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383:), and the two subspecies will interbreed under laboratory conditions. In their natural state, however, they occupy different habitats and do not usually meet. They can feed up to five times a day. Adults can live for about thirty days, but if they are separated from their host they will die within two days. If the conditions are favorable, the body louse can reproduce rapidly. After the final molt, female and male lice will mate immediately. A female louse can lay up to 200–300 eggs during her lifetime.
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364:. In developed countries, infestations are only a problem in areas of poverty where there is poor body hygiene, crowded living conditions, and a lack of access to clean clothing. Outbreaks can also occur in situations where large groups of people are forced to live in unsanitary conditions. These types of outbreaks are seen globally in prisons, homeless populations, refugees of war, or when natural disasters occur and proper sanitation is not available.
43:
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397:) are attached to the clothes or hairs by the female louse, using a secretion of the accessory glands that holds the egg in place until it hatches, while the nits (empty egg shells) may remain for months on the clothing. They are oval and usually yellow to white in color and at optimal temperature and humidity, the new lice will hatch from the egg within 6 to 9 days after being laid.
428:
which is similar to the body louse. The location of the body louse eggs differs from that of head louse eggs. The head louse will lay eggs on hair roots, whereas a body louse will lay eggs in articles of clothing. This picture represents the louse from egg to adult and the process of going through
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Since an infestation can include thousands of lice, with each of them biting five times a day, the bites can cause strong itching, especially at the beginning of the infestation, that can result in skin excoriations and secondary infections. If an individual is exposed to a long-term infestation,
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In principle, body louse infestations can be controlled by periodically changing clothes and bedding. Thereafter, clothes, towels, and bedding should be washed in hot water (at least 50 °C or 122 °F) and dried using a hot cycle. The itching can be treated with topical and systemic
404:
is an immature louse that hatches from the egg. Immediately after hatching it starts feeding on the host's blood and then returns to the clothing until the next blood-meal. The nymph will molt three times before the
508:. In case of secondary infections, antibiotics can be used to control the bacterial infection. When regular changing of clothes and bedding is not possible, the infested items could be treated with insecticides.
478:. There are roughly 5,000 species of lice described, with 4,000 parasitizing birds and an additional 800 special parasites of mammals worldwide. Lice on mammals originate on a common ancestor that lived on
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440:
are morphologically quite identical. Their heads are short with two antennae that are split into five segments each, compacted thorax, seven segmented abdomen with lateral paratergal plates.
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595:"Lice Genes Offer Clues to Ancient Human History - The jumpy parasites have followed our ancestors around for at least 25 million years, adapting along with us through major upheavals"
869:
Tovar-Corona, Jaime M.; Castillo-Morales, Atahualpa; Chen, Lu; Olds, Brett P.; Clark, John M.; Reynolds, Stuart E.; Pittendrigh, Barry R.; Feil, Edward J.; Urrutia, Araxi O. (2015).
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The body louse diverged from the head louse around 170,000 years ago, establishing the latest date for the adoption of clothing by humans. Body lice were first described by
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and depending on the severity of the disease, if left untreated it has a fatality rate between 10 and 40%. Trench fever can be treated with either doxycycline or
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Since body lice cannot jump or fly, they spread by direct contact with another person or more rarely by contact with clothing or bed sheets that are infested.
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Unlike other species of lice, body lice can act as vectors of disease. The most important pathogens which are transmitted by them are
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body louse is about 2.5–3.5 mm long, and like a nymph it has six legs. It is wingless and is tan to grayish-white in color.
1304:"Genome sequences of the human body louse and its primary endosymbiont provide insights into the permanent parasitic lifestyle"
840:
1396:
Johnson, Kevin P.; Matthee, Conrad; Doña, Jorge (2022). "Phylogenomics reveals the origin of mammal lice out of
Afrotheria".
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Body lice may lay eggs on the host hairs and clothing, but clothing is where the majority of eggs are usually secured.
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sequenced in 2010, and at that time it had the smallest known insect genome. The body louse belongs to the phylum
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Sulica, VI; Graham, JH (August 1981). "Generalized pediculosis corporis. Microscopic study of hairs".
