34:
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198:
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734:(CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not trigger destructive immune responses, while "nonself" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft) trigger a destructive immune response. The theory was later modified to reflect new discoveries regarding
7595:
854:
345:, in which the body defends itself against a foreign body. Ehrlich accustomed mice to the poisons ricin and abrin. After feeding them with small but increasing dosages of ricin he ascertained that they had become "ricin-proof". Ehrlich interpreted this as immunization and observed that it was abruptly initiated after a few days and was still in existence after several months.
1008:, for example, rely on several different symbionts for defense from key parasites, and can vertically transmit their symbionts from parent to offspring. Therefore, a symbiont that successfully confers protection from a parasite is more likely to be passed to the host offspring, allowing coevolution with parasites attacking the host in a way similar to traditional immunity.
2702:
Sizonenko PC, Paunier L (November 1975). "Hormonal changes in puberty III: Correlation of plasma dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, FSH, and LH with stages of puberty and bone age in normal boys and girls and in patients with
Addison's disease or hypogonadism or with premature or late adrenarche".
706:
Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a
466:
The immune system has the capability of self and non-self-recognition. An antigen is a substance that ignites the immune response. The cells involved in recognizing the antigen are
Lymphocytes. Once they recognize, they secrete antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that neutralize the disease-causing
1029:
The study of the interaction of the immune system with cancer cells can lead to diagnostic tests and therapies with which to find and fight cancer. The immunology concerned with physiological reaction characteristic of the immune state. Inflammation is an immune response that can be seen in many
881:
can suppress the antibody response to active immunization. Similarly, the response of T-cells to vaccination differs in children compared to adults, and vaccines that induce Th1 responses in adults do not readily elicit these same responses in neonates. Between six and nine months after birth, a
493:
It is now getting clear that the immune responses contribute to the development of many common disorders not traditionally viewed as immunologic, including metabolic, cardiovascular, cancer, and neurodegenerative conditions like
Alzheimer's disease. Besides, there are direct implications of the
494:
immune system in the infectious diseases (tuberculosis, malaria, hepatitis, pneumonia, dysentery, and helminth infestations) as well. Hence, research in the field of immunology is of prime importance for the advancements in the fields of modern medicine, biomedical research, and biotechnology.
996:
species when infected with parasites. These toxins reduce parasite growth in the offspring of the infected
Monarch. However, when uninfected Monarch butterflies are forced to feed only on these toxic plants, they suffer a fitness cost as reduced lifespan relative to other uninfected Monarch
670:. Fellows in Clinical Immunology are typically exposed to many of the different aspects of the specialty and treat allergic conditions, primary immunodeficiencies and systemic autoimmune and autoinflammatory conditions. As part of their training fellows may do additional rotations in
341:"in recognition of their work on immunity". He pinned small thorns into starfish larvae and noticed unusual cells surrounding the thorns. This was the active response of the body trying to maintain its integrity. It was Mechnikov who first observed the phenomenon of
572:
caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features.
868:
present is maternal IgG. These antibodies are transferred from the placenta to the fetus using the FcRn (neonatal Fc receptor). Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA do not cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is provided by
765:
are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed. Once born, a child's immune system responds favorably to protein antigens while not as well to
512:
The specificity of the bond between antibody and antigen has made the antibody an excellent tool for the detection of substances by a variety of diagnostic techniques. Antibodies specific for a desired antigen can be conjugated with an
521:
or with a color-forming enzyme in order to detect it. However, the similarity between some antigens can lead to false positives and other errors in such tests by antibodies cross-reacting with antigens that are not exact matches.
2169:
Coutinho A, Forni L, Holmberg D, Ivars F, Vaz N (1984). "From an antigen-centered, clonal perspective of immune responses to an organism-centered network perspective of autonomous reactivity of self-referential immune systems".
434:
the sick without contracting the illness a second time. Many other ancient societies have references to this phenomenon, but it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries before the concept developed into scientific theory.
438:
The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive
1302:
Miyahara S, Yokomuro K, Takahashi H, Kimura Y (November 1983). "Regeneration and the immune system. I. In vitro and in vivo activation of lymphocytes by liver regeneration and the role of
Kupffer cells in stimulation".
877:. These antibodies can also produce a negative response. If a child is exposed to the antibody for a particular antigen before being exposed to the antigen itself then the child will produce a dampened response.
497:
Immunological research continues to become more specialized, pursuing non-classical models of immunity and functions of cells, organs and systems not previously associated with the immune system (Yemeserach 2010).
330:. Immunology has applications in numerous disciplines of medicine, particularly in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, rheumatology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology.
1631:
940:, increase immune response. As in females, the male sex hormones seem to have more control of the immune system during puberty and post-puberty than during the rest of a male's adult life.
846:
like IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-12, and IFN-g which limits their capacity to activate the humoral response as well as the phagocitic activity of macrophage. B cells develop early during
362:
for 'exempt', early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system. The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the
1255:"Immune responses in vitro. IV. Suppression of primary M, G, and A plaque-forming cell responses in mouse spleen cell cultures by class-specific antibody to mouse immunoglobulins"
1660:
694:
When health conditions worsen to emergency status, portions of immune system organs, including the thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic tissues, can be
1048:
acceptance. The term has also been used by fertility clinics to address fertility problems, recurrent miscarriages, premature deliveries and dangerous complications such as
467:
microorganisms. Antibodies do not directly kill pathogens, but instead, identify antigens as targets for destruction by other immune cells such as phagocytes or NK cells.
738:
or the complex "two-signal" activation of T cells. The self/nonself theory of immunity and the self/nonself vocabulary have been criticized, but remain very influential.
997:
butterflies. This indicates that laying eggs on toxic plants is a costly behaviour in
Monarchs which has probably evolved to reduce the severity of parasite infection.
5268:
4593:
97:
70:
43:
965:
Ecoimmunology, or ecological immunology, explores the relationship between the immune system of an organism and its social, biotic and abiotic environment.
1639:
929:
and post-pubescent autoimmunity. There is also some evidence that cell surface receptors on B cells and macrophages may detect sex hormones in the system.
92:
4152:
711:, it was cells – more precisely, phagocytes – that were responsible for immune responses. In contrast, the humoral theory of immunity, held by
842:
in newborns have a reduced capability to activate T cells. Also, T cells of a newborn proliferate poorly and produce very small amounts of
761:
The body's capability to react to antigens depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented.
719:, among others, stated that the active immune agents were soluble components (molecules) found in the organism's "humors" rather than its cells.
1561:
296:
functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as
5552:
2608:
4586:
257:
2816:
Benten WP, Stephan C, Wunderlich F (June 2002). "B cells express intracellular but not surface receptors for testosterone and estradiol".
5100:
4713:
1460:
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battle between "cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity. According to the cellular theory of immunity, represented in particular by
873:. These passively-acquired antibodies can protect the newborn for up to 18 months, but their response is usually short-lived and of low
3605:
2773:
Stimson WH (September 1988). "Oestrogen and human T lymphocytes: presence of specific receptors in the T-suppressor/cytotoxic subset".
2661:
Holt PG, Macaubas C, Cooper D, Nelson DJ, McWilliam AS (1997). "Th-1/Th-2 Switch
Regulation in Immune Responses to Inhaled Antigens".
1667:
6092:
6018:
3946:
490:
erators). Immunology rests on an understanding of the properties of these two biological entities and the cellular response to both.
2997:
Parker BJ, Barribeau SM, Laughton AM, de Roode JC, Gerardo NM (May 2011). "Non-immunological defense in an evolutionary framework".
