Blood transfusion - Knowledge

2346: 1074:(ARDS), which develops during or within 6 hours of transfusion of a plasma-containing blood product. Fever, hypotension, shortness of breath, and tachycardia often occurs in this type of reaction. For a definitive diagnosis to be made, symptoms must occur within 6 hours of transfusion, hypoxemia must be present, there must be radiographic evidence of bilateral infiltrates and there must be no evidence of left atrial hypertension (fluid overload). It occurs in 15% of the transfused patient with mortality rate of 5 to 10%. Recipient risk factors includes: end-stage liver disease, sepsis, haematological malignancies, sepsis, and ventilated patients. Antibodies to human neutrophil antigens (HNA) and human leukocyte antigens (HLA) have been associated with this type of transfusion reaction. Donor's antibodies interacting with antigen positive recipient tissue result in release of inflammatory cytokines, resulting in pulmonary capillary leakage. The treatment is supportive. 1965: 391: 1107:

blood cell transfusions. Blood product contamination, while rare, is still more common than actual infection. The reason platelets are more often contaminated than other blood products is that they are stored at room temperature for short periods of time. Contamination is also more common with longer duration of storage, especially if that means more than 5 days. Sources of contaminants include the donor's blood, donor's skin, phlebotomist's skin, and containers. Contaminating organisms vary greatly, and include skin flora, gut flora, and environmental organisms. There are many strategies in place at blood donation centers and laboratories to reduce the risk of contamination. A definite diagnosis of transfusion-transmitted bacterial infection includes the identification of a positive culture in the recipient (without an alternative diagnosis) as well as the identification of the same organism in the donor blood.

961:, the safety of blood and blood products is overseen by haemovigilance. This is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a system "...to identify and prevent occurrence or recurrence of transfusion related unwanted events, to increase the safety, efficacy and efficiency of blood transfusion, covering all activities of the transfusion chain from donor to recipient." The system should include monitoring, identification, reporting, investigation and analysis of adverse events, near-misses, and reactions related to transfusion and manufacturing. In the UK this data is collected by an independent organisation called SHOT (Serious Hazards Of Transfusion). Haemovigilance systems have been established in many countries with the objective of ensuring the safety of blood for transfusion, but their organisational set-up and operating principles can vary. 538: 2577:

loss during pregnancy, ambulances are able to arrive with blood stored in portable, FDA listed blood refrigerators, similar to those found in blood banks. Once the infusion is given on scene, the patient and the ambulance have more time to get to a hospital for surgery and additional infusions if needed. This could be critical in rural areas or sprawling cities where patients can be far from a major hospital and the local emergency medical team may need to use blood infusions to keep that patient alive during transport. Larger studies pointed to improvements in 24-hour mortality with pre-hospital plasma and RBC transfusions, but no difference in 30-day or long-term mortality.

1471:

tissue oxygenation. Although some of the biochemical changes are reversible after the blood is transfused, the biomechanical changes are less so, and rejuvenation products are not yet able to adequately reverse this phenomenon. There has been controversy about whether a given product unit's age is a factor in transfusion efficacy, specifically about whether "older" blood directly or indirectly increases risks of complications. Studies have not been consistent on answering this question, with some showing that older blood is indeed less effective but with others showing no such difference; these developments are being closely followed by hospital

1638:: "Changes in medicine have eliminated the need for millions of blood transfusions, which is good news for patients getting procedures like coronary bypasses and other procedures that once required a lot of blood." And, "Blood bank revenue is falling, and the decline may reach $ 1.5 billion a year this year from a high of $ 5 billion in 2008." In 2014, the Red Cross was predicting job losses as high as 12,000 within the next three to five years, roughly a quarter of the total in the industry. As of 2019, the trend of declining transfusions appeared to be stabilizing, with 10,852,000 RBC units transfused in the United States. 29: 222: 186:. White blood cells are not commonly used during transfusions, but they are part of the immune system and also fight infections. Plasma is the "yellowish" liquid part of blood, which acts as a buffer and contains proteins and other important substances needed for the body's overall health. Platelets are involved in blood clotting, preventing the body from bleeding. Before these components were known, doctors believed that blood was homogeneous. Because of this scientific misunderstanding, many patients died because of incompatible blood transferred to them. 275: 1781: 338: 2302:. In setting up a hospital laboratory that preserved, refrigerated and stored donor blood, Fantus originated the term "blood bank". Within a few years, hospital and community blood-banks were established across the United States. Until the middle of World War II, the newly established US blood banks rejected African-American donors. During the war, Black people were allowed to donate blood, but the donated blood was labeled as being suitable only for transfusion into another person from the same race. 2261: 997:

in the transfused blood. Therefore, delayed haemolytic reaction does not manifest until after 24 hours when enough antibodies are available to cause a reaction. The red blood cells are removed by macrophages from the blood circulation into liver and spleen to be destroyed, which leads to extravascular haemolysis. This process usually mediated by anti-Rh and anti-Kidd antibodies. However, this type of transfusion reaction is less severe when compared to acute haemolytic transfusion reaction.

1949: 1869: 2422: 520: 206: 937: 914: 890: 883: 861: 852: 832: 825: 818: 811: 793: 780: 764: 757: 746: 739: 725: 716: 707: 698: 686: 679: 672: 665: 658: 651: 644: 637: 587: 2518:. Some guidelines have recommended the provision of CMV-negative blood components and not simply leukoreduced components for newborns or low birthweight infants in whom the immune system is not fully developed, but practice varies. These requirements place additional restrictions on blood donors who can donate for neonatal use, which may be impractical given the rarity of CMV seronegative donors and the preference for fresh units. 1754:

Coga, "the subject of a harmless form of insanity." Sheep's blood was used because of speculation about the value of blood exchange between species; it had been suggested that blood from a gentle lamb might quiet the tempestuous spirit of an agitated person and that the shy might be made outgoing by blood from more sociable creatures. Coga received 20 shillings (equivalent to £217 in 2023) to participate in the experiment.

990:. When suspected, transfusion should be stopped immediately, and blood sent for tests to evaluate for presence of hemolysis. Treatment is supportive. Kidney injury may occur because of the effects of the hemolytic reaction (pigment nephropathy). The severity of the transfusion reaction is depended upon amount of donor's antigen transfused, nature of the donor's antigens, the nature and the amount of recipient antibodies. 214: 1818:. Blundell used the patient's husband as a donor, and extracted four ounces of blood from his arm to transfuse into his wife. During the years 1825 and 1830, Blundell performed 10 transfusions, five of which were beneficial, and published his results. He also invented a number of instruments for the transfusion of blood. He made a substantial amount of money from this endeavour, roughly $ 2 million ($ 50 million 560:. Based on the reactions of the patient's serum against the donor cells, a pattern will emerge to confirm the presence of one or more antibodies. Not all antibodies are clinically significant (i.e. cause transfusion reactions, HDN, etc.). Once the patient has developed a clinically significant antibody it is vital that the patient receive antigen-negative red blood cells to prevent future transfusion reactions. 468:(CMV) because of the risk of transmission to certain immunocompromised recipients, such as those with stem cell transplant or T cell diseases. However, testing is not universally mandated, because leukoreduced blood is generally considered safe from CMV transmission; also, most donors (and recipients) are seropositive for CMV, and are not actively viremic. CMV seropositive donors are still eligible to donate. 2163: 2283:, Duran established a blood bank for the use of wounded soldiers and civilians. The 300–400 mL of extracted blood was mixed with 10% citrate solution in a modified Duran Erlenmeyer flask. The blood was stored in a sterile glass enclosed under pressure at 2 °C. During 30 months of work, the Transfusion Service of Barcelona registered almost 30,000 donors, and processed 9,000 liters of blood. 2593:, the use of this blood should be restricted to persons with O negative blood, as nothing else is compatible with them, and women who might be pregnant and for whom it would be impossible to do blood group testing before giving them emergency treatment. Whenever possible, the AABB recommends that O negative blood be conserved by using blood type testing to identify a less scarce alternative. 534:

alloantibodies that may react with donor blood. It takes about 45 minutes to complete (depending on the method used). The blood bank scientist also checks for special requirements of the patient (e.g. need for washed, irradiated or CMV negative blood) and the history of the patient to see if they have previously identified antibodies and any other serological anomalies.

2637:, if refusing the blood transfusion would put the child is at risk of serious injury or death. (Blood banks do not collect information that is irrelevant to the transfusion process, including the donors' race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, COVID-19 vaccination status, etc., so selecting blood units based on the individual's personal objections is not practical.) 2038:(then The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research) made the first important discoveries that blood typing was necessary to avoid blood clumping (coagulation) and blood samples could be preserved using chemical treatment. Their first report in March 1915 showed that gelatine, agar, blood serum extracts, starch and beef albumin proved to be useless preservatives. 1934:, M.D. (1852–1922), an American surgeon, performed one of the first blood transfusions in the United States. He had been called to see his sister after she had given birth. He found her moribund from blood loss, and in a bold move withdrew his own blood, transfused his blood into his sister, and then operated on her to save her life. 2096: 5227: 8189:

Zumberg, Marc; Gorlin, Jed; Griffiths, Elizabeth A.; Schwartz, Garry; Fletcher, Bradley S.; Walsh, Katherine; Dao, Kim-Hien; Vansandt, Amanda; Lynn, Mauricio; Shander, Aryeh (2020). "A case study of 10 patients administered HBOC-201 in high doses over a prolonged period: outcomes during severe anemia

2060:

Another discovery of Rous and Turner was the most critical step in the safety of blood transfusion. Rous was well aware that Landsteiner's concept of blood types had not yet find practical value, as he remarked: "The fate of Landsteiner's effort to call attention to the practical bearing of the group

1102:

The use of greater amount of red blood cells has been suggested to increase the risk of infections, not only transfusion-transmitted infections, but also due to a phenomenon known as transfusion-related immunomodulation (TRIM). TRIM may be caused by macrophages and their byproducts. In those who were

996:

occur more than 24 hours after a transfusion. They usually occur within 28 days of a transfusion. They can be due to either a low level of antibodies present prior to the start of the transfusion, which are not detectable on pre-transfusion testing; or development of a new antibody against an antigen

939: 556:

significant alloantibodies. Donor cells may have homozygous (e.g. K+k+), heterozygous (K+k-) expression or no expression of various antigens (K−k−). The phenotypes of all the donor cells being tested are shown in a chart. The patient's serum is tested against the various donor cells using an indirect

3033:

Carson, Jeffrey L.; Stanworth, Simon J.; Guyatt, Gordon; Valentine, Stacey; Dennis, Jane; Bakhtary, Sara; Cohn, Claudia S.; Dubon, Allan; Grossman, Brenda J.; Gupta, Gaurav K.; Hess, Aaron S.; Jacobson, Jessica L.; Kaplan, Lewis J.; Lin, Yulia; Metcalf, Ryan A.; Murphy, Colin H.; Pavenski, Katerina;

1630:

In the United States, blood transfusions were performed nearly 3 million times during hospitalizations in 2011, making it the most common procedure performed. The rate of hospitalizations with a blood transfusion nearly doubled from 1997, from a rate of 40 stays to 95 stays per 10,000 population. It

1521:

A relationship between intra-operative blood transfusion and cancer recurrence has been observed in colorectal cancer. In lung cancer intra-operative blood transfusion has been associated with earlier recurrence of cancer, worse survival rates and poorer outcomes after lung resection. Suppression of

1487:

is done on a sample of healthy volunteers, and then compliance is presumed for all RBC units based on universal (GMP) processing standards (RBC survival by itself does not guarantee efficacy, but it is a necessary prerequisite for cell function, and hence serves as a regulatory proxy). Opinions vary

1092:

frequently occurs in immunodeficient patients where recipient's body failed to eliminate donor's T cells. Instead, donor's T cells attack the recipient's cells. It occurs one week after transfusion. Fever, rash, diarrhoea are often associated with this type of transfusion reaction. Mortality rate is

943: 942: 938: 567:

may be performed where the recipient serum and donor rbc are incubated. In the immediate spin method, two drops of patient serum are tested against a drop of 3–5% suspension of donor cells in a test tube and spun in a serofuge. Agglutination or hemolysis (i.e., positive Coombs test) in the test tube

533:

Before a recipient receives a transfusion, compatibility testing between donor and recipient blood must be done. The first step before a transfusion is given is to type and screen the recipient's blood. Typing of recipient's blood determines the ABO and Rh status. The sample is then screened for any

2651:

Although there are clinical situations where transfusion with red blood cells is the only clinically appropriate option, clinicians look at whether alternatives are feasible. This can be due to several reasons, such as patient safety, economic burden or scarcity of blood. Guidelines recommend blood

2325:

and in control of four large blood-depots around the country. British policy through the war was to supply military personnel with blood from centralized depots, in contrast to the approach taken by the Americans and Germans where troops at the front were bled to provide required blood. The British

2067:

that agglutination could be avoided if the blood samples of the donor and recipient were tested before. Which they called a rapid and simple method for testing blood compatibility, sodium citrate was used to dilute the blood samples, and after mixing the recipient's and donor's blood in 9:1 and 1:1

1890:

Landsteiner discovered that adverse effects arise from mixing blood from two incompatible individuals. He found that mixing incompatible types triggers an immune response and the red blood-cells clump. The immunological reaction occurs when the receiver of a blood transfusion has antibodies against

1705:

According to Lower's account, "...towards the end of February 1665 selected one dog of medium size, opened its jugular vein, and drew off blood, until its strength was nearly gone. Then, to make up for the great loss of this dog by the blood of a second, I introduced blood from the cervical artery

977:

are defined according to Serious Hazards of Transfusion (SHOT) as "fever and other symptoms/signs of haemolysis within 24 hours of transfusion; confirmed by one or more of the following: a fall of Hb, rise in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT), positive crossmatch"

571:

If an antibody is suspected, potential donor units must first be screened for the corresponding antigen by phenotyping them. Antigen negative units are then tested against the patient plasma using an antiglobulin/indirect crossmatch technique at 37 degrees Celsius to enhance reactivity and make the

241:

fell below 30%. Because each unit of blood given carries risks, a trigger level lower than that, at 70 to 80g/L, is now usually used, as it has been shown to have better patient outcomes. The administration of a single unit of blood is the standard for hospitalized people who are not bleeding, with

5908:

Jones JM, Sapiano MRP, Mowla S, Bota D, Berger JJ, Basavaraju SV. Has the trend of declining blood transfusions in the United States ended? Findings of the 2019 National Blood Collection and Utilization Survey. Transfusion. 2021 Sep;61 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):S1-S10. doi: 10.1111/trf.16449. Epub 2021 Jun

2678:

The research in this area is ongoing. A number of blood substitutes have been explored, but thus far they all have serious limitations. Most attempts to find a suitable alternative to blood thus far have concentrated on cell-free hemoglobin solutions. Blood substitutes could make transfusions more

2576:

in an effort to reduce preventable deaths from significant blood loss. Earlier analyses suggested that in the US, up to 31,000 patients per year bleed to death that otherwise could have survived if pre-hospital transfusions were widely available. For example, when a mother experiences severe blood

1106:

On rare occasions, blood products are contaminated with bacteria. This can result in a life-threatening infection known as transfusion-transmitted bacterial infection. The risk of severe bacterial infection is estimated, as of 2020, at about 1 in 2,500 platelet transfusions, and 1 in 2,000,000 red

1059:

is an extremely rare complication that occurs after blood product transfusion and is associated with the presence of antibodies in the patient's blood directed against both the donor's and recipient's platelets HPA (human platelet antigen). Recipients who lack this protein develop sensitization to

282:

Before a blood transfusion is given, there are many steps taken to ensure quality of the blood products, compatibility, and safety to the recipient. In 2012, a national blood policy was in place in 70% of countries and 69% of countries had specific legislation that covers the safety and quality of

7782:

Rossaint, Rolf; Afshari, Arash; Bouillon, Bertil; Cerny, Vladimir; Cimpoesu, Diana; Curry, Nicola; Duranteau, Jacques; Filipescu, Daniela; Grottke, Oliver; Grønlykke, Lars; Harrois, Anatole; Hunt, Beverley J.; Kaserer, Alexander; Komadina, Radko; Madsen, Mikkel Herold; Maegele, Marc; Mora, Lidia;

4828:

Fergusson, Dean A.; Hébert, Paul; Hogan, Debora L.; LeBel, Louise; Rouvinez-Bouali, Nicole; Smyth, John A.; Sankaran, Koravangattu; Tinmouth, Alan; Blajchman, Morris A.; Kovacs, Lajos; Lachance, Christian; Lee, Shoo; Walker, C. Robin; Hutton, Brian; Ducharme, Robin; Balchin, Katelyn; Ramsay, Tim;

1508:

Physicians have adopted a so-called "restrictive protocol" – whereby transfusion is held to a minimum – in part because of the noted uncertainties surrounding storage lesion, in addition to the very high direct and indirect costs of transfusions. However, the restrictive protocol is not an option

1470:

For red blood cells (RBC), by far the most commonly transfused product, poor transfusion efficacy can result from units damaged by the so-called storage lesion – a range of biochemical and biomechanical changes that occur during storage. With red cells, this can decrease viability and ability for

2632:

became available, some people in the US have refused blood transfusions because the donor might have been vaccinated, and they fear that this would cause secondhand harm to them. This choice is based on false beliefs, but a mentally competent adult's choices are normally respected. Parents and

2500:

and other surgical advances and studies that have shown that many transfusions were unnecessary. For example, the standard of care reduced the amount of blood transfused in one case from 750 to 200 mL. In 2019, 10,852,000 RBC units, 2,243,000 platelet units, and 2,285,000 plasma units were

1753:

Six months later in London, Lower performed the first human transfusion of animal blood in Britain, where he "superintended the introduction in arm at various times of some ounces of sheep's blood at a meeting of the Royal Society, and without any inconvenience to him." The recipient was Arthur

1598:

Hypothermia can occur with transfusions with large quantities of blood products which normally are stored at cold temperatures. Core body temperature can go down as low as 32 °C and can produce physiologic disturbances. Prevention should be done with warming the blood to ambient temperature

1085:

or kidney disease are more susceptible to volume overload. For especially vulnerable patients, a standard RBC unit could be split by sterile technique in the blood bank and administered over 8 hours instead of the standard 4 hours. Plasma transfusion is especially prone to causing TACO because

3666:

Hardwick CC, Herivel TR, Hernandez SC, Ruane PH, Goodrich RP (2004). "Separation, identification and quantification of riboflavin and its photoproducts in blood products using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection: a method to support pathogen reduction technology".

