282:, but the main limitation of this method is the availability of fluorescent microscopes, which are not often available in resource-poor settings where scrub typhus is endemic. Indirect immunoperoxidase, a modification of the standard IFA method, can be used with a light microscope, and the results of these tests are comparable to those from IFA. Rapid bedside kits have been described that produce a result within one hour, but the availability of these tests is severely limited by their cost. Serological methods are most reliable when a four-fold rise in antibody titre is found. If the patient is from a nonendemic area, then diagnosis can be made from a single acute serum sample. In patients from endemic areas, this is not possible because antibodies may be found in up to 18% of healthy individuals.
391:
42:
267:
often absent since the bite does not inflict pain and the mites are almost too small to be seen by the naked eye. Usually, scrub typhus is often labelled as PUO in remote endemic areas, since blood culture is often negative, yet it can be treated effectively with chloramphenicol. Where doubt exists, the diagnosis may be confirmed by a laboratory test such as
371:
strains is now recognized, and immunity to one strain does not confer immunity to another. Any scrub typhus vaccine should give protection to all the strains present locally, to give an acceptable level of protection. A vaccine developed for one locality may not be protective in another, because of
237:
The precise incidence of the disease is unknown, as diagnostic facilities are not available in much of its large native range, which spans vast regions of equatorial jungle to the subtropics. In rural
Thailand and Laos, murine and scrub typhus account for around a quarter of all adults presenting to
463:
in 1942â43, and mentions that to be hospital-evacuated, Allied soldiers (who cycled forces) had to run a fever of 102 °F (39 °C), and that sickness casualties outnumbered weapons-inflicted casualties 5:1. Similarly, the illness was a casualty producer in all the jungle fighting of the land
241:
It affects females more than males in Korea, but not in Japan, which may be because sex-differentiated cultural roles have women tending garden plots more often, thus being exposed to vegetation inhabited by chiggers. The incidence is increasing in the southern part of the Indian subcontinent and in
266:
can be identified, it is quite diagnostic of scrub typhus, but this can be unreliable on dark skin, and moreover, the site of eschar which is usually where the mite bites is often located in covered areas. Unless it is actively searched for, the eschar can easily be missed. History of mite bite is
359:
in a classified project called "Operation Tyburn"), but the vaccine was not used. The first known batch of scrub typhus vaccine actually used to inoculate human subjects was dispatched to India for use by Allied Land Forces, South-East Asia
Command in June 1945. By December 1945, 268,000 cc had
845:
Suttinont C, Losuwanaluk K, Niwatayakul K, Hoontrakul S, Intaranongpai W, Silpasakorn S, Suwancharoen D, Panlar P, Saisongkorh W (June 2006). "Causes of acute, undifferentiated, febrile illness in rural
Thailand: results of a prospective observational study".
360:
been dispatched. The vaccine was produced at
Wellcome's laboratory at Ely Grange, Frant, Sussex. An attempt to verify the efficacy of the vaccine by using a placebo group for comparison was vetoed by the military commanders, who objected to the experiment.
238:
hospital with fever and negative blood cultures. The incidence in Japan has fallen over the past few decades, probably due to land development driving decreasing exposure, and many prefectures report fewer than 50 cases per year.
1518:
Watt G, Chouriyagune C, Ruangweerayud R, Watcharapichat P, Phulsuksombati D, Jongsakul K, Teja-Isavadharm P, Bhodhidatta D, Corcoran KD (1996). "Scrub typhus infections poorly responsive to antibiotics in northern
Thailand".
289:, but these are not routinely available and the results do not always correlate with serological testing, and are affected by prior antibiotic treatment. The currently available diagnostic methods have been summarised.
217:), which are found in areas of heavy scrub vegetation. The mites feed on infected rodent hosts and subsequently transmit the parasite to other rodents and humans. The bite of this mite leaves a characteristic black
482:
Scrub typhus was first reported in Chile in 2006. This is likely the result of underdiagnosis and underreporting and not of a recent spread to Chile. In
January 2020 the disease was for the first time reported in
472:. Where the Allies had bases, they could remove and cut back vegetation, or use DDT as a prophylaxis area barrier treatment, so mite- and tick-induced sickness rates in forces off the front lines were diminished.
2505:
2490:
250:
In endemic areas, diagnosis is generally made on clinical grounds alone. However, overshadowing of the diagnosis is quite often as the clinical symptoms overlap with other infectious diseases such as
443:, although war records frequently lack definitive diagnoses, and many records of "high fever" evacuations were also likely to be other tropical illnesses. In the chapter entitled "The Green War",
1948:
Watt G, Kantipong P, Jongsakul K, Watcharapichat P, Phulsuksombati D, Strickman D (2000). "Doxycycline and rifampicin for mild scrub-typhus infections in northern
Thailand: a randomised trial".
271:. Again, this is often unavailable in most endemic areas, since the serological test involved is not included in the routine screening tests for PUO, especially in Burma (Myanmar).
2597:
1075:
Pradutkanchana J, Silpapojakul K, Paxton H, Pradutkanchana S, Kelly DJ, Strickman D (1997). "Comparative evaluation of four serodiagnostic tests for scrub typhus in
Thailand".
274:
The choice of laboratory test is not straightforward, and all currently available tests have their limitations. The cheapest and most easily available serological test is the
4149:
4419:
2590:
1239:"Scrub typhus serologic testing with the indirect immunofluorescence method as a diagnostic gold standard: a lack of consensus leads to a lot of confusion"
1202:
Kelly DJ, Wong PW, Gan E, Lewis GE Jr (1988). "Comparative evaluation of the indirect immunoperoxidase test for the serodiagnosis of rickettsial disease".
779:
496:
475:
The disease was also a problem for US troops stationed in Japan after WWII, and was variously known as "ShichitĆ fever" (by troops stationed in the
382:, died after accidentally pricking her finger with a needle containing scrub typhus while inoculating a mouse in an attempt to develop a vaccine.
5170:
2583:
644:(Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) in unengorged chiggers (Acari: Trombiculidae) from Oita Prefecture, Japan, by nested polymerase chain reaction".
320:
are alternatives. Azithromycin is an alternative in children and pregnant women with scrub typhus, and when doxycycline resistance is suspected.
796:
Phongmany S, Rolain JM, Phetsouvanh R, Blacksell SD, Soukkhaseum V, Rasachack B, Phiasakha K, Soukkhaseum S, Frichithavong K (February 2006).
