Autoimmune disease

575:(RA) primarily targets the joints, causing persistent inflammation that results in joint damage and pain. It is often symmetrical, meaning that if one hand or knee has it, the other one does too. RA can also affect the heart, lungs, and eyes. Additionally, the chronic inflammation and over-activation of the immune system creates an environment that favors further malignant transformation of other cells, perhaps explaining the associations with cancer of the lungs and skin as well as the increased risk of other hematologic cancers, none of which are directly affected by the inflammation of joints. 367: 1219:. In the presence of 1,25-(OH)2D3, the immune system's production of inflammatory cytokines are suppressed and more tolerogenic regulatory T-cells are expressed. This is due to vitamin D's influence on cell maturation, specifically T-cells, and their phenotype expression. Lack of 1,25-(OH)2D3 expression can lead to less tolerant regulatory T-cells, larger presentation of antigens to less tolerant T-cells, and increased inflammatory response. 5722: 4974: 613:(SLE), referred to simply as lupus, is a systemic autoimmune disease that affects multiple organs, including the skin, joints, kidneys, and the nervous system. It is characterized by a widespread loss of immune tolerance. The disease is characterized by periods of flares and remissions, and symptoms range from mild to severe. Women, especially those of childbearing age, are disproportionately affected. 5734: 791:(UV) radiation has been implicated as a potential causative factor in the development of autoimmune diseases, such as dermatomyositis. Furthermore, exposure to pesticides has been linked with an increased risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis. Vitamin D, on the other hand, appears to play a protective role, particularly in older populations, by preventing immune dysfunctions. 393:. This is the most common complaint of people with autoimmune disease. A 2015 US survey found that 98% of people with autoimmune diseases experienced fatigue, 89% said it was a "major issue", 68% said "fatigue is anything but normal. It is profound and prevents from doing the simplest everyday tasks." and 59% said it was "probably the most debilitating symptom of having an AD." 812:(possibly as an evolutionary mechanism to increase health protection for the child), when hormone levels are high, and improve after menopause, when hormone levels decrease. Women may also naturally have autoimmune disease trigger events in puberty and pregnancy. Under-reporting by men may also be a factor, as men may interact less with the health system than women. 41: 497:, as the gastrointestinal tract includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus, all areas that the ingested gluten would traverse in digestion. The incidence of gastrointestinal cancer can be partially reduced or eliminated if a patient removes gluten from their diet. Additionally, coeliac disease is correlated with 210:, wherein it mistakenly targets and attacks healthy, functioning parts of the body as if they were foreign organisms. It is estimated that there are more than 80 recognized autoimmune diseases, with recent scientific evidence suggesting the existence of potentially more than 100 distinct conditions. Nearly any body part can be involved. 560:, a protective covering of nerve fibers in the central nervous system, causing communication problems between the brain and the rest of the body. Symptoms can include fatigue, difficulty walking, numbness or tingling, muscle weakness, and problems with coordination and balance. MS is associated with an increased risk of 1179:(polysaccharides) displayed by the cells and humoral components of the immune system. Individuals with autoimmunity have alterations in their glycosylation profile such that a proinflammatory immune response is favored. It is further hypothesized that individual autoimmune diseases will have unique glycan signatures. 724:(positive selection). In contrast, variants in the TYK2 gene protect against autoimmune diseases but increase the risk of infection (negative selection). This suggests the benefits of infection resistance may outweigh the risks of autoimmune diseases, particularly given the historically high risk of infection. 1068:

Non-traditional treatments are being researched, developed, and used, especially when traditional treatments fail. These methods aim to either block the activation of pathogenic cells in the body, or alter the pathway that suppresses these cells naturally. These treatments aim to be less toxic to the

443:

The appearance of these signs and symptoms can not only provide clues for the diagnosis of an autoimmune condition, often in conjunction with tests for specific biological markers, but also help monitor disease progression and response to treatment. Ultimately, due to the diverse nature of autoimmune

425:

The specific presentation of symptoms largely depends on the location and type of autoimmune response. For instance, in rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune disease primarily affecting the joints, symptoms typically include joint pain, swelling, and stiffness. On the other hand, type 1 diabetes, which

349:

than men. Autoimmune diseases predominantly begin in adulthood, although they can start at any age. The initial recognition of autoimmune diseases dates back to the early 1900s, and since then, advancements in understanding and management of these conditions have been substantial, though much more is

1002:

Given the variety and nonspecific nature of symptoms that can be associated with autoimmune diseases, differential diagnosis—determining which of several diseases with similar symptoms is causing a patient's illness—is an important part of the diagnostic process. This often involves ruling out other

846:

Another area of interest is the immune system's ability to distinguish between self and non-self, a function that is compromised in autoimmune diseases. In healthy individuals, immune tolerance prevents the immune system from attacking the body's own cells. When this process fails, the immune system

811:

Women typically make up some 80% of autoimmune disease patients. Whilst many proposals have been made for the cause of this high weighting, no clear explanation is available. A possible role for hormonal factors has been suggested. For example, some autoimmune diseases tend to flare during pregnancy

723:

There is increasing evidence that certain genes selected during evolution offer a balance between susceptibility to infection and the capacity to avoid autoimmune diseases. For example, variants in the ERAP2 gene provide some resistance to infection even though they increase the risk of autoimmunity

703:

Evidence suggests a strong genetic component in the development of autoimmune diseases. For instance, conditions such as lupus and multiple sclerosis frequently appear in multiple members of the same family, signifying a potential hereditary link. Furthermore, certain genes have been identified that

374:

Autoimmune diseases represent a vast and diverse category of disorders that, despite their differences, share some common symptomatic threads. These shared symptoms occur as a result of the body's immune system mistakenly attacking its own cells and tissues, causing inflammation and damage. However,

1202:

is known as an immune regulator that assists in the adaptive and innate immune response. A deficiency in vitamin D, from hereditary or environmental influence, can lead to a more inefficient and weaker immune response and seen as a contributing factor to the development of autoimmune diseases. With

434:

Commonly affected areas in autoimmune diseases include blood vessels, connective tissues, joints, muscles, red blood cells, skin, and endocrine glands such as the thyroid gland (in diseases like Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease) and the pancreas (in type 1 diabetes). The impacts of these

1019:

In summary, the diagnosis of autoimmune disorders is a complex process that requires a thorough evaluation of clinical, laboratory, and imaging data. Due to the diverse nature of these diseases, an individualized approach, often involving multiple specialists, is crucial for an accurate diagnosis.

694:

A familial tendency to develop autoimmune diseases suggests a genetic component. Some conditions, like lupus and multiple sclerosis, often occur in several members of the same family, indicating a potential hereditary link. Additionally, certain genes have been identified that increase the risk of

1109:

The first estimate of US prevalence for autoimmune diseases as a group was published in 1997 by Jacobson, et al. They reported US prevalence to be around 9 million, applying prevalence estimates for 24 diseases to a US population of 279 million. Jacobson's work was updated by Hayter & Cook in

739:

A significant number of environmental factors have been implicated in the development and progression of various autoimmune diseases, either directly or as catalysts. Current research suggests that up to seventy percent of autoimmune diseases could be attributed to environmental influences, which

1113:

The estimated community prevalence, which takes into account the observation that many people have more than one autoimmune disease, was 4.5% overall, with 2.7% for males and 6.4% for females. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys conducted in the US from the 1980s to 2020 showed an

707:

Experimental methods like genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have proven instrumental in pinpointing genetic risk variants potentially responsible for autoimmune diseases. For example, these studies have been used to identify risk variants for diseases such as type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid

1203:

vitamin D present, vitamin D response elements (VDRE) are encoded and expressed via pattern recognition receptors (PRR) responses and the genes associated with those responses. The specific DNA target sequence expressed is known as 1,25-(OH)2D3. The expression of 1,25-(OH)2D3 can be induced by

659:(UCTD) occurs when people have features of connective tissue disease, such as blood test results and external characteristics, but do not fulfill the diagnostic criteria established for any one connective tissue disease. Some 30–40% transition to a specific connective tissue disease over time. 855:

The elimination of self-reactive T cells occurs primarily through a mechanism known as "negative selection" within the thymus, an organ responsible for the maturation of T cells. This process serves as a key line of defense against autoimmunity. If these protective mechanisms fail, a pool of

972:

Certain autoimmune diseases target specific organs, so tests to evaluate the function of these organs can aid in diagnosis. For example, thyroid function tests are used in diagnosing autoimmune thyroid disorders, while a biopsy can diagnose celiac disease by identifying damage to the small

794:

Infectious agents are also being increasingly recognized for their role as T cell activators — a crucial step in triggering autoimmune diseases. The exact mechanisms by which they contribute to disease onset remain to be fully understood. For instance, certain autoimmune conditions like

740:

encompass an array of elements such as chemicals, infectious agents, dietary habits, and gut dysbiosis. However, a unifying theory that definitively explains the onset of autoimmune diseases remains elusive, emphasizing the complexity and multifaceted nature of these conditions.

421:

These symptoms often reflect the body's systemic inflammatory response. However, their occurrence and intensity can fluctuate over time, leading to periods of heightened disease activity, referred to as flare-ups, and periods of relative inactivity, known as remissions.

686:, which are capable of reacting with self-proteins. However, in a healthy immune response, self-reactive cells are generally either eliminated before they become active, rendered inert via a process called anergy, or their activities are suppressed by regulatory cells. 893:

autoimmune disorders can be complex due to the wide range of diseases within this category and their often overlapping symptoms. Accurate diagnosis is crucial for determining appropriate treatment strategies. Generally, the diagnostic process involves a combination of

1125:

In both autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, the condition arises through aberrant reactions of the human adaptive or innate immune systems. In autoimmunity, the patient's immune system is activated against the body's own proteins. In chronic inflammatory diseases,

1114:

increase of antinuclear antibodies, a common biomarker for autoimmune diseases. This shows that there has been an increase in the prevalence of autoimmune diseases pointing to a stronger influence of environment factors as a risk factor for autoimmune diseases.

375:

due to the broad range of autoimmune diseases, the specific presentation of symptoms can significantly vary based on the type of disease, the organ systems affected, and individual factors such as age, sex, hormonal status, and environmental influences.

1191:, high levels of cleanliness expose children to fewer antigens than in the past, causing their immune systems to become overactive and more likely to misidentify own tissues as foreign, resulting in autoimmune or allergic conditions such as asthma. 667:

The exact causes of autoimmune diseases remain largely unknown; however, research has suggested that a combination of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors, as well as certain infections, may contribute to the development of these disorders.