2056:

the preserved bloods were just like fresh bloods and that they "function excellently when reintroduced into the body." Blood could be preserved for up to four weeks. An accompanying experiment using citrate-saccharose (sucrose) mixture was also a success which could maintain blood cells for two

1602:

Transfusions with large amounts of red blood cells, whether due to severe hemorrhaging and/or transfusion inefficacy (see above), can lead to an inclination for bleeding. The mechanism is thought to be due to disseminated intravascular coagulation, along with dilution of recipient platelets and

4874:"The Age of BLood Evaluation (ABLE) randomised controlled trial: description of the UK-funded arm of the international trial, the UK cost-utility analysis and secondary analyses exploring factors associated with health-related quality of life and health-care costs during the 12-month follow-up" 1080:

is a common, yet underdiagnosed, reaction to blood product transfusion consisting of the new onset or exacerbation of three of the following within 6 hours of cessation of transfusion: acute respiratory distress, elevated brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), elevated central venous pressure (CVP),

944: 1118:

has dropped dramatically. Prior testing of donor blood only included testing for antibodies to HIV. However, because of latent infection (the "window period" in which an individual is infectious, but has not had time to develop antibodies) many cases of HIV seropositive blood were missed. The

575:

In urgent cases where crossmatching cannot be completed, and the risk of dropping hemoglobin outweighs the risk of transfusing uncrossmatched blood, O-negative blood is used, followed by crossmatch as soon as possible. O-negative is also used for children and women of childbearing age. It is

7565:

Reeves, Hollie M.; Goodhue Meyer, Erin; Harm, Sarah K.; Lieberman, Lani; Pyles, Ryan; Rajbhandary, Srijana; Whitaker, Barbee I.; Delaney, Meghan (2021). "Neonatal and pediatric blood bank practice in the United States: Results from the AABB pediatric transfusion medicine subsection survey".

1701:

began examining the effects of changes in blood volume on circulatory function and developed methods for cross-circulatory study in animals, obviating clotting by closed arteriovenous connections. The new instruments he was able to devise enabled him to perform the first reliably documented

555:

A positive screen warrants an antibody panel/investigation to determine if it is clinically significant. An antibody panel consists of commercially prepared group O red cell suspensions from donors that have been phenotyped for antigens that correspond to commonly encountered and clinically

7735: 1650:'s experiments on the circulation of blood, recorded research into blood transfusion began in the 17th century, with successful experiments in transfusion between animals. However, successive attempts by physicians to transfuse animal blood into humans gave variable, often fatal, results. 2489:, the replacement of massive blood-loss became a major problem. The cardiac-arrest rate was high. In 1963 C. Paul Boyan and William S. Howland discovered that the temperature of the blood and the rate of infusion greatly affected survival rates, and introduced blood warming to surgery. 1679: 2670:

are available for cases where only volume restoration is required, but a substance with oxygen-carrying capacity would help doctors and surgeons avoid the risks of disease transmission and immune suppression, address the chronic blood donor shortage, and address the concerns of

1738:

into a 15-year-old boy, who survived the transfusion. Denys performed another transfusion into a labourer, who also survived. Both instances were likely due to the small amount of blood that was actually transfused into these people. This allowed them to withstand the

447:, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, or syphilis. One of the main reasons for this is because testing kits are not always available. However the prevalence of transfusion-transmitted infections is much higher in low income countries compared to middle and high income countries. 941: 1616:

has been used by athletes to increase physical stamina. A lack of knowledge and insufficient experience can turn a blood transfusion into a dangerous event. For example, improper storage involving freezing and thawing, or minor antigen incompatibility, could lead to

1119:

development of a nucleic acid test for the HIV-1 RNA has dramatically lowered the rate of donor blood seropositivity to about 1 in 3 million units. As transmittance of HIV does not necessarily mean HIV infection, the latter could still occur at an even lower rate.

5504:

Soldevila-Verdeguer C, Segura-Sampedro JJ, Pineño-Flores C, Sanchís-Cortés P, González-Argente X, Morales-Soriano R (November 2020). "Hepatic resection and blood transfusion increase morbidity after cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC for colorectal carcinomatosis".

1706:

of a fairly large mastiff, which had been fastened alongside the first, until this latter animal showed ... it was overfilled ... by the inflowing blood." After he "sewed up the jugular veins", the animal recovered "with no sign of discomfort or of displeasure".

2197:

was free of charge and expanded rapidly in its first few years of operation. By 1925 it was providing services for almost 500 patients; it was incorporated into the structure of the British Red Cross in 1926. Similar systems developed in other cities, including

1920:

also discovered the human blood groups; in 1907 he classified blood into four groups: I, II, III, IV. His nomenclature is still used in Russia and in states of the former USSR, in which blood types O, A, B, and AB are respectively designated I, II, III, and IV.

3034:

Prochaska, Micah T.; Raval, Jay S.; Salazar, Eric; Saifee, Nabiha H.; Tobian, Aaron A. R.; So-Osman, Cynthia; Waters, Jonathan; Wood, Erica M.; Zantek, Nicole D.; Pagano, Monica B. (2023-11-21). "Red Blood Cell Transfusion: 2023 AABB International Guidelines".

2083:

for the wounded. In October 1915, Robertson performed his first wartime transfusion with a syringe to a patient who had multiple shrapnel wounds. He followed this up with four subsequent transfusions in the following months, and his success was reported to Sir

1899:

into the bloodstream, which can have fatal consequences. Landsteiner's work made it possible to determine blood group and allowed blood transfusions to take place much more safely. For his discovery he won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1930;

317:

are always individually traceable through the whole cycle of donation, testing, separation into components, storage, and administration to the recipient. This enables management and investigation of any suspected transfusion related disease transmission or

1478:

Certain regulatory measures are in place to minimize RBC storage lesion – including a maximum shelf life (currently 42 days), a maximum auto-hemolysis threshold (currently 1% in the US, 0.8% in Europe), and a minimum level of post-transfusion RBC survival

1122:

The transmission of hepatitis C via transfusion currently stands at a rate of about 1 in 2 million units. As with HIV, this low rate has been attributed to the ability to screen for both antibodies as well as viral RNA nucleic acid testing in donor blood.

568:

is a positive reaction. If the crossmatch is positive, then further investigation is needed. Patients with no history of red cell antibodies may qualify for computer-assisted crossmatch, which does not involve combining patient serum with donor cells.

1093:

high, with 89.7% of the patients dead after 24 days. Immunosuppressive treatment is the most common way of treatment. Irradiation and leukoreduction of blood products is necessary for high risk patients to prevent T cells from attacking recipient cells.

2256:

Surgeons at Kharkiv in September. However, this method was never used widely, even in the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, the Soviet Union was the first to establish a network of facilities to collect and store blood for use in transfusions at hospitals.

5717: 7731: 2061:

differences in human bloods provides an exquisite instance of knowledge marking time on technique. Transfusion was still not done because (until at least 1915), the risk of clotting was too great." In June 1915, they made a crucial report in the

1467:, can nonetheless indirectly lead to complications – in addition to causing a transfusion to fully or partly fail to achieve its clinical purpose. This can be especially significant for certain patient groups such as critical-care or neonatals. 1606:

Metabolic alkalosis can occur with massive blood transfusions because of the breakdown of citrate stored in blood into bicarbonate. However, acidemia is common in massively transfused patients, and acid-base balance is affected by complex

8496: 1103:

given red blood cells only with significant anemia ("restrictive" strategy), serious infection rates were 10.6% while in those who were given red blood at milder levels of anemia ("liberal" strategy), serious infection rates were 12.7%.

1603:

coagulation factors. Close monitoring and transfusions with platelets and plasma is indicated when necessary. Progressive hemorrhagic injury (PHI) in traumatic brain injured patients may be worsened by liberal transfusion strategies.

1591:. However, correlation does not prove causation, and transfused patients often have more complicated surgeries and more underlying cardiopulmonary disease compared to untransfused patients; conclusions should be based on prospective 1840:

However, early transfusions were risky and many resulted in the death of the patient. By the late 19th century, blood transfusion was regarded as a risky and dubious procedure, and was largely shunned by the medical establishment.

322:. Developing countries rely heavily on replacement and remunerated donors rather than voluntary nonremunerated donors due to concerns regarding donation- and transfusion-transmitted infection as well as local and cultural beliefs. 1660:

physician Giacomo di San Genesio, who had him drink (by mouth) the blood of three 10-year-old boys. The boys consequently died, as did the Pope himself. However, the evidence for this story is unreliable and considered a possible

5734:

Marchand, Alexandre; Roulland, Ingrid; Semence, Florian; Jaffredo, Franck; Dehainault, Catherine; Le Guiner, Soizic; Le Pajolec, Marie-Gaëlle; Donati, Francesco; Mekacher, Lamine Redouane; Lamek, Kahina; Ericsson, Magnus (2023).

1844:

Work to emulate James Blundell continued in Edinburgh. In 1845 the Edinburgh Journal described the successful transfusion of blood to a woman with severe uterine bleeding. Subsequent transfusions were successful with patients of

3788:

Fast LD, DiLeone G, Cardarelli G, Li J, Goodrich R (September 2006). "Mirasol PRT treatment of donor white blood cells prevents the development of xenogeneic graft-versus-host disease in Rag2-/-gamma c-/- double knockout mice".

4829:

Ford, Jason C.; Kakadekar, Ashok; Ramesh, Kuppuchipalayam; Shapiro, Stan (2012-10-10). "Effect of fresh red blood cell transfusions on clinical outcomes in premature, very low-birth-weight infants: the ARIPI randomized trial".

1007:

released by white blood cells in stored donor blood or attack on donor's white blood cells by recipient's antibodies. This type of reaction occurs in about 7% of transfusions. Fever is generally short lived and is treated with

328:

Studies show that the main motivators to blood donation tend to be prosocial (e.g., altruism, selflessness, charity), while the main deterrents include fear, distrust, or perceived racial discrimination in historic contexts.

3535:

Benjamin RJ, McDonald CP (April 2014). "The international experience of bacterial screen testing of platelet components with an automated microbial detection system: a need for consensus testing and reporting guidelines".

1483:(currently 75% after 24 hours). However, all of these criteria are applied in a universal manner that does not account for differences among units of product. For example, testing for the post-transfusion RBC survival 1626:

Globally around 85 million units of red blood cells are transfused in a given year. The global demand is much higher and there is an unmet need for safe blood for transfusion in many low- and middle-income countries.

1012:, and transfusions may be finished as long as an acute hemolytic reaction is excluded. This is a reason for the now-widespread use of leukoreduction – the filtration of donor white cells from red cell product units. 8051:

Shander A, Fink A, Javidroozi M, Erhard J, Farmer SL, Corwin H, et al. (July 2011). "Appropriateness of allogeneic red blood cell transfusion: the international consensus conference on transfusion outcomes".

2492:

Further extending the shelf-life of stored blood up to 42 days was an anticoagulant preservative, CPDA-1, introduced in 1979, which increased the blood supply and facilitated resource-sharing among blood banks.

1496:

tests to assess quality or predict efficacy for specific units of RBC blood product prior to their transfusion, though there is exploration of potentially relevant tests based on RBC membrane properties such as

2740:

transfusion, as antibodies against non-self cell surface antigens are not expressed constitutively – i.e. the animal has to be sensitized before it will mount an immune response against the transfused blood.

345:

Donated blood is usually subjected to processing after it is collected, to make it suitable for use in specific patient populations. Collected blood is then separated into blood components by centrifugation:

5706: 1750:. He received two transfusions. After the second transfusion Bonde died. In the winter of 1667, Denys performed several transfusions on Antoine Mauroy with calf's blood. On the third account Mauroy died. 964:

Transfusions of blood products are associated with several complications, many of which can be grouped as immunological or infectious. There is controversy on potential quality degradation during storage.

940: 8542: 576:

preferable for the laboratory to obtain a pre-transfusion sample in these cases so a type and screen can be performed to determine the actual blood group of the patient and to check for alloantibodies.

2514:

To ensure the safety of blood transfusion to pediatric patients, hospitals are taking additional precautions to avoid infection and prefer to use pediatric blood units that are guaranteed "safe" from

3198:

Distler P, Ashford P. Twenty-five years later: has ISBT 128 fulfilled its promise? Transfusion. 2019 Dec;59(12):3776-3782. doi: 10.1111/trf.15519. Epub 2019 Sep 29. PMID 31565803; PMCID: PMC6916302.

7761: 2185:, where they were in urgent need of a blood donor. After providing a donor, Oliver set about organizing a system for the voluntary registration of blood donors at clinics around London, with Sir 8523: 8491: 2116:), was able to persuade the British authorities of the merits of blood transfusion. Robertson went on to establish the first blood-transfusion apparatus at a Casualty Clearing Station on the 6866: 5925: 3832:

Fast LD, DiLeone G, Marschner S (July 2011). "Inactivation of human white blood cells in platelet products after pathogen reduction technology treatment in comparison to gamma irradiation".

498:

has been shown to be effective in inactivating pathogens (viruses, bacteria, parasites and white blood cells) in blood products. By inactivating white blood cells in donated blood products,

5113:

Raval JS, Waters JH, Seltsam A, Scharberg EA, Richter E, Daly AR, et al. (November 2010). "The use of the mechanical fragility test in evaluating sublethal RBC injury during storage".

3875:

Reddy HL, Dayan AD, Cavagnaro J, Gad S, Li J, Goodrich RP (April 2008). "Toxicity testing of a novel riboflavin-based technology for pathogen reduction and white blood cell inactivation".

1768:

These early experiments with animal blood provoked a heated controversy in Britain and France. Finally, in 1668, the Royal Society and the French government both banned the procedure. The

6934:

Stansbury LG, Hess JR (July 2009). "Blood transfusion in World War I: the roles of Lawrence Bruce Robertson and Oswald Hope Robertson in the "most important medical advance of the war"".

2496:

As of 2006 about 15 million units of blood products were transfused per year in the United States. By 2013 the number had declined to about 11 million units, because of the shift towards

2345: 8279: 2652:

transfusions should be reserved for patients with or at risk of cardiovascular instability due to the degree of their anaemia. In stable patients with iron deficiency anemia, oral or

5191: 1060:

this protein from prior transfusions or previous pregnancies, can develop thrombocytopenia, bleeding into the skin, and can display purplish discolouration of skin which is known as

6874: 3753:

Goodrich RP, Edrich RA, Li J, Seghatchian J (August 2006). "The Mirasol PRT system for pathogen reduction of platelets and plasma: an overview of current status and future trends".

2279:

at the start of the conflict, but the hospital was soon overwhelmed by the demand for blood and the paucity of available donors. With support from the Department of Health of the

8376: 5070:

Burns JM, Yang X, Forouzan O, Sosa JM, Shevkoplyas SS (May 2012). "Artificial microvascular network: a new tool for measuring rheologic properties of stored red blood cells".

7540: 1045:, the reaction is presumed to be caused by IgA antibodies in the donor's plasma. The patient may present with symptoms of fever, wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and 4576:

Heaton A, Keegan T, Holme S (January 1989). "In vivo regeneration of red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate following transfusion of DPG-depleted AS-1, AS-3 and CPDA-1 red cells".

2436:

to reconstitute the dried plasma contained within the other bottle. In about three minutes, the plasma would be ready to use and could stay fresh for around four hours. Dr.

2057:

weeks. This use of citrate and sugars, sometimes known as Rous-Turner solution, was the foundation for the development of blood banks and improvement of transfusion method.

461:

In addition, in some countries platelet products are also tested for bacterial infections due to its higher inclination for contamination due to storage at room temperature.

305:

or homologous transfusion). The latter is much more common than the former. Using another's blood must first start with donation of blood. Blood is most commonly donated as

1631:

was the most common procedure performed for patients 45 years of age and older in 2011, and among the top five most common for patients between the ages of 1 and 44 years.

5461:

Abou Daher, Layal; Heppell, Olivia; Lopez-Plaza, Ileana; Guerra-Londono, Carlos E. (2024). "Perioperative Blood Transfusions and Cancer Progression: A Narrative Review".

8583: 4872:

Walsh, Timothy S.; Stanworth, Simon; Boyd, Julia; Hope, David; Hemmatapour, Sue; Burrows, Helen; Campbell, Helen; Pizzo, Elena; Swart, Nicholas; Morris, Stephen (2017).

1610:

Hypocalcemia can also occur with massive blood transfusions because of the complex of citrate with serum calcium. Calcium levels below 0.9 mmol/L should be treated.

8130:

Cao, Min; Zhao, Yong; He, Hongli; Yue, Ruiming; Pan, Lingai; Hu, Huan; Ren, Yingjie; Qin, Qin; Yi, Xueliang; Yin, Tao; Ma, Lina; Zhang, Dingding; Huang, Xiaobo (2021).

6027: 3511:"Bacterial Detection Testing by Blood and Blood Collection Establishments and Transfusion Services to Enhance the Safety and Availability of Platelets for Transfusion" 1856:

Various isolated reports of successful transfusions emerged towards the end of the 19th century. The largest series of early successful transfusions took place at the

5983: 9002: 7937: 7851: 2963: 982:

and crossmatching resulting in a mismatch in ABO blood type between the donor and the recipient. Symptoms include fever, chills, chest pain, back pain, hemorrhage,

6239: 254:

such as chest pain or shortness of breath. In cases where patients have low levels of hemoglobin due to iron deficiency, but are cardiovascularly stable, oral or

2528:

Exchange (or partial exchange) transfusions are done for removal of bilirubin, removal of antibodies and replacement of red cells (e.g., for anemia secondary to

2326:

method proved more successful in adequately meeting all requirements, and over 700,000 donors were bled over the course of the war. This system evolved into the

1030:. Either IgE antibodies from the donor's or recipient's side can cause the allergic reaction. It is more common in patients who have allergic conditions such as 8571: 9047: 8539: 1814:

by transfusion of human blood using a syringe. In 1818, after experiments with animals, he performed the first successful transfusion of human blood to treat

7653: 7893: 5885: 2068:

parts, blood would either clump or remain watery after 15 minutes. According to their advice, blood without clumping "should always be chosen if possible."

1580:. However, the impact of transfusion-related immunomodulation (TRIM) on cancer progression has not been definitively established and requires further study. 2224:, and remarked with satisfaction on the improvement of his eyesight, suspension of balding, and other positive symptoms after receiving 11 transfusions of 1910:

is credited with performing the first surgery using a direct blood transfusion in 1906 at St. Alexis Hospital in Cleveland while a professor of surgery at

1757:

Lower went on to pioneer new devices for the precise control of blood flow and the transfusion of blood; his designs were substantially the same as modern

7757: 2557:, when more than ten units of blood are needed. Packed red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, and platelets are generally administered. Typical ratios of 2210:, and the service's work began to attract international attention. France, Germany, Austria, Belgium, Australia and Japan established similar services. 4756: 2482:

allowed for the evolution of a collection system capable of safe and easy preparation of multiple blood components from a single unit of whole blood.

8371: 8243: 4726: 978:

This is due to destruction of donor red blood cells by preformed recipient antibodies. Most often this occurs because of clerical errors or improper

8534: 8513: 2784:, a pseudoscientific practice involving the transfusion of blood taken from young donors to older recipients that is claimed to have health benefits 2146:

and was stored in bottles at British and American Casualty Clearing Stations along the Front. Robertson also experimented with preserving separated

8889: 6796: 3510: 3432: 1964: 1512:

Although transfusions of platelets are far less numerous (relative to RBC), platelet storage lesion and resulting efficacy loss is also a concern.

1089: 499: 390: 8345: 2248:

from recently deceased donors. Yudin performed such a transfusion successfully for the first time on March 23, 1930, and reported his first seven

6459: 5548:

Poder, Thomas G.; Nonkani, Wendyam G.; Tsakeu Leponkouo, Élyonore (2015). "Blood Warming and Hemolysis: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis".

1081:

evidence of left heart failure, evidence of positive fluid balance, and/or radiographic evidence of pulmonary vascular congestion. Patients with

8249: 7267:

Nazis chose the healthiest Polish children and transported them to German field hospitals where they used them for constant blood transfusions .