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1255:"Origin of Clothing Lice Indicates Early Clothing Use by Anatomically Modern Humans in Africa"
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that infests humans. It is one of three lice which infest humans, the other two being the
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The life cycle of the body louse consists of three stages: egg, nymph, and adult.
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that originally acquired it from via host-switching from an ancient avian host.
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louse emerges. The nymph usually takes 9–12 days to develop into an adult louse.
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This article is about the animal. For the infestation caused by body lice, see
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927:"Head and body lice appear to be the same species, genetic study finds"
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1228:"Lice DNA study shows humans first wore clothes 170,000 years ago"
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2012:
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1464:"Body Lice (Pediculosis): Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention"
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459:
205:
185:
992:
Prevention, CDC-Centers for
Disease Control and (2019-09-12).
773:
Prevention, CDC-Centers for
Disease Control and (2021-07-08).
626:
Prevention, CDC-Centers for
Disease Control and (2021-01-11).
2800:
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775:"CDC - Lice - Body Lice - Frequently Asked Quesetions (FAQs)"
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and can transmit pathogens that cause human diseases such as
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150:
1849:
841:"Lice (Phthiraptera) - Factsheet for health professionals"
1804:
1064:"The Body Louse as a Vector of Reemerging Human Diseases"
375:(the body louse) is indistinguishable in appearance from
561:, if left untreated the fatality rate is less than 1%.
1252:
1111:
Ralf
Kittler; Manfred Kayser; Mark Stoneking (2003).
1301:
1253:Toups, MA; Kitchen, A; Light, JE; Reed, DL (2010).
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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491:they may experience apathy, lethargy and fatigue.
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1435:"Body lice-Body lice - Diagnosis & treatment"
3002:
1183:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
549:Epidemic typhus can be treated with one dose of
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1308:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
963:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
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1971:
1945:Template:Tick-borne diseases and infestations
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2795:Order Psocodea is comprised of paraphyletic
1985:
1373:. International Society of Phthirapterists.
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1978:
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1302:Kirkness EF, Haas BJ, et al. (2010).
1166:. Archived from the original on 2007-07-10
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127:Learn how and when to remove this message
2564:
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1062:Raoult, Didier; Roux, Veronique (1999).
871:"Alternative Splice in Alternative Lice"
419:
2803:, both previously classified as orders.
691:Nuttall, George H. F. (November 1917).
690:
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1234:from the original on November 15, 2019
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1377:from the original on 23 November 2021
1369:Smith, V.S; Broom, Y.; Dalgleish, R.
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607:from the original on 9 November 2023
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
2797:Psocoptera (book lice or bark lice)
862:
24:
1424:
1044:
994:"CDC - Lice - Body Lice - Biology"
955:Powers, Jim; Badri, Talel (2024),
803:Powers, Jim; Badri, Talel (2020),
796:
693:"The Biology of Pediculus humanus"
670:10.1111/j.1600-0560.1981.tb01015.x
511:
25:
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1489:
1200:"Erratum: Molecular evolution of
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429:three molts to achieve adulthood.
