Intravenous therapy

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primary bag is held lower than the secondary bag so that the secondary medication can flow into the primary tubing, rather than fluid from the primary bag flowing into the secondary tubing. The fluid from the primary bag is needed to help flush any remaining medication from the secondary IV from the tubing. If a bolus or secondary infusion is intended for administration in the same line as a primary infusion, the molecular compatibility of the solutions must be considered. Secondary compatibility is generally referred to as "y-site compatibility", named after the shape of the tubing which has a port for bolus administration. Incompatibility of two fluids or medications can arise due to issues of molecular stability, changes in solubility, or degradation of one of the medications.

514: 410:. Oral medications also may be less desirable if a person is nauseous or vomiting, or has severe diarrhea, as these may prevent the medicine from being fully absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. In these cases, a medication may be given IV only until the patient can tolerate an oral form of the medication. The switch from IV to oral administration is usually performed as soon as viable, as there is generally cost and time savings over IV administration. Whether a medication can be potentially switched to an oral form is sometimes considered when choosing appropriate antibiotic therapy for use in a hospital setting, as a person is unlikely to be discharged if they still require IV therapy. 759: 954: 5098: 850: 201: 4732: 352: 1106:, which when administered IV can cause a burning or painful sensation. The incidence of side effects specific to a medication can be affected by the type of access (peripheral versus central), the rate of administration, or the quantity of drug administered. When medications are administered too rapidly through an IV line, a set of vague symptoms such as redness or rash, fever, and others may occur; this is termed an "infusion reaction" and is prevented by decreasing the rate of administration of the medication. When 175:

inserted central catheter" or PICC line. If a person is likely to need long-term intravenous therapy, a medical port may be implanted to enable easier repeated access to the vein without having to pierce the vein repeatedly. A catheter can also be inserted into a central vein through the chest, which is known as a tunneled line. The specific type of catheter used and site of insertion are affected by the desired substance to be administered and the health of the veins in the desired site of insertion.

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course of a few minutes. The exact administration technique depends on the medication and other factors. In some cases, a bolus of plain IV solution (i.e. without medication added) is administered immediately after the bolus to further force the medicine into the bloodstream. This procedure is termed an "IV flush". Certain medications, such as potassium, are not able to be administered by IV push due to the extremely rapid onset of action and high level of effects.

899: 719:. Infusions can also be intermittent, in which case the medication is administered over a period of time, then stopped, and this is later repeated. Intermittent infusion may be used when there are concerns about the stability of medicine in solution for long periods of time (as is common with continuous infusions), or to enable the administration of medicines which would be incompatible if administered at the same time in the same IV line, for example vancomycin. 5205: 4594: 1219:

professionals at the time, or that a complete description of blood circulation was not published until over 100 years later. The story is attributed to potential errors in translation of documents from the time, as well as potentially an intentional fabrication, whereas others still consider it to be accurate. One of the leading medical history textbooks for medical and nursing students has claimed that the entire story was an anti-semitic fabrication.

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left in the vein indefinitely out of concern for the risk of infection and phlebitis, among other potential complications. However, recent studies have found that there is no increased risk of complications in those whose IVs were replaced only when clinically indicated versus those whose IVs were replaced routinely. If placed with proper aseptic technique, it is not recommended to change a peripheral IV line more frequently than every 72–96 hours.

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the needle becomes the path of least resistance—such as a cannula which has been left inserted, causing the vein to scar. It can also occur upon insertion of an IV line if a tourniquet is not promptly removed. Infiltration is characterized by coolness and pallor to the skin as well as localized swelling or edema. It is treated by removing the intravenous line and elevating the affected limb so the collected fluids drain away. Injections of

4606: 837:. A Birmingham gauge of 14 is a very large cannula (used in resuscitation settings) and 24-26 is the smallest. The most common sizes are 16-gauge (midsize line used for blood donation and transfusion), 18- and 20-gauge (all-purpose line for infusions and blood draws), and 22-gauge (all-purpose pediatric line). 12- and 14-gauge peripheral lines are capable of delivering large volumes of fluid very fast, accounting for their popularity in 385:, the IV route is the fastest way to deliver fluids and medications throughout the body. For this reason, the IV route is commonly preferred in emergency situations or when a fast onset of action is desirable. In extremely high blood pressure (termed a hypertensive emergency), IV antihypertensives may be given to quickly decrease the blood pressure in a controlled manner to prevent organ damage. In atrial fibrillation, IV 5267: 3810: 572:. The exact formulation of a parenteral nutrition used will depend on the specific nutritional needs of the person it is being given to. If a person is only receiving nutrition intravenously, it is called total parenteral nutrition (TPN), whereas if a person is only receiving some of their nutrition intravenously it is called partial parenteral nutrition (or supplemental parenteral nutrition). 4971: 871:, such as the veins in the arms, hands, legs and feet. Medication administered in this way travels through the veins to the heart, from where it is distributed to the rest of the body through the circulatory system. The size of the peripheral vein limits the amount and rate of medication which can be administered safely. A peripheral line consists of a short 182:) are also both common side effects of an IV line. Phlebitis may be more likely if the same vein is used repeatedly for intravenous access, and can eventually develop into a hard cord which is unsuitable for IV access. The unintentional administration of a therapy outside a vein, termed extravasation or infiltration, may cause other side effects. 989:

administered by injecting medication through the skin and the silicone port cover into the reservoir. When the needle is withdrawn, the reservoir cover reseals itself. A port cover is designed to function for hundreds of needle sticks during its lifetime. Ports may be placed in an arm or in the chest area.

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Although many doctors warn Asian immigrants in New York that the effects of injecting glucose differ little from drinking sugary water, many Asians, especially of older generations, still use the intravenous solution. In their homelands, it is commonly prescribed by doctors as a method to cure colds,

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A tunneled line is a type of central access which is inserted under the skin, and then travels a significant distance through surrounding tissue before reaching and penetrating the central vein. Using a tunneled line reduces the risk of infection as compared to other forms of access, as bacteria from

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through the skin directly into a vein. A syringe can be connected directly to this needle, which allows for a "bolus" dose to be administered. Alternatively, the needle may be placed and then connected to a length of tubing, allowing for an infusion to be administered. The type and location of venous

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An infusion of medication may be used when it is desirable to have a constant blood concentration of a medication over time, such as with some antibiotics including beta-lactams. Continuous infusions, where the next infusion is begun immediately following the completion of the prior, may also be used

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dose, which is called an "IV push". A syringe containing the medication is connected to an access port in the primary tubing and the medication is administered through the port. A bolus may be administered rapidly (with a fast depression of the syringe plunger) or may be administered slowly, over the

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of an IV medication is by definition 100%, unlike oral administration where medication may not be fully absorbed, or may be metabolized prior to entering the bloodstream. For some medications, there is virtually zero oral bioavailability. For this reason certain types of medications can only be given

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Phlebitis is particularly common in intravenous drug users, and those undergoing chemotherapy, whose veins can become sclerotic and difficult to access over time, sometimes forming a hard, painful "venous cord". The presence of a cord is a cause of discomfort and pain associated with IV therapy, and

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Inflammation of the vein may also occur, called thrombophlebitis or simply phlebitis. This may be caused by infection, the catheter itself, or the specific fluids or medication being given. Repeated instances of phlebitis can cause scar tissue to build up along a vein. A peripheral IV line cannot be