3710:"A randomized controlled clinical trial evaluating the performance and safety of platelets treated with MIRASOL pathogen reduction technology". 8646: 6303: 2467:(ACD) solution, which reduced the volume of anticoagulant, permitted transfusions of greater volumes of blood and allowed longer-term storage. 8271: 3910: 3267:"Skin preparation with alcohol versus alcohol followed by any antiseptic for preventing bacteraemia or contamination of blood for transfusion" 1599:

prior to transfusions. Blood warming devices are available to avoid the hemolysis that would occur from unsafe practices such as microwaving.

225:

As the person receives their blood transfusion, the bag slowly empties, leaving behind blood that has clotted before it could be administered.

8485: 7330: 7307: 2601: 5813: 5156:

Shander A, Hofmann A, Gombotz H, Theusinger OM, Spahn DR (June 2007). "Estimating the cost of blood: past, present, and future directions".

250:

is in part due to evidence that outcomes are worsened if larger amounts are given. One may consider transfusion for people with symptoms of

5202: 325:

It is unclear whether applying alcohol swab alone or alcohol swab followed by antiseptic is able to reduce contamination of donor's blood.

6344:

Nathoo N, Lautzenheiser FK, Barnett GH (March 2009). "The first direct human blood transfusion: the forgotten legacy of George W. Crile".

8884: 5648:

Schriner, Jacob B.; Van Gent, J. Michael; Meledeo, M. Adam; Olson, Scott D.; Cotton, Bryan A.; Cox, Charles S.; Gill, Brijesh S. (2023).

2063: 1077: 1041:

Anaphylactic reactions are rare life-threatening allergic conditions caused by IgA anti-plasma protein antibodies. For patients who have

7025: 1034:. Patient may feel itchy or having hives but the symptoms are usually mild and can be controlled by stopping the transfusion and giving 8894: 8767: 6080: 2815: 1171: 1003:

are, along with allergic transfusion reactions, the most common type of blood transfusion reaction and occur because of the release of

1000: 476: 8366: 6508: 4071: 2120:

in the spring of 1917. Robertson did not test crossmatching so that one died of hemolysis in his 1916 transfusion, and three in 1917.

6403: 2415: 2089: 1588: 6973: 6048: 2612:

Sometimes people refuse blood transfusions because of fears about the safety of the blood supply. Generally speaking, the rules of

7544: 7687:

Meneses, Evander; Boneva, Dessy; McKenney, Mark; Elkbuli, Adel (2020). "Massive transfusion protocol in adult trauma population".

3986: 3480: 3458: 3177: 7783:

Riddez, Louis; Romero, Carolina S.; Samama, Charles-Marc; Vincent, Jean-Louis; Wiberg, Sebastian; Spahn, Donat R. (2023-03-01).

7511: 471:

Leukocyte reduction is the removal of white blood cells by filtration. Leukoreduced blood products are less likely to cause HLA

8910: 4160: 3961: 2154:, a British surgeon, developed a portable machine that could store blood to enable transfusions to be carried out more easily. 1826: 1383: 993: 6891:

Pelis K (July 2001). "Taking credit: the Canadian Army Medical Corps and the British conversion to blood transfusion in WWI".

8879: 7396: 7078: 7005: 6378:

the first successful blood transfusion performed between 2 brothers on August 6, 1906, at St. Alexis Hospital, Cleveland, OH.

6269: 6118: 4503: 4084: 3945: 3426: 2695:

and has been used in the United States on a case-by-case basis through the emergency Investigational New Drug (IND) process.

2687:

care. If successful, such a blood substitute could save many lives, particularly in trauma where massive blood loss results.

2402:, liquid plasma was used in Britain. A large project, known as "Blood for Britain", began in August 1940 to collect blood in 1176: 1067: 1042: 7285: 7254: 6323: 6145: 6023: 4931:"Transfusion of red blood cells after prolonged storage produces harmful effects that are mediated by iron and inflammation" 8905: 6006: 5849: 1181: 974: 7865: 3152: 1509:

with some especially vulnerable patients who may require the best possible efforts to rapidly restore tissue oxygenation.

242:

this treatment followed with re-assessment and consideration of symptoms and hemoglobin concentration. Patients with poor

7847: 4138: 2949: 2011:

performed the first non-direct transfusion on March 27, 1914, though this involved a diluted solution of blood. The

1850: 1071: 484: 6211: 4056:

Wang, SS. "What's the Shelf Life of Blood? Focus on Whether Older Donations Impair Recovery of Transfusion Recipients".

139:. Transfusions are used for various medical conditions to replace lost components of the blood. Early transfusions used 8639: 8414: 1463:

Transfusion inefficacy or insufficient efficacy of a given unit(s) of blood product, while not itself a "complication"

6530: 1795:

leading to the practice of mixing some blood from the donor and the receiver before the transfusion (an early form of

1530:

types, through mechanisms involving the innate and adaptive immune system. Five major mechanisms for this include the

584:

This chart shows possible matches in blood transfusion between donor and receiver using ABO and Rh system. The symbol

8922: 7963:

Kim, Daniel H.; Berkman, Emily; Clark, Jonna D.; Saifee, Nabiha H.; Diekema, Douglas S.; Lewis-Newby, Mithya (2023).

7931: 7184: 7054: 5955: 2310: 537: 3358:"Motivators and deterrents to blood donation among Black South Africans: a qualitative analysis of focus group data" 2051: 1860:

between 1885 and 1892. Edinburgh later became the home of the first blood donation and blood transfusion services.

7882: 7673: 6435: 5874: 5737:"Evaluation of the detection of the homologous transfusion of a red blood cell concentrate in vivo for antidoping" 4014:"A national surveillance system for continuous monitoring of blood transfusion safety: German haemovigilance data" 1475:– who are the physicians, typically pathologists, who collect and manage inventories of transfusable blood units. 5593:"Progressive hemorrhagic injury after severe traumatic brain injury: effect of hemoglobin transfusion thresholds" 2836:

Van Gent, Jan-Michael; Clements, Thomas W.; Cotton, Bryan A. (2024). "Resuscitation and Care in the Trauma Bay".

1911: 258:

is a preferred option based on both efficacy and safety. Other blood products are given where appropriate, e.g.,

3680: 8010:

Goddard AF, James MW, McIntyre AS, Scott BB, et al. (British Society of Gastroenterology) (October 2011).

4670:"Storage-induced damage to red blood cell mechanical properties can be only partially reversed by rejuvenation" 2771: 2432:

The resulting dried plasma package came in two tin cans containing 400 mL bottles. One bottle contained enough

2134:

in 1917, where he became instrumental in establishing the first blood banks in preparation for the anticipated

1791:

The science of blood transfusion dates to the first decade of the 20th century, with the discovery of distinct

7965:"Parental Refusals of Blood Transfusions from COVID-19 Vaccinated Donors for Children Needing Cardiac Surgery" 5591:

Vedantam, Aditya; Yamal, Jose-Miguel; Rubin, Maria Laura; Robertson, Claudia S.; Gopinath, Shankar P. (2016).

4012:

Berg, P; Heiden, M; Müller, S; Meyer, B; Witzenhausen, C; Ruppert-Seipp, G; Kehr, S; Funk, M.B. (2024-06-18).

2879:

Adams RC, Lundy JS (1942). "Anesthesia in cases of poor surgical risk. Some suggestions for decreasing risk".

9172: 8707: 8632: 2464: 1993: 1015: 5834:

Pfuntner A, Wier LM, Stocks C (October 2013). "Most Frequent Procedures Performed in U.S. Hospitals, 2011".

8957: 8811: 4748: 3210:"Supply, Demand, and Quality: A Three-Pronged Approach to Blood Product Management in Developing Countries" 2628:

and even when their refusal may result in serious and permanent harm, including death. For example, since

2189:

appointed as a medical adviser. Volunteers were subjected to a series of physical tests to establish their

1857: 1747: 1657: 243: 5426:

Kormi SM, Seghatchian J (June 2017). "Taming the immune system through transfusion in oncology patients".

5376:"Does blood transfusion increase the chance of recurrence in patients undergoing surgery for lung cancer?" 4718: 4388:"Health care-associated infection after red blood cell transfusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 2736:

over 30. However, in many species (especially horses and dogs), cross matching is not required before the

401:(WHO) recommends that all donated blood be tested for transfusion-transmissible infections. These include 8827: 7785:"The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: sixth edition" 3413: 3120:"Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of iron deficiency and anemia in inflammatory bowel diseases" 2245: 2117: 1709:

Lower had performed the first blood transfusion between animals. He was then "requested by the Honorable

1592: 1535: 548: 528: 8559: 5286:"Inflammatory response, immunosuppression, and cancer recurrence after perioperative blood transfusions" 2984:

Carson JL, Stanworth SJ, Dennis JA, Trivella M, Roubinian N, Fergusson DA, et al. (December 2021).

8301: 7880: 4621:"Decreased erythrocyte deformability after transfusion and the effects of erythrocyte storage duration" 4218: 2182: 1807: 1784: 1719: 5919: 3077:

Villanueva C, Colomo A, Bosch A, Concepción M, Hernandez-Gea V, Aracil C, et al. (January 2013).

2313:

at Hammersmith Hospital to establish a system of national blood banks in London. With the outbreak of

381:). Red cells, plasma and platelets can also be donated individually via a more complex process called 9037: 9032: 8997: 8977: 8932: 8874: 8238: 4070:

Bolton-Maggs PH, Poles D, et al. (Serious Hazards of Transfusion (SHOT) Steering Group) (2015).

3173: 2684: 2452: 2268: 2080: 2030:(1914–1918) acted as a catalyst for the rapid development of blood banks and transfusion techniques. 1901: 1765:. Shortly after, Lower moved to London, where his growing practice soon led him to abandon research. 1698: 1682: 1498: 542: 503: 480: 398: 5335:"Perioperative blood transfusion is associated with worse clinical outcomes in resected lung cancer" 4437:"Blood Transfusion Reactions-A Comprehensive Review of the Literature including a Swiss Perspective" 1772:

condemned these experiments in 1670. Blood transfusions fell into obscurity for the next 150 years.

423:) and, where relevant, other infections that pose a risk to the safety of the blood supply, such as 8854: 8844: 8607: 5984:"The history of peripheral intravenous catheters: how little plastic tubes revolutionized medicine" 2337:

in Eastern Europe during World War II using captive children as repeated involuntary blood-donors.

2181:, established the world's first blood-donor service in 1921. In that year, Oliver was contacted by 2113: 2076: 2072: 1082: 1056: 1050: 443:). According to the WHO, 10 countries are not able to screen all donated blood for one or more of: 73: 7338: 7315: 6473:

Gordon MB (1940). "Effect of External Temperature on Sedimentation Rate of Red Blood Corpuscles".

5707:"Damage Control Resuscitation and Management in Severe Hemorrage/Shock in the Prehospital Setting" 4288:

Kopolovic I, Ostro J, Tsubota H, Lin Y, Cserti-Gazdewich CM, Messner HA, et al. (July 2015).

3573:"Prevention of Transfusion-Transmitted Cytomegalovirus Infections: Which is the Optimal Strategy?" 2589:

O negative is compatible with anyone, it is often overused and in short supply. According to the

9151: 9102: 9082: 8729: 7889: 5785: 3118:

Gasche C, Berstad A, Befrits R, Beglinger C, Dignass A, Erichsen K, et al. (December 2007).

2781: 2390: 2280: 2135: 2108: 1984:

the blood it was possible to store it for some days, thus opening the way for the development of

1931: 1924:

Dr. William Lorenzo Moss's (1876–1957) Moss-blood typing technique of 1910 was widely used until

1907: 1872: 1702:

successful transfusion of blood in front of his distinguished colleagues from the Royal Society.

1553: 164: 2525:"Top-up" transfusions, to replace losses due to investigational losses and correction of anemia. 2228:. Bogdanov died in 1928 as a result of one of his experiments, when the blood of a student with 2169:

established a scientific institute to research the effects of blood transfusion in Moscow, 1925.

313:. In first-world countries, donations are usually anonymous to the recipient, but products in a 9126: 9072: 8967: 8945: 8692: 2903:

Carson JL, Grossman BJ, Kleinman S, Tinmouth AT, Marques MB, Fung MK, et al. (July 2012).

2776: 2704: 2672: 2566: 2537: 2398:

as a substitute for whole blood and for transfusion purposes as early as 1918. At the onset of

2327: 2237: 2194: 2085: 2035: 1884: 979: 451: 251: 230: 200: 38: 7921: 7021: 9112: 9067: 8972: 8624: 7609:

Radhakrishnan KM, Chakravarthi S, Pushkala S, Jayaraju J (August 2003). "Component therapy".

6076: 5503: 2123: 2112:

in 1916 and, with the help of a few like-minded individuals (including the eminent physician

1830: 1815: 1717:

with the procedure for the whole experiment", which he did in December 1665 in the Society's

1584: 1502: 455: 6180: 3918: 2921: 2904: 2807: 2414:

plasma package was developed by the Surgeons General of the Army and Navy, working with the

579: 9077: 8992: 8982: 8864: 8806: 8685: 8659: 6563: 6500: 4978:

Hess JR (August 2012). "Scientific problems in the regulation of red blood cell products".

4090: 2497: 2456: 2291: 2276: 1539: 319: 6969: 6407: 1583:

In retrospective studies, blood transfusion has been associated with worse outcomes after

8: 9177: 9062: 9052: 8702: 8428: 6791: 6052: 3316:"Blood donor development: Effects of personality, motivational and situational variables" 2558: 2460: 2366: 2031: 1992:

was the first to experiment with chemical methods to prevent the coagulation of blood at

1846: 1727: 1046: 359: 259: 246:

may need more blood. The advisory caution to use blood transfusion only with more severe

7120:"Refusing blood transfusions from COVID‐19‐vaccinated donors: are we repeating history?" 7119: 7118:

Jacobs, Jeremy W.; Bibb, Lorin A.; Savani, Bipin N.; Booth, Garrett S. (February 2022).

5682: 5649: 4435:

Ackfeld, Theresa; Schmutz, Thomas; Guechi, Youcef; Le Terrier, Christophe (2022-05-19).

4386:

Rohde JM, Dimcheff DE, Blumberg N, Saint S, Langa KM, Kuhn L, et al. (April 2014).

4192:

Murphy M (2013). "Post-transfusion purpura". In Murphy M, Pamphilon D, Heddle N (eds.).

3265:

Webster J, Bell-Syer SE, Foxlee R, et al. (Cochrane Wounds Group) (February 2015).

541:

Interpretation of antibody panel to detect patient antibodies towards the most relevant

9092: 8403: 8337: 8166: 8131: 7819: 7784: 7634: 7231: 7152: 6916: 6813: 6732: 6684: 6659: 6635: 6610: 6591: 6369: 6357: 6297: 6192: 5879: 5625: 5592: 5530: 5400: 5375: 5310: 5285: 5138: 5095: 5047: 5022: 5003: 4955: 4930: 4906: 4873: 4805: 4778: 4694: 4669: 4645: 4620: 4601: 4589: 4558: 4471: 4436: 4412: 4387: 4363: 4330: 4265: 4240: 3857: 3814: 3735: 3692: 3597: 3572: 3488: 3454: 3390: 3357: 3291: 3266: 3242: 3209: 3208:

Gress, Kyle L.; Charipova, Karina; Urits, Ivan; Viswanath, Omar; Kaye, Alan D. (2021).

3169: 3010: 2985: 2680: 2418:, which reduced breakage and made transportation, packaging, and storage much simpler. 2213: 2166: 2139: 2020: 1989: 1662: 1653: 1018:

are caused by IgE anti-allergen antibodies. When antibodies are bound to its antigens,

415: 133: 7487: 7462: 7438: 7413: 5801: 4929:

Hod EA, Zhang N, Sokol SA, Wojczyk BS, Francis RO, Ansaldi D, et al. (May 2010).

4619:

Frank SM, Abazyan B, Ono M, Hogue CW, Cohen DB, Berkowitz DE, et al. (May 2013).

3990: 3643: 3626: 1875:, M.D. (1852–1922) performed one of the first blood transfusions in the United States. 9146: 9141: 9027: 8724: 8410: 8329: 8321: 8317: 8300:

Smith, Douglas M.; Newhouse, Michael; Naziruddin, Bashoo; Kresie, Lesley (May 2006).

8215: 8207: 8171: 8153: 8112: 8104: 8069: 8033: 7992: 7984: 7927: 7824: 7806: 7712: 7704: 7665: 7626: 7591: 7583: 7519: 7492: 7443: 7392: 7369: 7365: 7352:

Boyan CP, Howland WS (January 1963). "Cardiac arrest and temperature of bank blood".

7223: 7218: 7201: 7180: 7157: 7139: 7074: 7050: 7001: 6951: 6908: 6848: 6817: 6773: 6724: 6720: 6689: 6640: 6583: 6538: 6486: 6453: 6361: 6265: 6231: 6184: 6114: 5998: 5961: 5951: 5841: 5805: 5766: 5758: 5687: 5669: 5630: 5612: 5573: 5565: 5534: 5522: 5486: 5478: 5443: 5405: 5356: 5351: 5334: 5315: 5266: 5173: 5130: 5126: 5099: 5087: 5083: 5052: 4995: 4991: 4960: 4911: 4893: 4854: 4846: 4810: 4699: 4650: 4593: 4562: 4550: 4509: 4499: 4476: 4458: 4417: 4368: 4350: 4311: 4270: 4167: 4080: 4039: 4031: 3965: 3941: 3892: 3849: 3845: 3806: 3802: 3770: 3727: 3723: 3696: 3684: 3648: 3602: 3553: 3422: 3395: 3377: 3335: 3331: 3296: 3247: 3229: 3144: 3100: 3059: 3051: 3015: 2926: 2861: 2853: 2663: 2646: 2633:

guardians making harmful choices about children, however, can be overruled under the

2272: 2178: 2174: 1997: 1973: 1833:, aided by Blundell, performed the first successful whole blood transfusion to treat 1740: 1526:

by blood transfusion has been implicated as playing a role in more than 10 different

1364: 958: 425: 160: 63: 8341: 8060:(3). International Consensus Conference on Transfusion Outcomes Group: 232–246.e53. 7638: 7235: 6920: 6736: 6595: 6196: 5837:

Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Statistical Briefs [Internet]

5142: 5007: 4605: 3861: 3818: 3739: 8849: 8796: 8762: 8736: 8313: 8199: 8161: 8143: 8096: 8061: 8023: 7976: 7814: 7796: 7696: 7618: 7575: 7482: 7474: 7433: 7425: 7361: 7213: 7147: 7131: 6943: 6900: 6844: 6805: 6763: 6716: 6679: 6671: 6630: 6622: 6575: 6482: 6373: 6353: 6223: 6176: 6106: 5797: 5784:

Roberts, Nicholas; James, Spencer; Delaney, Meghan; Fitzmaurice, Christina (2019).