2031:
4142:
1913:
Mathai E, Rolain JM, Verghese L, Mathai M, Jasper P, Verghese G, Raoult D (2003). "Case reports: scrub typhus during pregnancy in India".
1428:
Sonthayanon P, Chierakul W, Wuthiekanun V, Blacksell SD, Pimda K, Suputtamongkol Y, Pukrittayakamee S, White NJ, Day NP (December 2006).
297:
Without treatment, the disease is often fatal. Since the use of antibiotics, case fatalities have decreased from 4â40% to less than 2%.
5134:
4721:
2151:"Antigenic relationship among the eight prototype and new serotype strains of Orientia tsutsugamushi revealed by monoclonal antibodies"
2049:
1992:
1664:
Phimda K, Hoontrakul S, Suttinont C, Chareonwat S, Losuwanaluk K, Chueasuwanchai S, Chierakul W, Suwancharoen D, Silpasakorn S (2007).
398:
orderly
Raphael Oimbari, near Buna on 25 December 1942. Whittington died in February 1943 from the effects of bush typhus. (Picture by
2198:
Kelly DJ, Fuerst PA, Ching WM, Richards AL (2009). "Scrub typhus: The geographic distribution of phenotypic and genotypic variants of
4229:
234:
into northern
Australia in the south, and to Pakistan and Afghanistan in the west. It may also be endemic in parts of South America.
4239:
4135:
531:
Tseng BY, Yang HH, Liou JH, Chen LK, Hsu YH (February 2008). "Immunohistochemical study of scrub typhus: a report of two cases".
4514:
1360:
Tay ST, Nazma S, Rohani MY (1996). "Diagnosis of scrub typhus in Malaysian aborigines using nested polymerase chain reaction".
63:
4453:
3763:
2383:
2346:
2321:
2271:
2004:
440:
312:
is an alternative. Strains that are resistant to doxycycline and chloramphenicol have been reported in northern Thailand.
4632:
4194:
3413:
3158:
5082:
4427:
4614:
2839:
1758:"Azithromycin Activities against Orientia tsutsugamushi Strains Isolated in Cases of Scrub Typhus in Northern Thailand"
5040:
4778:
4637:
4540:
2967:
2610:
2296:
4448:
4435:
3403:
976:
933:
890:
4946:
4522:
3408:
2949:
977:"Comparative research on epidemiological aspects of tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) between Korea and Japan"
776:
4687:
4509:
4463:
4374:
4364:
2981:
2575:
4071:
2339:
War epidemics: an historical geography of infectious diseases in military conflict and civil strife, 1850â2000
1713:
Mahajan SK, Rolain JM, Sankhyan N, Kaushal RK, Raoult D (2008). "Pediatric scrub typhus in Indian Himalayas".
4791:
4711:
4657:
2797:
1110:
Bozeman FM & Elisberg BL (1963). "Serological diagnosis of scrub typhus by indirect immunofluorescence".
390:
2454:
GonzĂĄlez C (January 29, 2020). "Una bacteria presente en ĂĄcaros causa un raro tipo de infecciĂłn en el sur".
5180:
5099:
4627:
4468:
4252:
3967:
3291:
2727:
2408:
Ogawa M, Hagiwara T, Kishimoto T, Shiga S, Yoshida Y, Furuya Y, Kaiho I, Ito T, Nemoto H (1 August 2002).
5119:
4740:
4652:
3628:
3622:
3238:
279:
196:
5139:
4941:
3707:
230:). This extends from northern Japan and far-eastern Russia in the north, to the territories around the
1389:"Usefulness of nested PCR for the diagnosis of scrub typhus in clinical practice: A prospective study"
4667:
4443:
3428:
3263:
3232:
3162:
2943:
2685:
332:. Combination therapy with doxycycline and rifampicin is not recommended due to possible antagonism.
286:
259:
164:
459:
over extremely harsh terrains under intense hardshipsâ fought during a six-month span all along the
451:
identifies that the disease was one of a number of debilitating afflictions affecting both sides on
4936:
4642:
4609:
4319:
4234:
4185:
3903:
3806:
3685:
3423:
3418:
3302:
3091:
2910:
2833:
2825:
2520:
2035:
591:"Emergence of Orientia tsutsugamushi as an important cause of acute encephalitis syndrome in India"
305:
213:
152:
2409:
1891:
688:
195:
occur in the late phase of illness. It has particularly been shown to be the most common cause of
5067:
4867:
4604:
4579:
4499:
4107:
3987:
3947:
3889:
3608:
3375:
2811:
2769:
435:
World War II provides some indicators that the disease is endemic to undeveloped areas in all of
1155:"Serodiagnosis of tsutsugamushi fever (scrub typhus) by the indirect immunoperoxidase technique"
4647:
4599:
4589:
4584:
4473:
4158:
3923:
3841:
3800:
3796:
3677:
3671:
3438:
3148:
3083:
2877:
2783:
2755:
2689:
425:
372:
antigenic variation. This complexity continues to hamper efforts to produce a viable vaccine.
226:
87:
83:
50:
2375:
5094:
5072:
4985:
4298:
3940:
3929:
3727:
3357:
3183:
3154:
2961:
2721:
2675:
2010:
1851:"Scrub typhus during pregnancy and its treatment: a case series and review of the literature"
456:
5129:
4798:
4787:
4414:
4404:
4204:
4101:
4061:
4014:
3896:
3547:
3505:
3485:
3442:
3298:
3097:
2777:
469:
329:
224:
Scrub typhus is endemic to a part of the world known as the tsutsugamushi triangle (after
95:
8:
5011:
5006:
4916:
4842:
4832:
4806:
4802:
4677:
4483:
4394:
4166:
4079:
4024:
3693:
3569:
3514:
3462:
3381:
3324:
3277:
3212:
3060:
3052:
3046:
2763:
2749:
2618:
2509:
2024:
465:
364:
352:
576:
5062:
4973:
4384:
4369:
4359:
4067:
3978:
3479:
3468:
3389:
3333:
3121:
2819:
2805:
2735:
2712:
2365:
2180:
2167:
2150:
2095:
2070:
1973:
1892:"Efficacy of azithromycin for treatment of mild scrub-typhus infections in South Korea"
1738:
1690:
1665:
1641:
1608:
1544:
1495:
1470:
1342:
1135:
1047:
1022:
871:
822:
797:
713:
669:
617:
590:
556:
448:
183:
and abnormal liver function tests are commonly seen in the early phase of the illness.