2288:
1388:
968:
More recent ecoimmunological research has focused on host pathogen defences traditionally considered "non-immunological", such as
4579:
4145:
3545:
897:
During adolescence, the human body undergoes various physical, physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by
6051:
6013:
5182:
2678:
2538:
2145:
2073:
1781:
1748:
1545:
3121:"Cellular mechanism for selective vertical transmission of an obligate insect symbiont at the bacteriocyte-embryo interface"
7300:
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3845:
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but also have an effect on the development and regulation of the immune system, including an increased risk in developing
6884:
5401:
1072:
3068:
913:. Estradiol usually begins to act around the age of 10 and testosterone some months later. There is evidence that these
6472:
4138:
3981:
3323:
1715:
629:
932:
The female sex hormone 17-β-estradiol has been shown to regulate the level of immunological response, while some male
6497:
5545:
1506:
1205:
560:) and people with other immune deficiencies. This includes regulating factors such as IL-2, IL-10, GM-CSF B, IFN-α.
5437:
4484:
1044:
This area of the immunology is devoted to the study of immunological aspects of the reproductive process including
922:
250:
2561:"The maturing immune system: implications for development and testing HIV-1 vaccines for children and adolescents"
803:
1346:
4479:
4099:
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3405:
2097:
Langman RE, Cohn M (June 2000). "A minimal model for the self-nonself discrimination: a return to the basics".
918:
988:. More broadly, "behavioural" ecological immunity has been demonstrated in multiple species. For example, the
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6482:
5360:
4422:
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584:
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activity is also greatly impaired in newborns. This is due to lower opsonic activity, as well as diminished
7508:
5538:
5482:
5452:
5432:
4983:
4791:
3951:
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225:
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such as testosterone seem to suppress the stress response to infection. Other androgens, however, such as
7498:
5470:
5465:
5305:
3595:
3280:
1997:
243:
312:); and the physical, chemical, and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system
7573:
6948:
4308:
3575:
3032:"Commentaries on Evolutionary Foundations of Cultural Variation: Evoked Culture and Mate Preferences".
545:
6983:
6943:
6908:
6520:
6099:
6076:
6044:
5175:
4004:
4130:
320:
7550:
6263:
6072:
5045:
3796:
3718:
3713:
3633:
3393:
2025:
1569:
960:
2861:"Regulation of innate and adaptive immunity by the female sex hormones estradiol and progesterone"
774:. In fact, many of the infections acquired by neonates are caused by low virulence organisms like
398:
in nature, and not associated with specific organs, but rather embedded or circulating in various
7035:
6169:
5509:
5147:
5066:
4935:
4488:
4246:
3776:
3750:
2900:
Kanda N, Tamaki K (February 1999). "Estrogen enhances immunoglobulin production by human PBMCs".
1039:
874:
839:
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723:
157:
20:
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production, which also limits the newborn's phagocytic activity. Although, the number of total
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6794:
6736:
6379:
5627:
5352:
4510:
4228:
4164:
3368:
3316:
2020:
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until they are at least one year old. This can be the reason for distinct time frames found in
831:
819:
602:
460:
215:
1468:
7197:
7172:
7152:
6492:
6233:
6163:
6143:
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5687:
5667:
5391:
5368:
5344:
4457:
4313:
4291:
4019:
3905:
3878:
3851:
3803:
3757:
3452:
1083:
1078:
1061:
583:, in which parts of the immune system fail to provide an adequate response (examples include
556:. Immunotherapy is also often used for patients who are immunosuppressed (such as those with
518:
334:
220:
838:
is significantly higher than in adults, the cellular and humoral immunity is also impaired.
741:
More recently, several theoretical frameworks have been suggested in immunology, including "
337:, who advanced studies on immunology and received the Nobel Prize for his work in 1908 with
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3655:
3590:
3442:
3187:
2948:
2241:
2012:
1951:
1864:
891:
656:
598:
549:
536:
The use of immune system components or antigens to treat a disease or disorder is known as
309:
114:
1149:
984:
aroused by stimuli encountered around pathogen-infected individuals, such as the smell of
651:
Clinical immunologists also study ways to prevent the immune system's attempts to destroy
8:
7615:
7503:
7493:
7330:
7202:
6913:
6903:
6824:
6766:
5847:
5717:
5424:
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4905:
4534:
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4204:
4119:
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4044:
3703:
3420:
2429:"The evolution of the danger theory. Interview by Lauren Constable, Commissioning Editor"
679:
230:
167:
75:
3191:
2952:
2577:
2560:
2245:
2016:
1955:
1868:
1396:
1108:
864:
Maternal factors also play a role in the body's immune response. At birth, most of the
749:" (or "danger theory"), and the "discontinuity" theory. The danger model, suggested by
7445:
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1975:
1512:
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1328:
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1254:
1158:
1133:
976:-mediated defenses, and fecundity trade-offs. Behavioural immunity, a phrase coined by
969:
791:
735:
541:
540:. Immunotherapy is most commonly used to treat allergies, autoimmune disorders such as
349:
297:
123:
6223:
2913:
2877:
2860:
2829:
2751:
2639:
2355:
2338:
1887:
1852:
576:
The diseases caused by disorders of the immune system fall into two broad categories:
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7310:
7167:
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6238:
6197:
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3961:
3931:
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3771:
3735:
3725:
3620:
3540:
3484:
3447:
3432:
3373:
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3309:
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3215:
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3101:
3087:
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3014:
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2917:
2882:
2833:
2790:
2755:
2720:
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2674:
2643:
2582:
2534:
2509:
2458:
2409:
2360:
2311:
2269:
2187:
2151:
2141:
2114:
2079:
2069:
2038:
1967:
1911:
1892:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1787:
1777:
1754:
1744:
1613:
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1502:
1441:
1320:
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1024:
989:
944:
795:
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622:
606:
514:
507:
448:
305:
2802:
2594:
2372:
2323:
2199:
2050:
1979:
1516:
1332:
482:, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies (
7540:
7157:
6844:
6731:
6341:
6304:
6189:
6159:
5672:
5320:
5296:
5017:
4920:
4735:
4522:
4462:
4434:
4429:
4397:
4384:
4374:
4089:
3781:
3766:
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3246:
3205:
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3041:
3006:
2966:
2956:
2909:
2872:
2845:
2825:
2782:
2747:
2738:
Verthelyi D (June 2001). "Sex hormones as immunomodulators in health and disease".
2712:
2666:
2635:
2572:
2499:
2489:
2448:
2440:
2399:
2350:
2303:
2259:
2249:
2179:
2106:
2030:
1959:
1882:
1872:
1817:
1691:
1603:
1592:"Approaches to minimizing interference by cross-reacting molecules in immunoassays"
1494:
1431:
1423:
1312:
1274:
1266:
1153:
1145:
878:
753:
and colleagues, has been very influential, arousing many comments and discussions.
716:
708:
580:
452:
423:
422:, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the
399:
379:
301:
138:
128:
2388:"Cutting edge commentary: a Copernican revolution? Doubts about the danger theory"
1963:
1535:
1364:
1229:
1004:
across host generations, despite a non-genetic direct basis for the transmission.
7599:
7440:
7405:
6756:
6698:
6540:
6477:
6319:
6193:
5957:
5922:
5312:
4966:
4755:
4687:
4571:
4417:
4109:
4054:
3915:
3900:
3883:
3823:
3818:
3762:
3740:
3437:
3383:
3363:
3200:
2670:
2665:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 417. pp. 301–06.
2528:
1942:
Bretscher P, Cohn M (September 1970). "A theory of self-nonself discrimination".