235:

of autoimmune diseases can significantly vary, primarily based on the specific type of the disease and the body part that it affects. Symptoms are often diverse and can be fleeting, fluctuating from mild to severe, and typically comprise low-grade

944:. Blood tests can identify these antibodies, which are directed against the body's own tissues. For example, antinuclear antibody (ANA) testing is commonly used in the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune diseases. 1028:

Treatment depends on the type and severity of the condition. The majority of the autoimmune diseases are chronic and there is no definitive cure, but symptoms can be alleviated and controlled with treatment. Standard treatment methods include:

1110:

2012. This study used Witebsky's postulates, as revised by Rose & Bona, to extend the list to 81 diseases and estimated overall cumulative US prevalence for the 81 autoimmune diseases at 5.0%, with 3.0% for males and 7.1% for females.

1015:

may be necessary for their diagnosis and management. This can involve rheumatologists, endocrinologists, gastroenterologists, neurologists, dermatologists, and other specialists, depending on the organs or systems affected by the disease.

329:

Treatment modalities for autoimmune diseases vary based on the type of disease and its severity. Therapeutic approaches primarily aim to manage symptoms, reduce immune system activity, and maintain the body's ability to fight diseases.

923:

of autoimmune diseases, and any exposure to environmental factors that might trigger an autoimmune response. The physical examination can reveal signs of inflammation or organ damage, which are common features of autoimmune disorders.

918:

The first step in diagnosing autoimmune disorders typically involves a thorough evaluation of the patient's medical history and a comprehensive physical examination. Clinicians often pay close attention to the patient's symptoms,

1544:

Zen M, Gatto M, Domeneghetti M, Palma L, Borella E, Iaccarino L, et al. (October 2013). "Clinical guidelines and definitions of autoinflammatory diseases: contrasts and comparisons with autoimmunity-a comprehensive review".

1145:

Mitigation of inflammation by activation of anti-inflammatory genes and the suppression of inflammatory genes in immune cells is a promising therapeutic approach. There is a body of evidence that once the production of

426:

results from an autoimmune attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, primarily presents with symptoms related to high blood sugar, such as increased thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss.

512:

is a condition characterized by development of autoantibodies to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors (TRAb). The binding of TRAb autoantibodies to TSH receptor results in unregulated production and release of

932:

Laboratory testing plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. These tests can identify the presence of certain autoantibodies or other immune markers that indicate a self-directed immune response.

602:(SjS, SS) is a long-term autoimmune disease that affects the body's moisture-producing glands (lacrimal and salivary), and often seriously affects other organ systems, such as the lungs, kidneys, and nervous system. 5021: 5002: 586:

is a skin condition characterized by the rapid buildup of skin cells, leading to scaling on the skin's surface. Inflammation and redness around the scales is common. Some individuals with psoriasis also develop

1870:

Hohlfeld R, Dornmair K, Meinl E, Wekerle H (February 2016). "The search for the target antigens of multiple sclerosis, part 1: autoreactive CD4+ T lymphocytes as pathogenic effectors and therapeutic targets".

1064:

Because immunosuppressants weaken the overall immune response, relief of symptoms must be balanced with preserving the patient's ability to combat infections, which could potentially be life-threatening.

412:

Specific autoimmune diseases have a wide range of other symptoms, with examples including dry mouth, dry eyes, tingling and numbness in parts of the body, unexpected weight loss or gain, and diarrhoea.

342:

may be administered to regulate the immune system. Despite these treatments often leading to symptom improvement, they usually do not offer a cure and long-term management is often required.

2865: 221:

malfunction which may cause similar symptoms, such as rash, swelling, or fatigue, but the cardinal cause or mechanism of the diseases are different. A key difference is a malfunction of the

874:, can lead to cross-reactivity, where the immune response to such infections inadvertently results in the production of antibodies that also react with self-antigens. An example of this is 1356:"Incidence, prevalence, and co-occurrence of autoimmune disorders over time and by age, sex, and socioeconomic status: a population-based cohort study of 22 million individuals in the UK" 444:

diseases, a multidimensional approach is often needed for the management of these conditions, taking into consideration the variety of symptoms and their impacts on individuals' lives.

4451:"Autoimmune kidney disease and impaired engulfment of apoptotic cells in mice with macrophage peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma or retinoid X receptor alpha deficiency" 435:

diseases can range from localized damage to certain tissues, alteration in organ growth and function, to more systemic effects when multiple tissues throughout the body are affected.

4958: 2419:

Antonelli A, Ferrari SM, Ragusa F, Elia G, Paparo SR, Ruffilli I, et al. (January 2020). "Graves' disease: Epidemiology, genetic and environmental risk factors and viruses".

545:. Symptoms include severe diarrhea, abdominal pain, fatigue, and weight loss. IBD is associated with cancers of the gastrointestinal tract and some lymphoproliferative cancers. 271:, other cases have been associated with infectious triggers or exposure to environmental factors, implying a complex interplay between genes and environment in their etiology. 678:

is equipped with several mechanisms to maintain a delicate balance between defending against foreign invaders and protecting its own cells. To achieve this, it generates both

1291: 5121: 795:

Guillain-Barre syndrome and rheumatic fever are thought to be triggered by infections. Furthermore, analysis of large-scale data has revealed a significant link between

458:

While it is estimated that over 80 recognized types of autoimmune diseases exist, this section provides an overview of some of the most common and well-studied forms.

4590:

Swart JF, Delemarre EM, van Wijk F, Boelens JJ, Kuball J, van Laar JM, Wulffraat NM (April 2017). "Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for autoimmune diseases".

3748:

Jasti AK, Selmi C, Sarmiento-Monroy JC, Vega DA, Anaya JM, Gershwin ME (November 2016). "Guillain-Barré syndrome: causes, immunopathogenic mechanisms and treatment".

517:, which can lead to stimulatory effects such as rapid heart rate, weight loss, nervousness, and irritability. Other symptoms more specific to Graves' disease include 263:

The exact causes of autoimmune diseases remain unclear and are likely multifactorial, involving both genetic and environmental influences. While some diseases like

715:

among identical twins compared with fraternal twins. For instance, the rate in multiple sclerosis is 35% in identical twins compared to 6% in fraternal twins.

1316:

Katz U, Shoenfeld Y, Zandman-Goddard G (2011). "Update on intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) mechanisms of action and off- label use in autoimmune diseases".

2316: 953:

A CBC can provide valuable information about the number and characteristics of different blood cells, which can be affected in some autoimmune diseases.

4978: 769:

Chemicals, which are either a part of the immediate environment or found in drugs, are key players in this context. Examples of such chemicals include

5600: 2869: 5114: 820:

Certain viral and bacterial infections have been linked to autoimmune diseases. For instance, research suggests that the bacterium that causes

731:(GWAS) have been used to identify genetic risk variants that may be responsible for diseases such as type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. 3322:"Why do men go to the doctor? Socio-demographic and lifestyle factors associated with healthcare utilisation among a cohort of Australian men" 378:

An individual may simultaneously have more than one autoimmune disease (known as polyautoimmunity), further complicating the symptomatology.

3611:

Conigliaro P, Triggianese P, Ballanti E, Perricone C, Perricone R, Chimenti MS (September 2019). "Complement, infection, and autoimmunity".

1662: 1530: 5107: 3251: 656: 2019:

Green PH, Fleischauer AT, Bhagat G, Goyal R, Jabri B, Neugut AI (August 2003). "Risk of malignancy in patients with celiac disease".

1047:

Traditional treatment options include immunosuppressant drugs to reduce the immune response against the body's own tissues, such as:

4093:"Thymoquinone inhibits TNF-α-induced inflammation and cell adhesion in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts by ASK1 regulation" 5683: 5678: 5279: 493:, small fingerlike projections that line the small intestine and promote nutrient absorption. This explains the increased risk of 326:. Diagnosing autoimmune diseases can be challenging due to their diverse presentations and the transient nature of many symptoms. 5634: 2942:"Pesticide Exposure and Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis among Licensed Male Pesticide Applicators in the Agricultural Health Study" 1079:

Antigen-specific immunotherapy which allows immune cells to specifically target the abnormal cells that cause autoimmune disease

533:

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses conditions characterized by chronic inflammation of the digestive tract, including

5456: 4855:"On the Nature of Evidence and 'Proving' Causality: Smoking and Lung Cancer vs. Sun Exposure, Vitamin D and Multiple Sclerosis" 3397: 1484: 4184:

Hayter SM, Cook MC (August 2012). "Updated assessment of the prevalence, spectrum and case definition of autoimmune disease".

4918: 2215: 1656: 1524: 4929: 856:

self-reactive cells can become functional within the immune system, contributing to the development of autoimmune diseases.

2893:"Brief report: ultraviolet radiation exposure is associated with clinical and autoantibody phenotypes in juvenile myositis" 1057: 178: 5036: 1228: 331: 3699:

Rojas M, Restrepo-Jiménez P, Monsalve DM, Pacheco Y, Acosta-Ampudia Y, Ramírez-Santana C, et al. (December 2018).

3857: 5673: 5451: 2774:

Hill NJ, King C, Flodstrom-Tullberg M (May 2008). "Recent acquisitions on the genetic basis of autoimmune disease".

982:

In some cases, imaging studies may be used to assess the extent of organ involvement and damage. For example, chest

5310: 2308: 5492: 5354: 4963: 4219:

Rose NR, Bona C (September 1993). "Defining criteria for autoimmune diseases (Witebsky's postulates revisited)".

1931:"Multiple associations between a broad spectrum of autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer" 5446: 2622:

Filippi M, Bar-Or A, Piehl F, Preziosa P, Solari A, Vukusic S, Rocca MA (November 2018). "Multiple sclerosis".

961: 5349: 990:

can identify lung involvement in diseases like rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus, while an

875: 870:, bear antigens that resemble, but are not identical to, the body's self-molecules. This phenomenon, known as 5572: 2198:

Turesson C, Matteson EL (2009). "Clinical Features of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Extra-Articular Manifestations".

728: 498: 4400:

Mukundan L, Odegaard JI, Morel CR, Heredia JE, Mwangi JW, Ricardo-Gonzalez RR, et al. (November 2009).

1100:, has been studied for potential in treating several autoimmune diseases due to its effects on inflammation. 966:

These tests measure the levels of inflammation in the body, which is often elevated in autoimmune disorders.

345:

In terms of prevalence, a UK study found that 10% of the population were affected by an autoimmune disease.

5754: 5629: 4337: 610: 323: 165: 2991:"Association between Vitamin D Deficiency and Antinuclear Antibodies in Middle-Aged and Older U.S. Adults" 5531: 5334: 4449:

Roszer T, Menéndez-Gutiérrez MP, Lefterova MI, Alameda D, Núñez V, Lazar MA, et al. (January 2011).

1233: 453: 346: 287: 121: 20: 1167:

Medical trials to replace the pancreatic β cells that are destroyed in type 1 diabetes are in progress.

98:

Wide-ranging, depends on the condition. Commonly include, although by no means restricted to, low grade

5712: 5562: 5240: 3664:

Bruserud Ø, Oftedal BE, Wolff AB, Husebye ES (December 2016). "AIRE-mutations and autoimmune disease".

