprehensive metabolic panel
1500:Chromatin immunoprecipitation
1049:
944:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30052-1
896:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30046-6
851:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30164-7
534:(Second ed.). CRC Press.
452:
278:
245:can occur in conditions like
1545:Chemiluminescent immunoassay
1525:Counterimmunoelectrophoresis
507:Baron's Medical Microbiology
472:Sherris Medical Microbiology
405:COVID-19 Immunity Task Force
236:and the direct and indirect
7:
1906:Thyroid-stimulating hormone
1868:Total iron-binding capacity
1655:Direct fluorescent antibody
573:10.1007/978-1-4899-7448-8_3
414:
272:Blood compatibility testing
247:autoimmune hemolytic anemia
73:, to check if a person has
22:is the scientific study of
10:
2310:
2247:Elevated alpha-fetoprotein
733:"Direct Antiglobulin Test"
565:Viral Infections of Humans
269:
2239:
2199:
2192:
2162:
2139:
2130:
2100:
2021:
1978:
1916:
1886:
1843:
1796:
1731:
1677:Total complement activity
1622:
1588:
1535:
1490:
1361:
1286:
1057:
925:Coates, Karen M. (2017).
559:Atmar, Robert L. (2014),
530:Gardner, Ross M. (2011).
324:in our understanding and
266:human blood group systems
1640:Complement fixation test
1014:Medical Subject Headings
159:(the causative agent of
1776:BUN-to-creatinine ratio
1428:Microbiological culture
1058:Principles of pathology
813:Metcalf, C Jessica E.;
217:, are identified using
2209:Elevated transaminases
1901:Thyroid function tests
1863:Transferrin saturation
1723:Clinical biochemistry
1515:Radial immunodiffusion
501:Washington JA (1996).
397:
353:
320:, which could drive a
275:
207:
134:
103:fluorescent antibodies
2003:Lactate dehydrogenase
1965:Basic metabolic panel
1896:ACTH stimulation test
1630:Diagnostic immunology
1520:Immunoelectrophoresis
1391:Diagnostic immunology
1216:Programmed cell death
1184:Liquefactive necrosis
969:. CBC. 23 April 2020.
361:
337:
318:quantitative analysis
270:Further information:
263:
255:transfusion reactions
205:
128:rapid diagnostic test
125:
2023:Liver function tests
1878:Transferrin receptor
1650:Immunohistochemistry
1386:Medical microbiology
1381:Transfusion medicine
1338:Immunohistochemistry
1288:Anatomical pathology
1179:Coagulative necrosis
1006:Medical Encyclopedia
787:(13 November 2019).
731:(24 December 2019).
431:Medical technologist
383:with respect to the
230:transfusion medicine
198:Transfusion medicine
71:autoimmune illnesses
2039:Serum total protein
2034:Human serum albumin
1645:Immunocytochemistry
1614:Latex fixation test
1492:Immunoprecipitation
1343:Electron microscopy
1311:Molecular pathology
1189:Gangrenous necrosis
1121:Cellular adaptation
821:; Lessler, Justin;
330:infectious diseases
310:World Serology Bank
291:Serological surveys
192:antimicrobial drugs
99:complement-fixation
2277:Clinical pathology
1811:Arterial blood gas
1580:Immunofluorescence
1575:Radiobinding assay
1371:Clinical chemistry
1363:Clinical pathology
1348:Immunofluorescence
1316:Forensic pathology
1296:Surgical pathology
1204:Fibrinoid necrosis
937:(10066): 251–252.
890:(10066): 250–251.
845:(10045): 728–730.
831:Grenfell, Bryan T.
448:, noted serologist
426:Medical laboratory
381:infection dynamics
276:
238:antiglobulin tests
208:
156:Treponema pallidum
135:
105:and more recently
51:autoimmune disease
34:identification of
2292:Immunologic tests
2259:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2188:
2187:
2141:Blood sugar level
2120:Pancreatic lipase
1958:Total cholesterol
1788:Serum osmolal gap
1783:Plasma osmolality
1690:
1689:
1667:Skin allergy test
1441:
1440:
1408:Mass spectrometry
1001:
823:Ferguson, Neil M.
819:Graham, Andrea L.