5748: 5677: 5661: 5620: 5604: 5557: 5514: 5470: 5435: 5395: 5387: 5346: 5305: 5297: 5258: 5165: 5122: 5079: 5042: 5034: 4987: 4950: 4942: 4901: 4885: 4838: 4800: 4790: 4689: 4681: 4640: 4632: 4585: 4540: 4466: 4448: 4407: 4399: 4358: 4342: 4301: 4260: 4252: 4021: 3884: 3841: 3798: 3762: 3719: 3676: 3638: 3592: 3584: 3545: 3385: 3369: 3327: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3237: 3221: 3134: 3090: 3043: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2916: 2845: 2629: 2617: 2613: 2533: 2448: 2378: 2314: 1972:

While the first transfusions had to be made directly from donor to receiver before

1880: 472: 156: 6227: 6135: 5439: 3766: 3315: 2236:

was given to him in a transfusion. Following Bogdanov's lead, Vladimir Shamov and

1887:(O, A, and B), did blood transfusion achieve a scientific basis and become safer. 1656:

is sometimes said to have been given "the world's first blood transfusion" by his

1110:

Since the advent of HIV testing of donor blood in the mid/later 1980s, ex. 1985's

143:, but modern medical practice commonly uses only components of the blood, such as 105: 9136: 8950: 8717: 8712: 8612: 8546: 8500: 8424: 7860: 7856: 7279: 7250: 7068: 6995: 6317: 5665: 5192:"Transfusion Overuse: Exposing an International Problem and Patient Safety Issue" 4946: 4636: 4346: 4306: 4289: 3934: 3415:

Screening donated blood for transfusion-transmissible infections: recommendations

2958: 2954: 2745: 2653: 2515: 2437: 2433: 2425: 2186: 2151: 2049:) solution was a perfect preservative; as they reported in February issue of the 2027: 1573: 1565: 1543: 1139: 465: 366: 298: 274: 255: 144: 79: 5835: 3119: 221: 9182: 9022: 8917: 8832: 8792: 8757: 8065: 7801: 7700: 6947: 6768: 6751: 5561: 5518: 5474: 4256: 3888: 3549: 2766: 2716:

require different levels of testing to ensure a compatible match. For example,

2634: 2621: 2486: 2407: 2287: 2260: 2216:

founded an academic institution devoted to the science of blood transfusion in

2147: 2042: 1796: 1647: 1402: 1135: 564: 430: 374: 347: 292: 179: 5608: 5262: 5169: 4132: 2849: 1159:

Comparison of symptoms of blood transfusion reactions characterized by fever.

9166: 9007: 8800: 8667: 8479: 8441: 8325: 8211: 8157: 8148: 8108: 8100: 7988: 7980: 7810: 7708: 7587: 7143: 6904: 6587: 6542: 5762: 5673: 5616: 5569: 5482: 4897: 4850: 4487: 4462: 4354: 4035: 3381: 3339: 3233: 3055: 2857: 2411: 2403: 2370: 2322: 2306: 2299: 2221: 2008: 1981: 1977: 1780: 1714: 1694: 1686: 1577: 1523: 1421: 1035: 310: 129: 28: 8529:

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Blood Transfusion Guidance

8087:

Standl, T. (2001). "Haemoglobin-based erythrocyte transfusion substitutes".

8028: 8011: 7881:

The Chief Medical Officer's National Blood Transfusion Committee (c. 2008).

5965: 4842: 4513: 3225: 3047: 2620:

adults to refuse blood transfusions even when their objections are based on

2264:

British poster of 1944 encouraging people to donate blood for the war effort

1948: 1917: 948:

Agglutination (clumping) of red blood cells due to an incorrect transfusion.

297:

The source of blood to be transfused can either be the potential recipient (

92: 9056: 8697: 8333: 8219: 8175: 8116: 8073: 8037: 7996: 7964: 7828: 7716: 7669: 7630: 7595: 7496: 7447: 7373: 7227: 7161: 6955: 6912: 6809: 6728: 6693: 6644: 6579: 6365: 6235: 6188: 6002: 5845: 5809: 5770: 5691: 5634: 5577: 5526: 5490: 5447: 5409: 5391: 5360: 5319: 5270: 5177: 5134: 5091: 5056: 4999: 4964: 4915: 4858: 4814: 4703: 4654: 4554: 4480: 4421: 4403: 4372: 4315: 4274: 4043: 3896: 3853: 3810: 3774: 3731: 3688: 3652: 3606: 3557: 3399: 3300: 3251: 3148: 3104: 3063: 3019: 2930: 2865: 2709: 2692: 2554: 2399: 2395: 2382: 2374: 2350: 2233: 2099: 2095: 1960:) overseeing one of the first safe and effective blood transfusions in 1914 1925: 1819: 1803: 1710: 1613: 1531: 351: 148: 8518: 6777: 6110: 5460: 4795: 4597: 4137:. Bethesda, United States: National Center for Biotechnology Information. 3095: 3078: 2905:"Red blood cell transfusion: a clinical practice guideline from the AABB*" 2428:

oversaw the production of blood plasma for shipping to Britain during WW2.

2421: 2019:

used a much less diluted solution in November of the same year. Both used

1868: 1685:

pioneered the first blood transfusion from animal to human in 1665 at the

957:

In the same way that the safety of pharmaceutical products is overseen by

9012: 8839: 8675: 8565: 7608: 6675: 6626: 5301: 5038: 4290:"A systematic review of transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease" 2666:, which is the typical objective of a blood (RBC) transfusion. Non-blood 2529: 2471: 2451:(1868–1943), Alex Wiener, Philip Levine, and R.E. Stetson discovered the 2225: 2190: 2041:

However, building on the same experiment, they discovered that a mixture

1834: 1792: 1726:

The first blood transfusion from animal to human was administered by Dr.

1127: 1009: 987: 983: 580:

Compatibility of ABO and Rh system for Red Cell (Erythrocyte) Transfusion

557: 519: 490:

Pathogen Reduction treatment that involves, for example, the addition of

410: 406: 306: 168: 140: 136: 99: 8528: 5650:"Impact of Transfused Citrate on Pathophysiology in Massive Transfusion" 4668:

Barshtein G, Gural A, Manny N, Zelig O, Yedgar S, Arbell D (June 2014).

4453: 2744:

The rare and experimental practice of inter-species blood transfusions (

2675:

and others who have religious objections to receiving transfused blood.

8940: 8752: 8519:

Australian National Blood Authority Patient Blood Management Guidelines

7622: 7337:. Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army. Archived from 7314:. Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army. Archived from 7070:

Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine: Basic Principles & Practice

6997:

The Great Ormond Street Hospital Manual of Children's Nursing Practices

6501:"The Rockefeller University Hospital Centennial – The First Blood Bank" 5786:"The global need and availability of blood products: a modelling study" 2808:"Blood Transfusion | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)" 2586: 2362: 2318: 2203: 2016: 1985: 1953: 1943: 1896: 1811: 1746:

Denys's third patient to undergo a blood transfusion was Swedish Baron

1472: 1115: 491: 435: 370: 314: 302: 238: 234: 175: 8599: 8405:

Blood Work: A Tale of Medicine and Murder in the Scientific Revolution

8203: 7579: 7478: 7429: 7135: 4685: 4545: 4528: 4026: 4013: 3588: 3373: 3356:

Muthivhi, Tshilidzi; Olmsted, M.; Park, H.; Sha, Mandy (August 2015).

3139: 205: 115: 9017: 8899: 8788: 7732:"Bleeding Out: A new series exploring America's urgent health crisis" 5753: 5736: 4889: 2749: 2625: 2562: 2441: 2199: 2127: 2012: 1892: 1731: 1547: 1031: 1023: 1019: 382: 263: 152: 46: 7923:

Transfusion Medicine and Hemostasis: Clinical and Laboratory Aspects

7541:"Red blood cell transfusions in newborn infants: Revised guidelines" 6832: 6707:

Hess JR (July 2006). "An update on solutions for red cell storage".

6167:

Felts JH (March 2000). "Richard Lower: anatomist and physiologist".

5950:. Toronto ; Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. p. 171. 5421: 5419: 5333:

Wang T, Luo L, Huang H, Yu J, Pan C, Cai X, et al. (May 2014).

1568:

in cancer therapeutics was explored historically through the use of

1488:

as to the "best" way to determine transfusion efficacy in a patient

337: 8772: 8680: 7846: 6436:"Angels and Demons: The peculiar and haunted genius of Dr. Halsted" 4779:"Age of red blood cells and transfusion in critically ill patients" 2688: 2440:

was appointed medical supervisor, and he was able to transform the

2330:

established in 1946, the first national service to be implemented.

2220:

in 1925. Bogdanov was motivated, at least in part, by a search for

2046: 1769: 1762: 1569: 1131: 1086:

large volumes are usually required to give any therapeutic benefit.

1027: 1004: 913: 889: 882: 860: 851: 831: 824: 817: 810: 792: 779: 763: 756: 745: 738: 724: 715: 706: 697: 685: 678: 671: 664: 657: 650: 643: 636: 586: 495: 420: 378: 355: 8132:"New Applications of HBOC-201: A 25-Year Review of the Literature" 5374:

Churchhouse AM, Mathews TJ, McBride OM, Dunning J (January 2012).

5284:

Cata JP, Wang H, Gottumukkala V, Reuben J, Sessler DI (May 2013).

4161:"The 2011 National Blood Collection and Utilization Survey Report" 3079:"Transfusion strategies for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding" 2915:(1). Clinical Transfusion Medicine Committee of the, AABB: 49–58. 9131: 9097: 5977: 5975: 5416: 5249:

Devine DV, Serrano K (June 2010). "The platelet storage lesion".

2713: 2521:

Neonatal transfusions typically fall into one of two categories:

2444:

methods into the first successful technique for mass production.

2321:

created the Army Blood Supply Depot (ABSD) in Bristol, headed by

2295: 2253: 2229: 2207: 2004: 1758: 1147: 1061: 507: 440: 362: 213: 87: 54: 50: 42: 8577: 8514:

American Association of Blood Banks Clinical Practice Guidelines

7564: 7096:

The blood bank and the technique and therapeutics of transfusion

6319:

Scientific American, 'A Successful Case of Transfusion of Blood'

5373: 2305:

Frederic Durán-Jordà fled to Britain in 1938 and worked with Dr

2142:

as the anticoagulant; blood was extracted from punctures in the

1678: 9042: 5981: 5733: 5155: 3076: 2986:"Transfusion thresholds for guiding red blood cell transfusion" 2761: 2721: 2361:

A blood-collection program was initiated in the US in 1940 and

2354: 2334: 2249: 2217: 2162: 1734:

of France, on June 15, 1667. He transfused the blood of a

1527: 247: 183: 8654: 8188: 6867:"A Canadian kept blood flowing in WWI. An American got credit" 5972: 5840:. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 5783: 4434: 4241:"Transfusion-related acute lung injury; clinical perspectives" 3032: 2902: 9121: 9107: 9087: 8299: 7414:"The Mechanism of Action of Adenine in Red Cell Preservation" 6833:"A rapid and simple method of testing donors for transfusion" 6140: 3665: 3117: 2983: 2733: 2475: 2388:

Gordon R. Ward, writing in the correspondence columns of the

1735: 1561: 1557: 1550: 1111: 7781: 7686: 5647: 5547: 3207: 2252:

transfusions with cadaveric blood at the Fourth Congress of

209:

The patient receives a blood transfusion through the cannula

9116: 8987: 8962: 8466: 8460: 8454: 8050: 7654:"Traumatic hemorrhagic shock: advances in fluid management" 7386: 7331:"Plasma Equipment and Packaging, and Transfusion Equipment" 5590: 5112: 4210: 3752: 3681:

10.1562/0031-8655(2004)080<0609:TNSIAQ>2.0.CO;2

2787: 2590: 2241: 2143: 2131: 1143: 1064:. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is treatment of choice. 266:

to treat or prevent bleeding in thrombocytopenic patients.

8272:"Blood Groups and Blood Transfusions in Dogs - Dog Owners" 8012:"Guidelines for the management of iron deficiency anaemia" 6343: 6077:"Red Gold. Innovators & Pioneers. Jean-Baptiste Denis" 5283: 4385: 3624: 2553:

is used when significant blood loss is present such as in

502:

can also replace gamma-irradiation as a method to prevent

475:(development of antibodies against specific blood types), 8009: 7919: 6290:

The History of the Blood Transfusion Service In Edinburgh

6262:

Bridge Across the Abyss: Medical Myths and Misconceptions

4827: 4777:

Aubron C, Nichol A, Cooper DJ, Bellomo R (January 2013).

4776: 4166:. Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from 2729: 2725: 2717: 2591:

Association for the Advancement of Blood and Biotherapies

2479: 458:

to ensure that the patient is receiving compatible blood.

444: 402: 5982:

Rivera AM, Strauss KW, van Zundert A, Mortier E (2005).

4667: 4287: 2459:

up to that time. Three years later, the introduction by

2102:

Russian syringe for direct inter-human blood transfusion

394:

Glass used in an antiquated method of blood transfusion.

8444:

searchable source of evidence for transfusion medicine.

7883:"The appropriate use of group O RhD negative red cells" 5868: 5866: 3787: 2712:

also administer transfusions to other animals. Various

2271:

established one of the earliest blood banks during the

6893:

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

5228:"Easy does it – showing caution with RBC transfusions" 5158:

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Anaesthesiology

5023:"Clinical evidence of blood transfusion effectiveness" 4871: 3874: 3355: 3264: 2962:, American Association of Blood Banks, 24 April 2014, 2835: 2572:

In some locations, blood has begun to be administered

1546:(DCs). Blood transfusion may modulate the activity of 1164:+ =Occasionally present ++ =Frequently present 163:

are transfused only in very rare circumstances, since

7962: 7864:, American Association of Blood Banks, archived from 7852:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question" 7117: 7098:. St. Louis: The C.V.Mosby Company. pp. 196–197. 6752:"Cold blood and clinical research during World War I" 6660:"The Preservation of Living Red Blood Cells in Vitro" 6611:"The Preservation of Living Red Blood Cells in Vitro" 6564:"On the preservation in vitro of living erythrocytes" 5069: 4331:"Transfusion-related immunomodulation: a reappraisal" 4011: 2950:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question" 2691:, a hemoglobin-based therapy, is approved for use in 2455:, which was found to be the cause of the majority of 2275:

in 1936. Duran joined the Transfusion Service at the

8589: 7920:

Hillyer CD, Shaz BH, Zimring JC, Abshire TC (2009).

7387:

Rupreht J, van Lieburg MJ, Lee JA, Erdman W (1985).

5863: 4928: 4618: 3831: 3314:

Edwards, Patrick W.; Zeichner, Amos (January 1985).

2602:

Jehovah's Witnesses may object to blood transfusions

2447:

Another important breakthrough came in 1937–40 when

278:

Illustration depicting intravenous blood transfusion

7543:. Canadian Paediatric Society (CPS). Archived from 7253:. Vol. 8. Free World, Inc. 1944. p. 442. 6993: 5020: 4493:Unless otherwise specified in boxes, reference is: 2298:, established the first hospital blood-bank in the 1191:Appearance of symptoms during or after transfusion 563:If there is no antibody present, an immediate spin 8402: 6434:Fall 2022, Katie Pearce / Published (2022-09-20). 5833: 5021:Pape A, Stein P, Horn O, Habler O (October 2009). 4878:Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England) 4196:(4th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 127–130. 3933: 2474:for blood collection in 1950. Replacing breakable 1078:Transfusion associated circulatory overload (TACO) 358:. Plasma can be further processed to manufacture 8372:Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine 8244:Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine 7758:"Whole blood program saves Cedar Park mom's life" 7460: 6103:Mollison's Blood Transfusion in Clinical Medicine 5899: 5714:internationaltraumalifesupport.remote-learner.net 4575: 4069: 2369:. He worked out the techniques for isolating the 217:Banked blood during the blood transfusion process 171:has come back into use in the setting of trauma. 9164: 8890:Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease 7461:Simon ER, Chapman RG, Finch CA (February 1962). 7047:New Myth, New World: From Nietzsche to Stalinism 6797:Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 5904: 5902: 5875:"Blood Industry Shrinks as Transfusions Decline" 5425: 4328: 3625:Bassuni WY, Blajchman MA, Al-Moshary MA (2008). 3534: 3214:Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews 1090:Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease 450:All donated blood should also be tested for the 341:A bag containing one unit of fresh frozen plasma 8540:German Medical Association Guidelines (English) 7177:Blood: An Epic History of Medicine and Commerce 7093: 5380:Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery 4329:Youssef, Lyla A.; Spitalnik, Steven L. (2017). 3313: 2470:Carl Walter and W.P. Murphy Jr. introduced the 1534:set, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), 8524:British Committee for Standards in Haematology 8448: 7842: 7840: 7838: 6212:"James Blundell, pioneer of blood transfusion" 5332: 5230:. College of American Pathologists. April 2009 3936:Modern Blood Banking and Transfusion Practices 3455:"Blood safety and availability Fact sheet 279" 2604:because of their belief that blood is sacred. 1996:in the late-19th century. His attempts, using 1564:signaling pathway. The role of the antitumor 1142:infections (in immunocompromised recipients), 8640: 7533: 7179:. Little, Brown and Company. pp. 84–87. 6933: 6049:"This Month in Anesthesia History (archived)" 5248: 3570: 3026: 2640: 2079:to adopt the use of blood transfusion at the 8129: 7512:"New rules may shrink ranks of blood donors" 7351: 6865:Writer, Katie Daubs Feature (July 9, 2016). 6860: 6858: 5827: 4661: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 2478:bottles with durable plastic bags made from 1787:successfully transfused human blood in 1818. 1126:Other rare transmissible infections include 8885:Transfusion associated circulatory overload 7835: 7411: 6837:Journal of the American Medical Association 6749: 6475:Journal of the American Medical Association 6458:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6389: 6100: 3940:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis. 3271:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2990:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2064:Journal of the American Medical Association 8895:Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction 8768:International Society of Blood Transfusion 8647: 8633: 8467:International Society of Blood Transfusion 8425:Milk as a Substitute for Blood Transfusion 7689:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 7199: 6830: 6657: 6608: 6561: 6302:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6071: 6069: 5027:Blood Transfusion = Trasfusione del Sangue 4529:"Clinical impact of blood storage lesions" 2944: 2942: 2940: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2878: 477:febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction 27: 16:Intravenous transference of blood products 8503:Free book published in the UK 5th edition 8165: 8147: 8027: 7818: 7800: 7486: 7437: 7284:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1942. 7217: 7151: 6886: 6884: 6855: 6767: 6683: 6634: 6433: 6322:. Munn & Company. 1880. p. 281. 5924:. Munn & Company. 1869. p. 122. 5752: 5681: 5624: 5399: 5350: 5309: 5149: 5046: 4954: 4905: 4804: 4794: 4693: 4644: 4544: 4470: 4452: 4411: 4362: 4305: 4264: 4107: 4025: 3931: 3642: 3631:Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Therapy 3627:"Why implement universal leukoreduction?" 3596: 3389: 3290: 3241: 3138: 3094: 3009: 2920: 2544: 2377:, which is essential for maintaining the 1070:(TRALI) is a syndrome that is similar to 332: 309:obtained intravenously and mixed with an 7328: 7305: 5884:. No. Web Edition. New York Times. 2420: 2344: 2259: 2161: 2106:Robertson published his findings in the 2094: 1963: 1947: 1867: 1779: 1677: 935: 536: 518: 514: 389: 336: 273: 220: 212: 204: 8302:"Blood groups and transfusions in pigs" 7755: 7651: 7066: 7049:, Pennsylvania State University, 2002, 6794:(1947). "Karl Landsteiner. 1868–1943". 6531:"Dr. Peyton Rous, Nobel Laureate, Dies" 6181:10.7326/0003-4819-132-5-200003070-00023 6066: 6026:. Heart-valve-surgery.com. 2009-01-03. 4716: 2937: 2922:10.7326/0003-4819-157-1-201206190-00429 2891: 2596: 968: 194: 9165: 8553: 8400: 8269: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8086: 7958: 7956: 7954: 7645: 7509: 7113: 7111: 7109: 7107: 7105: 6994:Macqueen S, Bruce E, Gibson F (2012). 6881: 6864: 6472: 6287: 6259: 5945: 4526: 4191: 3351: 3349: 3320:Personality and Individual Differences 2966:from the original on 24 September 2014 2607: 2504: 2406:hospitals for the export of plasma to 2075:became instrumental in persuading the 1384:Disseminated intravascular coagulation 1116:transmission of HIV during transfusion 8880:Transfusion related acute lung injury 8628: 8535:Canadian Blood Transfusion Guidelines 8182: 8123: 8080: 7775: 7680: 7558: 7467:The Journal of Clinical Investigation 7418:The Journal of Clinical Investigation 7174: 7024:. Red Gold: The Eipc Story of Blood. 7000:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 75. 6890: 6528: 6283: 6281: 6209: 6203: 6166: 5909:24. PMID 34165191; PMCID: PMC8943822. 5704: 5507:Clinical & Translational Oncology 4496:Transfusion reactions / M.A. Popovsky 4238: 4205: 4203: 4130: 3964:. Who.int. 2013-06-25. Archived from 3903: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3571:Ziemann M, Hennig H (February 2014). 3515:FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration 3449: 3447: 3445: 2838:The Surgical Clinics of North America 2580: 1968:Old glass used for blood transfusion. 1937: 1068:Transfusion-related acute lung injury 1043:selective immunoglobulin A deficiency 595: 8190:when transfusion is not an option". 8089:Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 7391:. Springer-Verlag. pp. 99–101. 7281:United States Naval Medical Bulletin 6790: 6784: 6706: 6664:The Journal of Experimental Medicine 6615:The Journal of Experimental Medicine 6602: 6507:. The Rockefeller University. 2010. 6352:(3 Suppl): 20–26, discussion 26–27. 6264:. Universal-Publishers. p. 22. 6216:British Journal of Hospital Medicine 6136:"First Blood Transfusion: A History" 6133: 6041: 5939: 5727: 5641: 5584: 5541: 5454: 4977: 4865: 4821: 4746: 4674:Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy 4428: 4322: 3577:Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy 3201: 2659:Thus far, there are no FDA-approved 1492:. In general, there are not yet any 8455:American Association of Blood Banks 8226: 7951: 7848:American Association of Blood Banks 7102: 6970:"Red Gold: the Epic Story of Blood" 6658:Rous P, Turner JR (February 1916). 6609:Rous P, Turner JR (February 1916). 6522: 6493: 6391:"Hematologická studie u psychotiků" 3421:. World Health Organization. 2009. 3346: 3083:The New England Journal of Medicine 2829: 2340: 1976:, it was discovered that by adding 1851:Simpson Memorial Maternity Pavilion 1827:St George's Hospital Medical School 1802:In the early 19th century, British 1621: 1153: 1072:acute respiratory distress syndrome 485:platelet-transfusion refractoriness 262:to treat clotting deficiencies and 13: 8481:Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens 8394: 7729: 7463:"Adenine in red cell preservation" 7389:Anaesthesia: essays on its history 7202:"The history of blood transfusion" 6358:10.1227/01.NEU.0000334416.32584.97 6278: 6101:Klein HG, Anstee DJ, eds. (2005). 5199:Patient Safety Movement Foundation 4590:10.1111/j.1365-2141.1989.tb06286.x 4200: 4153: 4141:from the original on 25 March 2021 4134:Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens 4073:The 2014 Annual SHOT Report (2015) 4063: 3613: 3442: 2328:National Blood Transfusion Service 2290:, director of therapeutics at the 952: 14: 9194: 8923:Transfusion transmitted infection 8461:British Blood Transfusion Society 8435: 8270:Cotter, Susan M. (October 2022). 7412:Sugita Y, Simon ER (April 1965). 7257:from the original on 26 July 2024 6750:Hanigan WC, King SC (July 1996). 6568:Experimental Biology and Medicine 5428:Transfusion and Apheresis Science 4749:"What's the Shelf Life of Blood?" 3755:Transfusion and Apheresis Science 3461:from the original on 29 June 2008 3180:from the original on 29 June 2008 2698: 2501:transfused in the United States. 2311:Royal Postgraduate Medical School 1668: 1556:(CD8+/CTL), temporal response of 1196:5–10% appear up to 2 hours after. 523:Illustration of labeled blood bag 500:riboflavin and UV light treatment 286: 8493:Handbook of Transfusion Medicine 8359: 8318:10.1111/j.1399-3089.2006.00299.x 8293: 8263: 8044: 8003: 7913: 7749: 7723: 7602: 7503: 7454: 7405: 7380: 7366:10.1001/jama.1963.63700010027020 7345: 7322: 7308:"Transfusion Before World War I" 7299: 7272: 7242: 7219:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.02139.x 7200:Giangrande PL (September 2000). 7193: 7168: 7087: 7060: 7039: 7014: 6987: 6962: 6927: 6849:10.1001/jama.1915.02570500028011 6824: 6743: 6721:10.1111/j.1423-0410.2006.00778.x 6700: 6651: 6562:Rous P, Turner JR (March 1915). 6555: 6487:10.1001/jama.1940.02810160078030 5723:from the original on 2022-10-09. 5352:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2013.12.044 5127:10.1111/j.1423-0410.2010.01365.x 5084:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03418.x 4992:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03511.x 4245:Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 3846:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02984.x 3803:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2006.00939.x 3724:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02694.x 3718:(11): 2362–2375. November 2010. 3438:from the original on 2022-10-09. 3158:from the original on 2022-10-09. 2317:appearing imminent in 1938, the 2195:London Blood Transfusion Service 2052:Journal of Experimental Medicine 2000:, however, proved unsuccessful. 1879:Only in 1901, when the Austrian 1205:Up to 8 hours after transfusion 912: 888: 881: 859: 850: 830: 823: 816: 809: 791: 778: 762: 755: 744: 737: 723: 714: 705: 696: 684: 677: 670: 663: 656: 649: 642: 635: 585: 365:, clotting factor concentrates, 8379:from the original on 2023-10-03 8348:from the original on 2024-01-03 8282:from the original on 2023-09-29 8252:from the original on 2024-07-26 7940:from the original on 2024-07-26 7899:from the original on 2022-10-09 7764:from the original on 2023-12-21 7738:from the original on 2023-12-21 7288:from the original on 2024-03-31 7028:from the original on 2015-04-16 6976:from the original on 2015-05-10 6511:from the original on 2022-03-31 6466: 6427: 6421: 6396: 6383: 6337: 6326:from the original on 2023-01-12 6310: 6253: 6242:from the original on 2012-03-31 6160: 6148:from the original on 2015-04-24 6127: 6094: 6083:from the original on 2012-11-10 6030:from the original on 2013-02-16 6016: 5928:from the original on 2024-03-07 5912: 5888:from the original on 2014-08-25 5852:from the original on 2023-02-20 5816:from the original on 2024-06-10 5777: 5698: 5497: 5367: 5326: 5277: 5242: 5220: 5184: 5106: 5063: 5014: 4971: 4922: 4770: 4759:from the original on 2017-07-09 4740: 4729:from the original on 2013-03-17 4719:"The Shelf Life of Donor Blood" 4710: 4612: 4569: 4520: 4379: 4281: 4232: 4221:from the original on 2018-09-21 4185: 4050: 4005: 3979: 3954: 3925: 3911:"Blood Donation and Processing" 3868: 3825: 3781: 3746: 3703: 3669:Photochemistry and Photobiology 3659: 3564: 3528: 3503: 3473: 3406: 3307: 3258: 3192: 3170:"Blood safety and availability" 3162: 2818:from the original on 2019-06-23 2071:Canadian doctor and Lieutenant 1912:Case Western Reserve University 1863: 1673: 1576:and more recently in cellular 301:transfusion), or someone else ( 189: 128:is the process of transferring 8409:. W. W. Norton & Company. 7969:Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics 7206:British Journal of Haematology 7124:British Journal of Haematology 7094:Kilduffe R, DeBakey M (1942). 6024:"The First Blood Transfusion?" 5991:Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 5946:Duffin, Jacalyn (1999-01-01). 5339:The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 5290:British Journal of Anaesthesia 5251:Clinics in Laboratory Medicine 4578:British Journal of Haematology 4533:American Journal of Hematology 4194:Practical Transfusion Medicine 3283:10.1002/14651858.CD007948.pub3 3111: 3070: 3002:10.1002/14651858.CD002042.pub5 2977: 2872: 2800: 2772:Blood transfusion in Sri Lanka 2246:transfusion of cadaveric blood 1893:destruction of red blood cells 1775: 1016:Allergic transfusion reactions 1001:Febrile nonhemolytic reactions 174:Red blood cells (RBC) contain 1: 8584:Blood Transfusion Information 8578:Blood Transfusion Information 8572:Blood Transfusion Information 8507: 7335:Blood program in world war II 7312:Blood program in world war II 6228:10.12968/hmed.2007.68.8.24500 5802:10.1016/S2352-3026(19)30200-5 5440:10.1016/j.transci.2017.05.017 4335:Current Opinion in Hematology 3767:10.1016/j.transci.2006.01.007 3644:10.1016/s1658-3876(08)50042-2 3457:. World Health Organization. 2793: 2569:are between 1:1:1 and 1:1:2. 2385:, preventing their collapse. 2130:officer, was attached to the 1847:Professor James Young Simpson 1458: 1005:inflammatory chemical signals 8812:Intraoperative blood salvage 8531:UK Guidance for transfusion. 8442:Transfusion Evidence Library 8054:Transfusion Medicine Reviews 7611:Indian Journal of Pediatrics 7073:. Elsevier Health Sciences. 6936:Transfusion Medicine Reviews 5666:10.1097/CCE.0000000000000925 5550:Transfusion Medicine Reviews 4947:10.1182/blood-2009-10-245001 4637:10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828843e6 4441:Journal of Clinical Medicine 4347:10.1097/MOH.0000000000000376 4307:10.1182/blood-2015-01-620872 3989:. Shotuk.org. Archived from 3877:Transfusion Medicine Reviews 3538:Transfusion Medicine Reviews 3332:10.1016/0191-8869(85)90085-6 2551:massive transfusion protocol 2349:Wounded soldier being given 2157: 2034:and Joseph R. Turner at the 1904:have been discovered since. 1697:in the 1660s, the physician 1593:randomized controlled trials 1536:tumor-associated macrophages 1097: 988:rapid drop in blood pressure 494:with subsequent exposure to 269: 7: 8828:Blood compatibility testing 8449:Blood transfusion societies 7658:Emergency Medicine Practice 7652:Cherkas D (November 2011). 7045:Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal. 6169:Annals of Internal Medicine 4527:Zubair AC (February 2010). 3962:"WHO | Haemovigilance" 3127:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 2909:Annals of Internal Medicine 2755: 2463:and Patrick L. Mollison of 2126:, a medical researcher and 1891:the donor blood-cells. The 994:Delayed hemolytic reactions 986:, shortness of breath, and 549:Blood compatibility testing 529:Blood compatibility testing 237:level fell below 100g/L or 167:has limited applications. 10: 9199: 8566:Blood Transfusion Leaflets 8562:(NHS Blood and Transplant) 8560:Blood Transfusion Leaflets 8431:, 13 July 1878, p. 19 8066:10.1016/j.tmrv.2011.02.001 7802:10.1186/s13054-023-04327-7 7701:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.07.041 6948:10.1016/j.tmrv.2009.03.007 6831:Rous P, Turner JR (1915). 6404:"Dr. William Lorenzo Moss" 5848:. Statistical Brief #165. 5654:Critical Care Explorations 5562:10.1016/j.tmrv.2015.03.002 5519:10.1007/s12094-020-02346-2 5475:10.1007/s11912-024-01552-3 4257:10.4097/kjae.2015.68.2.101 4239:Kim J, Na S (April 2015). 3889:10.1016/j.tmrv.2007.12.003 3550:10.1016/j.tmrv.2014.01.001 3481:"Testing of donated blood" 2720:have 3 known blood types, 2702: 2644: 2641:Research into alternatives 2509: 2090:Medical Research Committee 2081:Casualty Clearing Stations 1994:St Mary's Hospital, London 1941: 1720:Philosophical Transactions 1641: 546: 526: 290: 231:red blood cell transfusion 198: 8931: 8875:Transfusion hemosiderosis 8863: 8820: 8781: 8745: 8666: 8593: 8586:(American Cancer Society) 7926:. Elsevier. p. 279. 5741:Drug Testing and Analysis 5609:10.3171/2015.11.JNS151515 5263:10.1016/j.cll.2010.02.002 5170:10.1016/j.bpa.2007.01.002 3987:"SHOT Terms of Reference" 3485:World Health Organization 3174:World Health Organization 2850:10.1016/j.suc.2023.09.005 2453:Rhesus blood group system 2416:National Research Council 2365:pioneered the process of 1858:Edinburgh Royal Infirmary 1572:to enhance the antitumor 1499:erythrocyte deformability 1163: 975:Acute hemolytic reactions 628: 597: 590:indicates compatibility. 543:human blood group systems 504:graft-versus-host disease 481:cytomegalovirus infection 464:Donors may be tested for 399:World Health Organization 112: 98: 86: 72: 62: 26: 21: 8855:Monocyte monolayer assay 8473: 8149:10.3389/fmed.2021.794561 8101:10.1517/14712598.1.5.831 7981:10.1353/nib.2023.a924193 7664:(11): 1–19, quiz 19–20. 6769:10.1093/milmed/161.7.392 5463:Current Oncology Reports 4783:Annals of Intensive Care 4717:Bakalar N (2013-03-11). 4625:Anesthesia and Analgesia 2114:Edward William Archibald 2077:Royal Army Medical Corps 2073:Lawrence Bruce Robertson 1853:in Edinburgh was named. 