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Equipment used to place and administer an IV line for infusion consists of a bag, usually hanging above the height of the person, and sterile tubing through which the medicine is administered. In a basic "gravity" IV, a bag is simply hung above the height of the person and the solution is pulled via

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Any additional medication to be administered intravenously at the same time as an infusion may be connected to the primary tubing; this is termed a secondary IV, or IV piggyback. This prevents the need for multiple IV access lines on the same person. When administering a secondary IV medication, the

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allows precise control over the flow rate and total amount delivered. A pump is programmed based on the number and size of infusions being administered to ensure all medicine is fully administered without allowing the access line to run dry. Pumps are primarily utilized when a constant flow rate is

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A peripherally inserted central catheter (also called a PICC line) is a type of central IV access which consists of a cannula inserted through a sheath into a peripheral vein and then carefully fed towards the heart, terminating at the superior vena cava or the right atrium. These lines are usually

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In some countries, non-prescription intravenous glucose is used to improve a person's energy, but is not a part of routine medical care in countries such as the United States where glucose solutions are prescription drugs. Improperly administered intravenous glucose (called "ringer" ), such as that

161:. The act of administering a therapy intravenously, or placing an intravenous line ("IV line") for later use, is a procedure which should only be performed by a skilled professional. The most basic intravenous access consists of a needle piercing the skin and entering a vein which is connected to a 1230:

worked on the subject. As stated by Wren, "I Have Injected Wine and Ale in a liveing Dog into the Mass of Blood by a Veine, in good Quantities, till I have made him extremely drunk, but soon after he Pisseth it out." The dog survived, grew fat, and was later stolen from his owner. Boyle attributed

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fell ill and was administered blood from healthy individuals. If this occurred, the treatment did not work and resulted in the death of the donors while not healing the pope. This story is disputed by some, who claim that the idea of blood transfusions could not have been considered by the medical

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IV fluid or medication enters the surrounding tissue as opposed to the desired vein. It may occur when the vein itself ruptures, when the vein is damaged during insertion of the intravascular access device, or from increased vein porosity. Infiltration may also occur if the puncture of the vein by

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to transfuse sheep's blood into a man who was mentally ill. Lower was interested in advancing science but also believed the man could be helped, either by the infusion of fresh blood or by the removal of old blood. It was difficult to find people who would agree to be transfused, but an eccentric

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into a vein. The specific imaging technique being employed will determine the characteristics of an appropriate contrast agent to increase visibility of blood vessels or other features. Common contrast agents are administered into a peripheral vein from which they are distributed throughout the

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Fluids may be administered as part of "volume expansion", or fluid replacement, through the intravenous route. Volume expansion consists of the administration of fluid-based solutions or suspensions designed to target specific areas of the body which need more water. There are two main types of

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IV lines are classified as "central lines" if they end in a large vein close to the heart, or as "peripheral lines" if their output is to a small vein in the periphery, such as the arm. An IV line can be threaded through a peripheral vein to end near the heart, which is termed a "peripherally

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An implanted port is a central line that does not have an external connector protruding from the skin for administration of medication. Instead, a port consists of a small reservoir covered with silicone rubber which is implanted under the skin, which then covers the reservoir. Medication is

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may enter through the insertion site around the catheter, or bacteria may be accidentally introduced inside the catheter from contaminated equipment. Infection of an IV access site is usually local, causing easily visible swelling, redness, and fever. However, pathogens may also enter the

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depending on the medication. The person attempting to obtain the access must find a new access site proximal to the "blown" area to prevent extravasation of medications through the damaged vein. For this reason it is advisable to site the first cannula at the most distal appropriate vein.

887:. Once the tip of the needle and cannula are placed, the cannula is advanced inside the vein over the trocar to the appropriate position and secured. The trocar is then withdrawn and discarded. Blood samples may also be drawn from the line directly after the initial IV cannula insertion. 1290:, a rectal infusion; and IV therapy took years to increasingly displace that route. In the 1960s, the concept of providing a person's complete nutritional needs through an IV solution began to be seriously considered. The first parenteral nutrition supplementation consisted of 1168:

around the area can be used to speed the dispersal of the fluid/drug. Infiltration is one of the most common adverse effects of IV therapy and is usually not serious unless the infiltrated fluid is a medication damaging to the surrounding tissue, most commonly a vesicant or

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as "health nuts who moonlight as heavy drinkers", have been publicized in the 2010s by glamorous celebrity customers. Intravenous therapy is also used in people with acute ethanol toxicity to correct electrolyte and vitamin deficiencies which arise from alcohol consumption.

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Dhaese S, Heffernan A, Liu D, Abdul-Aziz MH, Stove V, Tam VH, Lipman J, Roberts JA, De Waele JJ (25 July 2020). "Prolonged Versus Intermittent Infusion of β-Lactam Antibiotics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression of Bacterial Killing in Preclinical Infection Models".

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results (by dilution) or by administering prohibited substances in a way that will more quickly be cleared from the body in order to beat an anti-doping test". Players suspended after attending "boutique IV clinics" which offer this sort of treatment include footballer

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gravity through a tube attached to a needle inserted into a vein. Without extra equipment, it is not possible to precisely control the rate of administration. For this reason, a setup may also incorporate a clamp to regulate flow. Some IV lines may be placed with "

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under ultrasound guidance. An X-ray is used to verify that the end of the cannula is in the right place if fluoroscopy was not used during the insertion. An EKG can also be used in some cases to determine if the end of the cannula is in the correct location.

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Kanji S, Lam J, Johanson C, Singh A, Goddard R, Fairbairn J, Lloyd T, Monsour D, Kakal J (September 2010). "Systematic review of physical and chemical compatibility of commonly used medications administered by continuous infusion in intensive care units".

1133:, which can be sudden and life-threatening. A central IV line poses a higher risk of sepsis, as it can deliver bacteria directly into the central circulation. A line which has been in place for a longer period of time also increases the risk of infection. 2520:"The incidence of infusion reactions associated with monoclonal antibody drugs targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor in metastatic colorectal cancer patients: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of patient and study characteristics" 677:

which is administered clandestinely in store-front clinics, poses increased risks due to improper technique and oversight. Intravenous access is also sometimes used outside of a medical setting for the self-administration of recreational drugs, such as

406:, such is the case of severe dehydration where the patient is required to be treated via IV therapy for a quick recovery. The unpredictability of oral bioavailability in different people is also a reason for a medication to be administered IV, as with 3072:

Bruniera FR, Ferreira FM, Saviolli LR, Bacci MR, Feder D, da Luz Gonçalves Pedreira M, Sorgini Peterlini MA, Azzalis LA, Campos Junqueira VB, Fonseca FL (February 2015). "The use of vancomycin with its therapeutic and adverse effects: a review".

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or saline lock, a needleless connection filled with a small amount of heparin or saline solution to prevent clotting, between uses of the catheter. Ported cannulae have an injection port on the top that is often used to administer medicine.

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may be administered to attempt to restore normal heart rhythm. IV medications can also be used for chronic health conditions such as cancer, for which chemotherapy drugs are commonly administered intravenously. In some cases, such as with

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or to external tubing. This is used to administer the desired therapy. In cases where a patient is likely to receive many such interventions in a short period (with consequent risk of trauma to the vein), normal practice is to insert a

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treatment. The first solutions which saw widespread use for IV injections were simple "saline-like solutions", which were followed by experiments with various other liquids, including milk, sugar, honey, and egg yolk. In the 1830s,

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access (i.e. a central line versus peripheral line, and in which vein the line is placed) can be affected by the potential for some medications to cause peripheral vasoconstriction, which limits circulation to peripheral veins.