2514:
1961:
1926:
1532:
1179:
1154:
1088:
934:"Annual incidence of tsutsugamushi disease in Miyazaki prefecture, Japan in 2001-2005"
754:
737:
544:
5175:
5087:
4767:
4478:
4052:
4018:
3882:
3814:
3577:
3555:
3524:
2975:
2741:
2531:
2431:
2410:"Scrub typhus in Japan: Epidemiology and clinical features of cases reported in 1998"
2379:
2342:
2317:
2292:
2267:
2219:
2172:
2131:
2100:
2000:
1965:
1930:
1872:
1828:
1787:
1782:
1757:
1742:
1730:
1695:
1646:
1628:
1589:
1536:
1500:
1451:
1410:
1369:
1334:
1330:
1299:
1260:
1219:
1184:
1127:
1092:
1052:
996:
953:
910:
863:
827:
759:
718:
661:
622:
560:
548:
484:
444:
58:
3496:
3453:
3348:
2184:
1977:
1548:
1387:
Kim DM, Yun NR, Yang TY, Lee JH, Yang JT, Shim SK, Choi EN, Park MY, Lee SH (2006).
1346:
1170:
1139:
1074:
875:
5124:
5045:
4859:
4827:
4043:
3958:
3749:
3596:
3583:
3398:
3015:
2997:
2904:
2863:
2791:
2661:
2560:
2421:
2211:
2162:
2090:
2082:
1957:
1922:
1862:
1818:
1777:
1769:
1722:
1685:
1677:
1636:
1624:
1620:
1579:
1528:
1490:
1482:
1441:
1430:"Rapid diagnosis of scrub typhus in rural Thailand using polymerase chain reaction"
1400:
1326:
1291:
1250:
1211:
1174:
1166:
1119:
1084:
1042:
1034:
988:
945:
902:
855:
817:
809:
749:
708:
700:
673:
653:
612:
602:
540:
99:
2316:. Cave Junction, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Science & Medicine. p. 309.
5165:
5018:
4906:
4730:
4662:
4569:
4389:
4268:
3993:
3914:
3868:
3773:
3713:
3648:
3590:
3559:
3551:
3254:
3224:
3218:
3101:
2930:
2854:
2681:
2369:
1666:"Doxycycline versus Azithromycin for Treatment of Leptospirosis and Scrub Typhus"
1561:
1517:
783:
607:
400:
309:
275:
176:
2605:
2525:
1471:"Effects of Antibiotic Treatment on the Results of Nested PCRs for Scrub Typhus"
992:
949:
906:
5144:
5023:
4926:
4756:
4622:
4564:
4549:
4409:
4340:
4093:
3743:
3737:
3600:
3338:
2869:
2636:
2606:
2563:
2536:
1446:
1429:
1123:
1038:
844:
657:
429:
395:
379:
348:
102:
2499:
2426:
1867:
1850:
1726:
1584:
1563:
1562:
Kollars TM, Bodhidatta D, Phulsuksombati D, Tippayachai B, Coleman RE (2003).
1427:
1405:
1388:
1295:
1215:
5159:
5104:
4921:
4817:
4773:
4458:
4257:
4215:
4089:
4005:
3832:
3787:
3528:
3520:
3363:
3130:
3041:
2895:
2701:
2667:
2642:
2627:
2237:
1756:
Watt G, Kantipong P, Jongsakul K, Watcharapichat P, Phulsuksombati D (1999).
1632:
859:
321:
131:. The disease is thus frequently classified separately from the other typhi.
92:
1278:
Eamsila C, Singsawat P, Duangvaraporn A, Strickman D (1996). "Antibodies to
1277:
5109:
5035:
4931:
4703:
4594:
4379:
4293:
4085:
3859:
3066:
3006:
2953:
2938:
2435:
2223:
2176:
2104:
2086:
1969:
1934:
1876:
1791:
1773:
1734:
1699:
1650:
1593:
1504:
1455:
1414:
1338:
1264:
1131:
1056:
1000:
957:
914:
867:
831:
813:
763:
722:
665:
626:
552:
460:
421:
317:
251:
208:
188:
172:
160:
2398:
Manchester, p. Six months to recapture Buna and Gona from July 21â22, 1942
2135:
1947:
1832:
1540:
1373:
1303:
1223:
1188:
1096:
891:"Scrub typhus (tsutsugamushi disease) in Kanagawa Prefecture in 2001â2005"
795:
704:
5114:
4822:
4716:
4682:
4672:
4504:
4314:
4284:
4127:
3659:
3614:
3565:
3269:
3021:
2456:
1681:
1663:
1486:
476:
405:
301:
255:
231:
192:
184:
41:
2482:
1004:
961:
918:
432:; and before 1944, no effective antibiotics or vaccines were available.
5002:
4997:
4325:
4275:
4248:
3033:
1890:<Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> (2003).
452:
356:
325:
180:
121:
394:
An Australian soldier, Private George "Dick" Whittington, is aided by
4992:
4837:
4761:
4707:
4175:
3847:
3699:
3367:
3308:
3189:
2555:
589:
Jain P, Prakash S, Tripathi PK, Chauhan A, Gupta S, Sharma U (2018).
375:
1755:
1564:"Short report: variation in the 56-kD type-specific antigen gene of
1317:
Watt G, Parola P (2003). "Scrub typhus and tropical rickettsioses".
5077:
5028:
4891:
4886:
4735:
4224:
4199:
3283:
2215:
1823:
1806:
1255:
1238:
588:
313:
268:
207:
Scrub typhus is transmitted by some species of trombiculid mites ("
144:
127:
113:
1021:
Koh GC, Maude RJ, Paris DH, Newton PN, Blacksell SD (March 2010).
889:
Katayama T, Hara M, Furuya Y, Nikkawa T, Ogasawara H (June 2006).
108:
Although the disease is similar in presentation to other forms of
5057:
4968:
4896:
4812:
4399:
3874:
3820:
3174:
3139:
2407:
2054:
738:"Orientia tsutsugamushi infection: overview and immune responses"
436:
344:
5052:
2652:
2494:
417:
263:
218:
168:
109:
79:
1152:
4911:
1237:
Blacksell SD, Bryant NJ, Paris, DH, Sakoda Y, Day NP (2007).