770:978-1-4557-2684-4
714:978-0-8036-9462-0
684:978-0-323-48212-7
657:978-1-119-06674-3
627:978-0-323-37061-5
582:978-1-4899-7447-1
516:978-0-9631172-1-2
487:978-0-8385-8529-0
421:Forensic serology
409:COVID-19 pandemic
242:blood transfusion
107:chemiluminescence
83:forensic serology
57:Serological tests
47:blood transfusion
2299:
2231:Hyperproteinemia
2197:
2196:
2137:
2136:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1598:Hemagglutination
1570:Radioimmunoassay
1468:
1461:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1328:Gross processing
1194:Caseous necrosis
1044:
1037:
1030:
1021:
1020:
999:
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827:Burke, Donald S.
810:
804:
803:
801:
799:
793:Lab Tests Online
789:"Autoantibodies"
781:
775:
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754:
748:
747:
745:
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737:Lab Tests Online
725:
719:
718:
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689:
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349:patient sampling
345:informed consent
188:immunosuppressed
176:immunoglobulin G
172:immunoglobulin M
2309:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2262:
2261:
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2251:
2235:
2224:Hypoalbuminemia
2219:Hypoproteinemia
2184:
2158:
2132:Small molecules
2126:
2096:
2017:
1974:
1912:
1882:
1839:
1829:
1792:
1727:
1721:
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1686:
1662:Epitope mapping
1618:
1584:
1531:
1505:Immunodiffusion
1486:
1472:
1442:
1437:
1396:Immunopathology
1376:Hematopathology
1357:
1282:
1053:
1048:
1010:Serologic+Tests
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988:
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399:In April 2020,
359:declared that:
326:optimum control
305:epidemiologists
293:
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274:
200:
143:serologic tests
120:
115:
59:
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2019:
2018:
2016:
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1995:
1990:
1988:Cardiac marker
1984:
1982:
1980:Cardiovascular
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1931:Hemoglobin A1c
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1761:Renal function
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1418:Flow cytometry
1415:
1413:Chromatography
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1383:
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1373:
1367:
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1359:
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1355:
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1340:
1335:
1333:Histopathology
1330:
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1007:
992:
991:External links
989:
987:
986:
972:
958:
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874:
815:Farrar, Jeremy
805:
776:
769:
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601:
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493:
486:
456:
454:
451:
450:
449:
446:Geoffrey Tovey
443:
438:
436:Seroconversion
433:
428:
423:
416:
413:
401:Justin Trudeau
393:insect control
373:policy writers
292:
289:
285:autoantibodies
280:
277:
199:
196:
184:antibody titer
119:
116:
114:
111:
58:
55:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2305:
2304:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2175:Hyperuricemia
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2154:Hyperglycemia
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2068:AST/ALT ratio
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2052:transaminases
2049:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1993:Troponin test
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1953:Triglycerides
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1926:Blood glucose
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
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1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1713:
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1706:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1656:
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1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1602:Hemagglutinin
1599:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1590:Agglutination
1587:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
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1546:
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1542:
1540:
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1534:
1526:
1523:
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1518:
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1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:Medical tests
1469:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1446:
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1431:
1429:
1426:
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1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1301:Cytopathology