1719:-borne diseases and infestations
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162:
41:
2542:comprise paraphyletic suborder
1474:from the original on 2024-05-03
1456:
1445:from the original on 2024-05-03
1362:
1259:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1246:
1220:
1104:
1033:from the original on 2024-05-03
1015:
1004:from the original on 2024-05-03
985:
975:from the original on 2021-11-02
948:
937:from the original on 2024-05-03
919:
875:Molecular Biology and Evolution
851:from the original on 2024-06-11
823:from the original on 2021-11-02
785:from the original on 2020-11-12
755:from the original on 2024-05-03
723:from the original on 2024-07-26
638:from the original on 2020-04-06
458:. The human body louse had its
52:needs additional citations for
3026:Parasitic arthropods of humans
1398:Nature Ecology & Evolution
833:
766:
684:
658:Journal of Cutaneous Pathology
649:
619:
13:
1:
2985:Psocodea Species File (new):
2975:Psocodea Species File (old):
1147:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00507-4
576:
1068:Clinical Infectious Diseases
494:
7:
3031:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1506:Featured Creatures Web Site
1204:and the origin of clothing"
1117:and the origin of clothing"
571:List of parasites of humans
564:
10:
3047:
1540:Human lice and pediculosis
1410:10.1038/s41559-022-01803-1
443:
426:Pediculus humanus capitis,
314:Pediculus humanus corporis
29:
3016:Insects described in 1758
2854:Pediculus_humanus_humanus
2825:Pediculus humanus humanus
2823:
2793:
2752:
2724:
2676:
2638:
2595:
2577:
2573:
2559:
2544:Mallophaga (chewing lice)
2529:
2499:
2437:
2424:(crab lice or pubic lice)
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2204:
2195:
2152:
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2108:
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1995:
1943:For ticks and mites, see
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811:, StatPearls Publishing,
709:10.1017/S0031182000003747
377:Pediculus humanus capitis
373:Pediculus humanus humanus
368:Life cycle and morphology
337:crab louse or pubic louse
308:Pediculus humanus humanus
282:Pediculus humanus humanus
278:
271:
159:Scientific classification
157:
148:
143:
1818:Cordylobia anthropophaga
1113:"Molecular evolution of
1822:Cochliomyia hominivorax
1654:Other terms of interest
1329:10.1073/pnas.1003379107
452:in the 10th edition of
393:(also called nits, see
2408:(body lice, head lice)
1839:mosquito-borne disease
957:"Pediculosis Corporis"
805:"Pediculosis Corporis"
430:
348:Body lice are disease
1919:Armillifer armillatus
1757:head lice infestation
1271:10.1093/molbev/msq234
887:10.1093/molbev/msv151
519:Rickettsia prowazekii
423:
1913:Porocephalus crotali
1748:pediculosis corporis
1593:Pediculosis corporis
529:Borrelia recurrentis
61:improve this article
32:Pediculosis corporis
27:Subspecies of insect
2801:Phthiraptera (lice)
2491:Trichophilopteridae
2289:(chicken body lice)
1371:"Phthiraptera.info"
1320:2010PNAS..10712168K
1314:(27): 12168–12173.
1230:. January 7, 2011.
1138:2003CBio...13.1414K
593:(8 November 2023).
539:Bartonella quintana
2468:Heptapsogasteridae
1899:Linguatula serrata
1814:Dermatobia hominis
1496:Body and head lice
845:www.ecdc.europa.eu
600:The New York Times
486:Signs and symptoms
431:
264:P. h. humanus
2998:
2997:
2817:Taxon identifiers
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2807:
2799:and monophyletic
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2739:Pseudocaeciliidae
2653:Dolabellopsocidae
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2338:Echinophthiriidae
2294:Pseudomenoponidae
2182:Protroctopsocidae
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1202:Pediculus humanus
1198:Stoneking, Mark.
1132:(16): 1414–1417.
1115:Pediculus humanus
881:(10): 2749–2759.
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16:(Redirected from
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2668:Spurostigmatidae
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2417:
2416:(spiny rat lice)
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2390:Neolinognathidae
2385:Microthoraciidae
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2346:Enderleinellidae
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1468:Cleveland Clinic
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1404:(8): 1205–1210.
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2625:Paracaeciliidae
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2536:Rhyncophthirina
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2501:Rhyncophthirina
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2367:(armoured lice)
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2359:Hamophthiriidae
2354:(ungulate lice)
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2340:
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2318:
2288:
2281:Laemobothriidae
2266:Colpocephalidae
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2219:Sphaeropsocidae
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1925:porocephaliasis
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1859:Tunga penetrans
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1125:Current Biology
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749:medlineplus.gov
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534:relapsing fever
524:epidemic typhus
514:
512:Diseases caused
502:corticosteroids
497:
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455:Systema Naturae
446:
395:head louse nits
370:
362:relapsing fever
354:epidemic typhus
295:
286:
280:
267:
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250:P. humanus
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2744:Trichopsocidae
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2483:
2481:(paraphyletic)
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2348:
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2329:(sucking lice)
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2214:Pachytroctidae
2211:
2209:Liposcelididae
2205:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2187:Troctopsocidae
2184:
2179:
2174:
2172:Manicapsocidae
2169:
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2162:Amphientomidae
2158:
2156:
2154:Amphientometae
2146:
2145:
2132:
2131:
2128:
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2124:
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2121:
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2118:Psyllipsocidae
2114:
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2110:Psyllipsocetae
2106:
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2103:
2102:
2099:(paraphyletic)
2091:
2089:
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2080:
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2015:
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1081:10.1086/520454
1074:(4): 888–911.