1012: 338:

are commonly used to reduce inflammation and control the overactive immune response. In certain cases,

186: 149: 5592: 5415: 920: 518: 214: 2163:

Frohman EM, Racke MK, Raine CS (March 2006). "Multiple sclerosis--the plaque and its pathogenesis".

5506: 5275: 5261: 5047: 4547:

Böhm I (May 2003). "Disruption of the cytoskeleton after apoptosis induction with autoantibodies".

4142:"Epidemiology and estimated population burden of selected autoimmune diseases in the United States" 541:. In both cases, individuals with IBD lose immune tolerance for normal bacteria present in the gut 137: 1972:"Celiac disease: from oral tolerance to intestinal inflammation, autoimmunity and lymphomagenesis" 1060:(DMARDs) to decrease the damaging tissue and organ effects of the inflammatory autoimmune response 1033:

Vitamin or hormone supplements for what the body is lacking due to the disease (insulin, vitamin B

5379: 5142: 3885:"Drugs for Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases: From Small Molecule Compounds to Anti-TNF Biologics" 834:, an autoimmune response affecting the heart. Similarly, some studies propose a link between the 760: 494: 3423:"Do women consult more than men? A review of gender and consultation for back pain and headache" 838:, responsible for mononucleosis, and the subsequent development of multiple sclerosis or lupus. 5759: 5510: 4692:"Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity: a critical review" 1827: 835: 826: 712: 561: 339: 268: 226: 207: 141: 5087: 1681: 1646: 1588:

Erjavec SO, Gelfman S, Abdelaziz AR, Lee EY, Monga I, Alkelai A, et al. (February 2022).

1514: 1354:

Conrad N, Misra S, Verbakel JY, Verbeke G, Molenberghs G, Taylor PN, et al. (June 2023).

1287: 3472:"Do men consult less than women? An analysis of routinely collected UK general practice data" 2138: 1164:

Stem cell transplantation is being studied and has shown promising results in certain cases.

1082:

Co-stimulatory blockade that works to block the pathway that leads to the autoimmune response

1073: 4690:

Maverakis E, Kim K, Shimoda M, Gershwin ME, Patel F, Wilken R, et al. (February 2015).

3832: 1290:. Office on Women's Health. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 22 February 2021. 5668: 5663: 5647: 5557: 5487: 5344: 5256: 5099: 4646: 3203: 2681: 2576: 1601: 1238: 948: 899: 882:

infection also react with the gangliosides in the myelin sheath of peripheral nerve axons.

866: 572: 319: 307: 225:

in autoinflammatory diseases, whereas in autoimmune diseases there is a malfunction of the

222: 161: 5375: 3604: 2742: 1755: 1175:

According to this theory, the effector function of the immune response is mediated by the

8: 5025: 3371: 2054:

Volta U, Vincentini O, Silano M (2011). "Papillary cancer of thyroid in celiac disease".

1401: 1150:

has been initialized, autoantibodies have the capacity to maintain their own production.

1117:

A 2024 estimate was that 1 in 15 people in the U.S. had at least one autoimmune disease.

588: 5690: 4650: 3692: 3207: 3113: 3088: 2685: 2580: 1605: 1355: 599: 5577: 5567: 5461: 5387: 5359: 5339: 5176: 4881: 4854: 4827: 4802: 4770: 4716: 4691: 4672: 4615: 4572: 4524: 4499: 4475: 4450: 4426: 4401: 4377: 4352: 4319: 4311: 4284: 4259: 4117: 4092: 4073: 4019: 3994: 3965: 3940: 3911: 3884: 3783: 3730: 3646: 3593: 3545: 3520: 3496: 3471: 3447: 3422: 3348: 3321: 3297: 3270: 3224: 3191: 3167: 3140: 3015: 2990: 2966: 2941: 2917: 2892: 2837: 2810: 2751: 2726: 2702: 2669: 2647: 2540: 2515: 2496: 2444: 2079: 2001: 1947: 1930: 1896: 1805: 1780: 1731: 1704: 1622: 1589: 1570: 1466: 1453: 1426: 1383: 1188: 957: 903: 641: 553: 538: 534: 522: 509: 335: 299: 295: 291: 283: 232: 182: 153: 145: 93: 5030: 4402:"PPAR-delta senses and orchestrates clearance of apoptotic cells to promote tolerance" 3581: 3064: 3039: 2670:"T-cell exhaustion, co-stimulation and clinical outcome in autoimmunity and infection" 2599: 2564: 2032: 1884: 1371: 1003:

potential causes of symptoms, such as infections, malignancies, or genetic disorders.

994:

can reveal inflammation or damage in the brain and spinal cord in multiple sclerosis.

274:

Some of the most common diseases that are generally categorized as autoimmune include

5397: 5392: 5192: 5181: 5058: 4914: 4886: 4832: 4762: 4721: 4676: 4664: 4607: 4564: 4529: 4480: 4431: 4382: 4289: 4236: 4232: 4201: 4163: 4122: 4077: 4065: 4044:"Thymoquinone in autoimmune diseases: Therapeutic potential and molecular mechanisms" 4024: 3970: 3916: 3775: 3722: 3681: 3650: 3638: 3585: 3550: 3501: 3452: 3353: 3302: 3229: 3172: 3118: 3069: 3020: 2971: 2922: 2842: 2791: 2756: 2707: 2639: 2604: 2545: 2488: 2448: 2436: 2355: 2248: 2211: 2207: 2180: 2120: 2071: 2036: 1993: 1952: 1888: 1810: 1736: 1652: 1627: 1562: 1520: 1470: 1458: 1387: 1375: 1333: 1159: 871: 803:) and an increased risk of developing a wide range of new-onset autoimmune diseases. 778: 490: 311: 103: 61: 4774: 4619: 4576: 3787: 3741: 3734: 3597: 2651: 2500: 2244: 2083: 2005: 1900: 1574: 248:. However, some autoimmune diseases may present with more specific symptoms such as 5441: 5292: 5287: 5228: 5155: 5130: 4876: 4866: 4822: 4814: 4752: 4711: 4703: 4654: 4599: 4556: 4519: 4511: 4470: 4462: 4421: 4413: 4372: 4364: 4300: 4279: 4271: 4255: 4228: 4193: 4153: 4112: 4104: 4055: 4014: 4006: 3960: 3952: 3906: 3896: 3765: 3757: 3712: 3673: 3628: 3620: 3577: 3540: 3532: 3491: 3483: 3442: 3434: 3343: 3333: 3292: 3282: 3219: 3211: 3162: 3152: 3108: 3100: 3059: 3051: 3010: 3002: 2961: 2953: 2912: 2904: 2832: 2822: 2783: 2746: 2738: 2697: 2689: 2631: 2594: 2584: 2535: 2527: 2478: 2428: 2347: 2240: 2203: 2172: 2110: 2063: 2028: 1983: 1942: 1880: 1800: 1792: 1726: 1716: 1617: 1609: 1554: 1448: 1438: 1367: 1325: 1131: 847:

may produce antibodies against its own tissues, leading to an autoimmune response.

514: 74: 3806: 3761: 3006: 2556: 2287: 5738: 5582: 5552: 5436: 5364: 5218: 5171: 5052: 4953: 4515: 4197: 4060: 4043: 3956: 3624: 2231:

Khurana R, Berney SM (October 2005). "Clinical aspects of rheumatoid arthritis".

2115: 2098: 2067: 895: 831: 621: 486: 466: 355: 303: 279: 125: 4560: 3487: 1829: 485:. For those with the disease, eating gluten triggers an immune response in the 5726: 5466: 5420: 5213: 5063: 4818: 4707: 4659: 4634: 4108: 3717: 3700: 3192:"Why women have more autoimmune diseases than men: An evolutionary perspective" 3104: 2569:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2432: 1613: 1329: 1208: 1096: 941: 748: 275: 133: 5015: 5011: 4757: 4740: 4353:"Neutrophil migration in infection and wound repair: going forward in reverse" 3995:"Restoring the balance: immunotherapeutic combinations for autoimmune disease" 3677: 3438: 3338: 2635: 1558: 5748: 5641: 5233: 4948: 4466: 3901: 3287: 2398: 1721: 1590:"Whole exome sequencing in Alopecia Areata identifies rare variants in KRT82" 1088:

that utilizes this special type of T cell to suppress the autoimmune response

1085: 675: 633: 218: 86: 3657: 3512: 3320:

Schlichthorst M, Sanci LA, Pirkis J, Spittal MJ, Hocking JS (October 2016).

2663: 2661: 2589: 2412: 624:

is a condition resulting from the immune system attacking insulin-producing

5536: 5326: 5208: 5197: 4890: 4871: 4836: 4766: 4725: 4668: 4611: 4603: 4568: 4533: 4484: 4435: 4386: 4293: 4205: 4158: 4141: 4126: 4069: 4028: 3974: 3920: 3779: 3726: 3685: 3642: 3589: 3554: 3505: 3456: 3357: 3306: 3233: 3176: 3122: 3073: 3024: 2975: 2926: 2846: 2795: 2760: 2711: 2643: 2608: 2549: 2492: 2440: 2359: 2252: 2184: 2124: 2075: 2040: 1997: 1956: 1892: 1814: 1796: 1740: 1631: 1566: 1462: 1379: 1337: 1147: 1091: 821: 66: 4308:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace 4240: 4167: 2827: 2351: 2099:"Association of celiac disease and intestinal lymphomas and other cancers" 5223: 5203: 5187: 5082: 2940:

Meyer A, Sandler DP, Beane Freeman LE, Hofmann JN, Parks CG (July 2017).

2658: 2531: 2266: 2176: 788: 645: 82: 4994: 4448: 4368: 3157: 2693: 1828:

National Research Council (US) Subcommittee on Immunotoxicology (1992).

1443: 386:

Symptoms that are commonly associated with autoimmune diseases include:

4010: 3770: 3633: 2563:

Willer CJ, Dyment DA, Risch NJ, Sadovnick AD, Ebers GC (October 2003).

2483: 2466: 1988: 1971: 1204: 1127: 796: 782: 770: 711:

In twin studies, autoimmune diseases consistently demonstrate a higher

625: 556:(MS) is a neurodegenerative disease in which the immune system attacks 542: 366: 249: 173: 70: 49: 4304: 4275: 4260:"Increasing Prevalence of Antinuclear Antibodies in the United States" 3610: 3561: 3536: 3215: 2908: 2460: 2458: 2391: 2280: 2259: 743:

Various environmental triggers are identified, some of which include:

3141:"The Prevalence of Autoimmune Disorders in Women: A Narrative Review" 3055: 2565:"Twin concordance and sibling recurrence rates in multiple sclerosis" 2421:

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

2373: 1845: 1427:"The Prevalence of Autoimmune Disorders in Women: A Narrative Review" 1199: 1139: 1051:

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to reduce inflammation

890: 774: 754: 583: 315: 257: 157: 78: 4417: 3941:"Treating human autoimmunity: current practice and future prospects" 3698: 3470:

Wang Y, Hunt K, Nazareth I, Freemantle N, Petersen I (August 2013).