1515: 1186:Bacterial contamination 1083:congestive heart failure 1057:Post-transfusion purpura 1049:. Urgent treatment with 233:was considered when the 8730:Granulocyte transfusion 8427:", historical account, 8029:10.1136/gut.2010.228874 7890:National Health Service 7859:: an initiative of the 7510:Landro L (2007-01-10). 6529:Brody JE (1970-02-17). 6210:Ellis H (August 2005). 5872: 5597:Journal of Neurosurgery 4843:10.1001/2012.jama.11953 4753:The Wall Street Journal 4498:. Basel: Karger. 1996. 4058:The Wall Street Journal 3226:10.17294/2330-0698.1799 3048:10.1001/jama.2023.12914 2957:: an initiative of the 2782:Young blood transfusion 2391:British Medical Journal 2281:Spanish Republican Army 2183:King's College Hospital 2109:British Medical Journal 1932:William Stewart Halsted 1908:George Washington Crile 1902:many other blood groups 1883:discovered three human 1873:William Stewart Halsted 1730:, eminent physician to 1663:anti-Jewish blood libel 1554:cytotoxic T lymphocytes 1312:Nausea and/or vomiting 1202:Early (after 50–100 ml) 165:granulocyte transfusion 6905:10.1093/jhmas/56.3.238 6810:10.1098/rsbm.1947.0002 6580:10.3181/00379727-12-74 6505:centennial.rucares.org 6390: 5873:Wald ML (2014-08-24). 5790:The Lancet Haematology 5201:. 2013. Archived from 4747:Wang SS (2009-12-01). 4404:10.1001/jama.2014.2726 2777:Blood type (non-human) 2705:Blood type (non-human) 2567:packed red blood cells 2545:Significant blood loss 2538:fetal erythroblastosis 2429: 2394:, proposed the use of 2358: 2265: 2170: 2103: 2086:Walter Morley Fletcher 2036:Rockefeller University 1969: 1961: 1876: 1810:made efforts to treat 1788: 1690: 1199:Early (after 10–15 ml) 949: 552: 524: 452:ABO blood group system 395: 342: 333:Processing and testing 279: 252:cardiovascular disease 226: 218: 210: 201:Packed red blood cells 39:packed red blood cells 8865:Transfusion reactions 8568:(Welsh Blood Service) 8488:Bookshelf ID: NBK2261 8276:MSD Veterinary Manual 8136:Frontiers in Medicine 7756:Villalpando, Nicole. 6877:on February 28, 2017. 6134:Yale E (2015-04-22). 6111:10.1002/9780470986868 4796:10.1186/2110-5820-3-2 3096:10.1056/NEJMoa1211801 2679:readily available in 2465:acid–citrate–dextrose 2457:transfusion reactions 2424: 2348: 2263: 2173:The secretary of the 2165: 2136:Third Battle of Ypres 2124:Oswald Hope Robertson 2098: 2023:as an anticoagulant. 1967: 1951: 1871: 1831:Samuel Armstrong Lane 1816:postpartum hemorrhage 1783: 1681: 1585:cytoreductive surgery 1503:erythrocyte fragility 947: 572:test easier to read. 547:Further information: 540: 522: 515:Compatibility testing 456:Rh blood group system 393: 340: 277: 224: 216: 208: 9173:Transfusion medicine 8845:Kleihauer–Betke test 8807:Exchange transfusion 8686:Platelet transfusion 8660:transfusion medicine 8484:Free online book at 8367:"Crossmatch Testing" 7868:on 24 September 2014 7329:Kendrick DB (1964). 7306:Kendrick DB (1964). 6676:10.1084/jem.23.2.239 6627:10.1084/jem.23.2.219 5747:(11–12): 1417–1429. 5705:Sklar R (May 2019). 5392:10.1093/icvts/ivr025 5039:10.2450/2008.0072-08 3993:on 30 September 2020 3932:Harmening D (1999). 3915:webpath.med.utah.edu 3362:Transfusion Medicine 2683:and in pre-hospital 2597:Religious objections 2498:laparoscopic surgery 2292:Cook County Hospital 2269:Frederic Durán-Jordà 1713:... to acquaint the 1540:natural killer cells 1172:Febrile nonhemolytic 984:increased heart rate 969:Immunologic reaction 320:transfusion reaction 195:Red cell transfusion 8933:Blood group systems 8868:and adverse effects 8703:Fresh frozen plasma 8554:Patient information 8429:Scientific American 8306:Xenotransplantation 7516:Wall Street Journal 7341:on 8 February 2006. 7318:on 11 January 2006. 7067:Hillyer CD (2007). 5948:History of Medicine 5921:Scientific American 4454:10.3390/jcm11102859 2881:Surg Gynecol Obstet 2673:Jehovah's Witnesses 2608:Personal objections 2559:fresh frozen plasma 2505:Special populations 2367:blood fractionation 2032:Francis Peyton Rous 1732:King Louis XIV 1728:Jean-Baptiste Denys 1194:Usually toward end. 1160: 283:blood transfusion. 260:fresh frozen plasma 8545:2022-04-01 at the 8499:2023-03-14 at the 7623:10.1007/BF02724257 6535:The New York Times 5880:The New York Times 5302:10.1093/bja/aet068 4723:The New York Times 2728:have at least 13, 2681:emergency medicine 2581:Unknown blood type 2534:hemoglobinopathies 2430: 2359: 2277:Barcelona Hospital 2266: 2214:Alexander Bogdanov 2171: 2167:Alexander Bogdanov 2104: 2088:, director of the 1990:John Braxton Hicks 1970: 1962: 1938:Blood banks in WWI 1877: 1789: 1691: 1654:Pope Innocent VIII 1158: 950: 553: 525: 416:Treponema pallidum 396: 343: 280: 227: 219: 211: 9160: 9159: 8737:Blood substitutes 8725:White blood cells 8656:Blood transfusion 8622: 8621: 8549:, published 2014. 8401:Tucker H (2012). 8204:10.1111/trf.15778 8022:(10): 1309–1316. 7850:(24 April 2014), 7695:(12): 2661–2666. 7580:10.1111/trf.16520 7479:10.1172/JCI104489 7430:10.1172/JCI105176 7398:978-3-540-13255-4 7136:10.1111/bjh.17842 7080:978-0-443-06981-9 7007:978-1-118-27422-4 6843:(24): 1980–1982. 6756:Military Medicine 6288:Masson A (1993). 6271:978-1-58112-987-8 6260:Madbak F (2008). 6120:978-0-470-98686-8 5796:(12): e606–e615. 5513:(11): 2032–2039. 4941:(21): 4284–4292. 4837:(14): 1443–1451. 4686:10.1159/000357986 4546:10.1002/ajh.21599 4505:978-3-8055-6509-7 4398:(13): 1317–1326. 4086:978-0-9558648-7-2 4027:10.1111/vox.13694 3968:on March 18, 2011 3947:978-0-8036-0419-3 3921:on March 3, 2009. 3589:10.1159/000357102 3491:on March 18, 2011 3428:978-92-4-154788-8 3374:10.1111/tme.12218 3140:10.1002/ibd.20285 3133:(12): 1545–1553. 3042:(19): 1892–1902. 2812:www.nhlbi.nih.gov 2664:blood substitutes 2647:Blood substitutes 2630:COVID-19 vaccines 2273:Spanish Civil War 2179:Percy Lane Oliver 2175:British Red Cross 2150:in iced bottles. 1998:phosphate of soda 1849:, after whom the 1741:allergic reaction 1634:According to the 1456: 1455: 1365:circulatory shock 1047:circulatory shock 1022:is released from 959:pharmacovigilance 945: 934: 933: 426:Trypanosoma cruzi 373:concentrate, and 244:oxygen saturation 182:of the body with 161:White blood cells 126:Blood transfusion 123: 122: 88:OPS-301 code 33:Plastic bag with 22:Blood transfusion 9190: 8850:Antibody elution 8797:plateletpheresis 8763:Blood management 8746:General concepts 8649: 8642: 8635: 8626: 8625: 8591: 8590: 8420: 8408: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8384: 8363: 8357: 8356: 8354: 8353: 8297: 8291: 8290: 8288: 8287: 8267: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8257: 8235: 8224: 8223: 8186: 8180: 8179: 8169: 8151: 8127: 8121: 8120: 8084: 8078: 8077: 8048: 8042: 8041: 8031: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7960: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7945: 7917: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7904: 7898: 7887: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7844: 7833: 7832: 7822: 7804: 7779: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7769: 7753: 7747: 7746: 7744: 7743: 7730:Caruba, Lauren. 7727: 7721: 7720: 7684: 7678: 7677: 7672:. Archived from 7649: 7643: 7642: 7606: 7600: 7599: 7574:(8): 2265–2276. 7562: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7552: 7537: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7527: 7518:. Archived from 7507: 7501: 7500: 7490: 7458: 7452: 7451: 7441: 7409: 7403: 7402: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7349: 7343: 7342: 7326: 7320: 7319: 7303: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7293: 7276: 7270: 7269: 7264: 7262: 7246: 7240: 7239: 7221: 7197: 7191: 7190: 7175:Starr D (1998). 7172: 7166: 7165: 7155: 7115: 7100: 7099: 7091: 7085: 7084: 7064: 7058: 7043: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7033: 7018: 7012: 7011: 6991: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6981: 6966: 6960: 6959: 6931: 6925: 6924: 6888: 6879: 6878: 6873:. Archived from 6862: 6853: 6852: 6828: 6822: 6821: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6771: 6747: 6741: 6740: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6687: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6638: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6559: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6549: 6526: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6516: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6470: 6464: 6463: 6457: 6449: 6447: 6446: 6431: 6425: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6406:. Archived from 6400: 6394: 6393: 6387: 6381: 6380: 6341: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6331: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6301: 6293: 6285: 6276: 6275: 6257: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6247: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6131: 6125: 6124: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6088: 6073: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6060: 6055:on July 20, 2011 6051:. Archived from 6045: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6035: 6020: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6005:. Archived from 5988: 5979: 5970: 5969: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5933: 5916: 5910: 5906: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5893: 5870: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5857: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5821: 5781: 5775: 5774: 5756: 5754:10.1002/dta.3448 5731: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5711: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5685: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5628: 5603:(5): 1229–1234. 5588: 5582: 5581: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5423: 5414: 5413: 5403: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5354: 5345:(5): 1827–1837. 5330: 5324: 5323: 5313: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5207: 5196: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5078:(5): 1010–1023. 5067: 5061: 5060: 5050: 5018: 5012: 5011: 4986:(8): 1827–1835. 4975: 4969: 4968: 4958: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4909: 4890:10.3310/hta21620 4869: 4863: 4862: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4808: 4798: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4764: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4734: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4697: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4648: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4548: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4474: 4456: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4415: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4366: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4309: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4268: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4226: 4207: 4198: 4197: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4173:on 19 March 2016 4172: 4165: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4131:Laura D (2005). 4128: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4101: 4095: 4089:. Archived from 4078: 4067: 4061: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4029: 4009: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3973: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3939: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3917:. Archived from 3907: 3901: 3900: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3840:(7): 1397–1404. 3829: 3823: 3822: 3797:(9): 1553–1560. 3785: 3779: 3778: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3646: 3622: 3611: 3610: 3600: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3487:. Archived from 3477: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3451: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3420: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3393: 3353: 3344: 3343: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3294: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3245: 3205: 3199: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3142: 3124: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3098: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3013: 2996:(12): CD002042. 2981: 2975: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2946: 2935: 2934: 2924: 2900: 2889: 2888: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2823: 2804: 2668:volume expanders 2656:is recommended. 2614:informed consent 2485:In the field of 2449:Karl Landsteiner 2379:osmotic pressure 2341:Medical advances 2333:Stories tell of 1881:Karl Landsteiner 1622:Frequency of use 1161: 1157: 1154:Comparison table 980:ABO blood typing 946: 916: 892: 885: 863: 854: 834: 827: 820: 813: 795: 782: 766: 759: 748: 741: 727: 718: 709: 700: 688: 681: 674: 667: 660: 653: 646: 639: 593: 592: 589: 473:alloimmunization 157:clotting factors 132:into a person's 116:edit on Wikidata 108: 82: 36: 31: 19: 18: 9198: 9197: 9193: 9192: 9191: 9189: 9188: 9187: 9163: 9162: 9161: 9156: 8951:Secretor status 8927: 8867: 8859: 8816: 8777: 8741: 8718:Cryosupernatant 8713:Cryoprecipitate 8693:Red blood cells 8662: 8653: 8623: 8618: 8617: 8602: 8556: 8547:Wayback Machine 8510: 8501:Wayback Machine 8476: 8451: 8438: 8417: 8397: 8395:Further reading 8392: 8391: 8382: 8380: 8365: 8364: 8360: 8351: 8349: 8298: 8294: 8285: 8283: 8268: 8264: 8255: 8253: 8237: 8236: 8227: 8187: 8183: 8128: 8124: 8085: 8081: 8049: 8045: 8008: 8004: 7961: 7952: 7943: 7941: 7934: 7918: 7914: 7902: 7900: 7896: 7885: 7871: 7869: 7861:ABIM Foundation 7857:Choosing Wisely 7845: 7836: 7780: 7776: 7767: 7765: 7754: 7750: 7741: 7739: 7728: 7724: 7685: 7681: 7650: 7646: 7607: 7603: 7563: 7559: 7550: 7548: 7539: 7538: 7534: 7525: 7523: 7508: 7504: 7459: 7455: 7410: 7406: 7399: 7385: 7381: 7350: 7346: 7327: 7323: 7304: 7300: 7291: 7289: 7278: 7277: 7273: 7260: 7258: 7249: 7247: 7243: 7198: 7194: 7187: 7173: 7169: 7116: 7103: 7092: 7088: 7081: 7065: 7061: 7044: 7040: 7031: 7029: 7020: 7019: 7015: 7008: 6992: 6988: 6979: 6977: 6968: 6967: 6963: 6932: 6928: 6889: 6882: 6863: 6856: 6829: 6825: 6804:(15): 294–324. 6789: 6785: 6748: 6744: 6705: 6701: 6656: 6652: 6607: 6603: 6560: 6556: 6547: 6545: 6527: 6523: 6514: 6512: 6499: 6498: 6494: 6471: 6467: 6451: 6450: 6444: 6442: 6432: 6428: 6422: 6413: 6411: 6402: 6401: 6397: 6388: 6384: 6342: 6338: 6329: 6327: 6316: 6315: 6311: 6295: 6294: 6286: 6279: 6272: 6258: 6254: 6245: 6243: 6208: 6204: 6165: 6161: 6151: 6149: 6132: 6128: 6121: 6099: 6095: 6086: 6084: 6075: 6074: 6067: 6058: 6056: 6047: 6046: 6042: 6033: 6031: 6022: 6021: 6017: 6009: 5986: 5980: 5973: 5958: 5944: 5940: 5931: 5929: 5918: 5917: 5913: 5907: 5900: 5891: 5889: 5871: 5864: 5855: 5853: 5832: 5828: 5819: 5817: 5782: 5778: 5732: 5728: 5720: 5709: 5703: 5699: 5646: 5642: 5589: 5585: 5546: 5542: 5502: 5498: 5459: 5455: 5424: 5417: 5372: 5368: 5331: 5327: 5282: 5278: 5247: 5243: 5233: 5231: 5226: 5225: 5221: 5211: 5209: 5208:on 1 April 2022 5205: 5194: 5190: 5189: 5185: 5154: 5150: 5111: 5107: 5068: 5064: 5019: 5015: 4976: 4972: 4927: 4923: 4870: 4866: 4826: 4822: 4775: 4771: 4762: 4760: 4745: 4741: 4732: 4730: 4715: 4711: 4666: 4662: 4617: 4613: 4574: 4570: 4525: 4521: 4506: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4433: 4429: 4384: 4380: 4327: 4323: 4286: 4282: 4237: 4233: 4224: 4222: 4209: 4208: 4201: 4190: 4186: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4159: 4158: 4154: 4144: 4142: 4129: 4108: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4076: 4068: 4064: 4055: 4051: 4010: 4006: 3996: 3994: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3971: 3969: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3948: 3930: 3926: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3873: 3869: 3830: 3826: 3786: 3782: 3751: 3747: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3664: 3660: 3623: 3614: 3569: 3565: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3494: 3492: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3464: 3462: 3453: 3452: 3443: 3435: 3429: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3354: 3347: 3312: 3308: 3277:(2): CD007948. 3263: 3259: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3183: 3181: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3155: 3122: 3116: 3112: 3075: 3071: 3031: 3027: 2982: 2978: 2969: 2967: 2959:ABIM Foundation 2955:Choosing Wisely 2948: 2947: 2938: 2901: 2892: 2877: 2873: 2834: 2830: 2821: 2819: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2758: 2748:) is a form of 2746:xenotransfusion 2707: 2701: 2661:oxygen-carrying 2654:parenteral iron 2649: 2643: 2616:allow mentally 2610: 2599: 2583: 2547: 2516:Cytomegalovirus 2512: 2507: 2438:Charles R. Drew 2434:distilled water 2426:Charles R. Drew 2343: 2187:Geoffrey Keynes 2160: 2152:Geoffrey Keynes 2148:red blood cells 2028:First World War 1946: 1940: 1866: 1778: 1693:Working at the 1676: 1671: 1646:Beginning with 1644: 1624: 1574:immune response 1566:immune response 1544:dendritic cells 1518: 1461: 1195: 1182:Acute hemolytic 1156: 1140:cytomegalovirus 1100: 971: 955: 953:Adverse effects 936: 582: 551: 531: 517: 466:cytomegalovirus 375:immunoglobulins 367:cryoprecipitate 348:red blood cells 335: 295: 289: 272: 256:parenteral iron 203: 197: 192: 178:and supply the 145:red blood cells 119: 104: 78: 58: 57:(CPDA) solution 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9196: 9186: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9158: 9157: 9155: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8954: 8953: 8943: 8937: 8935: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8925: 8920: 8918:Serum sickness 8915: 8914: 8913: 8908: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8871: 8869: 8861: 8860: 8858: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8836: 8835: 8833:Cross-matching 8824: 8822: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8793:plasmapheresis 8785: 8783: 8779: 8778: 8776: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8758:Blood donation 8755: 8749: 8747: 8743: 8742: 8740: 8739: 8734: 8733: 8732: 8722: 8721: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8695: 8690: 8689: 8688: 8678: 8672: 8670: 8668:Blood products 8664: 8663: 8652: 8651: 8644: 8637: 8629: 8620: 8619: 8616: 8615: 8603: 8598: 8597: 8595: 8594:Classification 8588: 8587: 8581: 8575: 8569: 8563: 8555: 8552: 8551: 8550: 8537: 8532: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8509: 8506: 8505: 8504: 8489: 8475: 8472: 8471: 8470: 8464: 8458: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8445: 8437: 8436:External links 8434: 8433: 8432: 8421: 8416:978-0393342239 8415: 8396: 8393: 8390: 8389: 8375:. 