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714:
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703:(1): 80–185.
702:
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664:(4): 308–11.
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117:December 2023
109:
106:
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99:
95:
92:
88:
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81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2824:
2762:Hemipsocidae
2711:Peripsocidae
2706:Mesopsocidae
2686:Ectopsocidae
2610:Asiopsocidae
2458:Dasyonygidae
2413:Polyplacidae
2395:Pecaroecidae
2372:Hybothiridae
2314:Trinotonidae
2271:Gliricolidae
2233:Phthiraptera
2197:Nanopsocetae
2177:Musapsocidae
2142:Troctomorpha
2072:Psoquillidae
2047:Trogiomorpha
2031:Paraneoptera
2029:Superorder:
2023:Infraclass:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1903:
1897:
1890:Pentastomida
1863:
1857:
1826:
1812:
1791:
1766:
1746:
1742:
1717:ectoparasite
1640:
1621:Pediculicide
1562:
1476:. Retrieved
1467:
1458:
1447:. Retrieved
1438:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1379:. Retrieved
1364:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1265:(1): 29–32.
1262:
1258:
1248:
1238:November 26,
1236:. Retrieved
1222:
1207:. Retrieved
1201:
1193:
1179:cite journal
1168:. Retrieved
1129:
1123:
1114:
1106:
1071:
1067:
1035:. Retrieved
1026:
1017:
1006:. Retrieved
997:
987:
977:, retrieved
960:
950:
939:. Retrieved
931:ScienceDaily
930:
921:
878:
874:
864:
853:. Retrieved
844:
835:
825:, retrieved
808:
798:
787:. Retrieved
778:
768:
757:. Retrieved
748:
725:. Retrieved
700:
697:Parasitology
696:
686:
661:
657:
651:
640:. Retrieved
631:
628:"CDC - Lice"
621:
609:. Retrieved
598:
591:Zimmer, Carl
585:
555:tetracycline
548:
544:trench fever
537:
527:
517:
515:
498:
489:
472:Phthiraptera
453:
447:
434:
432:
425:
413:
401:
390:
385:
376:
372:
371:
358:trench fever
347:
344:
341:
326:ectoparasite
323:hematophagic
318:
313:
312:
307:
306:
302:
300:
281:
279:
263:
262:
258:Subspecies:
248:
236:
138:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
76:"Body louse"
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
2927:iNaturalist
2767:Myopsocidae
2691:Elipsocidae
2658:Epipsocidae
2640:Epipsocetae
2567:Psocomorpha
2453:Bovicolidae
2405:Pediculidae
2400:Pedicinidae
2380:(pale lice)
2341:(seal lice)
2286:Menoponidae
2167:Compsocidae
1768:phthiriasis
1598:Phthiriasis
1588:Pediculosis
1581:Infestation
1439:Mayo Clinic
1381:23 November
1027:www.nyc.gov
1023:"Body Lice"
998:www.cdc.gov
779:www.cdc.gov
745:"Body Lice"
632:www.cdc.gov
551:doxycycline
476:Pediculidae
474:and family
226:Pediculidae
144:Body louse
3005:Categories
2701:Lesneiidae
2532:Ischnocera
2473:Lipeuridae
2463:Goniodidae
2439:Ischnocera
2429:Ratemiidae
2017:Subclass:
2007:Arthropoda
1763:Crab louse
1753:Head louse
1743:Body louse
1713:Arthropods