1427:
1088:
750:
637:
440:
133:
6147:
3172:"Immunological insights into the life and times of the extinct Tasmanian tiger (
2404:
2387:
1608:
1591:
33:
7587:
7529:
7295:
7107:
6938:
6933:
6923:
6918:
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6761:
6693:
6688:
6550:
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6439:
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6371:
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6243:
6185:
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5032:
5012:
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4730:
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4611:
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3941:
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3708:
3638:
3457:
3234:
3125:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3045:
3010:
2941:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2234:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1857:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1632:"Transplant rejection: T-helper cell paradigm | British Society for Immunology"
1531:
887:
865:
776:
771:
395:
82:
1829:
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The (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and
430:
noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could
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7272:
7162:
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7132:
7025:
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3808:
3670:
3610:
3513:
3258:
2494:
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2083:
1758:
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977:
956:
613:
Other immune system disorders include various hypersensitivities (such as in
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282:
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2254:
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5862:
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3565:
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3400:
3346:
3219:
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3105:
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2980:
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2886:
2837:
2759:
2647:
2586:
2513:
2462:
2413:
2315:
2273:
2118:
2110:
2042:
1896:
1877:
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1316:
1167:
1001:
980:, specifically refers to psychological pathogen avoidance drivers, such as
910:
883:
799:
767:
746:
671:
593:, in which the immune system attacks its own host's body (examples include
590:
411:
342:
338:
185:
117:
6875:
2921:
2794:
2716:
2688:
2364:
2191:
1971:
1837:
1617:
1324:
1288:
1270:
632:, an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4+ ("helper")
7470:
7465:
7435:
7390:
7335:
7277:
7262:
7257:
7222:
7182:
7072:
7062:
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6741:
6467:
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5777:
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5737:
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5587:
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5217:
5212:
4814:
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3888:
3833:
3730:
3585:
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3378:
3250:
3096:
2724:
870:
823:
782:
742:
727:
712:
683:
675:
641:
367:
162:
1666:. The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. Archived from
1489:
Rich, Robert R.; Chaplin, David D. (2019). "The Human Immune Response".
1011:
The preserved immune tissues of extinct species, such as the thylacine (
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7285:
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6205:
6139:
6135:
5972:
5967:
5912:
5897:
5837:
5802:
5767:
5727:
5707:
5637:
5617:
5191:
4925:
4915:
4895:
4887:
4849:
4832:
4822:
4760:
4652:
4502:
4255:
4161:
3976:
3861:
3828:
3600:
3550:
3535:
3530:
3523:
3508:
1066:
835:
815:
667:
444:
427:
383:
293:
39:
5530:
2444:
7370:
7355:
7340:
7290:
7267:
7008:
6809:
6721:
6603:
6535:
6507:
6414:
6228:
6217:
6213:
6181:
5887:
5872:
5857:
5807:
5782:
5487:
5442:
5290:
5132:
4978:
4910:
4861:
4827:
4692:
4672:
4662:
4560:
4265:
4160:
4049:
3791:
3786:
3650:
3628:
3503:
3467:
993:
973:
902:
847:
652:
628:
The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is
197:
2307:
7582:
7524:
7460:
7385:
7315:
7247:
7242:
7067:
7001:
6598:
6555:
6454:
6326:
6201:
6177:
5977:
5902:
5832:
5762:
5757:
5582:
5256:
5207:
5105:
4999:
4878:
4866:
4842:
4837:
4625:
4550:
4335:
4323:
4281:
4235:
4199:
3555:
3332:
985:
933:
906:
858:
843:
827:
811:
807:
456:
419:
415:
314:
286:
278:
172:
2289:"The speed of change: towards a discontinuity theory of immunity?"
886:, but there is usually no marked improvement in their response to
7475:
7207:
7077:
6994:
6839:
6814:
6799:
6781:
6628:
6593:
6434:
6429:
6356:
6351:
6331:
6124:
6109:
6060:
5992:
5722:
5592:
5475:
5007:
4854:
4555:
4369:
4218:
4189:
4034:
3494:
3462:
3355:
981:
926:
914:
898:
787:
762:
695:
618:
569:
475:
471:
387:
326:
274:
7142:
6673:
6658:
6618:
6613:
6487:
6409:
6404:
6314:
5657:
5278:
5199:
5095:
4971:
4635:
4527:
4515:
4260:
4211:
3275:
2996:
1301:
633:
614:
553:
479:
375:
371:
363:
5160:
3291:
1529:
798:
in a newborn is approximately 65% of that found in the adult.
6804:
6703:
6635:
6623:
6361:
6309:
5050:
3067:
Lefèvre T, Oliver L, Hunter MD, De Roode JC (December 2010).
1412:"The thymus and the immune system: layered levels of control"
1134:"Systems Immunology: Learning the Rules of the Immune System"
1045:
1005:
662:
Clinical immunology and allergy is usually a subspecialty of
431:
391:
359:
2937:"Identification of a human recent thymic emigrant phenotype"
2339:"Danger – pathogen on the premises! Immunological tolerance"
1493:. Principles and Practice (5th ed.). pp. 3–17.e1.
6683:
6668:
6608:
6284:
6173:
6129:
3301:
3066:
2609:"Neonatal Immunology | British Society for Immunology"
937:
853:
6029:
3296:
2559:
Jaspan HB, Lawn SD, Safrit JT, Bekker LG (February 2006).
2168:
2066:
The limits of the self: immunology and biological identity
1808:
Tauber AI (1994). "The Immune Self: Theory or Metaphor?".
6462:
3235:"NF-κB, inflammation, immunity and cancer: coming of age"
2935:
McFarland RD, Douek DC, Koup RA, Picker LJ (April 2000).
2215:
Tending Adam's garden: Evolving the cognitive immune self
1991:
1989:
950:
882:
child's immune system begins to respond more strongly to
645:
557:
2934:
2660:
1230:"Transplant rejection: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
698:
excised for examination while patients are still alive.
418:. It studies the relationship between the body systems,
6346:
3286:
3118:
2815:
2336:
1530:
Janeway CA, Travers P, Walport M, Shlomchik MJ (2001).
1206:"Specific Disease Types | Immune Deficiency Foundation"
1131:
478:
released from a certain class of immune cells known as
3069:"Evidence for trans-generational medication in nature"
2663:
Dendritic Cells in Fundamental and Clinical Immunology
2558:
2136:
In defense of self: how the immune system really works
1986:
1562:"What is immunology? | British Society for Immunology"
1347:"Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (Elie Metchnikoff) (1845–1916)"
7571:
4619:
1465:
Immunology Course Medical School, University of Pavia
1252:
621:) that respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless
44:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
19:"Immunobiology" redirects here. For the journal, see
2705:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
2230:"On the definition of a criterion of immunogenicity"
1853:"The natural-selection theory of antibody selection"
1537:
Immunobiology the immune system health & disease
689:
394:. However, many components of the immune system are
292:
Immunology charts, measures, and contextualizes the
3119:Koga R, Meng XY, Tsuchida T, Fukatsu T (May 2012).
1816:(3). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 134–6.
1461:"The Concept of Immunity. History and Applications"
1365:"Phagocytosis: Definition, Process, & Examples"
4601:
2286:
2133:
2520:
1803:
1801:
1132:Villani AC, Sarkizova S, Hacohen N (April 2018).
1015:), can also provide insights into their biology.
794:is very limited. For example, the mean level of
7607:
3233:Taniguchi, Koji; Karin, Michael (January 2018).
2701:
2626:Glezen WP (December 2001). "Maternal vaccines".
2337:Janeway CA, Goodnow CC, Medzhitov R (May 1996).
1913:The Clonal Selection Theory of Acquired Immunity
1716:"Emil von Behring: The Founder of Serum Therapy"
1253:Pierce CW, Solliday SM, Asofsky R (March 1972).
410:Classical immunology ties in with the fields of
2554:
2552:
2550:
2227:
3232:
2902:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
1798:
1771:
1661:"Clinical Immunology and Allergy Competencies"
901:, of which the most significant in females is
16:Branch of medicine studying the immune system
6045:
5546:
5176:
4587:
4146:
3317:
2858:
2533:(5th ed.). San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
2287:Pradeu T, Jaeger S, Vivier E (October 2013).
2063:
1941:
1409:
251:
2928:
2852:
2809:
2731:
2619:
2547:
2526:
2475:
1589:
3297:Federation of Clinical Immunology Societies
2899:
2893:
2766:
2654:
2096:
1998:"The danger model: a renewed sense of self"
1738:
1583:
1488:
1410:Lee DK, Hakim FT, Gress RE (October 2010).