2019-02-26. 8358: 8312:(3): 186–194. 8292: 8262: 8225: 8198:(5): 932–939. 8181: 8122: 8095:(5): 831–843. 8079: 8043: 8002: 7975:(3): 215–226. 7950: 7932: 7912: 7910: 7909: 7877:, which cites 7834: 7774: 7748: 7722: 7679: 7676:on 2012-01-18. 7644: 7617:(8): 661–666. 7601: 7557: 7532: 7502: 7473:(2): 351–359. 7453: 7424:(4): 629–642. 7404: 7397: 7379: 7344: 7321: 7298: 7271: 7241: 7212:(4): 758–767. 7192: 7185: 7167: 7130:(3): 585–588. 7101: 7086: 7079: 7059: 7057:, pp. 161–162. 7038: 7022:"Percy Oliver" 7013: 7006: 6986: 6961: 6942:(3): 232–236. 6926: 6899:(3): 238–277. 6880: 6854: 6823: 6783: 6762:(7): 392–400. 6742: 6699: 6670:(2): 239–248. 6650: 6621:(2): 219–237. 6601: 6574:(6): 122–124. 6554: 6537:. p. 43. 6521: 6492: 6465: 6426: 6420: 6395: 6382: 6336: 6309: 6277: 6270: 6252: 6202: 6175:(5): 420–423. 6159: 6126: 6119: 6093: 6065: 6040: 6015: 6012:on 2014-07-15. 5997:(3): 271–282. 5971: 5956: 5938: 5911: 5898: 5862: 5826: 5776: 5726: 5697: 5640: 5583: 5556:(3): 172–180. 5540: 5496: 5469:(8): 880–889. 5453: 5434:(3): 310–316. 5415: 5366: 5325: 5296:(5): 690–701. 5276: 5257:(2): 475–487. 5241: 5219: 5183: 5164:(2): 271–289. 5148: 5121:(4): 325–331. 5105: 5062: 5033:(4): 250–258. 5013: 4970: 4921: 4864: 4820: 4769: 4739: 4709: 4680:(3): 197–204. 4660: 4631:(5): 975–981. 4611: 4584:(1): 131–136. 4568: 4539:(2): 117–122. 4519: 4504: 4486: 4427: 4378: 4341:(6): 551–557. 4321: 4300:(3): 406–414. 4280: 4251:(2): 101–105. 4231: 4217:. 2017-12-29. 4199: 4184: 4152: 4106: 4085: 4062: 4060:. 2009 Dec. 1. 4049: 4004: 3978: 3953: 3946: 3924: 3902: 3883:(2): 133–153. 3867: 3824: 3780: 3745: 3702: 3675:(3): 609–615. 3658: 3637:(2): 106–123. 3612: 3563: 3527: 3502: 3472: 3441: 3427: 3405: 3368:(4): 249–258. 3345: 3326:(6): 743–751. 3306: 3257: 3220:(2): 121–126. 3200: 3191: 3161: 3110: 3069: 3025: 2976: 2936: 2890: 2871: 2844:(2): 279–292. 2828: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2791: 2790: 2785: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2767:Arnault Tzanck 2764: 2757: 2754: 2703:Main article: 2700: 2699:Veterinary use 2697: 2642: 2639: 2635:harm principle 2622:misinformation 2609: 2606: 2598: 2595: 2582: 2579: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2526: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2487:cancer surgery 2342: 2339: 2288:Bernard Fantus 2244:pioneered the 2159: 2156: 2140:sodium citrate 2128:U.S. Army 2043:sodium citrate 2021:sodium citrate 1958:2nd from right 1942:Main article: 1939: 1936: 1895:releases free 1865: 1862: 1808:James Blundell 1797:cross-matching 1785:James Blundell 1777: 1774: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1669:Early attempts 1667: 1658:Italian-Jewish 1648:William Harvey 1643: 1640: 1636:New York Times 1623: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1581: 1517: 1514: 1505:(mechanical). 1460: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1403:Hemoglobinuria 1399: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1363:Hypotension / 1360: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1326: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1275: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1155: 1152: 1136:Chagas disease 1099: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1087: 1075: 1065: 1054: 1039: 1036:antihistamines 1013: 998: 991: 970: 967: 954: 951: 932: 931: 929: 927: 925: 923: 921: 919: 917: 910: 906: 905: 903: 901: 899: 897: 895: 893: 886: 879: 875: 874: 872: 870: 868: 866: 864: 857: 855: 848: 844: 843: 841: 839: 837: 835: 828: 821: 814: 807: 803: 802: 800: 798: 796: 789: 787: 785: 783: 776: 772: 771: 769: 767: 760: 753: 751: 749: 742: 735: 731: 730: 728: 721: 719: 712: 710: 703: 701: 694: 690: 689: 682: 675: 668: 661: 654: 647: 640: 633: 630: 626: 625: 622: 619: 616: 613: 610: 607: 604: 600: 599: 596: 581: 578: 527:Main article: 516: 513: 512: 511: 488: 469: 462: 459: 448: 431:Chagas disease 334: 331: 293:Blood donation 291:Main article: 288: 287:Blood donation 285: 271: 268: 229:Historically, 199:Main article: 196: 193: 191: 188: 130:blood products 121: 120: 113: 110: 109: 102: 96: 95: 90: 84: 83: 76: 70: 69: 66: 60: 59: 35:0.5–0.7 liters 32: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9195: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9170: 9168: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9058: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8968:Chido-Rodgers 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8952: 8949: 8948: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8938: 8936: 8934: 8930: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8872: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8834: 8831: 8830: 8829: 8826: 8825: 8823: 8819: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8802: 8801:leukapheresis 8798: 8794: 8790: 8787: 8786: 8784: 8780: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8744: 8738: 8735: 8731: 8728: 8727: 8726: 8723: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8700: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8687: 8684: 8683: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8650: 8645: 8643: 8638: 8636: 8631: 8630: 8627: 8614: 8610: 8609: 8605: 8604: 8601: 8596: 8592: 8585: 8582: 8579: 8576: 8573: 8570: 8567: 8564: 8561: 8558: 8557: 8548: 8544: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8511: 8502: 8498: 8495: 8494: 8490: 8487: 8483: 8482: 8478: 8477: 8468: 8465: 8462: 8459: 8456: 8453: 8452: 8443: 8440: 8439: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8412: 8407: 8406: 8399: 8398: 8378: 8374: 8373: 8368: 8362: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8296: 8281: 8277: 8273: 8266: 8251: 8247: 8245: 8240: 8239:"Blood types" 8234: 8232: 8230: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8185: 8177: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8126: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8083: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8047: 8039: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8006: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7959: 7957: 7955: 7939: 7935: 7933:9780080922300 7929: 7925: 7924: 7916: 7895: 7891: 7884: 7879: 7878: 7867: 7863: 7862: 7858: 7853: 7849: 7843: 7841: 7839: 7830: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7789:Critical Care 7786: 7778: 7763: 7759: 7752: 7737: 7733: 7726: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7683: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7648: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7605: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7561: 7547:on 2007-02-03 7546: 7542: 7536: 7522:on 2009-08-04 7521: 7517: 7513: 7506: 7498: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7457: 7449: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7408: 7400: 7394: 7390: 7383: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7348: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7325: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7302: 7287: 7283: 7282: 7275: 7268: 7256: 7252: 7248:For example: 7245: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7196: 7188: 7186:0-316-91146-1 7182: 7178: 7171: 7163: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7097: 7090: 7082: 7076: 7072: 7071: 7063: 7056: 7055:0-271-02533-6 7052: 7048: 7042: 7027: 7023: 7017: 7009: 7003: 6999: 6998: 6990: 6975: 6971: 6965: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6930: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6887: 6885: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6861: 6859: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6827: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6798: 6793: 6787: 6779: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6746: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6709:Vox Sanguinis 6703: 6695: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6654: 6646: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6605: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6558: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6525: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6496: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6469: 6461: 6455: 6441: 6437: 6430: 6424: 6410:on 2014-02-28 6409: 6405: 6399: 6392: 6386: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6340: 6325: 6321: 6320: 6313: 6305: 6299: 6291: 6284: 6282: 6273: 6267: 6263: 6256: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6206: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6163: 6147: 6143: 6142: 6137: 6130: 6122: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6097: 6082: 6078: 6072: 6070: 6054: 6050: 6044: 6029: 6025: 6019: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5985: 5978: 5976: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5957:0-8020-7912-1 5953: 5949: 5942: 5927: 5923: 5922: 5915: 5905: 5903: 5887: 5883: 5881: 5876: 5869: 5867: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5838: 5830: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5780: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5730: 5719: 5715: 5708: 5701: 5693: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5644: 5636: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5587: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5544: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5500: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5457: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5422: 5420: 5411: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5370: 5362: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5329: 5321: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5280: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5245: 5229: 5223: 5204: 5200: 5193: 5187: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5152: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5115:Vox Sanguinis 5109: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5066: 5058: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5017: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4925: 4917: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4884:(62): 1–118. 4883: 4879: 4875: 4868: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4824: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4773: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4743: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4615: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4572: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4431: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4382: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4235: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4206: 4204: 4195: 4188: 4169: 4162: 4156: 4140: 4136: 4135: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4096:on 2016-01-27 4092: 4088: 4082: 4075: 4074: 4066: 4059: 4053: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4019: 4018:Vox Sanguinis 4015: 4008: 3992: 3988: 3982: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3949: 3943: 3938: 3937: 3928: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3871: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3828: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3784: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3662: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3516: 3512: 3506: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3476: 3460: 3456: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3417: 3416: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3350: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3204: 3195: 3179: 3176:. June 2014. 3175: 3171: 3165: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3114: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3029: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2965: 2961: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2832: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2803: 2799: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2759: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2732:have 16, and 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2710:Veterinarians 2706: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2676: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2648: 2638: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2605: 2603: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2578: 2575: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2524: 2523: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2502: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2488: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2404:New York City 2401: 2397: 2393: 2392: 2386: 2384: 2383:blood vessels 2380: 2376: 2372: 2371:serum albumin 2368: 2364: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2338: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2324: 2323:Lionel Whitby 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2307:Janet Vaughan 2303: 2301: 2300:United States 2297: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2262: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2222:eternal youth 2219: 2215: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2168: 2164: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2119: 2118:Western Front 2115: 2111: 2110: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2048: 2045:and glucose ( 2044: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2009:Albert Hustin 2006: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1982:refrigerating 1979: 1978:anticoagulant 1975: 1966: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1927: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1874: 1870: 1861: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1842: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1786: 1782: 1773: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1722: 1721: 1716: 1715:Royal Society 1712: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1699:Richard Lower 1696: 1695:Royal Society 1688: 1687:Royal Society 1684: 1683:Richard Lower 1680: 1666: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1649: 1639: 1637: 1632: 1628: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1578:Immunotherapy 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1524:immune system 1520: 1519: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1476: 1474: 1473:blood bankers 1468: 1466: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1422:Renal failure 1420: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1167: 1162: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1006: 1002: 999: 995: 992: 989: 985: 981: 976: 973: 972: 966: 962: 960: 930: 928: 926: 924: 922: 920: 918: 915: 911: 908: 907: 904: 902: 900: 898: 896: 894: 891: 887: 884: 880: 877: 876: 873: 871: 869: 867: 865: 862: 858: 856: 853: 849: 846: 845: 842: 840: 838: 836: 833: 829: 826: 822: 819: 815: 812: 808: 805: 804: 801: 799: 797: 794: 790: 788: 786: 784: 781: 777: 774: 773: 770: 768: 765: 761: 758: 754: 752: 750: 747: 743: 740: 736: 733: 732: 729: 726: 722: 720: 717: 713: 711: 708: 704: 702: 699: 695: 692: 691: 687: 683: 680: 676: 673: 669: 666: 662: 659: 655: 652: 648: 645: 641: 638: 634: 631: 627: 623: 620: 617: 614: 611: 608: 605: 602: 601: 594: 591: 588: 577: 573: 569: 566: 561: 559: 550: 544: 539: 535: 530: 521: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 467: 463: 460: 457: 453: 449: 446: 442: 438: 437: 432: 428: 427: 422: 418: 417: 412: 408: 404: 400: 392: 388: 387: 386: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 361: 357: 353: 349: 339: 330: 326: 323: 321: 316: 312: 311:anticoagulant 308: 304: 300: 294: 284: 276: 267: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 240: 236: 232: 223: 215: 207: 202: 187: 185: 181: 177: 172: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 137:intravenously 135: 131: 127: 117: 111: 107: 103: 101: 97: 94: 91: 89: 85: 81: 77: 75: 71: 67: 65: 61: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 30: 25: 20: 8655: 8606: 8492: 8480: 8404: 8381:. Retrieved 8370: 8361: 8350:. Retrieved 8309: 8305: 8295: 8284:. Retrieved 8275: 8265: 8254:. Retrieved 8242: 8195: 8191: 8184: 8139: 8135: 8125: 8092: 8088: 8082: 8057: 8053: 8046: 8019: 8015: 8005: 7972: 7968: 7942:. Retrieved 7922: 7915: 7901:. Retrieved 7870:, retrieved 7866:the original 7855: 7792: 7788: 7777: 7766:. Retrieved 7751: 7740:. Retrieved 7725: 7692: 7688: 7682: 7674:the original 7661: 7657: 7647: 7614: 7610: 7604: 7571: 7567: 7560: 7549:. Retrieved 7545:the original 7535: 7524:. Retrieved 7520:the original 7515: 7505: 7470: 7466: 7456: 7421: 7417: 7407: 7388: 7382: 7357: 7353: 7347: 7339:the original 7334: 7324: 7316:the original 7311: 7301: 7290:. Retrieved 7280: 7274: 7266: 7259:. Retrieved 7251:"Free World" 7244: 7209: 7205: 7195: 7176: 7170: 7127: 7123: 7095: 7089: 7069: 7062: 7046: 7041: 7030:. Retrieved 7016: 6996: 6989: 6978:. Retrieved 6964: 6939: 6935: 6929: 6896: 6892: 6875:the original 6871:Toronto Star 6870: 6840: 6836: 6826: 6801: 6795: 6786: 6759: 6755: 6745: 6715:(1): 13–19. 6712: 6708: 6702: 6667: 6663: 6653: 6618: 6614: 6604: 6571: 6567: 6557: 6546:. Retrieved 6534: 6524: 6513:. Retrieved 6504: 6495: 6478: 6474: 6468: 6443:. Retrieved 6439: 6429: 6423: 6412:. Retrieved 6408:the original 6398: 6385: 6377: 6349: 6346:Neurosurgery 6345: 6339: 6328:. Retrieved 6318: 6312: 6292:. Edinburgh. 6289: 6261: 6255: 6244:. Retrieved 6219: 6215: 6205: 6172: 6168: 6162: 6150:. Retrieved 6139: 6129: 6102: 6096: 6085:. Retrieved 6057:. Retrieved 6053:the original 6043: 6032:. Retrieved 6018: 6007:the original 5994: 5990: 5947: 5941: 5930:. Retrieved 5920: 5914: 5890:. Retrieved 5878: 5854:. Retrieved 5836: 5829: 5818:. Retrieved 5793: 5789: 5779: 5744: 5740: 5729: 5713: 5700: 5660:(6): e0925. 5657: 5653: 5643: 5600: 5596: 5586: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5510: 5506: 5499: 5466: 5462: 5456: 5431: 5427: 5386:(1): 85–90. 5383: 5379: 5369: 5342: 5338: 5328: 5293: 5289: 5279: 5254: 5250: 5244: 5232:. Retrieved 5222: 5210:. Retrieved 5203:the original 5198: 5186: 5161: 5157: 5151: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5075: 5071: 5065: 5030: 5026: 5016: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4938: 4934: 4924: 4881: 4877: 4867: 4834: 4830: 4823: 4786: 4782: 4772: 4761:. Retrieved 4752: 4742: 4731:. Retrieved 4722: 4712: 4677: 4673: 4663: 4628: 4624: 4614: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4536: 4532: 4522: 4495: 4489: 4447:(10): 2859. 