172:
hygiene and hand-washing is one of the first things recommended. Other interventions may be added as the investigation moves forward and more information is obtained. Waiting until the end of an investigation to implement prevention and control measures is a sure way to lose ones job. In outbreaks identified through notifiable disease surveillance, reports are often linked to laboratory results and verifying the diagnosis is straight forward. In outbreaks of unknown etiology, determining and verifying the diagnosis can be a significant part of the investigation with respect to time and resources. Several steps are usually going on at any point in time during the investigation. Steps may be repeated. For example, initial case definitions are often established to be intentionally broad but later refined as more is learned about the outbreak. The above list has 9 steps, others have more. Implementing active surveillance to identify additional cases is often added.
40:
120:
319:
305:
70:
when cases are in excess of normal expectancy for the location or season. It may affect a small and localized group or impact upon thousands of people across an entire continent. The number of cases varies according to the disease-causing agent, and the size and type of previous and existing exposure
171:
The order of the above steps and relative amount of effort and resources used in each varies from outbreak to outbreak. For example, prevention and control measures are usually implemented very early in the investigation, often before the causative agent is known. In many situations, promoting good
290:
264:
of the infectious disease has elapsed without identification of any new case, however, for organisms with a short incubation period (e.g. fewer than ten days), a period of three times the incubation period is preferred.
239:– a communicable disease, such as influenza, measles, mumps, pneumonia, colds, viruses, and smallpox, which is characteristic of a particular place, or among a particular group, or area of interest or activity.
245:– when this disease is found to infect a significantly larger number of people at the same time than is common at that time, and among that population, and may spread through one or several communities.
273:
Outbreak legislation is still in its infancy and not many countries have had a direct and complete set of the provisions. However, some countries do manage the outbreaks using relevant acts, such as
99:
The terms "outbreak" and "epidemic" have often been used interchangeably. Researchers
Manfred S. Green and colleagues propose that the latter term be restricted to larger events, pointing out that
183:
There are several outbreak patterns, which can be useful in identifying the transmission method or source, and predicting the future rate of infection. Each has a distinctive
352:
766:
1650:
127:
When investigating disease outbreaks, the epidemiology profession has developed a number of widely accepted steps. As described by the United States
175:
Outbreak debriefing and review has also been recognized as an additional final step and iterative process by the Public Health Agency of Canada.
2088:
1642:
759:
2483:
528:
357:
128:
286:
2496:
752:
2423:
2410:
1024:
780:
430:"Investigating outbreaks of initially unknown aetiology in complex settings: findings and recommendations from 10 case studies"
721:
1695:
635:
337:
1037:
2212:
1670:
586:
347:
332:
617:
1349:
135:
Identify the existence of the outbreak (Is the group of ill persons normal for the time of year, geographic area, etc.?)
2415:
651:
1419:
678:
1845:
1840:
1450:
2384:
1924:
1331:
947:
282:
2476:
1518:
342:
107:
39:
2259:
1857:
1576:
1554:
985:
508:"Canada's Food-borne Illness Outbreak Response Protocol (FIORP) 2010: To guide a multi-jurisdictional response"
2227:
925:
2845:
2254:
1407:
1170:
885:
215:
195:
Common source – All victims acquire the infection from the same source (e.g. a contaminated water supply).
1079:
2580:
2296:
2167:
2103:
2071:
2019:
1316:
1298:
700:
2901:
2469:
1852:
1265:
1005:
549:
561:
507:
2356:
2346:
2041:
1977:
1700:
1665:
1468:
1445:
1231:
1044:
573:
278:
198:
Continuous source – Common source outbreak where the exposure occurs over multiple incubation periods
33:
17:
2174:
2036:
1911:
1765:
880:
870:
201:
Point source – Common source outbreak where the exposure occurs in less than one incubation period
2361:
2279:
2145:
1675:
1473:
1180:
1118:
952:
920:
1032:
1948:
1733:
1483:
1356:
962:
819:
809:
236:
149:
44:
228:– The infectious agent is endemic to an animal population, infection is transferred to humans.
2896:
2269:
1901:
1770:
1278:
1185:
1104:
1049:
738:
536:
2551:
2351:
2244:
2190:
2118:
2108:
1800:
1655:
1528:
1135:
744:
362:
260:
By convention, a communicable disease outbreak is declared over when a period of twice the
477:
415:
8:
2461:
2438:
2428:
2394:
1999:
1437:
1273:
1084:
627:
383:
101:
76:
616:
Ghebrehewet S, Stewart AG, Baxter D, Shears P, Conrad D, Kliner M, eds. (October 2016).
454:
429:
2162:
2157:
2066:
2046:
1680:
1523:
1488:
1342:
1308:
858:
1094:
428:
Perrocheau A, Jephcott F, Asgari-Jirhanden N, Greig J, Peyraud N, Tempowski J (2023).