2957: 2516:"Autoimmune diseases: insights from genome-wide association studies" 5721: 4338:"Autoimmune Diseases: Causes, Symptoms, What is It & Treatment" 4212: 4042:

Ali MY, Akter Z, Mei Z, Zheng M, Tania M, Khan MA (February 2021).

3801: 3799: 3797: 3040:"Mechanisms for the induction of autoimmunity by infectious agents" 2455: 1135: 987: 907: 800: 629: 351: 129: 2811:"A Potential Link between Environmental Triggers and Autoimmunity" 1969: 1516:

Women's Health Across the Lifespan: A Pharmacotherapeutic Approach

5146: 4859:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

4801:

Harrison SR, Li D, Jeffery LE, Raza K, Hewison M (January 2020).

3568:

Karthikeyan G, Guilherme L (July 2018). "Acute rheumatic fever".

2787: 2366: 1970:

Meresse B, Ripoche J, Heyman M, Cerf-Bensussan N (January 2009).

1176: 1043:

Physical therapy if the disease impacts bones, joints, or muscles

683: 679: 390: 245: 241: 5041: 3794: 2939: 850: 5515: 5006: 4973: 4967: 4350: 3319: 2668:

McKinney EF, Lee JC, Jayne DR, Lyons PA, Smith KG (July 2015).

2507: 1216: 1212: 983: 637: 557: 478: 470: 3747: 2989:

Meier HC, Sandler DP, Simonsick EM, Parks CG (December 2016).

2891:

Shah M, Targoff IN, Rice MM, Miller FW, Rider LG (July 2013).

1069:

patient and have more specific targets. Such options include:

940:

Many autoimmune diseases are characterized by the presence of

648:. It is most commonly diagnosed in children and young adults. 206:

is a condition that results from an anomalous response of the

5482: 5150: 4589: 3519:

Getts DR, Chastain EM, Terry RL, Miller SD (September 2013).

704:

augment the risk of developing specific autoimmune diseases.

672: 651: 474: 264: 237: 99: 53: 5129: 4399: 4140:

Jacobson DL, Gange SJ, Rose NR, Graham NM (September 1997).

3139:

Angum F, Khan T, Kaler J, Siddiqui L, Hussain A (May 2020).

1869: 1684:. MedlinePlus, US National Library of Medicine. 16 July 2013 1425:

Angum F, Khan T, Kaler J, Siddiqui L, Hussain A (May 2020).

1315: 40: 4689: 3663: 3378:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. July 26, 2001 2338:

Tsokos GC (December 2011). "Systemic lupus erythematosus".

2018: 253: 4258:, Co CA, Wilkerson J, Zeldin DC, et al. (June 2020). 3469: 3271:"Sex Hormones in Acquired Immunity and Autoimmune Disease" 3252:"Why Nearly 80 Percent of Autoimmune Sufferers Are Female" 2988: 2773: 2680:(7562). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 612–616. 2621: 2562: 2418: 1587: 1353: 1011:

Given the systemic nature of many autoimmune disorders, a

3619:(5). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 532–541. 3420: 1543: 1194: 991: 482: 4803:"Vitamin D, Autoimmune Disease and Rheumatoid Arthritis" 3518: 4139: 3939:

Rosenblum MD, Gratz IK, Paw JS, Abbas AK (March 2012).

3521:"Virus infection, antiviral immunity, and autoimmunity" 2727:"Recent advances in the genetics of autoimmune disease" 718: 438: 4091:

Umar S, Hedaya O, Singh AK, Ahmed S (September 2015).

3938: 3421:

Hunt K, Adamson J, Hewitt C, Nazareth I (April 2011).

3138: 1705:"Fatigue, Sleep, and Autoimmune and Related Disorders" 1424: 5710: 4908: 4800: 2890: 2667: 2131: 2053: 1648:

Ananthanarayan and Paniker's Textbook of Microbiology

1644: 4984: 4253: 4090: 3567: 1702: 1076:

that can be used to block pro-inflammatory cytokines

591:, which causes joint pain, stiffness, and swelling. 578: 4351:De Oliveira S, Rosowski EE, Huttenlocher A (2016). 3398:"Pain bias: The health inequality rarely discussed" 3189: 2467:"Human autoimmune diseases: a comprehensive update" 2096: 1485:"Assessment of NIH Research on Autoimmune Diseases" 399:

malaise (a general feeling of discomfort or unease)