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1245:Accumulations
1243:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:Wound healing
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1005:
998:
995:
994:
982:
976:
968:
962:
954:
950:
945:
940:
936:
932:
928:
921:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
878:
870:
866:
861:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
809:
794:
790:
786:
780:
772:
766:
762:
761:
753:
738:
734:
730:
724:
716:
710:
706:
705:
697:
695:
686:
680:
676:
675:
667:
659:
653:
649:
648:
640:
638:
629:
623:
619:
618:
610:
608:
606:
592:
588:
584:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
555:
547:
541:
533:
526:
518:
512:
508:
504:
497:
489:
483:
479:
474:
473:
464:
462:
457:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
412:
410:
406:
402:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
377:public health
374:
370:
366:
360:
358:
352:
350:
346:
342:
336:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
302:
301:Jeremy Farrar
298:
297:Neil Ferguson
288:
286:
273:
267:
262:
258:
256:
252:
248:
243:
239:
235:
234:crossmatching
231:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
204:
195:
193:
189:
185:
179:
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
144:
140:
133:
129:
124:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
95:precipitation
92:
91:agglutination
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
54:
52:
48:
45:
41:
40:microorganism
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2287:Epidemiology
2214:Elevated ALP
2180:Hypouricemia
2149:Hypoglycemia
2085:Unconjugated
2050:
1733:Electrolytes
1635:Nephelometry
1485:86000–86849)
1432:
1403:Enzyme assay
1249:
1244:
1233:Karyorrhexis
1209:Myocytolysis
1199:Fat necrosis
1104:Inflammation
1092:Hemodynamics
1085:Pathogenesis
975:
961:
934:
930:
920:
887:
883:
877:
842:
838:
808:
796:. Retrieved
792:
779:
759:
752:
740:. Retrieved
736:
723:
703:
673:
666:
646:
616:
594:, retrieved
564:
554:
540:
531:
525:
506:
496:
471:
398:
391:efforts and
369:aid agencies
362:
357:Karen Coates
354:
338:
334:
314:study design
294:
282:
227:
211:Blood typing
209:
180:
169:
154:
142:
139:microbiology
136:
126:IgG and IgM
118:Microbiology
113:Applications
60:
19:
18:
2282:Blood tests
2163:Nitrogenous
1998:CPK-MB test
1938:Lipid panel
1873:Transferrin
1821:Bicarbonate
1816:Base excess
1725:blood tests
1607:Coombs test
1537:Immunoassay
1257:Hemosiderin
1138:Hyperplasia
1133:Hypertrophy
1109:Cell damage
1004:MedlinePlus
403:formed the
389:vaccination
365:governments
322:step change
28:body fluids
2266:Categories
2090:Conjugated
1918:Metabolism
1858:Serum iron
1845:Iron tests
1766:Creatinine
1672:Patch test
1479:immunology
1423:Blood bank
1266:Lipofuscin
1262:Lipochrome
1238:Karyolysis
1167:Cell death
1148:Metaplasia
1000:(archived)
931:The Lancet
884:The Lancet
839:The Lancet
596:2021-06-13
453:References
375:to direct
339:principal
279:Immunology
215:blood type
174:(IgM) and
79:blood type
67:infections
44:mismatched
36:antibodies
32:diagnostic
26:and other
2080:Bilirubin
2030:Proteins
2008:Myoglobin
1806:Anion gap
1798:Acid-base
1746:Potassium
1565:RAST test
1278:Steatosis
1221:Apoptosis
1158:Glandular
1143:Dysplasia
1075:Neoplasia
1070:Infection
1051:Pathology
395:measures.
2272:Serology
2193:Proteins
2170:Azotemia
2102:Pancreas
1888:Hormones
1853:Ferritin
1751:Chloride
1477:used in
1433:Serology
1228:Pyknosis
1174:Necrosis
1153:Squamous
1097:Ischemia
997:Serology
953:28118912
912:42914918
904:28118910
869:27059886
833:(2016).
798:24 April
742:24 April
591:68212270
415:See also
232:include
223:antisera
219:reagents
161:syphilis
147:pathogen
132:COVID-19
75:immunity
63:antigens
20:Serology
2110:Amylase
1835:Lactate
1830:content
1756:Calcium
1555:ELISpot
1306:Autopsy
1271:Melanin
1251:pigment
1128:Atrophy
1065:Disease
860:5678936
441:Serovar
341:ethical
165:viruses
151:culture
2115:Lipase
1741:Sodium
1682:MELISA
1016:(MeSH)
951:
910:
902:
867:
857:
767:
711:
681:
654:
624:
589:
579:
513:
484:
371:, and
316:, and
163:), or
101:, and
2240:Other
1623:Other
1550:ELISA
1080:Cause
908:S2CID
587:S2CID
87:ELISA
24:serum
1771:Urea
949:PMID
900:PMID
865:PMID
800:2020
765:ISBN
744:2020
709:ISBN
679:ISBN
652:ISBN
622:ISBN
577:ISBN
511:ISBN
482:ISBN
480:–9.
299:and
253:and
130:for
69:and
2201:LFT
2075:GGT
2063:AST
2058:ALT
2046:ALP
1948:HDL
1943:LDL
1483:CPT
939:doi
935:389
892:doi
888:389
855:PMC
847:doi
843:388
569:doi
478:247
332:."
328:of
137:In
2268::
1826:CO
1002:–
947:.
933:.
929:.
906:.
898:.
886:.
863:.
853:.
841:.
837:.
829:;
825:;
791:.
735:.
693:^
636:^
604:^
585:,
575:,
563:,
460:^
411:.
367:,
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249:,
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141:,
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894::
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849::
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746:.
717:.
687:.
660:.
630:.
571::
519:.
490:.
351:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