756:
353:
6052:
6038:
5553:
5539:
5183:
5169:
4594:
4580:
4153:
4139:
3606:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
3324:
3310:
2695:
1033:
258:
244:
6019:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
3947:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
3209:
3199:
3146:
3136:
3095:
2970:
2960:
2876:
2737:
2576:
2503:
2493:
2452:
2426:
2403:
2354:
2263:
2253:
2024:
1995:
1886:
1876:
1774:Metchnikoff and the Origins of Immunology
1607:
1435:
1278:
1157:
790:activity and the ability to activate the
701:
333:The term was coined by Russian biologist
2865:FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology
2228:Pradeu T, Carosella ED (November 2006).
1931:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1916:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1532:"Chapter 9: The Humoral Immune Response"
1458:
943:Physical changes during puberty such as
852:
745:" views, "cognitive immune" views, the "
501:
5560:
5423:
5101:Megakaryocyte–erythroid progenitor cell
2772:
405:
7608:
2625:
1926:
1909:
1807:
951:Ecoimmunology and behavioural immunity
879:Passively acquired maternal antibodies
814:receptors, which limit the ability of
563:
370:, and chief lymphatic tissues such as
6033:
6014:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
5534:
5164:
4575:
4134:
3305:
3287:American Association of Immunologists
2992:
2990:
2859:Beagley KW, Gockel CM (August 2003).
2385:
2140:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2131:
1929:Cellular Immunology: Self and Notself
1850:
1776:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1692:"Robert Koch | German bacteriologist"
1590:Miller JJ, Valdes R (February 1991).
1150:10.1146/annurev-immunol-042617-053035
992:often lays its eggs on certain toxic
451:. The latter is further divided into
7546:
4085:
3846:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
2433:Expert Review of Clinical Immunology
2212:
1259:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
1018:
1000:Symbiont-mediated defenses are also
947:also affect immunological response.
568:Clinical immunology is the study of
7556:
5402:Mucosal associated invariant T cell
4095:
3169:
2578:10.1097/01.aids.0000210602.40267.60
2478:"The danger theory: 20 years later"
2068:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1540:(5th ed.). New York: Garland.
1389:"Definition of immunity in English"
1182:"Hypersensitivities | Microbiology"
1073:International Reviews of Immunology
726:, inspired by a suggestion made by
13:
6473:Evolutionary developmental biology
3982:Medical Scientist Training Program
2987:
2787:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1988.tb01459.x
2775:Scandinavian Journal of Immunology
2184:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1984.tb00492.x
1499:10.1016/B978-0-7020-6896-6.00001-6
1106:
449:acquired or adaptive immune system
14:
7627:
6498:Post-transcriptional modification
3268:
2999:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
2105:(3): 189–95, discussion 257–344.
690:Clinical and pathology immunology
7593:
7581:
7555:
7545:
7536:
7535:
7523:
6874:
5438:Lymphokine-activated killer cell
4114:
4104:
4094:
4084:
4075:
4074:
3274:
3088:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01537.x
2740:International Immunopharmacology
923:secondary sexual characteristics
525:
196:
32:
5190:
4115:
3226:
3163:
3112:
3060:
3025:
2601:
2469:
2420:
2379:
2330:
2280:
2221:
2206:
2162:
2125:
2090:
2057:
1935:
1920:
1903:
1844:
1765:
1732:
1708:
1684:
1653:
1624:
1554:
1523:
1482:
1452:
1403:
1381:
4480:Immunoglobulin class switching
3972:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
3406:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
3292:British Society for Immunology
1772:Tauber AI, Chernyak L (1991).
1357:
1339:
1305:European Journal of Immunology
1295:
1246:
1222:
1198:
1174:
1125:
1100:
1:
2914:10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70503-8
2878:10.1016/S0928-8244(03)00202-5
2830:10.1016/S0039-128X(02)00013-2
2752:10.1016/S1567-5769(01)00044-3
2640:10.1016/S0095-4543(05)70041-5
2527:Goldsby RA, Kindt TK (2003).
2356:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00531-6
1964:10.1126/science.169.3950.1042
1743:. San Diego: Academic Press.
1094:
917:not only act directly on the
587:and primary immune diseases);
585:chronic granulomatous disease
402:located throughout the body.
352:, from the etymological root
5483:Type 3 innate lymphoid cells
5471:Type 2 innate lymphoid cells
5466:Type 1 innate lymphoid cells
5453:Uterine natural killer cells
5433:Cytokine-induced killer cell
4792:Extramedullary hematopoiesis
3952:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
3719:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
3331:
3201:10.1371/journal.pone.0144091
2671:10.1007/978-1-4757-9966-8_49
2476:Pradeu T, Cooper EL (2012).
2217:. San Diego: Academic Press.
2064:Pradeu T, Vitanza E (2012).
1822:10.1016/0167-5699(94)90157-0
1428:10.1097/JTO.0b013e3181f20474
1416:Journal of Thoracic Oncology
830:are slow and have a reduced
646:human immunodeficiency virus
595:systemic lupus erythematosus
348:Prior to the designation of
7:
6059:
2405:10.4049/jimmunol.165.4.1725
1353:. Arizona State University.
1138:Annual Review of Immunology
1055:
10:
7632:
4309:Polyclonal B cell response
3046:10.1207/s15327965pli1702_2
3011:10.1016/j.tree.2011.02.005
2296:Nature Reviews. Immunology
1996:Matzinger P (April 2002).
1851:Jerne NK (November 1955).
1459:Gherardi, E (2007-01-02).
1037:
1022:
954:
850:but are not fully active.
529:
505:
474:. Antibodies are specific
38:MRSA (yellow) engulfed by
18:
7517:
7486:
7048:
7018:
6984:Polymerase chain reaction
6944:Green fluorescent protein
6894:
6883:
6872:
6780:
6712:
6644:
6584:
6521:Earliest known life forms
6506:
6453:
6370:
6277:
6117:
6108:
6067:
6001:
5568:
5500:
5461:
5414:
5382:
5286:
5277:
5198:
5125:
5085:
5059:
5031:
4998:
4958:Antigen-presenting cells
4951:
4886:
4877:
4813:
4804:
4784:
4746:
4721:
4712:
4683:
4643:
4634:
4610:
4543:
4501:
4443:
4344:
4274:
4182:
4175:
4070:
3992:
3930:
3691:
3619:
3574:
3483:
3354:
3339:
3239:Nature Reviews Immunology
1609:10.1093/clinchem/37.2.144
1186:courses.lumenlearning.com
686:and the immunologic lab.
281:that covers the study of
181:
147:
107:
62:
50:
31:
5046:Nucleated red blood cell
4602:Myeloid blood cells and
3906:Transplantation medicine
3797:Clinical neurophysiology
3714:Obstetric anesthesiology
3634:Interventional radiology
3394:Digestive system surgery
2495:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00287
2427:Matzinger P (May 2012).
961:Behavioral immune system
840:Antigen-presenting cells
757:Developmental immunology
7036:species discovery curve
6164:Response to environment
5510:Hematopoietic stem cell
5269:Lymphoplasmacytoid cell
5148:Hematopoietic stem cell
5067:Leukocyte extravasation
4936:Foreign-body giant cell
3777:Intensive care medicine
3751:Mass gathering medicine
3596:Maternal–fetal medicine
3174:Thylacinus cynocephalus
3138:10.1073/pnas.1119212109
2482:Frontiers in Immunology
2255:10.1073/pnas.0608683103
2035:10.1126/science.1071059
1741:A history of immunology
1739:Silverstein AM (1989).
1696:Encyclopedia Britannica
1422:(10 Suppl 4): S273–76.
1369:Encyclopedia Britannica
1040:Reproductive immunology
1034:Reproductive immunology
857:Artist's impression of
732:clonal selection theory
546:Hashimoto's thyroiditis
42:(purple) Photo Source:
21:Immunobiology (journal)
7509:Plant morphology terms
7113:Biological engineering
6795:Biological interaction
5628:Biological engineering
4423:Tolerance in pregnancy
4165:adaptive immune system
3369:Cardiothoracic surgery
2962:10.1073/pnas.070061597
2634:(4): 791–806, vi–vii.