640:
Pham XD, Otsuka Y, Suzuki H, Takaoka H (2001). "Detection of
413:
148:
140:
117:
1712:
1236:
1109:
424:. Several members of the U.S. Army's 5307th Composite Unit (
4980:
4901:
932:
Yamamoto S, Ganmyo H, Iwakiri A, Suzuki S (December 2006).
931:
1912:
1849:
Kim YS, Lee HJ, Chang M, Son SK, Rhee YE, Shim SK (2006).
324:
cannot be used safely in pregnancy and is associated with
2117:
888:
412:
Severe epidemics of the disease occurred among troops in
2197:
2032:"AWIC Newsletter: The Cotton Rat In Biomedical Research"
1807:"Azithromycin therapy for scrub typhus during pregnancy"
278:, but this is notoriously unreliable. The best test is
1201:
777:
Deadly scrub typhus bacteria confirmed in South America
639:
428:) died of the disease, as well as many soldiers in the
221:
that is useful to the doctor for making the diagnosis.
2291:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Leo Cooper. p. 212.
1607:
El Sayed I, Liu Q, Wee I, Hine P (24 September 2018).
2118:
Shirai A, Tanskul PL, Andre, RG, Huxsoll DL (1981). "
1997:
CDC Health Information for International Travel, 2008
2472:
2341:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 489â91.
2336:
1020:
798:"Rickettsial infections and fever, Vientiane, Laos"
2364:
2122:strains found in chiggers collected in Thailand".
1990:
1606:
2286:
2255:
1070:
1068:
1066:
693:American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
530:
497:List of mites associated with cutaneous reactions
5157:
4051:
2068:
105:first isolated and identified in 1930 in Japan.
2449:
2447:
2445:
2266:. London: University of London, Athlone Press.
1896:Abstr Intersci Conf Antimicrob Agents Chemother
1848:
1359:
1063:
4143:
2591:
1386:
515:
2442:
968:
735:
1613:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
729:
524:
5135:Recurrent toxin-mediated perineal erythema
4421:Mycobacterium aviumâintracellulare complex
4157:
4150:
4136:
2598:
2584:
2360:
2358:
1844:
1842:
1316:
1016:
1014:
974:
736:Seong SY, Choi MS, Kim IS (January 2001).
572:
570:
343:An early attempt to create a scrub typhus
40:
4230:Cutaneous group B streptococcal infection
2425:
2311:
2191:
2166:
2148:
2094:
1866:
1822:
1781:
1689:
1640:
1583:
1494:
1445:
1404:
1254:
1178:
1046:
821:
753:
712:
616:
606:
479:) or "Hatsuka fever" (Chiba prefecture).
2453:
2124:Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health
1362:Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health
389:
125:with the typhus bacteria proper, but in
2355:
2261:
1991:Arguin PM, Kozarsky PE, Reed C (2008).
1839:
1804:
1609:"Antibiotics for treating scrub typhus"
1468:
1153:Yamamoto S & Minamishima Y (1982).
1011:
567:
35:Bush typhus, mite typhus, jungle typhus
5171:Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions
5158:
4454:Rapid growing mycobacterium infection
4131:
3764:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
2579:
689:"Evolution of Eschar in Scrub Typhus"
134:
4633:Human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis
4195:Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
3149:Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus
2337:Smallman-Raynor M, Cliff AD (2004).
686:
340:No licensed vaccines are available.
5083:Chronic undermining burrowing ulcer
1993:"Chapter 4: Rickettsial Infections"
1568:isolated from patients in Thailand"
13:
2611:Gram-negative bacterial infections
2168:10.1111/j.1348-0421.1999.tb02397.x
285:Other methods include culture and
242:northern areas around Darjeeling.
16:Disease caused by O. tsutsugamushi
14:
5192:
5041:Superficial pustular folliculitis
4638:Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis
2968:Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis
2468:
2374:. Little Brown Company. pp.
2058:. Millbanksystems. April 2, 1946.
4449:Primary inoculation tuberculosis
3184:Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus
3159:WaterhouseâFriderichsen syndrome
2050:"Scrub Typhus Vaccine, Far East"
1889:
1331:10.1097/00001432-200310000-00009
975:Bang HA, Lee MJ, Lee WC (2008).
4947:Gram-negative toe web infection
4523:Group JK corynebacterium sepsis
2950:Human granulocytic anaplasmosis
2401:
2392:
2330:
2305:
2280:
2230:
2142:
2111:
2062:
2055:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
2042:
1984:
1941:
1906:
1883:
1798:
1749:
1706:
1657:
1600:
1555:
1511:
1462:
1421:
1380:
1353:
1310:
1271:
1230:
1195:
1171:10.1128/JCM.15.6.1128-1132.1982
1146:
1103:
925:
882:
838:
520:. London: Sassell. p. 177.
300:The drug most commonly used is
4688:Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection
4510:Cutaneous diphtheria infection
4464:Tuberculosis cutis orificialis
4375:Borderline tuberculoid leprosy
4365:Borderline lepromatous leprosy
2982:Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection
1625:10.1002/14651858.CD002150.pub2
789:
786:. ScienMag (September 8, 2016)
770:
680:
633:
582:
509:
1:
4712:Primary gonococcal dermatitis
4658:Flinders Island spotted fever
2798:Flinders Island spotted fever
1962:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02728-8
1927:10.1016/S0035-9203(03)80032-9
1533:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)02501-9
1089:10.1016/S0035-9203(97)90266-2
755:10.1016/S1286-4579(00)01352-6
579:, accessdate: 16 October 2011
545:10.1016/S1607-551X(08)70103-7
502:
5100:Blistering distal dactylitis
4628:Rocky Mountain spotted fever
4516:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
4469:Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis
4253:Chronic recurrent erysipelas
3968:Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
3292:Burkholderia cepacia complex
2728:Rocky Mountain spotted fever
2314:Jungle Snafus...And Remedies
2204:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1715:Indian Journal of Pediatrics
608:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006346
292:
245:
7:
5120:Blastomycosis-like pyoderma
4741:Chromobacteriosis infection
4653:Mediterranean spotted fever
3629:Far East scarlet-like fever
3623:Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
3239:Chromobacteriosis infection
1762:Antimicrob Agents Chemother
1670:Antimicrob Agents Chemother
1023:"Diagnosis of scrub typhus"
993:10.7883/yoken.JJID.2008.148
950:10.7883/yoken.JJID.2006.404
907:10.7883/yoken.JJID.2006.207
490:
485:Chile's southernmost region
280:indirect immunofluorescence
197:acute encephalitis syndrome
155:. More virulent strains of
139:Signs and symptoms include
10:
5197:
5140:Tick-borne lymphadenopathy
4942:Gram-negative folliculitis
2287:Grant, Ian Lyall- (2003).