4852: 1040:Blood transfusions if the disease is blood related 913: 4179: 4177: 3992: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3089:"High risk of autoimmune diseases after COVID-19" 2162: 878:, in which antibodies generated in response to a 416: 5746: 5601:Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease 4497: 4041: 3427:Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 2995:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2526:(R2). Oxford University Press (OUP): R116–R121. 2464: 2197: 1703:Zielinski MR, Systrom DM, Rose NR (2019-08-06). 3190:Kronzer VL, Bridges SL, Davis JM (March 2021). 2724: 841: 605: 429: 4911:Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease 4174: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3927: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1676: 1674: 1672: 785:, hazardous wastes, and industrial emissions. 213:Autoimmune diseases are a separate class from 5115: 4909:Vinay K, Abbas AK, Fausto M, Aster J (2010). 3037: 2465:Wang L, Wang FS, Gershwin ME (October 2015). 2230: 2097:Catassi C, Bearzi I, Holmes GK (April 2005). 1928: 1781:"Introduction to immunology and autoimmunity" 1778: 1006: 851:Negative selection and the role of the thymus 528: 4745:Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 4741:"Hygiene hypothesis and autoimmune diseases" 4732: 4683: 4540: 4500:"Genes, tolerance and systemic autoimmunity" 4491: 4084: 4035: 3262: 3080: 3031: 2982: 2933: 2884: 2868:. Boston Children's Hospital. Archived from 2866:"Autoimmune Diseases: Symptoms & Causes" 2802: 1547:Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 1537: 1349: 1347: 4498:Singh RP, Waldron RT, Hahn BH (July 2012). 3993:Smilek DE, Ehlers MR, Nepom GT (May 2014). 3981: 3882: 3086: 2513: 2301: 1907: 1669: 267:exhibit familial aggregation, suggesting a 5122: 5108: 4853:Lucas RM, Rodney Harris RM (August 2018). 4635:"How stem cells could fix type 1 diabetes" 4322:|...|intentional=yes}} 4183: 2401:. National Library of Medicine. 2020-06-29 2290:. National Library of Medicine. 2016-08-25 2269:. National Library of Medicine. 2019-02-20 657:Undifferentiated connective tissue disease 652:Undifferentiated connective tissue disease 39: 4880: 4870: 4826: 4756: 4715: 4658: 4523: 4474: 4425: 4376: 4283: 4157: 4116: 4059: 4018: 3964: 3910: 3900: 3769: 3716: 3632: 3544: 3495: 3446: 3347: 3337: 3296: 3286: 3223: 3166: 3156: 3112: 3063: 3014: 2965: 2916: 2836: 2826: 2767: 2750: 2701: 2598: 2588: 2539: 2482: 2114: 1987: 1946: 1804: 1730: 1720: 1621: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1452: 1442: 1344: 1311: 1309: 997: 727:Several experimental methods such as the 698: 695:developing specific autoimmune diseases. 4957:) is being considered for deletion. See 4931:Handbook of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases 4913:(8th ed.). Elsevier. p. 1464. 4218: 3372:"Women Visit Doctor More Often than Men" 3245: 3243: 2309:"What Is Sjögren's Syndrome? Fast Facts" 1170: 734: 365: 5635:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis 4146:Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 3395: 3268: 3134: 3132: 2808: 1863: 1512: 567: 19:For a list of autoimmune diseases, see 5747: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2337: 2139:"Graves disease: MedlinePlus Genetics" 1779:Smith DA, Germolec DR (October 1999). 1753: 1581: 1501: 1306: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1274: 1195:Vitamin D influence on immune response 1058:Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs 1054:Glucocorticoids to reduce inflammation 350:needed to fully unravel their complex 5457:Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis 5103: 4848: 4846: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4784: 3756:(11). Informa UK Limited: 1175–1189. 3249: 3240: 3044:The Journal of Clinical Investigation 2743:10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132653 2399:"Type 1 Diabetes - Juvenile Diabetes" 1645:Ananthanarayan R, Paniker CK (2005). 1272: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1182: 594: 548: 361: 4927: 4738: 4632: 4546: 3750:Expert Review of Clinical Immunology 3701:"Molecular mimicry and autoimmunity" 3129: 2056:Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 1929:Franks AL, Slansky JE (April 2012). 1153: 859: 719:Balancing infection and autoimmunity 439:Value of tracking symptom occurrence 332:Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 179:Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 4097:Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 3813:. U.S. National Library of Medicine 2853: 2514:Lettre G, Rioux JD (October 2008). 2340:The New England Journal of Medicine 2165:The New England Journal of Medicine 1294:from the original on 5 October 2016 1229:Epigenetics of autoimmune disorders 927: 636:levels. Symptoms include increased 16:Disorders of adaptive immune system 13: 4901: 4843: 4781: 1251: 977: 799:infection (the causative agent of 616: 504: 461: 381: 14: 5771: 5674:Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome 4979:Autoimmune diseases and disorders 4961:to help reach a consensus. › 4940: 4048:Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 3038:Wucherpfennig KW (October 2001). 2946:Environmental Health Perspectives 2267:"Psoriasis - Psoriatic Arthritis" 1846:"Autoimmune Disease List • AARDA" 1785:Environmental Health Perspectives 1756:"Fatigue Survey Results Released" 1651:. Orient Blackswan. p. 169. 906:, and, in some cases, imaging or 579:Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis 5732: 5720: 5311:Hemolytic disease of the newborn 4972: 3811:MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia 2725:Gregersen PK, Olsson LM (2009). 2319:from the original on 4 July 2016 2208:10.1016/b978-032305475-1.50014-8 2021:The American Journal of Medicine 1834:. National Academies Press (US). 1665:from the original on 2017-09-08. 1533:from the original on 2017-09-08. 1134:are constitutively recruited by 564:cancer, primarily in the brain. 469:is an immune reaction to eating 347:Women are more commonly affected 5493:Subacute bacterial endocarditis 5355:Immune thrombocytopenic purpura 4626: 4583: 4442: 4393: 4344: 4330: 4247: 4133: 3999:Disease Models & Mechanisms 3876: 3850: 3825: 3613:Current Opinion in Rheumatology 3576:(10142). Elsevier BV: 161–174. 3463: 3414: 3389: 3364: 3313: 3183: 3087:Sharma C, Bayry J (July 2023). 2718: 2624:Nature Reviews. Disease Primers 2615: 2331: 2245:10.1016/j.pathophys.2005.07.009 2224: 2191: 2156: 2090: 2047: 2012: 1963: 1838: 1821: 1772: 1747: 1696: 1638: 1104: 914:Medical history and examination 729:genome-wide association studies 217:. Both are characterized by an 4807:Calcified Tissue International 3945:Science Translational Medicine 3883:Li P, Zheng Y, Chen X (2017). 3250:Moyer MW (September 1, 2021). 1477: 1418: 1394: 1142:, resulting in tissue damage. 1094:, a compound found the flower 962:Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate 417:Patterns of symptom occurrence 1: 5573:Postorgasmic illness syndrome 4946: 3762:10.1080/1744666x.2016.1193006 3666:Current Opinion in Immunology 3582:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30999-1 3007:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-16-0339 2033:10.1016/s0002-9343(03)00302-4 1885:10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00334-8 1402:"List of Autoimmune Diseases" 1372:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00457-9 1318:Current Pharmaceutical Design 1244: 864:Some infectious agents, like 815: 499:lymphoproliferative disorders 430:Commonly affected body areas 260:), or neurological symptoms. 5630:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis 4592:Nature Reviews. Rheumatology 4516:10.1016/j.autrev.2011.11.017 4264:Arthritis & Rheumatology 4233:10.1016/0167-5699(93)90244-F 4198:10.1016/j.autrev.2012.02.001 4061:10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111157 3957:10.1126/scitranslmed.3003504 3858:"Complete blood count (CBC)" 3833:"Antinuclear Antibody (ANA)" 3625:10.1097/bor.0000000000000633 3281:. Frontiers Media SA: 2279. 3093:Nature Reviews. Rheumatology 2471:Journal of Internal Medicine 2202:. Elsevier. pp. 62–67. 2116:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.02.027 2068:10.1097/mcg.0b013e3181ea11cb 1023: 885: 842:Dysregulated immune response 765:Heightened immune reactivity 611:Systemic lupus erythematosus 606:Systemic lupus erythematosus 324:systemic lupus erythematosus 166:systemic lupus erythematosus 54:systemic lupus erythematosus 7: 5696:Systemic autoimmune disease 5532:Allergic contact dermatitis 5452:Hypersensitivity vasculitis 5335:Autoimmune hemolytic anemia 4561:10.1080/0891693031000105617 3488:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003320 2731:Annual Review of Immunology 1234:List of autoimmune diseases 1222: 1120: 689: 489:, leading to damage on the 454:List of autoimmune diseases 288:inflammatory bowel diseases 122:List of autoimmune diseases 21:List of autoimmune diseases 10: 5776: 5202:common allergies include: 4819:10.1007/s00223-019-00577-2 4708:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.12.002 4660:10.1038/d41586-021-01842-x 4357:Nature Reviews. Immunology 4109:10.1016/j.taap.2015.06.017 3718:10.1016/j.jaut.2018.10.012 3105:10.1038/s41584-023-00964-y 2433:10.1016/j.beem.2020.101387 2427:(1). Elsevier BV: 101387. 1614:10.1038/s41467-022-28343-3 1330:10.2174/138161211798157540 1157: 1013:multidisciplinary approach 1007:Multidisciplinary approach 529:Inflammatory bowel disease 523:swelling of the lower legs 451: 340:intravenous immunoglobulin 187:intravenous immunoglobulin 150:inflammatory bowel disease 18: 5656: 5622: 5613: 5591: 5545: 5524: 5505: 5475: 5429: 5414: 5373: 5325: 5318: 5304: 5274: 5249: 5164: 5141: 5073: 4988: 4758:10.1007/s12016-011-8285-8 4739:Rook GA (February 2012). 3889:Frontiers in Pharmacology 3678:10.1016/j.coi.2016.07.003 3439:10.1258/jhsrp.2010.009131 3396:Billock J (22 May 2018). 3339:10.1186/s12889-016-3706-5 3269:Moulton VR (2018-10-04). 3196:Evolutionary Applications 2636:10.1038/s41572-018-0041-4 1559:10.1007/s12016-013-8355-1 1489:www.nationalacademies.org 1086:Regulatory T cell therapy 662: 215:autoinflammatory diseases 192: 172: 117: 109: 92: 60: 47: 38: 33: 5447:Henoch–Schönlein purpura 5262:Eosinophilic esophagitis 4959:templates for discussion 4467:10.4049/jimmunol.1002230 3902:10.3389/fphar.2017.00460 3711:. Elsevier BV: 100–123. 3288:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02279 2897:Arthritis and Rheumatism 2520:Human Molecular Genetics 2378:Office on Women's Health 1722:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01827 1037:, thyroid hormone, etc.) 495:gastrointestinal cancers 447: 138:diabetes mellitus type 1 5563:Hashimoto's thyroiditis 5350:Guillain–Barré syndrome 4696:Journal of Autoimmunity 3705:Journal of Autoimmunity 3275:Frontiers in Immunology 2776:Frontiers in Bioscience 2590:10.1073/pnas.1932604100 1754:Baumer K (2015-03-23). 1709:Frontiers in Immunology 1406:Autoimmune Registry Inc 876:Guillain–Barré syndrome 5664:Autoimmune adrenalitis 4872:10.3390/ijerph15081726 4604:10.1038/nrrheum.2017.7 4159:10.1006/clin.1997.4412 3807:"Autoimmune disorders" 2109:(4 Suppl 1): S79–S86. 