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Intravenous (IV) access is used to administer medications and fluid replacement which must be distributed throughout the body, especially when rapid distribution is desired. Another use of IV administration is the avoidance of

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may be used to restrict the venous drainage of the limb and make the vein bulge, making it easier to locate and place a line in a vein. When used, a tourniquet should be removed before injecting medication to prevent

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to limit variation in drug concentration in the blood (i.e. between the peak drug levels and the trough drug levels). They may also be used instead of intermittent bolus injections for the same reason, such as with

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Flannery AH, Adkins DA, Cook AM (August 2016). "Unpeeling the Evidence for the Banana Bag: Evidence-Based Recommendations for the Management of Alcohol-Associated Vitamin and Electrolyte Deficiencies in the ICU".

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which leaves one end in the vein, and subsequent therapies can be administered easily through tubing at the other end. In some cases, multiple medications or therapies are administered through the same IV line.

134:. Attempts at providing intravenous therapy have been recorded as early as the 1400s, but the practice did not become widespread until the 1900s after the development of techniques for safe, effective use. 722:

Failure to properly calculate and administer an infusion can result in adverse effects, termed infusion reactions. For this reason, many medications have a maximum recommended infusion rate, such as

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Mihala G, Ray-Barruel G, Chopra V, Webster J, Wallis M, Marsh N, McGrail M, Rickard CM (2018). "Phlebitis Signs and Symptoms With Peripheral Intravenous Catheters: Incidence and Correlation Study".

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the skin surface are not able to travel directly into the vein. These catheters are often made of materials that resist infection and clotting. Types of tunneled central lines include the

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or the right atrium of the heart. There are several types of central IV access, categorized based on the route the catheter takes from the outside of the body to the central vein output.

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but was not widely available until the 1950s. There was a time, roughly the 1910s–1920s, when fluid replacement that today would be done intravenously was likelier to be done with a

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Fujii T, Udy A, Licari E, Romero L, Bellomo R (June 2019). "Sodium bicarbonate therapy for critically ill patients with metabolic acidosis: A scoping and a systematic review".

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used as a fluid expander or base solution to which medications are added also has some buffering effect. Another solution administered intravenously as a buffering solution is

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Chan JS, Kot TK, Ng M, Harky A (November 2019). "Continuous Infusion Versus Intermittent Boluses of Furosemide in Acute Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".

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on 23 November 1667. Transfusion gathered some popularity in France and Italy, but medical and theological debates arose, resulting in transfusion being prohibited in France.

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If the cannula is not inserted correctly, or the vein is particularly fragile and ruptures, blood may extravasate into the surrounding tissues; this situation is known as a

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Heng SY, Yap RT, Tie J, McGrouther DA (April 2020). "Peripheral Vein Thrombophlebitis in the Upper Extremity: A Systematic Review of a Frequent and Important Problem".

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Medical imaging relies on being able to clearly distinguish internal parts of the body from each other. One way this is accomplished is through the administration of a

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O'Grady NP, Alexander M, Burns LA, Dellinger EP, Garland J, Heard SO, Lipsett PA, Masur H, Mermel LA, Pearson ML, Raad II, Randolph AG, Rupp ME, Saint S (May 2011).

1266:, an English obstetrician, used intravenous administration of blood to treat women bleeding profusely during or after delivery. This predated the understanding of 4087: 1083:. For this reason, when other forms of administration may suffice, intravenous therapy is usually not preferred. This includes the treatment of mild or moderate 321:

in the blood, while, on the other hand, this parameter is decreased by crystalloids due to hemodilution. Crystalloids generally are much cheaper than colloids.

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Peacock WF, Hilleman DE, Levy PD, Rhoney DH, Varon J (July 2012). "A systematic review of nicardipine vs labetalol for the management of hypertensive crises".

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Rivera AM, Strauss KW, van Zundert A, Mortier E (2005). "The history of peripheral intravenous catheters: how little plastic tubes revolutionized medicine".

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If the solutions administered are colder than the temperature of the body, induced hypothermia can occur. If the temperature change to the heart is rapid,

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is commonly used for rehydration or to provide nutrients for those who cannot, or will not—due to reduced mental states or otherwise—consume food or water

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Runge VM, Ai T, Hao D, Hu X (December 2011). "The developmental history of the gadolinium chelates as intravenous contrast media for magnetic resonance".

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being treated for dehydration have better outcomes with oral treatment than intravenous therapy due to the pain and complications of an intravenous line.

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is the act of providing required nutrients to a person through an intravenous line. This is used in people who are unable to get nutrients normally, by

394:, a loading or bolus dose of medicine is given before beginning a dosing regimen to more quickly increase the concentration of medication in the blood. 1917:

Halter JB, Ouslander JG, Studenski S, High KP, Asthana S, Supiano MA, Ritchie C (23 December 2016). "Chapter 35". In Edmonson KG, Davis KJ (eds.).

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remedy. The first "boutique IV" clinic, offering similar treatments, opened in Tokyo in 2008. These clinics, whose target market was described by

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A central line is an access method in which a catheter empties into a larger, more central vein (a vein within the torso), usually the

4422: 1002:", devices which enable a secondary solution to be administered through the same line (known as piggybacking). Some systems employ a 4440: 3376:

Schwamburger NT, Hancock RH, Chong CH, Hartup GR, Vandewalle KS (2012). "The rate of adverse events during IV conscious sedation".

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Vardas PE, Kochiadakis GE (September 2003). "Amiodarone for the Restoration of Sinus Rhythm in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation".

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Lv L, Zhang J (May 2020). "The incidence and risk of infusion phlebitis with peripheral intravenous catheters: A meta-analysis".

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and thus quickly distributed. For this reason, the intravenous route of administration is also used for the consumption of some

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As placement of an intravenous line requires breaking the skin, there is a risk of infection. Skin-dwelling organisms such as

730:. These infusion reactions can be severe, such as in the case of vancomycin, where the reaction is termed "red man syndrome". 3707: 2725: 2305: 2297: 2279: 2044: 1926: 1507: 1298:

and vitamins which were added to form "total parenteral nutrition", or that which includes protein, fat, and carbohydrates.

4465: 4282: 3814: 110:) is a medical technique that administers fluids, medications and nutrients directly into a person's vein. The intravenous 1110:

is involved, this is commonly termed "Red Man syndrome" after the rapid flushing which occurs after rapid administration.

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Placement of an IV line may cause pain, as it necessarily involves piercing the skin. Infections and inflammation (termed

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Left: A person receiving fluids through an intravenous line in the wrist. Right: IV bags on a pole connected to IV lines.

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Boles Ponto LL, Schoenwald RD (1 May 1990). "Furosemide (Frusemide) A Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Review (Part I)".

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A Hickman line, a type of tunneled catheter, inserted through the skin at the chest and tunneled to insert into the

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Certain medications also have specific sensations of pain associated with their administration IV. This includes

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showed it was possible for blood to be transfused from animal to animal and from animal to man intravenously, a

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may become imbalanced. In hospitals, regular blood tests may be used to proactively monitor electrolyte levels.