2149:Kang JS, Chang WH (1999).
1447:10.4269/ajtmh.2006.75.1099
1124:10.3181/00379727-112-28107
1039:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0233
658:10.1603/0022-2585-38.2.308
385:
335:
4959:
4879:
4858:
4749:
4696:
4557:
4548:
4539:
4492:
4444:Papulonecrotic tuberculid
4429:Mycobacterium haemophilum
4348:
4339:
4307:
4282:
4266:
4213:
4183:
4174:
4165:
4042:
4004:
3977:
3957:
3913:
3858:
3831:
3786:
3760:
3724:
3656:
3647:
3539:
3504:
3495:
3452:
3429:Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
3347:
3332:
3323:
3264:Burkholderia pseudomallei
3253:
3233:Chromobacterium violaceum
3200:
3173:
3163:Meningococcal septicaemia
3138:
3129:
3120:
3032:
3005:
2996:
2944:Anaplasma phagocytophilum
2929:
2894:
2853:
2711:
2700:
2651:
2635:
2626:
2617:
2546:
2476:
2460:(in Spanish). p. A9.
2427:10.4269/ajtmh.2002.67.162
2368:(1978). "The Green War".
2069:Thomson Walker W (1947).
1868:10.4269/ajtmh.2006.75.955
1727:10.1007/s12098-008-0198-z
1585:10.4269/ajtmh.2003.68.299
1406:10.4269/ajtmh.2006.75.542
1296:10.4269/ajtmh.1996.55.556
1216:10.4269/ajtmh.1988.38.400
355:infecting around 300,000
287:polymerase chain reaction
260:pyrexia of unknown origin
202:
165:intravascular coagulation
153:gastrointestinal symptoms
116:is no longer included in
57:
48:
39:
31:
26:
4937:Lymphogranuloma venereum
4643:Flea-borne spotted fever
4616:Rickettsia aeschlimannii
4610:American tick bite fever
4320:Erysipeloid of Rosenbach
4235:Streptococcal intertrigo
3904:Plesiomonas shigelloides
3686:Brazilian purpuric fever
3303:Bordetella parapertussis
3092:Bartonella bacilliformis
2911:Flea-borne spotted fever
2841:Rickettsia aeschlimannii
2834:Rickettsia aeschlimannii
2826:American tick bite fever
2289:Burma: The Turning Point
2238:"Death from Scrub Fever"
2120:Rickettsia tsutsugamushi
1915:Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg
1469:Kim DM, Byun JN (2008).
1077:Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg
860:10.1179/136485906X112158
214:Leptotrombidium deliense
5068:Trichomycosis axillaris
4605:African tick bite fever
4580:North Asian tick typhus
4500:Cutaneous actinomycosis
4072:GuillainâBarrĂ© syndrome
3988:Cardiobacterium hominis
3948:Acinetobacter baumannii
3890:Vibrio parahaemolyticus
3609:Yersinia enterocolitica
3376:Klebsiella granulomatis
2812:African tick bite fever
2770:North Asian tick typhus
1805:Choi EK, Pai H (1998).
4780:Haemophilus influenzae
4724:Pasteurella hemolytica
4648:Japanese spotted fever
4600:Bacillary angiomatosis
4590:Flying squirrel typhus
4585:Queensland tick typhus
4474:Tuberculous cellulitis
4437:Mycobacterium kansasii
4159:Bacterial skin disease
3924:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
3842:Francisella tularensis
3801:Legionella longbeachae
3797:Legionella pneumophila
3439:Enterobacter aerogenes
3084:Bacillary angiomatosis
2878:Orientia tsutsugamushi
2784:Queensland tick typhus
2756:Japanese spotted fever
2690:Flying squirrel typhus
2200:Orientia tsutsugamushi
2087:10.1136/bmj.1.4501.484
2071:"Scrub Typhus Vaccine"
1774:10.1128/AAC.43.11.2817
1566:Orientia tsutsugamushi
1280:Orientia tsutsugamushi
848:Ann Trop Med Parasitol
814:10.3201/eid1202.050900
642:Orientia tsutsugamushi
577:Pediatric Scrub Typhus
516:Slim, William (1956).
455:in the running bloody
409:
369:Orientia tsutsugamushi
88:Orientia tsutsugamushi
84:intracellular parasite
51:Orientia tsutsugamushi
5095:Elephantiasis nostras
5073:Necrotizing fasciitis
4986:Hospital furunculosis
4668:BrillâZinsser disease
4299:Dermatitis gangrenosa
3941:Moraxella catarrhalis
3807:Legionnaires' disease
3728:Pasteurella multocida
3358:Klebsiella pneumoniae
3155:Meningococcal disease
2962:Ehrlichia chaffeensis
2722:Rickettsia rickettsii
2686:BrillâZinsser disease
2676:Rickettsia prowazekii
1902:: abstract no. Lâ182.
1434:Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg
1112:Proc Soc Exp Biol Med
1027:Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg
705:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0583
533:Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci
393:
167:. Morbilliform rash,
5130:Chronic lymphangitis
4799:Hot tub folliculitis
4788:Pseudomonal pyoderma
4415:Miliary tuberculosis
4405:Lichen scrofulosorum
4205:Toxic shock syndrome
4102:Helicobacter cinaedi
4062:Campylobacter jejuni
4015:Aeromonas hydrophila
3897:Vibrio alginolyticus
3548:Shigella dysenteriae
3486:Citrobacter freundii
3443:Enterobacter cloacae
3299:Bordetella pertussis
2778:Rickettsia australis
2264:Red mites and typhus
1682:10.1128/AAC.00508-07
1487:10.1128/JCM.00634-08
1319:Curr Opin Infect Dis
802:Emerging Infect. Dis
470:Guadalcanal campaign
5181:Tick-borne diseases
5019:Acute lymphadenitis
5012:Perianal cellulitis
5007:Pyogenic paronychia
4917:Chlamydia infection
4833:Granuloma inguinale
4807:Green nail syndrome
4803:Ecthyma gangrenosum
4678:Cat-scratch disease
4484:Tuberculoid leprosy
4395:Lepromatous leprosy
4242:Streptococcus iniae
4080:Helicobacter pylori
3570:Bacillary dysentery
3515:Salmonella enterica
3463:Serratia marcescens
3382:Granuloma inguinale
3278:Burkholderia mallei
3213:Eikenella corrodens
3061:Bartonella quintana
3053:Cat-scratch disease
3047:Bartonella henselae
2764:Rickettsia sibirica
2750:Rickettsia japonica
1956:(9235): 1057â1061.