1797:10.1289/ehp.99107s5661 1760:Autoimmune Association 1682:"Autoimmune disorders" 998:Differential diagnosis 827:Streptococcus pyogenes 806: 699:Genetic predisposition 562:central nervous system 371: 269:genetic predisposition 227:adaptive immune system 208:adaptive immune system 4633:Drew L (2021-07-14). 4455:Journal of Immunology 4314:|...}} 4299:(Retracted, see 3672:. Elsevier BV: 8–15. 3531:(1). Wiley: 197–209. 3525:Immunological Reviews 2477:(4). Wiley: 369–395. 2352:10.1056/nejmra1100359 2288:"Psoriatic Arthritis" 1873:The Lancet. Neurology 1594:Nature Communications 1519:. ASHP. p. 579. 1288:"Autoimmune diseases" 1171:Altered glycan theory 1074:Monoclonal antibodies 970:Organ-specific tests: 938:Autoantibody testing: 735:Environmental factors 473:, a protein found in 369: 52:, typically found in 5669:Autoimmune hepatitis 5648:Transplant rejection 5558:Giant cell arteritis 5488:Rheumatoid arthritis 5345:Goodpasture syndrome 5257:Autoimmune urticaria 4981:at Wikimedia Commons 4964:Autoimmune disorders 4504:Autoimmunity Reviews 4254:Dinse GE, Parks CG, 4186:Autoimmunity Reviews 2200:Rheumatoid Arthritis 2177:10.1056/nejmra052130 1791:(Suppl 5): 661–665. 1366:(10391): 1878–1890. 1239:Immune dysregulation 949:Complete Blood Count 900:physical examination 867:Campylobacter jejuni 573:Rheumatoid arthritis 568:Rheumatoid arthritis 370:Rheumatoid arthritis 320:rheumatoid arthritis 223:innate immune system 162:rheumatoid arthritis 5755:Autoimmune diseases 5135:autoimmune diseases 4651:2021Natur.595S..64D 4369:10.1038/nri.2016.49 3256:Scientific American 3208:2021EvApp..14..629K 3158:10.7759/cureus.8094 2828:10.1155/2014/437231 2815:Autoimmune Diseases 2694:10.1038/nature14468 2686:2015Natur.523..612M 2581:2003PNAS..10012877W 2575:(22): 12877–12882. 1935:Anticancer Research 1831:Autoimmune Diseases 1606:2022NatCo..13..800E 1513:Borgelt LM (2010). 1444:10.7759/cureus.8094 589:psoriatic arthritis 142:Hashimoto's disease 34:Autoimmune diseases 5578:Reactive arthritis 5568:Multiple sclerosis 5462:Reactive arthritis 5360:Pemphigus vulgaris 5340:Bullous pemphigoid 5241:Penicillin allergy 5177:Allergic urticaria 5074:External resources 4928:Asherson R (ed.). 4011:10.1242/dmm.015099 3864:. 19 December 2018 3862:www.mayoclinic.org 3837:labtestsonline.org 2809:Vojdani A (2014). 2532:10.1093/hmg/ddn246 2484:10.1111/joim.12395 1989:10.1038/mi.2008.75 1976:Mucosal Immunology 1189:hygiene hypothesis 1183:Hygiene hypothesis 958:C-Reactive Protein 836:Epstein–Barr virus 644:, and unexplained 642:frequent urination 595:Sjögren's syndrome 554:Multiple sclerosis 549:Multiple sclerosis 539:ulcerative colitis 372: 362:Signs and symptoms 336:immunosuppressants 300:multiple sclerosis 296:ulcerative colitis 204:autoimmune disease 183:immunosuppressants 154:multiple sclerosis 5708: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5609: 5608: 5501: 5500: 5410: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5398:Pernicious anemia 5393:Myasthenia gravis 5270: 5269: 5193:Atopic dermatitis 5182:Allergic rhinitis 5097: 5096: 4977:Media related to 4920:978-1-4160-3121-5 4645:(7867): S64–S66. 4412:(11): 1266–1272. 4305:10.1002/art.41214 4276:10.1002/art.41214 3537:10.1111/imr.12091 3332:(Suppl 3): 1028. 3326:BMC Public Health 3216:10.1111/eva.13167 3001:(12): 1559–1563. 2909:10.1002/art.37985 2782:(13): 4838–4851. 2346:(22): 2110–2121. 2315:. November 2014. 2217:978-0-323-05475-1 1658:978-81-250-2808-6 1526:978-1-58528-194-7 1324:(29): 3166–3175. 1187:According to the 1160:Stem-cell therapy 1154:Stem-cell therapy 872:molecular mimicry 860:Molecular mimicry 779:trichloroethylene 312:pernicious anemia 308:Addison's disease 200: 199: 48:Young woman with 28:Medical condition 5767: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5725: 5724: 5716: 5691:Sjögren syndrome 5620: 5619: 5522: 5521: 5427: 5426: 5323: 5322: 5302: 5301: 5162: 5161: 5131:Hypersensitivity 5124: 5117: 5110: 5101: 5100: 4986: 4985: 4976: 4935: 4924: 4895: 4894: 4884: 4874: 4850: 4841: 4840: 4830: 4798: 4779: 4778: 4760: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4719: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4662: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4527: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4478: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4429: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4380: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4315: 4297: 4287: 4270:(6): 1026–1035. 4251: 4245: 4244: 4221:Immunology Today 4216: 4210: 4209: 4181: 4172: 4171: 4161: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4120: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4063: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4022: 3990: 3979: 3978: 3968: 3936: 3925: 3924: 3914: 3904: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3803: 3792: 3791: 3773: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3720: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3636: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3548: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3499: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3450: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3408: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3383: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3351: 3341: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3300: 3290: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3247: 3238: 3237: 3227: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3170: 3160: 3136: 3127: 3126: 3116: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3067: 3056:10.1172/JCI14235 3050:(8): 1097–1104. 3035: 3029: 3028: 3018: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2969: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2920: 2903:(7): 1934–1941. 2888: 2882: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2862: 2851: 2850: 2840: 2830: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2754: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2705: 2665: 2656: 2655: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2602: 2592: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2543: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2486: 2462: 2453: 2452: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2406: 2395: 2389: 2388: 2386: 2385: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2295: 2284: 2278: 2277: 2275: 2274: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2150: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2118: 2103:Gastroenterology 2094: 2088: 2087: 2051: 2045: 2044: 2016: 2010: 2009: 1991: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1950: 1941:(4): 1119–1136. 1926: 1905: 1904: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1858: 1857: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1825: 1819: 1818: 1808: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1767: 1766: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1734: 1724: 1700: 1694: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1678: 1667: 1666: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1625: 1585: 1579: 1578: 1541: 1535: 1534: 1510: 1499: 1498: 1496: 1495: 1481: 1475: 1474: 1456: 1446: 1422: 1416: 1415: 1413: 1412: 1398: 1392: 1391: 1351: 1342: 1341: 1313: 1304: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1284: 928:Laboratory tests 904:laboratory tests 830:, might trigger 761:gut permeability 713:concordance rate 634:high blood sugar 600:Sjögren syndrome 75:gastroenterology 43: 31: 30: 5775: 5774: 5770: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5765: 5764: 5745: 5744: 5743: 5733: 5731: 5719: 5711: 5709: 5700: 5652: 5615: 5605: 5587: 5583:Type 1 diabetes 5553:Coeliac disease 5541: 5513: 5497: 5471: 5437:Arthus reaction 5418: 5402: 5388:Graves' disease 5369: 5365:Rheumatic fever 5314: 5282: 5266: 5245: 5172:Allergic asthma 5153: 5137: 5128: 5098: 5093: 5092: 5069: 5068: 4997: 4962: 4943: 4938: 4921: 4904: 4902:Further reading 4899: 4898: 4851: 4844: 4799: 4782: 4737: 4733: 4688: 4684: 4631: 4627: 4588: 4584: 4545: 4541: 4496: 4492: 4447: 4443: 4418:10.1038/nm.2048 4406:Nature Medicine 4398: 4394: 4349: 4345: 4336: 4335: 4331: 4317: 4309: 4307: 4298: 4252: 4248: 4217: 4213: 4192:(10): 754–765. 4182: 4175: 4138: 4134: 4089: 4085: 4040: 4036: 3991: 3982: 3951:(125): 125sr1. 3937: 3928: 3881: 3877: 3867: 3865: 3856: 3855: 3851: 3841: 3839: 3831: 3830: 3826: 3816: 3814: 3805: 3804: 3795: 3746: 3742: 3697: 3693: 3662: 3658: 3609: 3605: 3566: 3562: 3517: 3513: 3468: 3464: 3419: 3415: 3406: 3404: 3394: 3390: 3381: 3379: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3318: 3314: 3267: 3263: 3248: 3241: 3188: 3184: 3137: 3130: 3085: 3081: 3036: 3032: 2987: 2983: 2958:10.1289/EHP1013 2938: 2934: 2889: 2885: 2875: 2873: 2872:on 7 April 2021 2864: 2863: 2854: 2807: 2803: 2772: 2768: 2723: 2719: 2666: 2659: 2620: 2616: 2561: 2557: 2512: 2508: 2463: 2456: 2417: 2413: 2404: 2402: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2383: 2381: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2336: 2332: 2322: 2320: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2293: 2291: 2286: 2285: 2281: 2272: 2270: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2233:Pathophysiology 2229: 2225: 2218: 2196: 2192: 2161: 2157: 2148: 2146: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2095: 2091: 2052: 2048: 2017: 2013: 1968: 1964: 1927: 1908: 1868: 1864: 1855: 1853: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1826: 1822: 1777: 1773: 1764: 1762: 1752: 1748: 1701: 1697: 1687: 1685: 1680: 1679: 1670: 1659: 1643: 1639: 1586: 1582: 1542: 1538: 1527: 1511: 1502: 1493: 1491: 1483: 1482: 1478: 1423: 1419: 1410: 1408: 1400: 1399: 1395: 1352: 1345: 1314: 1307: 1297: 1295: 1286: 1285: 1252: 1247: 1225: 1209:dendritic cells 1197: 1185: 1173: 1162: 1156: 1123: 1107: 1036: 1026: 1009: 1000: 980: 978:Imaging studies 930: 916: 896:medical history 888: 862: 853: 844: 832:rheumatic fever 818: 809: 737: 721: 701: 692: 665: 654: 622:Type 1 diabetes 619: 617:Type 1 diabetes 608: 597: 581: 570: 551: 535:Crohn's disease 531: 515:thyroid hormone 510:Graves' disease 507: 505:Graves' disease 487:small intestine 467:Coeliac disease 464: 462:Coeliac disease 456: 450: 441: 432: 419: 396:low-grade fever 384: 382:Common symptoms 364: 356:pathophysiology 304:alopecia areata 292:Crohn's disease 284:Graves' disease 280:type 1 diabetes 146:Graves' disease 126:alopecia areata 29: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5773: 5763: 5762: 5757: 5742: 5741: 5729: 5706: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5671: 5666: 5660: 5658: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5626: 5624: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5603: 5597: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5539: 5534: 5528: 5526: 5519: 5503: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5469: 5467:Serum sickness 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5433: 5431: 5424: 5421:Immune complex 5412: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5384: 5382: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5331: 5329: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5308: 5306: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5296: 5295: 5290: 5272: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5264: 5259: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5243: 5238: 5237: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5179: 5174: 5168: 5166: 5159: 5139: 5138: 5127: 5126: 5119: 5112: 5104: 5095: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5071: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5055: 5044: 5033: 5018: 4998: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4989:Classification 4983: 4982: 4970: 4942: 4941:External links 4939: 4937: 4936: 4925: 4919: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4842: 4780: 4731: 4682: 4625: 4598:(4): 244–256. 