815:. The part of the catheter that remains outside the skin is called the connecting hub; it can be connected to a 5081: 4532: 4526: 3961: 758: 340: 890: 5588: 5178: 5021: 4609: 4514: 4497: 4156: 3879: 3738: 2741:

Agarwal AK, Haddad N, Boubes K (November 2019). "Avoiding problems in tunneled dialysis catheter placement".

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There was virtually no recorded success with any attempts at injection therapy until the 1800s, when in 1831

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prohibits intravenous injection of more than 100 mL per 12 hours, except under a medical exemption. The

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Roca-Tey R (March 2016). "Permanent Arteriovenous Fistula or Catheter Dialysis for Heart Failure Patients".

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To reduce pain associated with the procedure, medical staff may apply a topical local anaesthetic (such as

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Felts, J. H. (2000). Richard Lower: anatomist and physiologist. Annals of internal medicine, 133(6), 485.

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Elbarbry F (June 2018). "Vancomycin Dosing and Monitoring: Critical Evaluation of the Current Practice".

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An arm board is recommended for immobilizing the extremity for cannulation of the hand, the foot or the

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of mineral salts or other water-soluble molecules. Colloids contain larger insoluble molecules, such as

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The first recorded attempt at administering a therapeutic substance via IV injection was in 1492, when

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makes it more difficult for an IV line to be placed as a line cannot be placed in an area with a cord.

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food. A person receiving parenteral nutrition will be given an intravenous solution which may contain

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Placement of an intravenous line inherently causes pain when the skin is broken and is considered

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in the late 1890s and further developed in the 1930s by Samuel Hirschfeld, Harold T. Hyman and

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scholar, Arthur Coga, consented and the procedure was carried out by Lower and King before the

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care, and outpatient medicine. This may be placed in the arm, commonly either the wrist or the

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or Broviac catheter. A tunnelled line is an option for long term venous access necessary for

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Wanger and colleagues had in effect invented the modern I.V.-drip method of drug delivery

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which is an option, as opposed to parenteral rehydration through an IV line. Children in

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A needle for intravenous access should be inserted at an approximately 25-degree angle.

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Wren, Boyle, and the Origins of Intravenous Injections and the Royal Society of London

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notes that, as well as the dangers inherent in IV therapy, "IVs can be used to change

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Raehl CL (July 1986). "Endotracheal drug therapy in cardiopulmonary resuscitation".

2504: 2158: 1985:

Rawson JV, Pelletier AL (1 September 2013). "When to Order a Contrast-Enhanced CT".

1740: 1473: 883:-over-needle device, in which a flexible plastic cannula comes mounted over a metal 5293: 3902: 3747: 3664: 3571: 3496: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3412: 3340: 3293: 3250: 3215: 3178: 3170: 3129: 3117: 3113: 3038: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2850: 2840: 2793: 2750: 2541: 2531: 2484: 2440: 2436: 2393: 2346: 2267: 2228: 2218: 2138: 1971: 1951: 1881: 1816: 1808: 1767: 1720: 1656: 1634: 1626: 1587: 1552: 1495: 1453: 1386: 1376: 1223: 1124: 830: 702: 553: 476: 442: 273: 150: 3500: 487:, but modern medical practice commonly uses only components of the blood, such as 5183: 4867: 4731: 3920: 3891: 3887: 3697: 3297: 3042: 2902: 2898: 2350: 2142: 1955: 1313: 1242: 1238: 876: 663: 496: 464: 398: 324: 292: 258: 254: 234: 2518:

Bylsma LC, Dean R, Lowe K, Sangaré L, Alexander DD, Fryzek JP (September 2019).

1886: 5593: 5244: 4877: 4339: 4301: 4290: 4107: 4021: 3982: 3628: 2397: 2271: 1772: 1755: 1556: 1457: 1279: 1030:

important, or where changes in rate of administration would have consequences.

983: 587: 581: 534: 417:, are chemically modified to be better suited for IV administration, forming a 2928:

Hartling L, Bellemare S, Wiebe N, Russell K, Klassen TP, Craig W (July 2006).

2488: 2223: 2045:"Samir Nasri's doping ban extended from six to 18 months after appeal by Uefa" 5577: 5387: 5309: 5278: 5043: 4872: 4267: 4077: 3866: 3699:

Mothers and daughters of invention: notes for a revised history of technology

3669: 3650: 3575: 3254: 3125: 2979:"Vapocoolants (cold spray) for pain treatment during intravenous cannulation" 2177:"A Life Upended After an IV Glucose Treatment Popular Among Asian Immigrants" 1418: 1365:"Intravenous Fluid of Choice in Major Abdominal Surgery: A Systematic Review" 1294:

and dextrose. This was followed in 1975 with the introduction of intravenous

1247: 1174: 1165: 1160: 1154: 1054: 1026: 1018: 753: 654: 480: 448: 434: 422: 238: 200: 3159:"Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections" 774: 521:

of a German hospital could not eat due to a prior surgical operation of the

5428: 5364: 5349: 5324: 5162: 4882: 4262: 4135: 3583: 3508: 3473: 3424: 3389: 3354: 3305: 3262: 3192: 3143: 3086: 3050: 3015: 2963: 2864: 2805: 2762: 2677: 2555: 2496: 2448: 2405: 2358: 2242: 2150: 1998: 1963: 1895: 1830: 1781: 1648: 1599: 1564: 1465: 1400: 1381: 1343: 1328: 1318: 1295: 1254: 1227: 1046:) to the skin of the chosen venipuncture area about 45 minutes beforehand. 1007: 1003: 971: 967: 958: 799: 625: 363: 265: 3548: 3227: 2623: 1732: 533:, parenteral nutrition and pain killers via automated injection employing 5522: 5410: 5283: 5239: 5217: 5204: 5135: 5105: 5039: 4888: 4827: 4656: 4397: 4361: 3874: 3603:(2nd ed.). Toronto : University of Toronto Press. pp. 198–199. 3174: 2845: 1868:

Avery P, Morton S, Tucker H, Green L, Weaver A, Davenport R (June 2020).

1630: 1287: 1198: 1096: 1084: 898: 653:", a non-prescription IV solution of vitamins and minerals marketed as a 638: 634: 530: 484: 373:

may be mixed into the fluids mentioned above, commonly normal saline, or

296: 127: 3206:

Jaffe RB (July 1983). "Cardiac and vascular involvement in drug abuse".

2797: 1613:Álvarez R, López Cortés LE, Molina J, Cisneros JM, Pachón J (May 2016). 5444: 5406: 5377: 4937: 4911: 4773: 4573: 4382: 4296: 3987: 2589:(5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2009. 1845:"Blood Transfusion | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)" 1308: 1267: 1194: 1107: 1043: 807: 723: 716: 629: 617: 613: 561: 414: 407: 391: 386: 370: 4725: 3820: 3345: 3328: 2754: 2536: 1812: 766: 93: 5016: 4906: 4758: 4748: 4492: 4377: 4344: 4172: 1797:"Aprepitant and fosaprepitant drug interactions: a systematic review" 1103: 841:. These lines are frequently called "large bores" or "trauma lines". 549: 332: 310: 179: 153:" or one-time dose, but they may also be administered as an extended 3327:

Reynolds PM, MacLaren R, Mueller SW, Fish DN, Kiser TH (June 2014).