1282:in Thai soldiers".
518:Defeat Into Victory
466:New Guinea campaign
426:Merrill's Marauders
365:antigenic variation
353:Wellcome Foundation
179:are typical signs.
5063:Pitted keratolysis
4974:Periapical abscess
4385:Erythema induratum
4370:Borderline leprosy
4360:Aquarium granuloma
4068:Campylobacteriosis
3979:Cardiobacteriaceae
3480:Citrobacter koseri
3390:Klebsiella oxytoca
2820:Rickettsia parkeri
2806:Rickettsia africae
2736:Rickettsia conorii
2547:External resources
2366:William Manchester
2312:Kearny CH (1997).
782:2019-09-23 at the
595:PLOS Negl Trop Dis
449:William Manchester
410:
351:in 1937 (with the
135:Signs and symptoms
64:Infectious disease
5153:
5152:
5088:Fournier gangrene
4955:
4954:
4854:
4853:
4795:hot-foot syndrome
4768:Vibrio vulnificus
4535:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4479:Tuberculous gumma
4335:
4334:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4053:Campylobacterales
4038:
4037:
4019:Aeromonas veronii
3883:Vibrio vulnificus
3815:Coxiella burnetii
3782:
3781:
3708:H. parainfluenzae
3643:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3578:Proteus mirabilis
3525:Paratyphoid fever
3414:Enterohemorrhagic
3334:Enterobacteriales
3319:
3318:
3249:
3248:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3098:Carrion's disease
2992:
2991:
2976:Ehrlichia ewingii
2925:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2742:Boutonneuse fever
2573:
2572:
2414:Am J Trop Med Hyg
2385:978-0-316-54498-6
2348:978-0-19-823364-0
2323:978-1-884067-10-5
2273:978-0-485-26318-3
2155:Microbiol Immunol
2006:978-0-323-04885-9
1855:Am J Trop Med Hyg
1768:(11): 2817â2818.
1572:Am J Trop Med Hyg
1393:Am J Trop Med Hyg
1284:Am J Trop Med Hyg
1204:Am J Trop Med Hyg
477:Izu Seven Islands
445:General MacArthur
199:in Bihar, India.
177:lymphadenopathies
96:α-proteobacterium
69:
68:
21:Medical condition
5188:
5125:Bullous impetigo
5046:Sycosis vulgaris
4860:Campylobacterota
4809:
4555:
4554:
4546:
4545:
4346:
4345:
4181:
4180:
4172:
4171:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4129:
4128:
4049:
4048:
3959:Xanthomonadaceae
3767:
3750:Actinobacillosis
3731:
3664:
3654:
3653:
3584:Proteus vulgaris
3502:
3501:
3399:Escherichia coli
3345:
3344:
3330:
3329:
3205:
3136:
3135:
3127:
3126:
3016:Brucella abortus
3003:
3002:
2998:Hyphomicrobiales
2905:Rickettsia felis
2864:Rickettsia akari
2792:Rickettsia honei
2709:
2708:
2662:Rickettsia typhi
2649:
2648:
2633:
2632:
2624:
2623:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2577:
2576:
2474:
2473:
2462:
2461:
2451:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2362:
2353:
2352:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2262:Audy JR (1968).
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2242:Kalgoorlie Miner
2234:
2228:
2227:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2170:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2098:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2034:. Archived from
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2009:. Archived from
1988:
1982:
1981:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1870:
1846:
1837:
1836:
1826:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1785:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1644:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1587:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1498:
1475:J Clin Microbiol
1466:
1460:
1459:
1449:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1408:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1258:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1182:
1159:J Clin Microbiol
1150:
1144:
1143:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1072:
1061:
1060:
1050:
1018:
1009:
1008:
1003:. Archived from
981:Jpn J Infect Dis
972:
966:
965:
960:. Archived from
938:Jpn J Infect Dis
929:
923:
922:
917:. Archived from
895:Jpn J Infect Dis
886:
880:
879:
842:
836:
835:
825:
793:
787:
774:
768:
767:
757:
733:
727:
726:
716:
699:(6): 1223â1224.
684:
678:
677:
637:
631:
630:
620:
610:
586:
580:
574:
565:
564:
528:
522:
521:
513:
378:, an Australian
347:occurred in the
227:O. tsutsugamushi
211:", particularly
157:O. tsutsugamushi
44:
24:
23:
5196:
5195:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5149:
4961:
4951:
4875:
4850:
4786:
4745:
4731:Meningococcemia
4692:
4663:Verruga peruana
4570:Epidemic typhus
4527:
4488:
4390:Histoid leprosy
4351:
4331:
4303:
4278:
4269:Corynebacterium
4262:
4209:
4161:
4156:
4126:
4117:
4034:
4000:
3973:
3953:
3915:Pseudomonadales
3909:
3869:Vibrio cholerae
3854:
3827:
3778:
3761:
3756:
3725:
3720:
3657:
3635:
3591:Yersinia pestis
3535:
3491:
3448:
3404:Enterotoxigenic
3336:
3315:
3255:Burkholderiales
3245:
3219:Kingella kingae
3201:
3196:
3169:
3108:
3102:Verruga peruana
3028:
2988:
2931:Anaplasmataceae
2917:
2890:
2849:
2703:
2696:
2682:Epidemic typhus
2640:
2613:
2604:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2542:
2541:
2485:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2452:
2443:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2371:American Caesar
2363:
2356:
2349:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2260:
2256:
2247:
2245:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2210:(s3): S203â30.