1642:Delphinium
1636:Phenothrin
1631:Permethrin
1616:Nitpicking
1563:Body louse
1558:Crab louse
1553:Head louse
1478:2024-05-03
1449:2024-05-03
1170:2008-09-01
1037:2024-05-03
1008:2024-05-03
979:2024-05-03
961:StatPearls
941:2024-05-03
855:2024-05-03
827:2020-02-08
809:StatPearls
789:2024-05-03
759:2024-05-03
727:2024-01-03
642:2024-05-03
611:9 November
577:References
559:gentamicin
480:Afrotheria
464:Arthropoda
438:subspecies
435:P. humanus
381:head louse
335:, and the
333:head louse
303:body louse
196:Arthropoda
87:newspapers
2565:Suborder
2540:Amblycera
2421:Pthiridae
2299:Ricinidae
2276:Gyropidae
2248:Amblycera
2140:Suborder
2077:Trogiidae
2059:Atropetae
2045:Suborder
2019:Pterygota
1999:Kingdom:
1881:Crustacea
1865:tungiasis
1793:cimicosis
1780:Hemiptera
1608:Treatment
1418:2397-334X
1338:0027-8424
1209:March 24,
1090:1058-4838
895:0737-4038
717:0031-1820
495:Treatment
433:The two
317:) or the
244:Species:
237:Pediculus
182:Kingdom:
176:Eukaryota
18:Body lice
2893:50014693
2862:BugGuide
2834:Wikidata
2777:Psocidae
2754:Psocetae
2324:Anoplura
2261:Boopidae
2025:Neoptera
2005:Phylum:
2001:Animalia
1990:families
1988:Psocodea
1835:Mosquito
1472:Archived
1443:Archived
1375:Archived
1356:20566863
1289:20823373
1232:Archived
1164:15277254
1156:12932325
1098:10589908
1031:Archived
1002:Archived
973:archived
969:29489282
935:Archived
913:26169943
849:Archived
821:archived
817:29489282
783:Archived
753:Archived
721:Archived
636:Archived
605:Archived
565:See also
542:(causes
532:(causes
522:(causes
470:, order
466:, class
289:Linnaeus
222:Family:
216:Psocodea
192:Phylum:
186:Animalia
172:Domain:
2978:1235024
2919:4987993
2840:Q549378
2013:Insecta
2011:Class:
1986:Extant
1828:myiasis
1788:Bed bug
1726:Insecta
1661:Cooties
1626:Lindane
1546:Species
1498:on the
1347:2901460
1316:Bibcode
1280:3002236
1216:Archive
1134:Bibcode
904:4576711
678:7309944
536:), and
468:Insecta
444:Origins
350:vectors
232:Genus:
212:Order:
206:Insecta
202:Class:
101:scholar
2988:879263
2965:NZOR:
2958:121224
2945:186075
2932:411752
2906:PEDIHO
2867:343995
2238:(lice)
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460:genome
360:, and
319:cootie
103:
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2880:5K9BJ
1735:Louse
1671:Louse
1160:S2CID
1120:(PDF)
414:adult
407:adult
402:nymph
379:(the
329:louse
321:is a
108:JSTOR
94:books
3021:Lice
2953:NCBI
2940:ITIS
2914:GBIF
2901:EPPO
2538:and
1850:Flea
1751:) /
1715:and
1504:IFAS
1414:ISSN
1383:2021
1352:PMID
1334:ISSN
1285:PMID
1240:2022
1211:2008
1185:link
1152:PMID
1094:PMID
1086:ISSN
965:PMID
909:PMID
891:ISSN
813:PMID
713:ISSN
674:PMID
613:2023
504:and
412:The
391:Eggs
301:The
293:1758
80:news
2888:EoL
2875:CoL
2849:AFD
1805:Fly
1406:doi
1342:PMC
1324:doi
1312:107
1275:PMC
1267:doi
1142:doi
1076:doi
899:PMC
883:doi
705:doi
666:doi
546:).
526:),
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