2888: 2640:

Roberts and Hedges' Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine E-Book

688:

Intravenous therapy is also used for veterinary patient management.

137:

The intravenous route is the fastest way to deliver medications and

5558: 5547: 5339: 5319: 5314: 5288: 5232: 5125: 5115: 5110: 4813: 4778: 4763: 4705: 4402: 4392: 4387: 3562:

Lindeboom GA (1954). "The Story of a Blood Transfusion to a Pope".

1338: 1178: 1062: 1053:

or "tissuing". Using this cannula to administer medications causes

940:

placed in peripheral veins in the arm, and may be placed using the

872: 795: 682: 557: 374: 359: 328: 3156: 5344: 5273: 5212: 5157: 5152: 5120: 4960: 4916: 4793: 3487:

Wang W (25 July 2015). "Tolerability of hypertonic injectables".

2977:

Griffith RJ, Jordan V, Herd D, Reed PW, Dalziel SR (April 2016).

2205:

Han Y, Yan W, Zheng Y, Khan MZ, Yuan K, Lu L (11 November 2019).

1795:

Patel P, Leeder JS, Piquette-Miller M, Dupuis LL (October 2017).

1612: 1258: 1013: 880: 816: 791: 604:

IV rehydration was formerly a common technique for athletes. The

569: 522: 472: 468: 418: 277: 269: 167: 162: 64: 5266: 3685:

https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/redirector/?redir=archive/

1794: 829:

The thickness and size of needles and catheters can be given in

5334: 5254: 5167: 4987: 4898: 4788: 4753: 4740: 4272: 3809: 3535:

Millam D (January 1996). "The history of intravenous therapy".

2829:"Arm port vs chest port: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 2663: 1756:"Intravenous to oral (iv:po) anti-infective conversion therapy" 1130: 1006:, which prevents air from entering the bloodstream (causing an 884: 782:

The simplest form of intravenous access is by passing a hollow

678: 545: 526: 209: 115: 3375: 3283: 1010:), and allows visual estimation of flow rate of the solution. 463:. Blood transfusions can be used in massive blood loss due to 5222: 4947: 4849: 4808: 4687: 3651:"Dr Thomas Latta: the father of intravenous infusion therapy" 3438:

Campbell G, Alderson P, Smith AF, Warttig S (13 April 2015).

3100:

Webster J, Osborne S, Rickard CM, Marsh N (23 January 2019).

3071: 2927: 1524:"What is an IV Vitamin Therapy? A Complete Guide by Nepenthe" 1058: 565: 456: 281: 230: 141:

throughout the body as they are introduced directly into the

63:

A person receiving a medication through an intravenous line (

3437: 2382: 1916: 3403:

Hadaway L (August 2007). "Infiltration and extravasation".

3326: 2071:"Ryan Lochte suspended 14 months for anti-doping violation" 1039: 894:

Illustration of a non-tunneled central venous access device

351: 314: 58: 4970: 4651: 3099: 2906:, American College of Emergency Physicians, archived from 5086: 5031: 2256:

Cooper E, Guillaumin J, Yaxley P, Her J, Young A (2022).

2255: 1542: 928: 794:

is the most common intravenous access method utilized in

3075:

European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences

2477:

European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics

471:. Blood transfusions may also be used to treat a severe 402:

intravenously, as there is insufficient uptake by other

3683:

See, for example, the Nobel Prize Nomination Database:

2643:(6th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 349. 2266:(Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International). 233:. Substances that may be infused intravenously include 3600:

History of medicine: a scandalously short introduction

3564:

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

2976: 1867: 1362: 1278:

Intravenous therapy was expanded by Italian physician

3731: 2894:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question" 2517: 2335: 1710: 3028: 1443: 1193:

may result. Furthermore, if a solution which is not

770:

A nurse inserting an 18-gauge IV needle with cannula

366:

750mg (right), and log sheet hanging from an IV pole

2740: 1670:Doyle GR, McCutcheon JA (13 November 2015). "7.5". 313:solutions often used in those who have significant 2127: 819:or an intravenous infusion line, or capped with a 335:are also administered through intravenous access. 2042: 1577: 1144: 5575: 1492:xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference 4431:International Federation for Emergency Medicine 2204: 1984: 1669: 4435:International Conference on Emergency Medicine 3702:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 141–142. 2826: 2718:Peripherally inserted central venous catheters 2715: 2691:Marino PL (2014). "2. Central Venous Access". 2426: 1490:Flynn E (2007). "Pharmacokinetic Parameters". 1363:Noonpradej S, Akaraborworn O (3 August 2020). 467:, or can be used to replace blood lost during 4637: 4188: 3836: 2636: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2249: 1257:studied the use of IV fluid replacements for 1113: 867:A peripheral intravenous line is inserted in 685:, cocaine, methamphetamine, DMT, and others. 644: 459:which is collected from a donor for use in a 299:with blood. Lactated Ringer's (also known as 4451:Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians 3648: 3629:https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181b56163 2827:Li G, Zhang Y, Ma H, Zheng J (3 July 2019). 2684: 2470: 2468: 2466: 1941: 1919:Hazzard's geriatric medicine and gerontology 1209: 1173:. In such cases, the infiltration is termed 287:The most commonly used crystalloid fluid is 4557:Care of the Critically Ill Surgical Patient 4446:Australasian College for Emergency Medicine 3106:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2986:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2934:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2884: 2882: 2097: 2095: 2093: 1921:(Seventh ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. 1615:"Optimizing the Clinical Use of Vancomycin" 1485: 1483: 1099:may decrease the pain of putting in an IV. 1061:, causing pain and tissue damage, and even 902:The central line kit (out of its packaging) 346: 4644: 4630: 4195: 4181: 3843: 3829: 3796:Archive of the 4th edition (December 2016) 2716:Sandrucci S, Mussa B, eds. (5 July 2014). 2562: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 1673:Clinical Procedures for Safer Patient Care 1545:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 701:Some medications can be administered as a 57: 3668: 3561: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3463: 3344: 3182: 3133: 3005: 2953: 2854: 2844: 2545: 2535: 2463: 2378: 2376: 2232: 2222: 1885: 1820: 1771: 1753: 1638: 1412: 1410: 1390: 1380: 4441:American College of Emergency Physicians 2890:American College of Emergency Physicians 2879: 2783: 2709: 2657: 2474: 2174: 2090: 2012: 2010: 2008: 1801:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1480: 1012: 952: 897: 889: 848: 773: 765: 757: 742: 649:In the 1960s, John Myers developed the " 512: 483:. Early blood transfusions consisted of 350: 149:. Many therapies are administered as a " 4461:European Society for Emergency Medicine 3850: 3767:"A Royal Spotlight on a Rare Condition" 3695: 3444:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3402: 3240: 3022: 2777: 2312: 1663: 1356: 14: 5576: 4471:American Academy of Emergency Medicine 4202: 4052:Peripherally inserted central catheter 3764: 3596: 3534: 3515: 3489:International Journal of Pharmaceutics 2695:(Fourth ed.). Philadelphia: LWW. 2690: 2373: 2193:fevers and sometimes an upset stomach. 2170: 2168: 1536: 1407: 935:Peripherally inserted central catheter 929:Peripherally inserted central catheter 4625: 4176: 3948: 3824: 3205: 2609: 2068: 2005: 1619:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1489: 974:in people with poor kidney function. 4466:Asian Society for Emergency Medicine 3752:10.1001/archinte.1931.00140200095007 3486: 2101: 1270:, leading to unpredictable results. 977: 118:. It may also be used to administer 5001:Heated humidified high-flow therapy 4551:Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics 4456:Royal College of Emergency Medicine 3627:. Anesthesiology 2009; 111:923–924 2165: 2043:Press Association (1 August 2018). 1369:Critical Care Research and Practice 879:. This is usually in the form of a 844: 32:"The Drip" redirects here. For the 27:Medication administered into a vein 24: 5265: 5203: 5096: 3782: 3417:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000282299.03441.c7 1592:10.1023/B:CEPR.0000012400.34597.00 1416: 1069: 525:which was complicated by a severe 248: 25: 5615: 3802: 3798:via the Internet Wayback Machine) 1419:"An Update on Intravenous Fluids" 1120:coagulase-negative staphylococcus 948: 875:inserted through the skin into a 591:circulation to the imaging site. 428: 122:or other medical therapy such as 5443: 4969: 4730: 4724: 4604: 4593: 4592: 4248:International emergency medicine 3808: 3031:The American Journal of Medicine 1725:10.2165/00003088-199018050-00004 1580:Cardiac Electrophysiology Review 1500:10.1016/b978-008055232-3.60034-0 906: 762:IV infusion set (not yet in use) 610:United States Anti-Doping Agency 599: 295:at 0.9% concentration, which is 284:itself is considered a colloid. 208: 199: 4605: 4545:Pediatric Advanced Life Support 4258:Pre-hospital emergency medicine 3758: 3725: 3689: 3677: 3656:Journal of Infection Prevention 3642: 3633: 3617: 3590: 3555: 3480: 3431: 3405:The American Journal of Nursing 3396: 3369: 3320: 3277: 3234: 3199: 3150: 3093: 3065: 2970: 2921: 2820: 2734: 2630: 2603: 2587:Lippincott's nursing procedures 2511: 2420: 2198: 2121: 2062: 2036: 2022:U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) 2018:"IV Infusion: Explanatory Note" 1978: 1935: 1910: 1861: 1837: 1788: 1747: 1704: 1680: 1273: 1057:of the drug, which can lead to 377:solutions. Compared with other 190: 4533:Acute Care of at-Risk Newborns 4527:Neonatal Resuscitation Program 3791:Standards for Infusion Therapy 3537:Journal of Intravenous Nursing 3456:10.1002/14651858.CD009891.pub2 3243:The Journal of Vascular Access 3118:10.1002/14651858.CD007798.pub5 2998:10.1002/14651858.CD009484.pub2 2946:10.1002/14651858.CD004390.pub2 2833:Cancer Management and Research 2786:The Journal of Vascular Access 2666:Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2637:Roberts JR, Hedges JR (2013). 2441:10.1016/j.cardfail.2019.11.013 1606: 1571: 1516: 1437: 1145:Infiltration and extravasation 13: 1: 4769:Effervescent powder or tablet 4515:Advanced cardiac life support 4498:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation 4157:Needle and syringe programmes 3739:Archives of Internal Medicine 3501:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.05.069 1350: 1033: 1021:suitable for a single IV line 594: 245:, medications and nutrition. 5553:Patient-controlled analgesia 4858:Orally disintegrating tablet 4539:Pediatric basic life support 4521:Advanced trauma life support 4504:Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation 4253:Pediatric emergency medicine 3765:Geggel L (3 December 2012). 3298:10.1097/NAN.0000000000000288 3220:10.1016/0037-198x(83)90024-x 3163:Clinical Infectious Diseases 3043:10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.08.054 2351:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181e8adcc 2143:10.1097/CCM.0000000000001659 1956:10.1097/RLI.0b013e318237913b 1197:is administered, a person's 992: 733: 502: 7: 3286:Journal of Infusion Nursing 2175:Jiha Ham (March 20, 2015). 1887:10.1136/emermed-2019-209040 1754:Wetzstein GA (March 2000). 1301: 1184: 1159:Infiltration occurs when a 709: 317:. Colloids preserve a high 10: 5620: 5064:Relative analgesia machine 4223:Emergency medical services 4047:Peripheral venous catheter 3788:Royal College of Nursing, 2429:Journal of Cardiac Failure 2398:10.1007/s40262-020-00919-6 2272:10.1079/9781789243406.0000 2259:Small Animal Fluid Therapy 1874:Emergency Medicine Journal 1773:10.1177/107327480000700211 1557:10.1016/j.ajem.2011.06.040 1494:. Elsevier. pp. 1–3. 1458:10.1016/j.jcrc.2019.02.027 1204: 1148: 1114:Infection and inflammation 981: 932: 910: 863:Peripheral venous catheter 860: 751: 645:Use for hangover treatment 579: 575: 506: 432: 413:Some medications, such as 337:Lactated Ringer's solution 327:which are used to correct 305:) and the closely related 252: 31: 5508: 5480: 5452: 5441: 5405: 5372: 5253: 5191: 5144: 5080: 5030: 4986: 4967: 4946: 4932: 4897: 4848: 4826: 4739: 4722: 4686: 4672: 4663: 4587: 4566: 4479: 4421: 4370: 4281: 4210: 4162:Supervised injection site 4149: 4128: 4070: 4039: 4014: 3996: 3970: 3947: 3919: 3901: 3865: 3858: 3208:Seminars in Roentgenology 2489:10.1007/s13318-017-0456-4 2386:Clinical Pharmacokinetics 2224:10.1038/s41398-019-0625-0 1987:American Family Physician 1713:Clinical Pharmacokinetics 1676:. Victoria, BC: BCcampus. 