2196:
2192:
2147:
2143:
2116:
2112:
2081:(4501): 484â7.
2067:
2063:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2016:
2014:
2007:
1989:
1985:
1946:
1942:
1911:
1907:
1888:
1884:
1847:
1840:
1811:Clin Infect Dis
1803:
1799:
1754:
1750:
1711:
1707:
1662:
1658:
1619:(9): CD002150.
1605:
1601:
1560:
1556:
1527:(9020): 86â89.
1516:
1512:
1467:
1463:
1440:(6): 1099â102.
1426:
1422:
1385:
1381:
1358:
1354:
1315:
1311:
1276:
1272:
1243:Clin Infect Dis
1235:
1231:
1200:
1196:
1151:
1147:
1108:
1104:
1073:
1064:
1019:
1012:
973:
969:
930:
926:
887:
883:
843:
839:
794:
790:
784:Wayback Machine
775:
771:
742:Microbes Infect
734:
730:
687:Park J (2016).
685:
681:
638:
634:
601:(3): e0006346.
587:
583:
575:
568:
529:
525:
514:
510:
505:
493:
464:battles of the
441:Pacific theater
388:
338:
310:chloramphenicol
295:
276:Weil-Felix test
248:
205:
147:, muscle pain,
137:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5194:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5145:Tropical ulcer
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5024:Pilonidal cyst
5021:
5016:
5015:
5014:
5009:
4995:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4965:
4963:
4957:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4927:Rat-bite fever
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4864:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4784:
4776:
4771:
4764:
4759:
4757:Pasteurellosis
4753:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4719:
4714:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4623:Rickettsialpox
4620:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4565:Endemic typhus
4561:
4559:
4552:
4550:Pseudomonadota
4543:
4537:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4433:
4425:
4417:
4412:
4410:Lupus vulgaris
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4356:
4354:
4350:Mycobacterium-
4343:
4341:Actinomycetota
4337:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4322:
4317:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4290:
4288:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4272:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4246:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4221:
4219:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4191:
4189:
4186:Staphylococcus
4178:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4155:
4154:
4147:
4140:
4132:
4123:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4094:Gastric cancer
4076:
4075:
4074:
4057:
4055:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4010:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3983:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3963:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3919:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3864:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3837:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3792:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3770:
3768:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3744:Actinobacillus
3740:
3738:Pasteurellosis
3734:
3732:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3667:
3665:
3651:
3649:Pasteurellales
3645:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3601:Bubonic plague
3587:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3510:
3508:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3458:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3409:Enteroinvasive
3406:
3394:
3393:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3353:
3351:
3342:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3295:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3259:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3208:
3206:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3179:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3144:
3142:
3133:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3038:
3036:
3034:Bartonellaceae
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3011:
3009:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2935:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2900:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2870:Rickettsialpox
2859:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2717:
2715:
2706:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2657:
2655:
2646:
2637:Rickettsiaceae
2630:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2607:Pseudomonadota
2603:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2580:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2528:
2517:
2502:
2486:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:Classification
2470:
2469:External links
2467:
2464:
2463:
2441:
2400:
2391:
2384:
2354:
2347:
2329:
2322:
2304:
2297:
2279:
2272:
2254:
2229:
2216:10.1086/596576
2190:
2141:
2110:
2061:
2041:
2038:on 2004-06-10.
2023:
2005:
1983:
1940:
1905:
1882:
1838:
1824:10.1086/517742
1797:
1748:
1705:
1676:(9): 3259â63.
1656:
1599:
1578:(3): 299â300.
1554:
1510:
1461:
1420:
1399:(3): 542â545.
1379:
1352:
1325:(5): 429â436.
1309:
1270:
1256:10.1086/510585
1249:(3): 391â401.
1229:
1194:
1145:
1102:
1062:
1010:
1007:on 2008-09-27.
967:
964:on 2009-08-15.
924:
921:on 2010-05-25.
881:
837:
788:
769:
728:
679:
652:(2): 308â311.
632:
581:
566:
523:
507:
506:
504:
501:
500:
499:
492:
489:
457:Kokoda battles
447:'s biographer
387:
384:
380:bacteriologist
349:United Kingdom
337:
334:
294:
291:
262:(PUO). If the
247:
244:
204:
201:
136:
133:
103:Rickettsiaceae
82:caused by the
67:
66:
61:
55:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
33:
29:
28:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5193:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5105:Botryomycosis
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4981:Boil/furuncle
4979:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4958:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4922:Leptospirosis
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4818:Salmonellosis
4816:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4794:
4789:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4775:
4774:Rhinoscleroma
4772:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4459:Scrofuloderma
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4259:
4258:Scarlet fever
4256:
4254:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4216:Streptococcus
4212:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4153:
4148:
4146:
4141:
4139:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4090:MALT lymphoma
4087:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4006:Aeromonadales
4003:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3833:Thiotrichales
3830:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3788:Legionellales
3785:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3759:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3723:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3672:H. influenzae
3669:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3530:
3529:Salmonellosis
3526:
3522:
3521:Typhoid fever
3519:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3364:Rhinoscleroma
3362:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3199:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3042:Bartonellosis
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2668:Murine typhus
2666:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2643:Rickettsioses
2638:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2628:Rickettsiales
2625:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2459:
2458:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2395:
2387:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2350:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2325:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2300:
2298:1-84415-026-7
2294:
2290:
2283:
2275:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2161:(3): 229â34.
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2045:
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77:
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4932:Lyme disease
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4704:Gonococcemia
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4575:Scrub typhus
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4380:Buruli ulcer
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4294:Gas gangrene
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4109:Helicobacter
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3007:Brucellaceae
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2954:Anaplasmosis
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2939:Ehrlichiosis
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1949:
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461:Kokoda Track
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422:World War II
411:
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374:
368:
362:
342:
339:
318:azithromycin
306:tetracycline
299:
296:
284:
273:
252:dengue fever
249:
240:
236:
225:
223:
212:
206:
189:encephalitis
173:splenomegaly
161:hemorrhaging
156:
138:
126:
120:
107:
86:
75:
72:Scrub typhus
71:
70:
49:
27:Scrub typhus
18:
5115:Pyomyositis
4823:Shigellosis
4793:Pseudomonas
4717:Melioidosis
4683:Oroya fever
4673:Brucellosis
4505:Nocardiosis
4315:Listeriosis
4285:Clostridium
3931:Pseudomonas
3679:Haemophilus
3660:Haemophilus
3615:Yersiniosis
3566:Shigellosis
3270:Melioidosis
3079:B. quintana
3075:B. henselae
3022:Brucellosis
2457:El Mercurio
539:(2): 92â8.