4582: 4555:(3): 183–189. 4539: 4510:(9): 664–669. 4490: 4461:(1): 621–631. 4441: 4392: 4363:(6): 378–391. 4343: 4329: 4246: 4227:(9): 426–430. 4211: 4173: 4152:(3): 223–243. 4132: 4103:(3): 299–305. 4083: 4034: 4005:(5): 503–513. 3980: 3926: 3875: 3849: 3824: 3793: 3740: 3691: 3656: 3603: 3560: 3511: 3482:(8): e003320. 3462: 3433:(2): 108–117. 3413: 3388: 3376:NCHS Pressroom 3363: 3312: 3261: 3239: 3202:(3): 629–633. 3182: 3128: 3099:(7): 399–400. 3079: 3030: 2981: 2932: 2883: 2852: 2801: 2766: 2717: 2657: 2614: 2555: 2506: 2454: 2411: 2390: 2365: 2330: 2300: 2279: 2258: 2239:(3): 153–165. 2223: 2216: 2190: 2171:(9): 942–955. 2155: 2130: 2089: 2062:(5): e44–e46. 2046: 2027:(3): 191–195. 2011: 1962: 1906: 1879:(2): 198–209. 1862: 1837: 1820: 1771: 1746: 1695: 1668: 1657: 1637: 1580: 1553:(2): 227–235. 1536: 1525: 1500: 1476: 1417: 1393: 1343: 1305: 1249: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1224: 1221: 1196: 1193: 1184: 1181: 1172: 1169: 1158:Main article: 1155: 1152: 1148:autoantibodies 1122: 1119: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1097:Nigella sativa 1089: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1062: 1061: 1055: 1052: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1025: 1022: 1008: 1005: 999: 996: 979: 976: 975: 974: 967: 954: 945: 942:autoantibodies 929: 926: 921:family history 915: 912: 887: 884: 861: 858: 852: 849: 843: 840: 817: 814: 808: 805: 767: 766: 763: 757: 751: 749:oral tolerance 736: 733: 720: 717: 700: 697: 691: 688: 664: 661: 653: 650: 618: 615: 607: 604: 596: 593: 580: 577: 569: 566: 550: 547: 530: 527: 506: 503: 463: 460: 452:Main article: 449: 446: 440: 437: 431: 428: 418: 415: 410: 409: 406: 403: 400: 397: 394: 383: 380: 363: 360: 276:celiac disease 244:, and general 198: 197: 194: 190: 189: 176: 170: 169: 134:celiac disease 119: 115: 114: 111: 107: 106: 96: 90: 89: 64: 58: 57: 45: 44: 36: 35: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5772: 5761: 5760:Medical lists 5758: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5740: 5730: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5717: 5714: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5655: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5642:Latex allergy 5640: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5621: 5618: 5612: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5590: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5544: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5512: 5511:cell-mediated 5508: 5504: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5442:Farmer's lung 5440: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5417: 5413: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5377: 5372: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5303: 5300: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5242: 5239: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5163: 5160: 5157: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5120: 5118: 5113: 5111: 5106: 5105: 5102: 5089: 5085: 5084: 5080: 5079: 5076: 5072: 5065: 5061: 5060: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5045: 5043: 5039: 5038: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4999: 4996: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4969: 4965: 4960: 4956: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4944: 4933: 4932: 4926: 4922: 4916: 4912: 4907: 4906: 4892: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4849: 4847: 4838: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4735: 4727: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4686: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4629: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4586: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4535: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4494: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4339: 4333: 4321: 4313: 4306: 4302: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4215: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4180: 4178: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3863: 3859: 3853: 3838: 3834: 3828: 3812: 3808: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3744: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3377: 3373: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3244: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3135: 3133: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3083: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2985: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2952:(7): 077010. 2951: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2887: 2871: 2867: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2664: 2662: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2618: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2510: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2459: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2415: 2400: 2394: 2379: 2375: 2369: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2334: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2304: 2289: 2283: 2268: 2262: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2227: 2219: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2194: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2159: 2144: 2140: 2134: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2093: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2050: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2015: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1966: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1866: 1851: 1847: 1841: 1833: 1832: 1824: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1775: 1761: 1757: 1750: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1699: 1683: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1664: 1660: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1641: 1633: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1584: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1540: 1532: 1528: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1490: 1486: 1480: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1421: 1407: 1403: 1397: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1350: 1348: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1312: 1310: 1293: 1289: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1275: 1273: 1271: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1257: 1255: 1250: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1192: 1190: 1180: 1178: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1151: 1149: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1118: 1115: 1111: 1099: 1098: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1066: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1042: 1039: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1004: 995: 993: 989: 985: 971: 968: 965: 963: 959: 955: 952: 950: 946: 943: 939: 936: 935: 934: 925: 922: 911: 909: 905: 901: 897: 892: 883: 881: 877: 873: 869: 868: 857: 848: 839: 837: 833: 829: 828: 823: 813: 804: 802: 798: 792: 790: 786: 784: 780: 776: 772: 764: 762: 758: 756: 752: 750: 746: 745: 744: 741: 732: 730: 725: 716: 714: 709: 705: 696: 687: 685: 681: 677: 676:immune system 674: 669: 660: 658: 649: 647: 643: 639: 635: 632:, leading to 631: 627: 623: 614: 612: 603: 601: 592: 590: 585: 576: 574: 565: 563: 559: 555: 546: 544: 540: 536: 526: 524: 520: 516: 511: 502: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 459: 455: 445: 436: 427: 423: 414: 407: 404: 401: 398: 395: 392: 389: 388: 387: 379: 376: 368: 359: 357: 353: 348: 343: 341: 337: 334:(NSAIDs) and 333: 327: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 272: 270: 266: 261: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 234: 230: 228: 224: 220: 219:immune system 216: 211: 209: 205: 195: 191: 188: 184: 180: 177: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 120: 116: 112: 108: 105: 104:feeling tired 101: 97: 95: 91: 88: 87:endocrinology 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 65: 63: 59: 55: 51: 46: 42: 37: 32: 26: 22: 5695: 5537:Mantoux test 5198:Food allergy 5134: 5081: 5057: 5046: 5035: 5020: 5001: 4952: 4930: 4910: 4862: 4858: 4813:(1): 58–75. 4810: 4806: 4748: 4744: 4734: 4699: 4695: 4685: 4642: 4638: 4628: 4595: 4591: 4585: 4552: 4549:Autoimmunity 4548: 4542: 4507: 4503: 4493: 4458: 4454: 4444: 4409: 4405: 4395: 4360: 4356: 4346: 4332: 4318:{{ 4310:{{ 4267: 4263: 4249: 4224: 4220: 4214: 4189: 4185: 4149: 4145: 4135: 4100: 4096: 4086: 4051: 4047: 4037: 4002: 3998: 3948: 3944: 3892: 3888: 3878: 3866:. Retrieved 3861: 3852: 3840:. Retrieved 3836: 3827: 3815:. Retrieved 3810: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3708: 3704: 3694: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3528: 3524: 3514: 3479: 3475: 3465: 3430: 3426: 3416: 3405:. Retrieved 3401: 3391: 3380:. Retrieved 3375: 3366: 3329: 3325: 3315: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3255: 3199: 3195: 3185: 3151:(5): e8094. 3148: 3144: 3096: 3092: 3082: 3047: 3043: 3033: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2949: 2945: 2935: 2900: 2896: 2886: 2874:. Retrieved 2870:the original 2818: 2814: 2804: 2788:10.2741/3043 2779: 2775: 2769: 2734: 2730: 2720: 2677: 2673: 2627: 2623: 2617: 2572: 2568: 2558: 2523: 2519: 2509: 2474: 2470: 2424: 2420: 2414: 2403:. Retrieved 2393: 2382:. Retrieved 2380:. 2021-02-18 2377: 2368: 2343: 2339: 2333: 2321:. Retrieved 2312: 2303: 2292:. Retrieved 2282: 2271:. Retrieved 2261: 2236: 2232: 2226: 2199: 2193: 2168: 2164: 2158: 2147:. Retrieved 2145:. 2013-07-01 2142: 2133: 2106: 2102: 2092: 2059: 2055: 2049: 2024: 2020: 2014: 1979: 1975: 1965: 1938: 1934: 1876: 1872: 1865: 1854:. Retrieved 1852:. 2016-06-01 1849: 1840: 1830: 1823: 1788: 1784: 1774: 1763:. Retrieved 1759: 1749: 1712: 1708: 1698: 1686:. Retrieved 1647: 1640: 1597: 1593: 1583: 1550: 1546: 1539: 1515: 1492:. Retrieved 1488: 1479: 1437:(5): e8094. 1434: 1430: 1420: 1409:. Retrieved 1405: 1396: 1363: 1359: 1321: 1317: 1296:. Retrieved 1198: 1186: 1174: 1166: 1163: 1144: 1124: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1105:Epidemiology 1095: 1092:Thymoquinone 1067: 1063: 1046: 1027: 1018: 1010: 1001: 981: 969: 956: 947: 937: 931: 917: 898:evaluation, 889: 879: 865: 863: 854: 845: 825: 822:strep throat 819: 810: 793: 787: 768: 742: 738: 726: 722: 710: 706: 702: 693: 670: 666: 655: 620: 609: 598: 582: 571: 552: 532: 519:bulging eyes 508: 465: 457: 442: 433: 424: 420: 411: 402:muscle aches 385: 377: 373: 344: 328: 273: 262: 231: 212: 203: 201: 67:Rheumatology 25: 5188:Anaphylaxis 5184:(Hay fever) 5083:MedlinePlus 4947:‹ The 4934:. Elsevier. 