1210:Discovery and development 1195:balanced in concentration 747: 671: 90: 80: 72: 56: 51: 38:The Drip (Schitt's Creek) 4653:Routes of administration 4398:Epinephrine / Adrenaline 3732:Hirschfeld S, Hyman HT, 3670:10.1177/1757177409342141 3255:10.1177/1129729819877323 2211:Translational Psychiatry 2102:Hess A (23 April 2014). 2069:Caron E (23 July 2018). 1446:Journal of Critical Care 1284:Justine Johnstone Wanger 1191:ventricular fibrillation 1089:oral rehydration therapy 696: 691: 606:World Anti-Doping Agency 404:routes of administration 379:routes of administration 347:Medication and treatment 319:colloid osmotic pressure 5179:Extra-amniotic infusion 4784:Molecular encapsulation 4716:Osmotic delivery system 4711:Time release technology 4113:Thermodilution catheter 4062:Central venous catheter 3649:MacGillivray N (2009). 2901:: an initiative of the 1944:Investigative Radiology 1074: 913:Central venous catheter 185: 112:route of administration 5482:Central nervous system 5270: 5208: 5136:Mucoadhesive microdisc 5101: 3978:Immunoglobulin therapy 3576:10.1093/jhmas/IX.4.455 2339:Critical Care Medicine 2131:Critical Care Medicine 1171:chemotherapeutic agent 1151:Infiltration (medical) 1022: 962: 903: 895: 858: 779: 771: 763: 538: 489:packed red blood cells 455:) is any component of 367: 132:electrolyte imbalances 76:IV therapy, iv therapy 40:. For other uses, see 5325:Transfersome vesicles 5269: 5207: 5184:Intravesical infusion 5100: 4579:Injury Severity Score 4350:Nasopharyngeal airway 4323:Intraosseous infusion 2693:Marino's the ICU book 2104:"The Party Girl Drip" 1129:bloodstream, causing 1093:emergency departments 1016: 956: 901: 893: 852: 777: 769: 761: 743:Methods and equipment 728:monoclonal antibodies 628:is being used), mask 516: 354: 227:first-pass metabolism 5589:Injection (medicine) 5011:Metered-dose inhaler 4996:Anesthetic vaporizer 4356:Oropharyngeal airway 4233:Emergency psychiatry 4218:Emergency department 4103:Implantable catheter 3998:Parenteral nutrition 3817:at Wikimedia Commons 2846:10.2147/CMAR.S205988 2792:(1_suppl): S23–S29. 2743:Seminars in Dialysis 1631:10.1128/AAC.03147-14 1382:10.1155/2020/2170828 1334:Needleless connector 1231:authorship to Wren. 1224:Sir Christopher Wren 637:in 2017 and swimmer 542:Parenteral nutrition 537:(background, right). 509:Parenteral nutrition 239:blood-based products 5436:Transdermal implant 5396:(into tissue/blood) 5173:Intrauterine device 5054:Anaesthetic machine 5049:Oxygen concentrator 4335:Tracheal intubation 4329:Intravenous therapy 4056:Seldinger technique 3884:Fresh frozen plasma 3867:Blood-based product 3852:Intravenous therapy 3815:Intravenous therapy 2798:10.5301/jva.5000511 2720:. Milan: Springer. 1292:hydrolyzed proteins 942:Seldinger technique 804:median cubital vein 519:intensive care unit 517:This patient of an 493:fresh frozen plasma 453:blood-based product 272:. Crystalloids are 104:Intravenous therapy 52:Intravenous therapy 5604:Medical treatments 5599:Intravenous fluids 5548:Nanocell injection 5271: 5209: 5102: 4956:Dry-powder inhaler 4509:Basic life support 4413:Sodium bicarbonate 4211:Emergency medicine 4204:Emergency medicine 3962:Sodium bicarbonate 3859:Infused substances 3772:The New York Times 3696:Stanley A (1995). 3175:10.1093/cid/cir257 2181:The New York Times 2076:Sports Illustrated 1216:Pope Innocent VIII 1081:medically invasive 1025:Alternatively, an 1023: 963: 923:inferior vena cava 919:superior vena cava 904: 896: 859: 839:emergency medicine 780: 772: 764: 539: 368: 341:sodium bicarbonate 147:recreational drugs 143:circulatory system 5571: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5398: 5360:Transdermal spray 5355:Transdermal patch 5345:Medicated shampoo 5076: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5059:Medical inhalants 5006:Medical inhalants 4934:Respiratory tract 4928: 4927: 4822: 4821: 4619: 4618: 4408:Magnesium sulfate 4317:Electrocardiogram 4243:Medical emergency 4228:Emergency nursing 4170: 4169: 4118:Dialysis catheter 4035: 4034: 3813:Media related to 3709:978-0-8135-2197-8 3663:(Suppl. 1): 3–6. 3597:Duffin J (2010). 3378:General Dentistry 3346:10.1002/phar.1396 3037:(4): 473–484.e3. 2755:10.1111/sdi.12845 2727:978-88-470-5665-7 2612:Clinical Pharmacy 2537:10.1002/cam4.2413 2530:(12): 5800–5809. 2392:(10): 1237–1250. 2306:978-1-78924-340-6 2298:978-1-78924-339-0 2281:978-1-78924-338-3 1928:978-0-07-183345-5 1849:www.nhlbi.nih.gov 1813:10.1111/bcp.13322 1807:(10): 2148–2162. 1509:978-0-08-055232-3 1324:Hypodermic needle 1241:. He worked with 978:Implantable ports 855:antecubital fossa 616:results (such as 461:blood transfusion 439:Blood transfusion 362:solution (left), 274:aqueous solutions 264:volume expander: 243:blood substitutes 139:fluid replacement 101: 100: 16:(Redirected from 5611: 5447: 5403: 5402: 5394: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4944: 4943: 4873:Sublingual drops 4846: 4845: 4734: 4728: 4684: 4683: 4670: 4669: 4646: 4639: 4632: 4623: 4622: 4608: 4607: 4596: 4595: 4197: 4190: 4183: 4174: 4173: 3957:Ringer's lactate 3929:Ringer's lactate 3911:Hemoglobin-based 3903:Blood substitute 3863: 3862: 3845: 3838: 3831: 3822: 3821: 3812: 3777: 3776: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3717: 3716: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3646: 3640: 3637: 3631: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3532: 3513: 3512: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3467: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3348: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3186: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3137: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3009: 2983: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2957: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2910:on March 7, 2014 2886: 2877: 2876: 2858: 2848: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2583: 2560: 2559: 2549: 2539: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2472: 2461: 2460: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2380: 2371: 2370: 2345:(9): 1890–1898. 2333: 2310: 2309: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2236: 2226: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2189: 2187: 2172: 2163: 2162: 2137:(8): 1545–1552. 2125: 2119: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2099: 2088: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2024:. 5 January 2018 2014: 2003: 2002: 1982: 1976: 1975: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1914: 1908: 1907: 1889: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1856: 1855: 1841: 1835: 1834: 1824: 1792: 1786: 1785: 1775: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1699: 1698: 1692:Cleveland Clinic 1684: 1678: 1677: 1667: 1661: 1660: 1642: 1625:(5): 2601–2609. 1610: 1604: 1603: 1575: 1569: 1568: 1540: 1534: 1533: 1531: 1530: 1520: 1514: 1513: 1487: 1478: 1477: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1414: 1405: 1404: 1394: 1384: 1360: 1177:, and may cause 1125:Candida albicans 869:peripheral veins 845:Peripheral lines 831:Birmingham gauge 824: 823: 806:at the elbow. A 523:abdominal region 477:thrombocytopenia 443:Blood substitute 383:oral medications 325:Buffer solutions 307:Ringer's acetate 302:Ringer's lactate 291:, a solution of 235:volume expanders 212: 203: 106:(abbreviated as 94:edit on Wikidata 61: 49: 48: 21: 5619: 5618: 5614: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5574: 5573: 5572: 5563: 5543:Intraperitoneal 5515:musculoskeletal 5513: 5504: 5476: 5472:Intra-articular 5448: 5439: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5368: 5249: 5187: 5140: 5085: 5068: 5026: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4965: 4924: 4893: 4818: 4735: 4729: 4720: 4674:Digestive tract 4659: 4650: 4620: 4615: 4583: 4567:Scoring systems 4562: 4475: 4417: 4366: 4277: 4206: 4201: 4171: 4166: 4145: 4124: 4071:Other equipment 4066: 4031: 4010: 3992: 3966: 3943: 3921:Volume expander 3915: 3897: 3892:Cryoprecipitate 3888:Cryosupernatant 3854: 3849: 3805: 3785: 3783:Further reading 3780: 3763: 3759: 3730: 3726: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3694: 3690: 3682: 3678: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3623:Jorge Dagnino; 3622: 3618: 3611: 3595: 3591: 3560: 3556: 3533: 3516: 3495:(1–2): 308–15. 3485: 3481: 3450:(4): CD009891. 3436: 3432: 3401: 3397: 3374: 3370: 3333:Pharmacotherapy 3325: 3321: 3282: 3278: 3239: 3235: 3204: 3200: 3155: 3151: 3112:(1): CD007798. 3098: 3094: 3070: 3066: 3027: 3023: 2992:(4): CD009484. 2981: 2975: 2971: 2940:(3): CD004390. 