2111:10.1006/smim.2000.0231
2099:Seminars in Immunology
1878:10.1073/pnas.41.11.849
1317:10.1002/eji.1830131104
1013:Thylacine cynocephalus
861:
702:Theoretical immunology
354:
7198:Developmental biology
7173:Computational biology
7153:Cellular microbiology
6493:Mendelian inheritance
6405:Energy transformation
5713:Developmental biology
5688:Computational biology
5668:Cellular microbiology
5416:Innate lymphoid cells
5392:Natural killer T cell
4458:Somatic hypermutation
4292:Polyclonal antibodies
4287:Monoclonal antibodies
4020:Personalized medicine
3879:Reproductive medicine
3804:Occupational medicine
3758:Evolutionary medicine
3034:Psychological Inquiry
2717:10.1210/jcem-41-5-894
2392:Journal of Immunology
2172:Immunological Reviews
1271:10.1084/jem.135.3.675
1084:History of immunology
1079:Outline of immunology
1062:List of immunologists
892:vaccination schedules
856:
502:Diagnostic immunology
335:Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov
7416:Reproductive biology
7301:Mathematical biology
7228:Evolutionary biology
7178:Conservation biology
6989:Two-hybrid screening
6959:Protein purification
6790:Biogeochemical cycle
6752:Internal environment
6400:Cellular respiration
5933:Reproductive biology
5818:Mathematical biology
5743:Evolutionary biology
5693:Conservation biology
5143:Hematopoietic system
4931:Langhans giant cells
4475:Junctional diversity
4243:Antigen presentation
4040:Traditional medicine
4000:Alternative medicine
3867:Addiction psychiatry
3681:Transfusion medicine
3676:Medical microbiology
3591:Gynecologic oncology
3443:Reproductive surgery
3283:at Wikimedia Commons
3251:10.1038/nri.2017.142
909:) and, in males, is
657:transplant rejection
599:rheumatoid arthritis
550:rheumatoid arthritis
441:innate immune system
406:Classical immunology
310:transplant rejection
115:Rheumatoid arthritis
7203:Ecological genetics
6914:Gel electrophoresis
6904:Genetic engineering
6857:Population dynamics
6767:Reproductive system
5718:Ecological genetics
5562:Branches of biology
5384:Innate-like T cells
5264:Transitional B cell
4906:Alveolar macrophage
4470:V(D)J recombination
4453:Affinity maturation
4205:Antigenic variation
4062:History of medicine
4045:Veterinary medicine
3852:Preventive medicine
3704:Adolescent medicine
3546:Infectious diseases
3192:2015PLoSO..1044091O
3040:(2): 96–137. 2006.
2953:2000PNAS...97.4215M
2246:2006PNAS..10317858P
2017:2002Sci...296..301M
1956:1970Sci...169.1042B
1869:1955PNAS...41..849J
1491:Clinical Immunology
1393:Oxford Dictionaries
972:, self-medication,
680:otorhinolaryngology
603:Hashimoto's disease
564:Clinical immunology
298:autoimmune diseases
168:Immunoprecipitation
28:
7530:Biology portal
7426:Structural biology
7411:Relational biology
7238:Generative biology
7233:Freshwater biology
7031:mark and recapture
6979:Restriction enzyme
6772:Respiratory system
6727:Circulatory system
6654:Epidermis (botany)
6009:History of biology
5943:Structural biology
5928:Relational biology
5753:Generative biology
5748:Freshwater biology
5077:Intrinsic immunity
4941:Touton giant cells
4010:Molecular oncology
3967:Doctor of Medicine
3957:Master of Medicine
3874:Radiation oncology
3746:Emergency medicine
3699:Addiction medicine
3666:Clinical chemistry
3661:Clinical pathology
3453:Transplant surgery
3411:Orthopedic surgery
3389:Colorectal surgery
2908:(2 Pt 1): 282–88.
2613:www.immunology.org
1927:Burnet FM (1969).
1910:Burnet FM (1959).
1720:www.nobelprize.org
1636:www.immunology.org
1596:Clinical Chemistry
1566:www.immunology.org
1351:The Embryo Project
1109:"What is Biology?"
1030:types of cancers.
970:pathogen avoidance
862:
820:adhesion molecules
792:complement cascade
736:histocompatibility
722:In the mid-1950s,
480:B lymphocytes
302:hypersensitivities
124:Autoimmune disease
26:
7569:
7568:
7431:Synthetic biology
7311:Molecular biology
7168:Cognitive biology
7044:
7043:
6870:
6869:
6561:Natural selection
6342:Organic compounds
6239:Scientific method
6229:Emergent property
6170:Hierarchy of life
6140:Energy processing
6027:
6026:
5948:Synthetic biology
5828:Molecular biology
5683:Cognitive biology
5528:
5527:
5496:
5495:
5410:
5409:
5158:
5157:
5121:
5120:
4994:
4993:
4921:Epithelioid cells
4800:
4799:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4708:
4707:
4569:
4568:
4497:
4496:
4247:professional APCs
4128:
4127:
3962:Master of Surgery
3926:
3925:
3911:Tropical medicine
3857:Prison healthcare
3772:Hospital medicine
3736:Disaster medicine
3726:Aviation medicine
3541:Hospital medicine
3448:Surgical oncology
3433:Pediatric surgery
3427:
3374:Endocrine surgery
3279:Media related to
2680:978-1-4757-9968-2
2540:978-0-7167-4947-9
2445:10.1586/eci.12.21
2386:Vance RE (2000).
2147:978-0-19-533663-4
2132:Clark WR (2008).
2075:978-0-19-977528-6
1950:(3950): 1042–49.
1783:978-0-19-506447-6
1750:978-0-12-643770-6
1642:on April 23, 2019
1547:978-0-8153-3642-6
1399:on July 25, 2018.
1210:primaryimmune.org
1025:Cancer immunology
1019:Cancer immunology
990:Monarch butterfly
945:thymic involution
818:to interact with
730:, formulated the
724:Macfarlane Burnet
664:internal medicine
607:myasthenia gravis
519:fluorescent label
508:Immunodiagnostics
306:immune deficiency
268:
267:
191:
190:
7623:
7598:
7597:
7596:
7586:
7585:
7577:
7559:
7558:
7549:
7548:
7539:
7538:
7532:
7528:
7527:
7504:Ecological terms
7158:Chemical biology
7019:Field techniques
6892:
6891:
6878:
6737:Digestive system
6732:Endocrine system
6305:Chemical element
6264:Biology journals
6160:Self-replication
6115:
6114:
6054:
6047:
6040:
6031:
6030:
5673:Chemical biology
5555:
5548:
5541:
5532:
5531:
5448:Adaptive NK cell
5421:
5420:
5284:
5283:
5185:
5178:
5171:
5162:
5161:
5092:Precursor cells
5018:Promegakaryocyte
4884:
4883:
4811:
4810:
4736:Promegakaryocyte
4719:
4718:
4641:
4640:
4632:
4631:
4617:
4616:
4596:
4589:
4582:
4573:
4572:
4463:Clonal selection
4435:Immune privilege
4430:Immunodeficiency
4385:Cross-reactivity
4375:Hypersensitivity
4180:
4179:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4132:
4131:
4118:
4117:
4108:
4098:
4097:
4088:
4087:
4078:
4077:
3782:Medical genetics
3767:General practice
3644:Nuclear medicine
3519:Gastroenterology
3475:Vascular surgery
3425:
3352:
3351:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3303:
3302:
3278:
3263:
3262:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3213:
3203:
3186:(12): e0144091.
3167:
3161:
3160:
3150:
3140:
3131:(20): E1230–37.
3116:
3110:
3109:
3099:
3073:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3029:
3023:
3022:
2994:
2985:
2984:
2974:
2964:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2880:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2580:
2556:
2545:
2544:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2507:
2497:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2456:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2407:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2358:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2293:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2267:
2257:
2240:(47): 17858–61.
2225:
2219:
2218:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2139:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2028:
2011:(5566): 301–05.