4865:(8): 1726. 4751:(1): 5–15. 4256:Weinberg CR 3771:2434/424557 3634:2108/225709 2737:: 363–391. 2143:MedlinePlus 1982:(1): 8–23. 1205:macrophages 1128:neutrophils 789:Ultraviolet 783:tartrazines 708:arthritis. 646:weight loss 408:skin rashes 254:skin rashes 110:Usual onset 83:dermatology 5749:Categories 5657:Autoimmune 5546:Autoimmune 5476:Autoimmune 5319:Autoimmune 5250:Autoimmune 5059:DiseasesDB 4054:: 111157. 3407:2024-01-25 3382:2024-01-25 2821:: 437231. 2405:2023-06-25 2384:2023-06-25 2294:2023-06-25 2273:2023-06-25 2149:2023-06-25 1856:2019-03-21 1765:2024-01-25 1600:(1): 800. 1494:2022-06-13 1411:2022-06-06 1245:References 1140:chemokines 1132:leukocytes 1130:and other 973:intestine. 960:(CRP) and 891:Diagnosing 816:Infections 797:SARS-CoV-2 771:hydrazines 759:Increased 626:beta cells 543:microbiome 405:joint pain 250:joint pain 174:Medication 71:immunology 50:malar rash 5327:Cytotoxic 4677:235907766 4320:retracted 4312:retracted 4078:229714190 3651:189813866 2630:(1): 43. 2449:211555101 1471:219447364 1388:258529606 1298:5 October 1200:Vitamin D 1136:cytokines 1024:Treatment 886:Diagnosis 880:C. jejuni 775:hair dyes 755:dysbiosis 747:Impaired 584:Psoriasis 316:psoriasis 290:(such as 258:urticaria 193:Frequency 168:, others) 158:psoriasis 113:Adulthood 79:neurology 62:Specialty 5739:Medicine 5616:multiple 5614:Unknown/ 5416:Type III 5380:receptor 5229:Tree nut 4949:template 4891:30103527 4837:31286174 4775:15302882 4767:22090147 4726:25578468 4702:: 1–13. 4669:34262205 4620:21264933 4612:28228650 4577:37887253 4569:12911286 4534:22155015 4485:21135166 4436:19838202 4387:27231052 4294:32266792 4206:22387972 4127:26134265 4070:33370631 4029:24795433 3975:22422994 3921:28785220 3868:14 April 3842:14 April 3817:23 March 3788:45391831 3780:27292311 3735:54500571 3727:30509385 3686:27504588 3643:31192812 3598:51702921 3590:30025809 3555:23947356 3506:23959757 3476:BMJ Open 3457:20819913 3358:28185596 3307:30337927 3234:33767739 3177:32542149 3123:37046064 3114:10096101 3074:11602615 3025:27543618 2976:28718769 2927:23658122 2876:23 March 2847:24688790 2796:18508549 2761:19302045 2712:26123020 2652:53238233 2644:30410033 2609:14569025 2550:18852199 2501:24386085 2493:26212387 2441:32107168 2360:22129255 2317:Archived 2253:16125918 2185:16510748 2125:15825131 2084:24754769 2076:20697293 2041:12935825 2006:24980464 1998:19079330 1957:22493341 1901:20082472 1893:26724103 1815:10502528 1741:31447842 1715:: 1827. 1663:Archived 1632:35145093 1575:23061331 1567:23322404 1531:Archived 1463:32542149 1380:37156255 1338:21864262 1292:Archived 1223:See also 1121:Research 988:CT scans 908:biopsies 801:COVID-19 690:Genetics 630:pancreas 352:etiology 233:Symptoms 196:10% (UK) 130:vitiligo 94:Symptoms 5727:Biology 5713:Portals 5623:Foreign 5525:Foreign 5516:T cells 5507:Type IV 5430:Foreign 5305:Foreign 5276:Type II 5219:Seafood 5165:Foreign 5147:allergy 5053:D001327 4951:below ( 4882:6121485 4828:6960236 4717:4340844 4647:Bibcode 4525:3306516 4476:4038038 4427:2783696 4378:5367630 4285:7255943 4241:8216719 4168:9281381 4118:4549173 4020:4007402 3966:4061980 3912:5506195 3895:: 460. 3546:3971377 3497:3753483 3448:3104816 3349:5103250 3298:6180207 3225:7980266 3204:Bibcode 3168:7292717 3016:5135624 2967:5744649 2918:3727975 2838:3945069 2752:2992886 2703:4623162 2682:Bibcode 2577:Bibcode 2541:2782355 2374:"Lupus" 2323:15 July 1948:3349285 1806:1566249 1732:6691096 1688:12 July 1623:8831607 1602:Bibcode 1454:7292717 1217:B-cells 1213:T-cells 1177:glycans 684:B cells 680:T cells 628:in the 391:fatigue 256:(e.g., 246:malaise 242:fatigue 5644:(I+IV) 5376:Type V 5214:Peanut 5143:Type I 5088:000816 5042:109100 4968:Curlie 4954:Curlie 4917: 4889: 4879: 4835: 4825: 4773: 4765: 4724: 4714: 4675: 4667: 4639:Nature 4618: 4610: 4575: 4567: 4532: 4522: 4483: 4473: 4434: 4424: 4385: 4375: 4292: 4282: 4239: 4204: 4166: 4125: 4115: 4076: 4068: 4027: 4017: 3973: 3963: 3919: 3909: 3786: 3778: 3733: 3725: 3684: 3649: 3641: 3596: 3588: 3570:Lancet 3553: 3543: 3504: 3494: 3455: 3445: 3356: 3346: 3305: 3295: 3232: 3222: 3175: 3165: 3145:Cureus 3121: 3111: 3072: 3065:209539 3062: 3023: 3013: 2974: 2964: 2925: 2915: 2845: 2835: 2794: 2759: 2749: 2710: 2700: 2674:Nature 2650: 2642: 2607: 2600:240712 2597: 2548: 2538: 2499: 2491: 2447: 2439: 2358: 2251: 2214: 2183: 2123: 2082: 2074: 2039: 2004: 1996: 1955: 1945: 1899: 1891: 1813: 1803: 1739: 1729: 1655: 1630: 1620: 1573: 1565: 1523: 1469: 1461: 1451: 1431:Cureus 1386: 1378: 1360:Lancet 1336: 1215:, and 984:x-rays 964:(ESR): 951:(CBC): 663:Causes 638:thirst 558:myelin 481:, and 479:barley 471:gluten 322:, and 5483:Lupus 5234:Wheat 5151:atopy 5064:28805 5031:279.4 5016:M35.9 5012:D84.9 4771:S2CID 4673:S2CID 4616:S2CID 4573:S2CID 4316:with 4074:S2CID 3784:S2CID 3731:S2CID 3647:S2CID 3594:S2CID 2648:S2CID 2497:S2CID 2445:S2CID 2313:NIAMS 2080:S2CID 2002:S2CID 1897:S2CID 1850:AARDA 1571:S2CID 1467:S2CID 1384:S2CID 673:human 491:villi 475:wheat 448:Types 265:lupus 238:fever 118:Types 100:fever 56:(SLE) 5684:APS2 5679:APS1 5593:GVHD 5280:ADCC 5209:Milk 5133:and 5048:MeSH 5037:OMIM 5026:9-CM 4915:ISBN 4887:PMID 4833:PMID 4763:PMID 4722:PMID 4665:PMID 4608:PMID 4565:PMID 4530:PMID 4481:PMID 4432:PMID 4383:PMID 4290:PMID 4237:PMID 4202:PMID 4164:PMID 4123:PMID 4066:PMID 4025:PMID 3971:PMID 3917:PMID 3870:2020 3844:2020 3819:2020 3776:PMID 3723:PMID 3682:PMID 3639:PMID 3586:PMID 3551:PMID 3502:PMID 3453:PMID 3354:PMID 3303:PMID 3230:PMID 3173:PMID 3119:PMID 3070:PMID 3021:PMID 2972:PMID 2923:PMID 2878:2020 2843:PMID 2819:2014 2792:PMID 2757:PMID 2708:PMID 2640:PMID 2605:PMID 2546:PMID 2489:PMID 2437:PMID 2356:PMID 2325:2016 2249:PMID 2212:ISBN 2181:PMID 2121:PMID 2072:PMID 2037:PMID 1994:PMID 1953:PMID 1889:PMID 1811:PMID 1737:PMID 1690:2023 1653:ISBN 1628:PMID 1563:PMID 1521:ISBN 1459:PMID 1376:PMID 1334:PMID 1300:2016 1138:and 753:Gut 682:and 671:The 537:and 521:and 354:and 294:and 5293:IgM 5288:IgG 5224:Soy 5204:Egg 5156:IgE 5022:ICD 5003:ICD 4966:at 4877:PMC 4867:doi 4823:PMC 4815:doi 4811:106 4753:doi 4712:PMC 4704:doi 4655:doi 4643:595 4600:doi 4557:doi 4520:PMC 4512:doi 4471:PMC 4463:doi 4459:186 4422:PMC 4414:doi 4373:PMC 4365:doi 4301:doi 4280:PMC 4272:doi 4229:doi 4194:doi 4154:doi 4113:PMC 4105:doi 4101:287 4056:doi 4052:134 4015:PMC 4007:doi 3961:PMC 3953:doi 3907:PMC 3897:doi 3766:hdl 3758:doi 3713:doi 3674:doi 3629:hdl 3621:doi 3578:doi 3574:392 3541:PMC 3533:doi 3529:255 3492:PMC 3484:doi 3443:PMC 3435:doi 3402:BBC 3344:PMC 3334:doi 3293:PMC 3283:doi 3220:PMC 3212:doi 3163:PMC 3153:doi 3109:PMC 3101:doi 3060:PMC 3052:doi 3048:108 3011:PMC 3003:doi 2962:PMC 2954:doi 2950:125 2913:PMC 2905:doi 2833:PMC 2823:doi 2784:doi 2747:PMC 2739:doi 2698:PMC 2690:doi 2678:523 2632:doi 2595:PMC 2585:doi 2573:100 2536:PMC 2528:doi 2479:doi 2475:278 2429:doi 2348:doi 2344:365 2241:doi 2204:doi 2173:doi 2169:354 2111:doi 2107:128 2064:doi 2029:doi 2025:115 1984:doi 1943:PMC 1881:doi 1801:PMC 1793:doi 1789:107 1727:PMC 1717:doi 1618:PMC 1610:doi 1555:doi 1449:PMC 1439:doi 1368:doi 1364:401 1326:doi 992:MRI 986:or 807:Sex 483:rye 298:), 202:An 5751:: 5378:"/ 5086:: 5062:: 5051:: 5040:: 5029:: 5014:, 5010:: 5007:10 4885:. 4875:. 4863:15 4861:. 4857:. 4845:^ 4831:. 4821:. 4809:. 4805:. 4783:^ 4769:. 4761:. 4749:42 4747:. 4743:. 4720:. 4710:. 4700:57 4698:. 4694:. 4671:. 4663:. 4653:. 4641:. 4637:. 4614:. 4606:. 4596:13 4594:. 4571:. 4563:. 4553:36 4551:. 4528:. 4518:. 4508:11 4506:. 4502:. 4479:. 4469:. 4457:. 4453:. 4430:. 4420:. 4410:15 4408:. 4404:. 4381:. 4371:. 4361:16 4359:. 4355:. 4288:. 4278:. 4268:72 4266:. 4262:. 4235:. 4225:14 4223:. 4200:. 4190:11 4188:. 4176:^ 4162:. 4150:84 4148:. 4144:. 4121:. 4111:. 4099:. 4095:. 4072:. 4064:. 4050:. 4046:. 4023:. 4013:. 4001:. 3997:. 3983:^ 3969:. 3959:. 3947:. 3943:. 3929:^ 3915:. 3905:. 3891:. 3887:. 3860:. 3835:. 3809:. 3796:^ 3782:. 3774:. 3764:. 3754:12 3752:. 3729:. 3721:. 3709:95 3707:. 3703:. 3680:. 3670:43 3668:. 3645:. 3637:. 3627:. 3617:31 3615:. 3592:. 3584:. 3572:. 3549:. 3539:. 3527:. 3523:. 3500:. 3490:. 3478:. 3474:. 3451:. 3441:. 3431:16 3429:. 3425:. 3400:. 3374:. 3352:. 3342:. 3330:16 3328:. 3324:. 3301:. 3291:. 3277:. 3273:. 3254:. 3242:^ 3228:. 3218:. 3210:. 3200:14 3198:. 3194:. 3171:. 3161:. 3149:12 3147:. 3143:. 3131:^ 3117:. 3107:. 3097:19 3095:. 3091:. 3068:. 3058:. 3046:. 3042:. 3019:. 3009:. 2999:25 2997:. 2993:. 2970:. 2960:. 2948:. 2944:. 2921:. 2911:. 2901:65 2899:. 2895:. 2855:^ 2841:. 2831:. 2817:. 2813:. 2790:. 2780:13 2778:. 2755:. 2745:. 2735:27 2733:. 2729:. 2706:. 2696:. 2688:. 2676:. 2672:. 2660:^ 2646:. 2638:. 2626:. 2603:. 2593:. 2583:. 2571:. 2567:. 2544:. 2534:. 2524:17 2522:. 2518:. 2495:. 2487:. 2473:. 2469:. 2457:^ 2443:. 2435:. 2425:34 2423:. 2376:. 2354:. 2342:. 2311:. 2247:. 2237:12 2235:. 2210:. 2179:. 2167:. 2141:. 2119:. 2105:. 2101:. 2078:. 2070:. 2060:45 2058:. 2035:. 2023:. 2000:. 1992:. 1978:. 1974:. 1951:. 1939:32 1937:. 1933:. 1909:^ 1895:. 1887:. 1877:15 1875:. 1848:. 1809:. 1799:. 1787:. 1783:. 1758:. 1735:. 1725:. 1713:10 1711:. 1707:. 1671:^ 1661:. 1626:. 1616:. 1608:. 1598:13 1596:. 1592:. 1569:. 1561:. 1551:45 1549:. 1529:. 1503:^ 1487:. 1465:. 1457:. 1447:. 1435:12 1433:. 1429:. 1404:. 1382:. 1374:. 1362:. 1358:. 1346:^ 1332:. 1322:17 1320:. 1308:^ 1253:^ 1211:, 1207:, 1035:12 910:. 902:, 824:, 781:, 777:, 773:, 640:, 525:. 501:. 477:, 358:. 318:, 314:, 310:, 306:, 302:, 286:, 282:, 278:, 252:, 240:, 229:. 185:, 181:, 164:, 160:, 156:, 152:, 148:, 144:, 140:, 136:, 132:, 128:, 102:, 85:, 81:, 77:, 73:, 69:, 5715:: 5518:) 5514:( 5509:/ 5423:) 5419:( 5374:" 5278:/ 5158:) 5154:( 5149:/ 5145:/ 5123:e 5116:t 5109:v 5024:- 5005:- 4995:D 4923:. 4893:. 4869:: 4839:. 4817:: 4777:. 4755:: 4728:. 4706:: 4679:. 4657:: 4649:: 4622:. 4602:: 4579:. 4559:: 4536:. 4514:: 4487:. 4465:: 4438:. 4416:: 4389:. 4367:: 4340:. 4326:) 4324:. 4303:: 4296:. 4274:: 4243:. 4231:: 4208:. 4196:: 4170:. 4156:: 4129:. 4107:: 4080:. 4058:: 4031:. 4009:: 4003:7 3977:. 3955:: 3949:4 3923:. 3899:: 3893:8 3872:. 3846:. 3821:. 3790:. 3768:: 3760:: 3737:. 3715:: 3688:. 3676:: 3653:. 3631:: 3623:: 3600:. 3580:: 3557:. 3535:: 3508:. 3486:: 3480:3 3459:. 3437:: 3410:. 3385:. 3360:. 3336:: 3309:. 3285:: 3279:9 3258:. 3236:. 3214:: 3206:: 3179:. 3155:: 3125:. 3103:: 3076:. 3054:: 3027:. 3005:: 2978:. 2956:: 2929:. 2907:: 2880:. 2849:. 2825:: 2798:. 2786:: 2763:. 2741:: 2714:. 2692:: 2684:: 2654:. 2634:: 2628:4 2611:. 2587:: 2579:: 2552:. 2530:: 2503:. 2481:: 2451:. 2431:: 2408:. 2387:. 2362:. 2350:: 2327:. 2297:. 2276:. 2255:. 2243:: 2220:. 2206:: 2187:. 2175:: 2152:. 2127:. 2113:: 2086:. 2066:: 2043:. 2031:: 2008:. 1986:: 1980:2 1959:. 1903:. 1883:: 1859:. 1817:. 1795:: 1768:. 1743:. 1719:: 1692:. 1634:. 1612:: 1604:: 1577:. 1557:: 1497:. 1473:. 1441:: 1414:. 1390:. 1370:: 1340:. 1328:: 1302:. 124:( 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Autoimmune disease

Index