2926: 2922: 2913: 2911: 2903:ABIM Foundation 2899:Choosing Wisely 2887: 2880: 2825: 2821: 2782: 2778: 2739: 2735: 2728: 2714: 2710: 2703: 2689: 2685: 2662: 2658: 2651: 2635: 2631: 2608: 2604: 2597: 2585: 2584: 2563: 2524:Cancer Medicine 2516: 2512: 2473: 2464: 2425: 2421: 2381: 2374: 2334: 2313: 2282: 2254: 2250: 2203: 2199: 2185: 2183: 2173: 2166: 2126: 2122: 2112: 2110: 2100: 2091: 2081: 2079: 2067: 2063: 2053: 2051: 2041: 2037: 2027: 2025: 2016: 2015: 2006: 1983: 1979: 1940: 1936: 1929: 1915: 1911: 1866: 1862: 1853: 1851: 1843: 1842: 1838: 1793: 1789: 1752: 1748: 1709: 1705: 1696: 1694: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1668: 1664: 1611: 1607: 1576: 1572: 1541: 1537: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1517: 1510: 1488: 1481: 1442: 1438: 1428: 1426: 1415: 1408: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1304: 1276: 1239:xenotransfusion 1212: 1207: 1187: 1157: 1149:Main articles: 1147: 1116: 1077: 1072: 1070:Adverse effects 1036: 995: 986: 980: 951: 937: 931: 915: 909: 877:peripheral vein 865: 847: 821: 820: 756: 750: 745: 736: 712: 699: 694: 674: 651:Myers' cocktail 647: 602: 597: 584: 578: 535:syringe drivers 511: 505: 497:cryoprecipitate 445: 433:Main articles: 431: 399:bioavailability 349: 293:sodium chloride 261: 259:Buffer solution 255:Volume expander 253:Main articles: 251: 249:Fluid solutions 222: 221: 220: 219: 215: 214: 213: 205: 204: 193: 188: 97: 68: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5617: 5607: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5569: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5561: 5556: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5519: 5517: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5486: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5462:Intracavernous 5458: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5421: 5416: 5414: 5400: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5264: 5262: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5245:Nutrient enema 5242: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5220: 5215: 5202: 5200: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5095: 5093: 5078: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5036: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4992: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4958: 4952: 4950: 4941: 4930: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4922: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4903: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4891: 4886: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4854: 4852: 4843: 4824: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4745: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4692: 4690: 4681: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4649: 4648: 4641: 4634: 4626: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4613: 4601: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4581: 4576: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4487: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4427: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4374: 4372: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4342: 4340:Laryngeal tube 4337: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4314: 4308: 4302:Defibrillation 4299: 4294: 4291:Bag valve mask 4287: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4214: 4212: 4208: 4207: 4200: 4199: 4192: 4185: 4177: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4143: 4138: 4132: 4130: 4129:Specific risks 4126: 4125: 4123: 4122: 4121: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4080: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4049: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4029: 4024: 4022:Drug injection 4018: 4016: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4008: 4002: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3990: 3985: 3983:Gamma globulin 3980: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3964: 3959: 3953: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3941: 3939:Sugar solution 3936: 3931: 3925: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3913: 3907: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3895: 3877: 3871: 3869: 3860: 3856: 3855: 3848: 3847: 3840: 3833: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3804: 3803:External links 3801: 3800: 3799: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3778: 3757: 3746:(2): 259–287. 3724: 3708: 3688: 3676: 3641: 3632: 3616: 3609: 3589: 3570:(4): 455–459. 3554: 3514: 3479: 3430: 3395: 3368: 3319: 3292:(4): 260–263. 3276: 3249:(3): 342–349. 3233: 3214:(3): 207–212. 3198: 3169:(9): e162-93. 3149: 3092: 3081:(4): 694–700. 3064: 3021: 2969: 2920: 2878: 2819: 2776: 2749:(6): 535–540. 2733: 2726: 2708: 2702:978-1451121186 2701: 2683: 2656: 2649: 2629: 2602: 2596:978-0781786898 2595: 2561: 2510: 2483:(3): 259–268. 2462: 2435:(9): 786–793. 2419: 2372: 2311: 2280: 2248: 2197: 2164: 2120: 2089: 2061: 2035: 2004: 1977: 1950:(12): 807–16. 1934: 1927: 1909: 1880:(6): 370–378. 1860: 1836: 1787: 1760:Cancer Control 1746: 1719:(5): 381–408. 1703: 1679: 1662: 1605: 1586:(3): 297–299. 1570: 1551:(6): 981–993. 1535: 1515: 1508: 1479: 1436: 1406: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1280:Guido Baccelli 1275: 1272: 1264:James Blundell 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1186: 1183: 1146: 1143: 1115: 1112: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1035: 1032: 994: 991: 984:Port (medical) 982:Main article: 979: 976: 961:in the throat. 950: 949:Tunneled lines 947: 933:Main article: 930: 927: 911:Main article: 908: 905: 861:Main article: 846: 843: 752:Main article: 749: 746: 744: 741: 735: 732: 711: 708: 698: 695: 693: 690: 673: 670: 646: 643: 601: 598: 596: 593: 588:contrast agent 582:Contrast agent 580:Main article: 577: 574: 529:. He received 507:Main article: 504: 501: 430: 429:Blood products 427: 348: 345: 250: 247: 217: 216: 207: 206: 198: 197: 196: 195: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 124:blood products 99: 98: 91: 88: 87: 84: 78: 77: 74: 70: 69: 62: 54: 53: 34:Schitt's Creek 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5616: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5533:Intramuscular 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5511: 5507: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5490:Intracerebral 5488: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5446: 5437: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5401: 5397: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5310:Iontophoresis 5308: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5279:Topical cream 5277: 5275: 5272: 5268: 5263: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5143: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5094: 5092: 5088: 5083: 5079: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5044:Nasal cannula 5041: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4985: 4972: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4896: 4890: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4738: 4733: 4727: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4642: 4640: 4635: 4633: 4628: 4627: 4624: 4612: 4611: 4602: 4600: 4599: 4590: 4589: 4586: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4423:Organisations 4420: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4268:Trauma center 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4198: 4193: 4191: 4186: 4184: 4179: 4178: 4175: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4141:Extravasation 4139: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4078:Infusion pump 4076: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4040:Access points 4038: 4028: 4027:Ascorbic acid 4025: 4023: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4007: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3934:Normal saline 3932: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3846: 3841: 3839: 3834: 3832: 3827: 3826: 3823: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3806: 3797: 3793: 3792: 3787: 3786: 3774: 3773: 3768: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3740: 3735: 3728: 3721: 3711: 3705: 3701: 3700: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3657: 3652: 3645: 3636: 3630: 3626: 3620: 3612: 3610:9780802098252 3606: 3602: 3601: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3384:(5): e341-4. 3383: 3379: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3339:(6): 617–32. 3338: 3334: 3330: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3153: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3080: 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