2002:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1890:
1880:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1810:Immunology Today
1805:
1796:
1795:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1672:
1665:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1638:. Archived from
1628:
1622:
1621:
1611:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1568:. Archived from
1558:
1552:
1551:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1467:. Archived from
1456:
1450:
1449:
1439:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1395:. Archived from
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1282:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1161:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1104:
786:. In neonates,
717:Emil von Behring
709:Elie Metchnikoff
581:immunodeficiency
515:isotopic (radio)
424:plague of Athens
357:
260:
253:
246:
200:
193:
192:
151:
139:Immunodeficiency
129:Hypersensitivity
111:
88:
86:
85:(Immunogenetics)
36:
29:
25:
7631:
7630:
7626:
7625:
7624:
7622:
7621:
7620:
7606:
7605:
7604:
7594:
7592:
7580:
7572:
7570:
7565:
7522:
7521:
7513:
7499:Botanical terms
7482:
7481:
7480:
7441:Systems biology
7406:Quantum biology
7040:
7014:
6896:
6886:
6879:
6866:
6776:
6757:Muscular system
6714:
6708:
6699:Vascular tissue
6646:
6640:
6580:
6541:History of life
6502:
6483:Gene regulation
6478:Gene expression
6449:
6366:
6273:
6104:
6063:
6058:
6028:
6023:
5997:
5958:Systems biology
5923:Quantum biology
5564:
5559:
5529:
5524:
5492:
5457:
5406:
5378:
5372:
5364:
5356:
5348:
5324:
5316:
5309:
5273:
5251:
5194:
5189:
5159:
5154:
5117:
5081:
5060:Immune response
5055:
5033:Red blood cells
5027:
4990:
4967:Langerhans cell
4962:Dendritic cells
4947:
4873:
4796:
4772:
4756:Proerythroblast
4742:
4704:
4688:Monocytopoiesis
4679:
4623:
4606:
4600:
4570:
4565:
4539:
4493:
4439:
4418:Clonal deletion
4346:
4340:
4270:
4171:
4159:
4129:
4124:
4066:
4055:Chief physician
3988:
3933:
3922:
3916:Travel medicine
3901:Sports medicine
3884:Sexual medicine
3824:Palliative care
3819:Pain management
3763:Family medicine
3741:Diving medicine
3687:
3615:
3577:
3570:
3486:
3479:
3438:Plastic surgery
3384:General surgery
3364:Cardiac surgery
3345:
3343:
3335:
3330:
3271:
3266:
3231:
3227:
3168:
3164:
3117:
3113:
3082:(12): 1485–93.
3076:Ecology Letters
3071:
3065:
3061:
3031:
3030:
3026:
2995:
2988:
2933:
2929:
2898:
2894:
2857:
2853:
2814:
2810:
2771:
2767:
2736:
2732:
2700:
2696:
2681:
2659:
2655:
2624:
2620:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2557:
2548:
2541:
2525:
2521:
2474:
2470:
2425:
2421:
2384:
2380:
2343:Current Biology
2335:
2331:
2308:10.1038/nri3521
2291:
2285:
2281:
2226:
2222:
2213:Irun C (2000).
2211:
2207:
2167:
2163:
2148:
2130:
2126:
2095:
2091:
2076:
2062:
2058:
2000:
1994:
1987:
1940:
1936:
1925:
1921:
1908:
1904:
1849:
1845:
1806:
1799:
1784:
1770:
1766:
1751:
1737:
1733:
1724:
1722:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1700:
1698:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1645:
1643:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1588:
1584:
1575:
1573:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1528:
1524:
1509:
1487:
1483:
1474:
1472:
1457:
1453:
1408:
1404:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1373:
1371:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1300:
1296:
1251:
1247:
1238:
1236:
1234:medlineplus.gov
1228:
1227:
1223:
1214:
1212:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1190:
1188:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1130:
1126:
1117:
1115:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1089:Osteoimmunology
1058:
1042:
1036:
1027:
1021:
963:
955:Main articles:
953:
888:polysaccharides
772:polysaccharides
759:
751:Polly Matzinger
704:
692:
638:dendritic cells
566:
542:Crohn's disease
534:
528:
510:
504:
408:
273:is a branch of
264:
235:
177:
149:
143:
134:Immune disorder
109:
102:
84:
81:
80:
46:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7629:
7619:
7618:
7603:
7602:
7590:
7567:
7566:
7564:
7563:
7553:
7543:
7533:
7518:
7515:
7514:
7512:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7490:
7488:
7484:
7483:
7479:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7296:Marine biology
7293:
7288:
7283:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7108:Bioinformatics
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7054:
7053:
7052:
7050:
7046:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7022:
7020:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7012:
7005:
6998:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6939:DNA microarray
6936:
6934:DNA sequencing
6931:
6926:
6924:Centrifugation
6921:
6919:Chromatography
6916:
6911:
6909:Transformation
6906:
6900:
6898:
6889:
6881:
6880:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6867:
6865:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6848:
6847:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6820:Climate change
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6786:
6784:
6778:
6777:
6775:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6762:Nervous system
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6718:
6716:
6710:
6709:
6707:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6694:Vascular plant
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6650:
6648:
6642:
6641:
6639:
6638:
6633:
6632:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6601:
6596:
6590:
6588:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6551:Microevolution
6548:
6546:Macroevolution
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6512:
6510:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6459:
6457:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6447:
6442:
6440:Photosynthesis
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6395:Cell signaling
6392:
6387:
6382:
6376:
6374:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6323:
6322:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6281:
6279:
6278:Chemical basis
6275:
6274:
6272:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6244:Taxonomic rank
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6224:Reductionistic
6221:
6167:
6132:
6127:
6121:
6119:
6112:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6102:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6085:
6080:
6071:Introduction (
6068:
6065:
6064:
6057:
6056:
6049:
6042:
6034:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6005:
6003:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5813:Marine biology
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5623:Bioinformatics
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5558:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5535:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5506:
5504:
5498:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5468:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5429:
5427:
5418:
5412:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5388:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5337:
5332:
5322:
5314:
5307:
5299:
5293:
5287:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5249:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5204:
5202:
5196:
5195:
5188:
5187:
5180:
5173:
5165:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5140:
5135:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5037:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5013:Megakaryoblast
5010:
5004:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4892:
4890:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4819:
4817:
4808:
4806:Myeloid tissue
4802:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4751:Erythropoiesis
4747:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4731:Megakaryoblast
4726:Thrombopoiesis
4722:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4648:Granulopoiesis
4644:
4638:
4629:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4599:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4576:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4507:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4449:
4447:
4445:Immunogenetics
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4393:
4392:
4390:Co-stimulation
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4350:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4331:Immune complex
4327:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4251:Dendritic cell
4239:
4238:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4229:Conformational
4226:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4186:
4184:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4158:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4135:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4112:
4102:
4092:
4082:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3996:
3994:
3993:Related topics
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3942:Medical school
3938:
3936:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3896:Sleep medicine
3893:
3892:
3891:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3843:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3760:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3709:Anesthesiology
3706:
3701:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3639:Neuroradiology
3636:
3625:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3576:Obstetrics and
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3491:
3489:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3460:
3458:Trauma surgery
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3421:Otolaryngology
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3349:
3347:subspecialties
3337:
3336:
3329:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3270:
3269:External links
3267:
3265:
3264:
3245:(5): 309–324.
3225:
3170:Old J (2015).
3162:
3111:
3059:
3024:
2986:
2947:(8): 4215–20.
2927:
2892:
2851:
2808:
2765:
2730:
2711:(5): 894–904.
2694:
2679:
2653:
2618:
2600:
2546:
2539:
2519:
2468:
2419:
2398:(4): 1725–28.
2378:
2329:
2302:(10): 764–69.
2279:
2220:
2205:
2161:
2146:
2124:
2089:
2074:
2056:
2026:10.1.1.127.558
1985:
1934:
1919:
1902:
1863:(11): 849–57.
1843:
1797:
1782:
1764:
1749:
1731:
1707:
1683:
1652:
1623:
1582:
1553:
1546:
1522:
1507:
1481:
1451:
1402:
1380:
1356:
1338:
1311:(11): 878–83.