4444: 4440: 4430: 4395: 4391: 4381: 4338: 4334: 4324: 4297: 4293: 4283: 4248: 4244: 4234: 4223:. Retrieved 4214: 4211:"NHSN | CDC" 4193: 4187: 4175:. Retrieved 4168:the original 4155: 4143:. Retrieved 4133: 4098:. Retrieved 4091:the original 4072: 4065: 4057: 4052: 4017: 4007: 3995:. Retrieved 3991:the original 3981: 3970:. Retrieved 3966:the original 3956: 3935: 3927: 3919:the original 3914: 3905: 3880: 3876: 3870: 3837: 3833: 3827: 3794: 3790: 3783: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3715: 3711: 3705: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3634: 3630: 3583:(1): 40–44. 3580: 3576: 3566: 3544:(2): 61–71. 3541: 3537: 3530: 3518:. Retrieved 3514: 3505: 3493:. Retrieved 3489:the original 3484: 3475: 3463:. Retrieved 3414: 3408: 3365: 3361: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3274: 3270: 3260: 3217: 3213: 3203: 3194: 3182:. Retrieved 3164: 3130: 3126: 3113: 3089:(1): 11–21. 3086: 3082: 3072: 3039: 3035: 3028: 2993: 2989: 2979: 2968:, retrieved 2953: 2912: 2908: 2887:: 1011–1019. 2884: 2880: 2874: 2841: 2837: 2831: 2820:. Retrieved 2811: 2802: 2743: 2737: 2708: 2693:South Africa 2677: 2667: 2660: 2658: 2650: 2611: 2600: 2584: 2574:pre-hospital 2573: 2571: 2555:major trauma 2550: 2548: 2530:thalassemias 2520: 2513: 2495: 2491: 2484: 2469: 2446: 2431: 2412:freeze-dried 2400:World War II 2396:blood plasma 2389: 2387: 2375:blood plasma 2373:fraction of 2360: 2351:blood plasma 2332: 2304: 2285: 2267: 2238:Sergei Yudin 2234:tuberculosis 2212: 2172: 2122: 2107: 2105: 2100:World War II 2070: 2062: 2059: 2050: 2040: 2025: 2002: 1971: 1957: 1930: 1926:World War II 1923: 1916: 1906: 1889: 1885:blood groups 1878: 1864:20th century 1855: 1843: 1839: 1825:In 1840, at 1824: 1820:real dollars 1804:obstetrician 1801: 1790: 1767: 1756: 1752: 1748:Gustaf Bonde 1745: 1725: 1718: 1708: 1704: 1692: 1674:Animal blood 1652: 1645: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1614:Blood doping 1542:(NKCs), and 1532:lymphocyte-T 1511: 1507: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1469: 1464: 1462: 1125: 1121: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1010:antipyretics 963: 956: 583: 574: 570: 562: 554: 532: 434: 424: 414: 344: 327: 324: 296: 281: 228: 190:Medical uses 173: 155:, and other 125: 124: 8941:Blood types 8840:Coombs test 8676:Whole blood 8580:(Australia) 8192:Transfusion 7568:Transfusion 5072:Transfusion 4980:Transfusion 4215:www.cdc.gov 3834:Transfusion 3791:Transfusion 3761:(1): 5–17. 3712:Transfusion 2472:plastic bag 2461:J.F. Loutit 2226:whole blood 2191:blood group 1986:blood banks 1974:coagulation 1835:haemophilia 1829:in London, 1793:blood types 1776:Human blood 1261:Discomfort 1128:hepatitis B 1051:epinephrine 558:Coombs test 411:hepatitis C 407:hepatitis B 307:whole blood 169:Whole blood 141:whole blood 134:circulation 100:MedlinePlus 37:containing 9178:Hematology 9167:Categories 8753:Blood bank 8574:(Scotland) 8508:Guidelines 8383:2023-10-21 8352:2023-10-21 8286:2023-10-21 8256:2023-10-21 8142:: 794561. 7944:2017-09-04 7768:2023-12-21 7742:2023-12-21 7551:2007-02-02 7526:2008-04-05 7292:2022-11-29 7032:2017-08-24 6980:2017-08-24 6548:2022-03-18 6515:2022-03-18 6445:2024-09-12 6414:2014-02-22 6330:2021-06-06 6246:2013-01-01 6222:(8): 447. 6087:2010-02-09 6059:2016-03-05 6034:2010-02-09 5932:2021-08-08 5892:2014-08-24 5856:2023-06-08 5820:2024-07-12 4763:2017-08-03 4733:2013-04-05 4225:2018-09-18 4177:21 January 4100:2016-01-21 3972:2013-12-11 3520:21 January 3495:21 January 3465:21 January 2822:2019-06-16 2794:References 2645:See also: 2587:blood type 2532:and other 2363:Edwin Cohn 2319:War Office 2204:Manchester 2138:. He used 2017:Luis Agote 1954:Luis Agote 1944:Blood bank 1918:Jan Janský 1897:hemoglobin 1812:hemorrhage 1617:hemolysis. 1560:, and the 1459:Inefficacy 1440:Back pain 1053:is needed. 1024:mast cells 629:Recipient 565:crossmatch 492:riboflavin 436:Plasmodium 379:antibodies 371:fibrinogen 315:blood bank 303:allogeneic 299:autologous 239:hematocrit 235:hemoglobin 176:hemoglobin 8958:Augustine 8902:reaction 8900:Hemolytic 8789:Apheresis 8681:Platelets 8326:0908-665X 8246:eClinpath 8212:1537-2995 8158:2296-858X 8109:1471-2598 7989:2157-1740 7811:1466-609X 7795:(1): 80. 7709:1532-8171 7588:1537-2995 7360:: 58–60. 7261:16 August 7144:0007-1048 6818:161789667 6588:1535-3702 6543:0362-4331 6298:cite book 5882:Newspaper 5763:1942-7611 5674:2639-8028 5617:1933-0693 5570:1532-9496 5535:215724889 5483:1534-6269 5234:22 August 5100:205724851 4898:2046-4924 4851:1538-3598 4563:205293048 4463:2077-0383 4355:1531-7048 4145:4 October 4036:0042-9007 3997:22 August 3697:198154059 3382:0958-7578 3340:0191-8869 3234:2330-0698 3184:22 August 3056:1538-3598 2858:1558-3171 2750:xenograft 2724:have 11, 2626:prejudice 2618:competent 2563:platelets 2442:test-tube 2254:Ukrainian 2200:Sheffield 2158:Expansion 2013:Argentine 1763:catheters 1548:antitumor 1346:Cyanosis 1295:Headache 1098:Infection 1032:hay fever 1028:basophils 1020:histamine 439:species ( 383:apheresis 356:platelets 270:Procedure 264:platelets 153:platelets 47:phosphate 9083:Lutheran 8988:Dombrock 8773:ISBT 128 8543:Archived 8497:Archived 8377:Archived 8346:Archived 8342:29174596 8334:16756561 8280:Archived 8250:Archived 8220:32358832 8176:34957164 8117:11728218 8074:21498040 8038:21561874 7997:38661995 7938:Archived 7894:Archived 7829:36859355 7762:Archived 7736:Archived 7717:33071074 7670:22164397 7639:42488187 7631:14510088 7596:34110629 7497:14039291 7448:14278179 7374:14014662 7286:Archived 7255:Archived 7236:71592265 7228:11054057 7162:34523736 7026:Archived 6974:Archived 6956:19539877 6921:34956231 6913:11552401 6737:35894834 6729:16756596 6694:19867982 6645:19867981 6596:88016286 6509:Archived 6454:cite web 6366:19240569 6324:Archived 6240:Archived 6236:17847699 6197:21469192 6189:10691601 6152:22 April 6146:Archived 6081:Archived 6028:Archived 6003:16265830 5966:45734968 5926:Archived 5886:Archived 5850:Archived 5846:24354027 5814:Archived 5810:31631023 5771:36709998 5718:Archived 5716:. ITLA. 5692:37275654 5683:10234463 5635:26943843 5578:25840802 5527:32277348 5491:38847973 5448:28651910 5410:22108935 5361:24674755 5320:23599512 5271:20513565 5212:15 March 5178:17650777 5143:41654664 5135:20673245 5092:22043858 5057:20011636 5008:24689742 5000:22229278 4965:20299509 4916:29067906 4859:23045213 4815:23316800 4789:(1): 2. 4757:Archived 4727:Archived 4704:25053933 4655:23449853 4606:43303207 4555:20052749 4514:40288753 4481:35628985 4422:24691607 4373:28806274 4316:25931584 4275:25844126 4219:Archived 4139:Archived 4079:. SHOT. 4044:38889998 3897:18353253 3862:34154946 3854:21155832 3819:13065820 3811:16965583 3775:16935562 3740:28186229 3732:20492615 3689:15382964 3653:20063539 3607:24659946 3558:24636779 3459:Archived 3433:Archived 3400:26104809 3301:25674776 3252:33898644 3178:Archived 3153:Archived 3149:17985376 3105:23281973 3064:37824153 3020:34932836 2964:archived 2931:22751760 2866:38453302 2816:Archived 2756:See also 2689:Hemopure 2585:Because 2286:In 1937 2250:clinical 2047:dextrose 1759:syringes 1607:factors. 1570:bacteria 1538:(TAMs), 1494:in vitro 1329:Dyspnea 1132:syphilis 496:UV light 421:syphilis 64:ICD-9-CM 51:dextrose 9122:Scianna 9008:Gerbich 8911:delayed 8782:Methods 8613:D001803 8167:8692657 7903:25 July 7872:25 July 7820:9977110 7153:8653055 6972:. PBS. 6778:8754712 6685:2125395 6636:2125399 6440:The Hub 6374:2339938 6079:. PBS. 5626:5065393 5401:3420304 5311:3630286 5048:2782802 4956:2879099 4907:5682573 4806:3575378 4695:4086768 4646:3744176 4598:2492818 4472:9144124 4413:4289152 4364:5755702 4266:4384395 3598:3949610 3391:4583344 3292:7185566 3243:8060046 3011:8691808 2970:25 July 2714:species 2510:Neonate 2408:Britain 2381:in the 2309:at the 2296:Chicago 2240:in the 2230:malaria 2208:Norwich 2015:doctor 2007:doctor 2005:Belgian 1770:Vatican 1642:History 1490:in vivo 1485:in vivo 1481:in vivo 1278:Rigors 1227:Chills 1148:Babesia 1062:purpura 508:TA-GvHD 441:malaria 363:protein 360:albumin 80:D001803 55:adenine 43:citrate 9033:Indian 8978:Cromer 8973:Colton 8698:Plasma 8469:(ISBT) 8463:(BBTS) 8457:(AABB) 8413: 8340: 8332: 8324: 8218: 8210: 8174: 8164: 8156: 8115: 8107: 8072: 8036: 7995: 7987: 7930: 7827: 7817: 7809: 7715: 7707: 7668: 7637: 7629: 7594: 7586: 7495: 7488:289233 7485: 7446: 7439:292538 7436: 7395: 7372: 7234: 7226: 7183: 7160: 7150: 7142: 7077: 7053: 7004: 6954: 6919: 6911: 6816: 6792:Rous P 6776: 6735: 6727: 6692: 6682: 6643: 6633: 6594: 6586: 6541: 6481:(16). 6372: 6364: 6268: 6234: 6195: 6187: 6117: 6001: 5964: 5954: 5844: 5808: 5769: 5761: 5690: 5680: 5672: 5633: 5623: 5615: 5576: 5568: 5533: 5525: 5489: 5481: 5446: 5408: 5398: 5359: 5318: 5308: 5269: 5176: 5141: 5133: 5098: 5090: 5055: 5045: 5006: 4998: 4963: 4953: 4914: 4904: 4896: 4857: 4849: 4813: 4803: 4702: 4692: 4653: 4643: 4604: 4596: 4561: 4553: 4512: 4502: 4479: 4469: 4461: 4420: 4410: 4371: 4361: 4353: 4314: 4273: 4263: 4083: 4042: 4034: 3944: 3895: 3860: 3852: 3817: 3809: 3773: 3738: 3730: 3695: 3687: 3651: 3605: 3595: 3556: 3425: 3398: 3388: 3380: 3338: 3299: 3289: 3250: 3240: 3232: 3147: 3103: 3062: 3054: 3018: 3008: 2929: 2864: 2856: 2762:Anemia 2734:horses 2722:cattle 2357:, 1943 2355:Sicily 2218:Moscow 2193:. The 1528:cancer 1465:per se 1210:Fever 1146:, and 1114:, the 598:Donor 483:, and 433:) and 354:, and 352:plasma 248:anemia 184:oxygen 149:plasma 106:000431 53:, and 9183:Blood 9152:Other 9078:Lewis 9068:Knops 9048:KANNO 8993:Duffy 8983:Diego 8906:acute 8821:Tests 8474:Books 8338:S2CID 7897:(PDF) 7886:(PDF) 7635:S2CID 7232:S2CID 6917:S2CID 6814:S2CID 6733:S2CID 6592:S2CID 6370:S2CID 6193:S2CID 6141:JSTOR 6010:(PDF) 5987:(PDF) 5721:(PDF) 5710:(PDF) 5531:S2CID 5206:(PDF) 5195:(PDF) 5139:S2CID 5096:S2CID 5004:S2CID 4935:Blood 4602:S2CID 4559:S2CID 4294:Blood 4171:(PDF) 4164:(PDF) 4094:(PDF) 4077:(PDF) 3858:S2CID 3815:S2CID 3736:S2CID 3693:S2CID 3436:(PDF) 3419:(PDF) 3156:(PDF) 3123:(PDF) 2738:first 2476:glass 2335:Nazis 1736:sheep 1711:Boyle 1589:HIPEC 1562:STAT3 1558:Tregs 1516:Other 1244:Cold 1177:TRALI 1112:ELISA 180:cells 114:[ 9132:T-Tn 9117:RHAG 9115:and 9108:Raph 9103:P1PK 9063:Kidd 9053:Kell 9018:GLOB 9003:FORS 8963:CD59 8708:PF24 8658:and 8608:MeSH 8486:NCBI 8411:ISBN 8330:PMID 8322:ISSN 8216:PMID 8208:ISSN 8172:PMID 8154:ISSN 8113:PMID 8105:ISSN 8070:PMID 8034:PMID 7993:PMID 7985:ISSN 7928:ISBN 7905:2014 7874:2014 7825:PMID 7807:ISSN 7713:PMID 7705:ISSN 7666:PMID 7627:PMID 7592:PMID 7584:ISSN 7493:PMID 7444:PMID 7393:ISBN 7370:PMID 7354:JAMA 7263:2019 7224:PMID 7181:ISBN 7158:PMID 7140:ISSN 7075:ISBN 7051:ISBN 7002:ISBN 6952:PMID 6909:PMID 6841:LXIV 6774:PMID 6725:PMID 6690:PMID 6641:PMID 6584:ISSN 6539:ISSN 6460:link 6362:PMID 6304:link 6266:ISBN 6232:PMID 6185:PMID 6154:2015 6115:ISBN 5999:PMID 5962:OCLC 5952:ISBN 5842:PMID 5806:PMID 5767:PMID 5759:ISSN 5688:PMID 5670:ISSN 5631:PMID 5613:ISSN 5574:PMID 5566:ISSN 5523:PMID 5487:PMID 5479:ISSN 5444:PMID 5406:PMID 5357:PMID 5316:PMID 5267:PMID 5236:2014 5214:2022 5174:PMID 5131:PMID 5088:PMID 5053:PMID 4996:PMID 4961:PMID 4912:PMID 4894:ISSN 4855:PMID 4847:ISSN 4831:JAMA 4811:PMID 4700:PMID 4651:PMID 4594:PMID 4551:PMID 4510:OCLC 4500:ISBN 4477:PMID 4459:ISSN 4418:PMID 4392:JAMA 4369:PMID 4351:ISSN 4312:PMID 4271:PMID 4179:2016 4147:2017 4081:ISBN 4040:PMID 4032:ISSN 3999:2014 3942:ISBN 3893:PMID 3850:PMID 3807:PMID 3771:PMID 3728:PMID 3685:PMID 3649:PMID 3603:PMID 3554:PMID 3522:2016 3497:2016 3467:2016 3423:ISBN 3396:PMID 3378:ISSN 3336:ISSN 3297:PMID 3275:2015 3248:PMID 3230:ISSN 3186:2014 3145:PMID 3101:PMID 3060:PMID 3052:ISSN 3036:JAMA 3016:PMID 2972:2014 2927:PMID 2862:PMID 2854:ISSN 2788:AIDS 2730:pigs 2726:dogs 2718:cats 2565:and 2410:. A 2242:USSR 2232:and 2206:and 2144:vein 2132:RAMC 2026:The 2003:The 1980:and 1952:Dr. 1806:Dr. 1761:and 1587:and 1551:CD8+ 1522:the 1501:and 1239:+++ 1144:HTLV 1026:and 693:AB− 632:AB+ 624:AB+ 454:and 397:The 93:8-80 74:MeSH 68:99.0 9137:Vel 9127:Sid 9093:MNS 9073:Lan 9043:JMH 9013:GIL 8946:ABO 8314:doi 8200:doi 8162:PMC 8144:doi 8097:doi 8062:doi 8024:doi 8016:Gut 7977:doi 7815:PMC 7797:doi 7697:doi 7619:doi 7576:doi 7483:PMC 7475:doi 7434:PMC 7426:doi 7362:doi 7358:183 7214:doi 7210:110 7148:PMC 7132:doi 7128:196 6944:doi 6901:doi 6845:doi 6806:doi 6764:doi 6760:161 6717:doi 6680:PMC 6672:doi 6631:PMC 6623:doi 6576:doi 6483:doi 6479:114 6354:doi 6224:doi 6177:doi 6173:132 6107:doi 5798:doi 5749:doi 5678:PMC 5662:doi 5621:PMC 5605:doi 5601:125 5558:doi 5515:doi 5471:doi 5436:doi 5396:PMC 5388:doi 5347:doi 5306:PMC 5298:doi 5294:110 5259:doi 5166:doi 5123:doi 5080:doi 5043:PMC 5035:doi 4988:doi 4951:PMC 4943:doi 4939:115 4902:PMC 4886:doi 4839:doi 4835:308 4801:PMC 4791:doi 4690:PMC 4682:doi 4641:PMC 4633:doi 4629:116 4586:doi 4541:doi 4467:PMC 4449:doi 4408:PMC 4400:doi 4396:311 4359:PMC 4343:doi 4302:doi 4298:126 4261:PMC 4253:doi 4022:doi 3885:doi 3842:doi 3799:doi 3763:doi 3720:doi 3677:doi 3639:doi 3593:PMC 3585:doi 3546:doi 3386:PMC 3370:doi 3328:doi 3287:PMC 3279:doi 3238:PMC 3222:doi 3135:doi 3091:doi 3087:368 3044:doi 3040:330 3006:PMC 2998:doi 2917:doi 2913:157 2846:doi 2842:104 2685:EMS 2624:or 2536:or 2480:PVC 2353:in 2315:war 2294:in 1822:). 1799:). 1435:++ 1397:++ 1378:++ 1222:++ 909:O− 878:O+ 847:B− 806:B+ 775:A− 734:A+ 621:AB− 445:HIV 403:HIV 41:in 9169:: 9147:Yt 9142:Xg 9113:Rh 9098:OK 9088:LW 9057:Xk 9038:JR 9028:Ii 9023:Hh 8998:Er 8799:, 8795:, 8611:: 8369:. 8344:. 8336:. 8328:. 8320:. 8310:13 8308:. 8304:. 8278:. 8274:. 8248:. 8241:. 8228:^ 8214:. 8206:. 8196:60 8194:. 8170:. 8160:. 8152:. 8138:. 8134:. 8111:. 8103:. 8091:. 8068:. 8058:25 8056:. 8032:. 8020:60 8018:. 8014:. 7991:. 7983:. 7973:13 7971:. 7967:. 7953:^ 7936:. 7892:. 7888:. 7854:, 7837:^ 7823:. 7813:. 7805:. 7793:27 7791:. 7787:. 7760:. 7734:. 7711:. 7703:. 7693:38 7691:. 7662:13 7660:. 7656:. 7633:. 7625:. 7615:70 7613:. 7590:. 7582:. 7572:61 7570:. 7514:. 7491:. 7481:. 7471:41 7469:. 7465:. 7442:. 7432:. 7422:44 7420:. 7416:. 7368:. 7356:. 7333:. 7310:. 7265:. 7230:. 7222:. 7208:. 7204:. 7156:. 7146:. 7138:. 7126:. 7122:. 7104:^ 6950:. 6940:23 6938:. 6915:. 6907:. 6897:56 6895:. 6883:^ 6869:. 6857:^ 6839:. 6835:. 6812:. 6800:. 6772:. 6758:. 6754:. 6731:. 6723:. 6713:91 6711:. 6688:. 6678:. 6668:23 6666:. 6662:. 6639:. 6629:. 6619:23 6617:. 6613:. 6590:. 6582:. 6572:12 6570:. 6566:. 6533:. 6503:. 6477:. 6456:}} 6452:{{ 6438:. 6376:. 6368:. 6360:. 6350:64 6348:. 6300:}} 6296:{{ 6280:^ 6238:. 6230:. 6220:68 6218:. 6214:. 6191:. 6183:. 6171:. 6144:. 6138:. 6113:. 6105:. 6068:^ 5995:56 5993:. 5989:. 5974:^ 5960:. 5901:^ 5877:. 5865:^ 5812:. 5804:. 5792:. 5788:. 5765:. 5757:. 5745:15 5743:. 5739:. 5712:. 5686:. 5676:. 5668:. 5656:. 5652:. 5629:. 5619:. 5611:. 5599:. 5595:. 5572:. 5564:. 5554:29 5552:. 5529:. 5521:. 5511:22 5509:. 5485:. 5477:. 5467:26 5465:. 5442:. 5432:56 5430:. 5418:^ 5404:. 5394:. 5384:14 5382:. 5378:. 5355:. 5343:97 5341:. 5337:. 5314:. 5304:. 5292:. 5288:. 5265:. 5255:30 5253:. 5197:. 5172:. 5162:21 5160:. 5137:. 5129:. 5119:99 5117:. 5094:. 5086:. 5076:52 5074:. 5051:. 5041:. 5029:. 5025:. 5002:. 4994:. 4984:52 4982:. 4959:. 4949:. 4937:. 4933:. 4910:. 4900:. 4892:. 4882:21 4880:. 4876:. 4853:. 4845:. 4833:. 4809:. 4799:. 4785:. 4781:. 4755:. 4751:. 4725:. 4721:. 4698:. 4688:. 4678:41 4676:. 4672:. 4649:. 4639:. 4627:. 4623:. 4600:. 4592:. 4582:71 4580:. 4557:. 4549:. 4537:85 4535:. 4531:. 4508:. 4475:. 4465:. 4457:. 4445:11 4443:. 4439:. 4416:. 4406:. 4394:. 4390:. 4367:. 4357:. 4349:. 4339:24 4337:. 4333:. 4310:. 4296:. 4292:. 4269:. 4259:. 4249:68 4247:. 4243:. 4213:. 4202:^ 4109:^ 4038:. 4030:. 4020:. 4016:. 3913:. 3891:. 3881:22 3879:. 3856:. 3848:. 3838:51 3836:. 3813:. 3805:. 3795:46 3793:. 3769:. 3759:35 3757:. 3734:. 3726:. 3716:50 3714:. 3691:. 3683:. 3673:80 3671:. 3647:. 3633:. 3629:. 3615:^ 3601:. 3591:. 3581:41 3579:. 3575:. 3552:. 3542:28 3540:. 3513:. 3483:. 3444:^ 3431:. 3394:. 3384:. 3376:. 3366:25 3364:. 3360:. 3348:^ 3334:. 3322:. 3318:. 3295:. 3285:. 3273:. 3269:. 3246:. 3236:. 3228:. 3216:. 3212:. 3172:. 3151:. 3143:. 3131:13 3129:. 3125:. 3099:. 3085:. 3081:. 3058:. 3050:. 3038:. 3014:. 3004:. 2994:12 2992:. 2988:. 2952:, 2939:^ 2925:. 2911:. 2907:. 2893:^ 2885:74 2883:. 2860:. 2852:. 2840:. 2814:. 2810:. 2752:. 2561:, 2549:A 2540:). 2202:, 2177:, 2092:. 1988:. 1928:. 1914:. 1837:. 1743:. 1723:. 1665:. 1452:- 1449:++ 1432:++ 1416:+ 1413:++ 1394:++ 1375:++ 1372:++ 1358:- 1355:++ 1352:++ 1341:- 1338:++ 1335:++ 1324:- 1321:++ 1307:- 1290:- 1273:- 1264:++ 1256:- 1247:++ 1236:++ 1233:++ 1230:++ 1219:++ 1216:++ 1150:. 1138:, 1134:, 1130:, 618:A+ 615:A− 612:B+ 609:B− 606:O+ 603:O− 545:. 510:). 479:, 413:, 409:, 405:, 385:. 369:, 350:, 159:. 151:, 147:, 49:, 45:, 9059:) 9055:( 8803:) 8791:( 8648:e 8641:t 8634:v 8600:D 8423:" 8419:. 8386:. 8355:. 8316:: 8289:. 8259:. 8222:. 8202:: 8178:. 8146:: 8140:8 8119:. 8099:: 8093:1 8076:. 8064:: 8040:. 8026:: 7999:. 7979:: 7947:. 7907:. 7831:. 7799:: 7771:. 7745:. 7719:. 7699:: 7641:. 7621:: 7598:. 7578:: 7554:. 7529:. 7499:. 7477:: 7450:. 7428:: 7401:. 7376:. 7364:: 7295:. 7238:. 7216:: 7189:. 7164:. 7134:: 7083:. 7035:. 7010:. 6983:. 6958:. 6946:: 6923:. 6903:: 6851:. 6847:: 6820:. 6808:: 6802:5 6780:. 6766:: 6739:. 6719:: 6696:. 6674:: 6647:. 6625:: 6598:. 6578:: 6551:. 6518:. 6489:. 6485:: 6462:) 6448:. 6417:. 6356:: 6333:. 6306:) 6274:. 6249:. 6226:: 6199:. 6179:: 6156:. 6123:. 6109:: 6090:. 6062:. 6037:. 5968:. 5935:. 5895:. 5859:. 5823:. 5800:: 5794:6 5773:. 5751:: 5694:. 5664:: 5658:5 5637:. 5607:: 5580:. 5560:: 5537:. 5517:: 5493:. 5473:: 5450:. 5438:: 5412:. 5390:: 5363:. 5349:: 5322:. 5300:: 5273:. 5261:: 5238:. 5216:. 5180:. 5168:: 5145:. 5125:: 5102:. 5082:: 5059:. 5037:: 5031:7 5010:. 4990:: 4967:. 4945:: 4918:. 4888:: 4861:. 4841:: 4817:. 4793:: 4787:3 4766:. 4736:. 4706:. 4684:: 4657:. 4635:: 4608:. 4588:: 4565:. 4543:: 4516:. 4483:. 4451:: 4424:. 4402:: 4375:. 4345:: 4318:. 4304:: 4277:. 4255:: 4228:. 4181:. 4149:. 4103:. 4046:. 4024:: 4001:. 3975:. 3950:. 3899:. 3887:: 3864:. 3844:: 3821:. 3801:: 3777:. 3765:: 3742:. 3722:: 3699:. 3679:: 3655:. 3641:: 3635:1 3609:. 3587:: 3560:. 3548:: 3524:. 3499:. 3469:. 3402:. 3372:: 3342:. 3330:: 3324:6 3303:. 3281:: 3254:. 3224:: 3218:8 3188:. 3137:: 3107:. 3093:: 3066:. 3046:: 3022:. 3000:: 2933:. 2919:: 2868:. 2848:: 2825:. 2054:, 1956:( 1689:. 1595:. 1446:- 1443:- 1429:- 1426:- 1410:- 1407:- 1391:- 1388:- 1369:- 1349:- 1332:+ 1318:- 1315:+ 1304:+ 1301:- 1298:+ 1287:- 1284:- 1281:+ 1270:- 1267:- 1253:+ 1250:- 1213:+ 1038:. 506:( 487:. 429:( 419:( 377:( 118:]

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index