406:George Silk
357:cotton rats
330:miscarriage
326:stillbirths
302:doxycycline
256:paratyphoid
232:Solomon Sea
193:myocarditis
185:Pneumonitis
76:bush typhus
32:Other names
5160:Categories
5003:Paronychia
4998:Cellulitis
4871:cellulitis
4782:cellulitis
4722:Cutaneous
4326:Mycoplasma
4276:Erythrasma
4249:Erysipelas
4240:Cutaneous
4111:cellulitis
3694:H. ducreyi
3681:meningitis
3203:ungrouped:
2896:Flea-borne
2855:Mite-borne
2713:Tick-borne
2532:DiseasesDB
2248:2022-06-21
2130:(1): 1â6.
2017:2008-10-03
503:References
453:New Guinea
314:Rifampicin
181:Leukopenia
159:can cause
122:Rickettsia
4993:Carbuncle
4846:infection
4844:Aeromonas
4838:Chancroid
4762:Tularemia
4726:infection
4708:Gonorrhea
4618:infection
4518:infection
4439:infection
4431:infection
4423:infection
4244:infection
4176:Bacillota
4028:infection
4026:Aeromonas
3933:infection
3848:Tularemia
3700:Chancroid
3472:infection
3454:Slow/weak
3368:Pneumonia
3309:Pertussis
3190:Gonorrhea
2843:infection
2556:eMedicine
1999:. Mosby.
1743:207384950
1633:1469-493X
561:206172576
376:Dora Lush
363:Enormous
293:Treatment
246:Diagnosis
59:Specialty
5176:Zoonoses
5078:Gangrene
5029:Pyoderma
4962:pathogen
4892:Syphilis
4887:Syphilid
4736:Glanders
4541:Gram -ve
4225:Impetigo
4200:Impetigo
4167:Gram +ve
3556:flexneri
3470:Serratia
3284:Glanders
2564:ped/2710
2561:derm/841
2436:12389941
2224:19220144
2185:41165633
2177:10338191
2105:20248030
2075:Br Med J
1978:29646085
1970:11009140
1935:15307429
1877:17123995
1792:10543774
1735:19011809
1700:17638700
1651:30246875
1594:12685633
1549:23316592
1505:18716229
1456:17172374
1415:16968938
1347:24087729
1339:14501995
1265:17205447
1140:44692835
1132:14014756
1057:20207857
1001:18362409
958:17186964
915:16785710
876:25778287
868:16762116
832:16494751
780:Archived
764:11226850
723:27928073
666:11296840
627:29590177
553:18281226
491:See also
468:and the
269:serology
209:chiggers
145:headache
128:Orientia
114:pathogen
5058:Ecthyma
4969:Abscess
4897:Chancre
4813:Q fever
4400:Leprosy
4352:related
3875:Cholera
3821:Q fever
3424:O104:H4
3419:O157:H7
3073:Either
2702:Spotted
2376:297â298
2136:6789455
2096:2053023
1833:9868680
1691:2043199
1642:6485465
1541:8676722
1496:2566087
1374:9185274
1304:8940989
1224:3128129
1189:6809786
1097:9373640
1048:2829893
823:3373100
714:5154431
674:8133110
618:5891077
439:in the
437:Oceania
420:during
386:History
345:vaccine
336:Vaccine
5166:Typhus
5053:Pimple
4828:Plague
4493:Others
4308:Others
3597:Plague
3560:boydii
3552:sonnei
2653:Typhus
2526:D01261
2434:
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418:Ceylon
396:Papuan
308:, but
264:eschar
258:, and
219:eschar
203:Causes
191:, and
175:, and
169:eschar
151:, and
112:, its
110:typhus
100:family
80:typhus
4912:Bejel
4907:Pinta
4880:Other
4750:Gamma
4558:Alpha
3994:HACEK
3774:HACEK
3714:HACEK
3225:HACEK
2704:fever
2537:31715
2515:081.2
2500:A75.3
2181:S2CID
1974:S2CID
1783:89570
1739:S2CID
1545:S2CID
1343:S2CID
1136:S2CID
872:S2CID
670:S2CID
557:S2CID
414:Burma
149:cough
141:fever
118:genus
4902:Yaws
4697:Beta
3540:H2Sâ
3506:H2S+
3497:Lacâ
3349:Lac+
2521:MeSH
2510:9-CM
2432:PMID
2380:ISBN
2343:ISBN
2318:ISBN
2293:ISBN
2268:ISBN
2220:PMID
2173:PMID
2132:PMID
2101:PMID
2001:ISBN
1966:PMID
1931:PMID
1873:PMID
1829:PMID
1788:PMID
1731:PMID
1696:PMID
1647:PMID
1629:ISSN
1617:2018
1590:PMID
1537:PMID
1501:PMID
1452:PMID
1411:PMID
1370:PMID
1335:PMID
1300:PMID
1261:PMID
1220:PMID
1185:PMID
1128:PMID
1093:PMID
1053:PMID
997:PMID
954:PMID
911:PMID
864:PMID
828:PMID
760:PMID
719:PMID
662:PMID
623:PMID
549:PMID
416:and
401:Life
328:and
316:and
163:and
91:, a
3339:OXâ
3077:or
2506:ICD
2491:ICD
2422:doi
2212:doi
2202:".
2163:doi
2091:PMC
2083:doi
1958:doi
1954:356
1923:doi
1863:doi
1819:doi
1778:PMC
1770:doi
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1621:doi
1580:doi
1529:doi
1525:348
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1442:doi
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1327:doi
1292:doi
1251:doi
1212:doi
1175:PMC
1167:doi
1120:doi
1116:112
1085:doi
1043:PMC
1035:doi
989:doi
946:doi
903:doi
856:doi
852:100
818:PMC
810:doi
750:doi
709:PMC
701:doi
654:doi
613:PMC
603:doi
541:doi
367:in
304:or
98:of
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752::
746:3
725:.
703::
676:.
656::
629:.
605::
563:.
543::
408:)
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