1294:
1245:
1221:
1197:
1173:
1124:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1069:
1064:
1057:
1054:
1038:Main article:
1035:
1032:
1023:Main article:
1020:
1017:
952:
949:
903:17-β-estradiol
866:immunoglobulin
777:Staphylococcus
758:
755:
703:
700:
691:
688:
611:
610:
588:
565:
562:
552:, and certain
530:Main article:
527:
524:
506:Main article:
503:
500:
407:
404:
283:immune systems
266:
265:
263:
262:
255:
248:
240:
237:
236:
234:
233:
228:
223:
218:
212:
209:
208:
202:
201:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
176:
175:
170:
165:
160:
154:
152:
145:
144:
142:
141:
136:
131:
126:
120:
112:
105:
104:
101:
100:
95:
89:
79:
78:
73:
67:
64:
60:
59:
52:
48:
47:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7628:
7617:
7614:
7613:
7611:
7601:
7591:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7578:
7575:
7562:
7554:
7552:
7544:
7542:
7534:
7531:
7526:
7520:
7519:
7516:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7491:
7489:
7485:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7376:Phylogenetics
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7273:Human biology
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7163:Chronobiology
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7138:Biotechnology
7136:
7134:
7133:Biostatistics
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7026:Belt transect
7024:
7023:
7021:
7017:
7011:
7010:
7006:
7004:
7003:
6999:
6997:
6996:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6974:Southern blot
6972:
6970:
6969:Northern blot
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6882:
6877:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6783:
6779:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6747:Immune system
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6711:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6664:Ground tissue
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6643:
6637:
6634:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6606:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6587:
6583:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6566:Phylogenetics
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6531:Genetic drift
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6509:
6505:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6456:
6452:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6373:
6369:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6337:Nucleic acids
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6300:Chemical bond
6298:
6296:
6295:Carbohydrates
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6276:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6168:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6107:
6101:
6098:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6069:
6066:
6062:
6055:
6050:
6048:
6043:
6041:
6036:
6035:
6032:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6000:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5893:Phylogenetics
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5788:Human biology
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5678:Chronobiology
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5653:Biotechnology
5651:
5649:
5648:Biostatistics
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5567:
5563:
5556:
5551:
5549:
5544:
5542:
5537:
5536:
5533:
5521:
5520:Prolymphocyte
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5502:Lymphopoiesis
5499:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5460:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5373:
5367:
5365:
5359:
5357:
5351:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5340:Memory T cell
5338:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5326:
5318:
5310:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5297:Cytotoxic CD8
5294:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5233:Marginal zone
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5186:
5181:
5179:
5174:
5172:
5167:
5166:
5163:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5114:
5113:Myelomonocyte
5111:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5024:
5023:Megakaryocyte
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4901:Kupffer cells
4899:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4745:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4668:Metamyelocyte
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4612:Hematopoiesis
4609:
4605:
4597:
4592:
4590:
4585:
4583:
4578:
4577:
4574:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4536:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4413:Clonal anergy
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4343:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4303:
4302:Microantibody
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4156:
4151:
4149:
4144:
4142:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4121:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4101:
4093:
4091:
4083:
4081:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4025:Public health
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4005:Allied health
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3929:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3814:Oral medicine
3812:
3810:
3809:Ophthalmology
3807:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3671:Cytopathology
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3611:Urogynecology
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3514:Endocrinology
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3322:
3320:
3315:
3313:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3175:
3166:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3115:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3097:2027.42/79381
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3005:(5): 242–48.
3004:
3000:
2993:
2991:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2824:(7): 647–54.
2823:
2819:
2812:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2781:(3): 345–50.
2780:
2776:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2746:(6): 983–93.
2745:
2741:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2571:(4): 483–94.
2570:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2542:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2439:(4): 311–17.
2438:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2349:(5): 519–22.
2348:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2216:
2209:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2128:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1990:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1930:
1923:
1915:
1914:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1802:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1673:on 2021-09-26
1669:
1662:
1656:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1602:(2): 144–53.
1601:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1572:on 2018-07-21
1571:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1508:9780702068966
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1471:on 2007-01-02
1470:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1265:(3): 675–97.
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1144:(1): 813–42.
1143:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1050:pre-eclampsia
1047:
1041:
1031:
1026:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1003:
998:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
978:Mark Schaller
975:
971:
966:
962:
958:
957:Ecoimmunology
948:
946:
941:
939:
935:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
895:
893:
889:
885:
884:glycoproteins
880:
876:
872:
867:
860:
855:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
804:up-regulation
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
784:
779:
778:
773:
769:
768:glycoproteins
764:
754:
752:
748:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
720:
718:
714:
710:
699:
697:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
660:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
626:
624:
620:
616:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
589:
586:
582:
579:
578:
577:
574:
571:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
538:immunotherapy
533:
532:Immunotherapy
526:Immunotherapy
523:
520:
516:
509:
499:
495:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
464:
462:
461:cell-mediated
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
436:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
380:lymph vessels
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
356:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
331:
329:
328:
323:
322:
317:
316:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
294:physiological
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
261:
256:
254:
249:
247:
242:
241:
239:
238:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
213:
211:
210:
207:
204:
203:
199:
195:
194:
187:
184:
180:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
158:Agglutination
156:
155:
153:
146:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
121:
119:
116:
113:
106:
103:
99:
96:
94:
91:
90:
87:
77:
74:
72:
69:
68:
65:
61:
58:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
35:
30:
22:
7421:Sociobiology
7401:Protistology
7366:Photobiology
7361:Pharmacology
7351:Parasitology
7346:Paleontology
7326:Neuroscience
7306:Microbiology
7218:Epidemiology
7188:Cytogenetics
7148:Cell biology
7128:Biosemiotics
7118:Biomechanics
7098:Biogeography
7093:Biochemistry
7088:Bacteriology
7083:Astrobiology
7007:
7000:
6993:
6964:Western blot
6954:Enzyme assay
6929:Cell culture
6830:Conservation
6715:and function
6713:Animal form
6647:and function
6420:Fermentation
6198:Organ system
6156:Reproduction
6134:Properties (
5938:Sociobiology
5918:Protistology
5883:Photobiology
5878:Pharmacology
5868:Parasitology
5863:Paleontology
5843:Neuroscience
5823:Microbiology
5797:
5733:Epidemiology
5703:Cytogenetics
5663:Cell biology
5643:Biosemiotics
5633:Biomechanics
5613:Biogeography
5608:Biochemistry
5603:Bacteriology
5598:Astrobiology
5072:Phagocytosis
5041:Reticulocyte
4815:Granulocytes
4766:Reticulocyte
4658:Promyelocyte
4621:Myelopoiesis
4380:Inflammation
4365:Alloimmunity
4360:Autoimmunity
4345:Immunity vs.
4297:Autoantibody
4195:Superantigen
4030:Rural health
4015:Nanomedicine
3566:Rheumatology
3498:
3497: /
3416:Hand surgery
3401:Neurosurgery
3242:
3238:
3228:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3165:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3079:
3075:
3062:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3002:
2998:
2944:
2940:
2930:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2871:(1): 13–22.
2868:
2864:
2854:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2662:
2656:
2631:
2628:Primary Care
2627:
2621:
2612:
2603:
2568:
2564:
2529:
2522:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2346:
2342:
2332:
2299:
2295:
2282:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2214:
2208:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2135:
2127:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2065:
2059:
2008:
2004:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1928:
1922:
1912:
1905:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1813:
1809:
1773:
1767:
1740:
1734:
1723:. Retrieved
1719:
1710:
1699:. Retrieved
1695:
1686:
1675:. Retrieved
1668:the original
1655:
1644:. Retrieved
1640:the original
1635:
1626:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1574:. Retrieved
1570:the original
1565:
1556:
1536:
1525:
1490:
1484:
1473:. Retrieved
1469:the original
1464:
1454:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1397:the original
1392:
1383:
1372:. Retrieved
1368:
1359:
1350:
1341:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1237:. Retrieved
1233:
1224:
1213:. Retrieved
1209:
1200:
1189:. Retrieved
1185:
1176:
1141:
1137:
1127:
1116:. Retrieved
1113:www.ntnu.edu
1112:
1102:
1071:
1043:
1028:
1012:
1010:
999:
967:
964:
942:
931:
911:testosterone
896:
863:
781:
775:
760:
747:danger model
740:
721:
705:
693:
672:rheumatology
661:
650:
627:
612:
591:autoimmunity
575:
567:
535:
511:
496:
492:
487:
483:
469:
465:
463:components.
437:
426:in 430 BCE.
412:epidemiology
409:
347:
343:phagocytosis
339:Paul Ehrlich
332:
325:
319:
313:
291:
270:
269:
205:
186:Immunologist
148:Significant
118:Inflammation
108:Significant
66:
63:Subdivisions
54:
7561:WikiProject
7471:Xenobiology
7466:Virophysics
7436:Systematics
7391:Primatology
7336:Ornithology
7278:Ichthyology
7263:Herpetology
7258:Gerontology
7223:Epigenetics
7183:Cryobiology
7073:Agrostology
7063:Aerobiology
7058:Abiogenesis
6895:Laboratory
6742:Homeostasis
6645:Plant form
6468:Epigenetics
6390:Cell theory
6290:Amino acids
6269:Common name
6259:Peer review
6234:Mechanistic
5988:Xenobiology
5983:Virophysics
5953:Systematics
5908:Primatology
5853:Ornithology
5793:Ichthyology
5778:Herpetology
5773:Gerontology
5738:Epigenetics
5698:Cryobiology
5588:Agrostology
5578:Aerobiology
5573:Abiogenesis
5515:Lymphoblast
5213:Plasmablast
5192:Lymphocytes
4926:giant cells
4916:Osteoclasts
4896:Histiocytes
4888:Macrophages
4698:Promonocyte
4503:Lymphocytes
4162:Lymphocytic
4100:Wikiproject
3889:Venereology
3834:Neonatology
3731:Dermatology
3586:Gynaecology
3578:gynaecology
3561:Pulmonology
3379:Eye surgery
3341:Specialties
871:breast milk
836:lymphocytes
824:endothelium
816:neutrophils
783:Pseudomonas
743:autopoietic
728:Niels Jerne
713:Robert Koch
684:dermatology
676:pulmonology
642:macrophages
445:vertebrates
384:lymph nodes
368:bone marrow
358:, which is
163:Immunoassay
7616:Immunology
7487:Glossaries
7456:Toxicology
7451:Teratology
7396:Proteomics
7381:Physiology
7321:Neontology
7286:Lipidology
7282:Immunology
7253:Geobiology
7213:Embryology
7193:Dendrology
7123:Biophysics
7103:Biogeology
6897:techniques
6852:Microbiome
6679:Plant stem
6571:Speciation
6516:Adaptation
6445:Prokaryote
6425:Metabolism
6385:Cell cycle
6216:>
6212:>
6208:>
6206:Population
6204:>
6200:>
6196:>
6192:>
6188:>
6184:>
6180:>
6176:>
6152:Regulation
6136:Adaptation
5973:Toxicology
5968:Teratology
5913:Proteomics
5898:Physiology
5838:Neontology
5803:Lipidology
5798:Immunology
5768:Geobiology
5728:Embryology
5708:Dendrology
5638:Biophysics
5618:Biogeology
5329:Regulatory
5302:Helper CD4
5228:Follicular
4850:Eosinophil
4833:Neutrophil
4823:Myeloblast
4761:Normoblast
4653:Myeloblast
4544:Substances
4408:Peripheral
4396:Inaction:
4275:Antibodies
4256:Macrophage
4169:complement
3862:Psychiatry
3848:(PM&R)
3841:Phlebology
3829:Pediatrics
3656:Anatomical
3621:Diagnostic
3601:Obstetrics
3551:Nephrology
3536:Hematology
3531:Geriatrics
3524:Hepatology
3509:Cardiology
3499:Immunology
3281:Immunology
2530:Immunology
2178:: 151–68.
1830:4930079483
1725:2018-07-25
1701:2018-07-25
1677:2021-09-26
1646:2019-04-23
1576:2018-07-21
1475:2018-07-27
1374:2018-07-25
1239:2018-07-25
1215:2018-07-25
1191:2018-07-25
1118:2018-07-25
1107:Fossen C.
1095:References
1067:Immunomics
800:Phagocytic
696:surgically
668:pediatrics
653:allografts
617:and other
428:Thucydides
271:Immunology
206:Immunology
182:Specialist
40:neutrophil
27:Immunology
7371:Phycology
7356:Pathology
7341:Osteology
7331:Nutrition
7291:Mammalogy
7268:Histology
7009:in silico
6885:Research
6862:Resources
6835:Ecosystem
6825:Community
6810:Biosphere
6722:Breathing
6604:Eukaryote
6586:Diversity
6536:Gene flow
6508:Evolution
6415:Eukaryote
6327:Molecules
6218:Biosphere
6214:Ecosystem
6210:Community
6182:Organelle
6077:Evolution
5888:Phycology
5873:Pathology
5858:Osteology
5848:Nutrition
5808:Mammalogy
5783:Histology
5488:LTi cells
5443:Null cell
5291:Thymocyte
5133:Phagocyte
5000:Platelets
4979:Monoblast
4911:Microglia
4879:Monocytes
4862:Mast cell
4828:Band cell
4693:Monoblast
4673:Band cell
4663:Myelocyte
4561:Cytolysin
4551:Cytokines
4398:Tolerance
4347:tolerance
4266:Immunogen
4050:Physician
3934:education
3792:Neurology
3787:Narcology
3651:Pathology
3629:Radiology
3504:Angiology
3468:Andrology
3259:1474-1741
3054:219729311
2156:917294223
2084:793571104
2021:CiteSeerX
1759:909269335
1002:heritable
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927:pubescent
859:monocytes
848:gestation
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828:monocytes
623:compounds
619:allergies
420:pathogens
287:organisms
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7600:Medicine
7541:Category
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7446:Taxonomy
7386:Pomology
7316:Mycology
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7068:Agronomy
7049:Branches
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6599:Bacteria
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6556:Mutation
6526:Function
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6202:Organism
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4838:Basophil
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2803:38920551
2760:11407317
2648:11739030
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2587:16470112
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1333:22400759
1168:29677477
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6430:Meiosis
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6320:Quantum
6154:,
6150:,
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6142:,
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5723:Ecology
5593:Anatomy
5279:T cells
5208:B1 cell
5200:B cells
5008:CFU-Meg
4855:CFU-Eos
4785:General
4556:Opsonin
4535:NK cell
4523:Humoral
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4219:Epitope
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3932:Medical
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3211:4684372
3188:Bibcode
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2949:Bibcode
2922:9949320
2846:1056135
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2242:Bibcode
2192:6235170
2013:Bibcode
2005:Science
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1952:Bibcode
1944:Science
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1618:1993317
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1325:6227489
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6659:Flower
6619:Fungus
6614:Animal
6410:Enzyme
6315:Matter
6310:Lipids
6249:Theory
6190:Tissue
6144:Growth
5658:Botany
5223:Memory
5218:Plasma
5138:Plasma
5096:CFU-GM
4972:CFU-DL
4636:CFU-GM
4604:plasma
4528:B cell
4516:T cell
4261:B cell
4224:Linear
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4110:Portal
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6704:Xylem
6689:Shoot
6636:Virus
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6372:Cells
6362:Water
6285:Atoms
6194:Organ
6148:Order
6100:Index
5335:Naïve
5243:Pre-B
5238:Naïve
5126:Other
5086:Other
5051:CFU-E
4952:Other
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3072:(PDF)
3050:S2CID
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2842:S2CID
2799:S2CID
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2369:S2CID
2320:S2CID
2292:(PDF)
2196:S2CID
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1976:S2CID
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2791:PMID
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2721:PMID
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2583:PMID
2565:AIDS
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2459:PMID
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2188:PMID
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