2860:
2570:
2504:
2448:
2389:
2249:
2202:
2004:
1506:
1175:
1165:
1155:
1140:
957:
940:
804:
631:
459:
398:
274:
261:
80:
2792:
2786:
2588:
2492:
2443:
2379:
2366:
2195:
2184:
2076:
2056:
1891:
1805:
1511:
1458:
1397:
1288:
935:
863:
623:
535:. Center for New Media Teaching and Learning at Columbia University. Archived from
449:
441:
289:. WHO member states are holding a special session in November 2021 to consider the
2691:
2311:
2306:
2150:
2098:
1906:
1883:
1728:
1705:
1089:
1054:
930:
875:
594:
324:
142:
87:
are near-global disease outbreaks when multiple and various countries around the
1059:
445:
2644:
2560:
2341:
2274:
2217:
1989:
1878:
1870:
1795:
1748:
1743:
1690:
1414:
1195:
1190:
1150:
1099:
1064:
902:
838:
382:
Green MS, Swartz T, Mayshar E, Lev B, Leventhal A, Slater PE, Shemer J (2002).
310:
184:
2890:
2855:
2653:
2222:
2179:
2138:
2031:
2014:
1972:
1685:
1236:
1205:
826:
1072:
655:
2850:
2772:
2767:
2600:
2565:
2513:
2433:
2371:
2133:
2113:
2061:
2009:
1960:
1760:
1710:
1321:
892:
463:
402:
219:
59:
2865:
2751:
2684:
2663:
2658:
2536:
2326:
2128:
2051:
2026:
1775:
1755:
1660:
1620:
1544:
915:
910:
831:
814:
2546:
2264:
2239:
2207:
1984:
1965:
1955:
1943:
1790:
1402:
1374:
1200:
1160:
427:
79:, as well as diseases with an environmental origin, such as a water or
293:
to establish further legal obligations in managing disease outbreaks.
2875:
2870:
2818:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2526:
2521:
2336:
1815:
848:
843:
776:
188:
84:
72:
2825:
2813:
2718:
2618:
2319:
2234:
1810:
1785:
1738:
1283:
853:
796:
248:
242:
225:
52:
48:
119:
83:. They may affect a region in a country or a group of countries.
2808:
2782:
2743:
2679:
2610:
2531:
2123:
1994:
1247:
67:
2331:
1896:
1549:
1145:
155:
Develop a hypothesis (What appears to be causing the outbreak?)
698:
615:
2639:
2593:
1560:
88:
774:
304:
2776:
1013:
291:
International Treaty for
Pandemic Preparedness and Response
255:
2491:
652:"Bioterrorism Training and Curriculum Development Program"
505:
358:
2019–present coronavirus pandemic by country and territory
353:
2014 Democratic
Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak
741:, audio hour on media coverage of outbreaks and epidemics
418:, EXCITE | Epidemiology in the Classroom | Outbreak Steps
206:
Propagated – Transmission occurs from person to person.
478:"Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice"
622:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 210.
381:
300:
164:
Develop and implement control and prevention systems
158:
Study hypotheses (collect data and perform analysis)
2888:
576:. Cdc.gov (2007-04-25). Retrieved on 2010-11-25.
564:. Cdc.gov (2007-04-25). Retrieved on 2010-11-25.
552:, Cdc.gov (2007-04-25). Retrieved on 2010-11-25.
722:"WHA to hold pandemic treaty talks in November"
32:"Outbreak" redirects here. For other uses, see
2477:
1126:
760:
676:
161:Refine hypothesis and carry out further study
251:– occurs when an epidemic spreads worldwide.
138:Verify the diagnosis related to the outbreak
27:Sudden increase in occurrences of a disease
2484:
2470:
767:
753:
485:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
129:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
453:
375:
114:
66:is a sudden increase in occurrences of a
256:Condition for Declaring an Outbreak Over
145:to define who/what is included as a case
118:
38:
1841:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract
1014:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
587:"Health Topic: Behavioral Risk Factors"
268:
167:Release findings to greater communities
14:
2889:
2424:Infectious disease (medical specialty)
2316:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance
2465:
748:
338:1993 Four Corners hantavirus outbreak
152:as diagnosis is reported to insurance
148:Map the spread of the outbreak using
71:to the agent. Outbreaks include many
1671:Compartmental models in epidemiology
699:The State of Queensland Government.
670:
348:2007 Yap Islands Zika virus outbreak
333:1947 New York City smallpox outbreak
692:
679:"Outbreak actions protected by law"
24:
644:
628:10.1093/med/9780198745471.001.0001
416:Steps of an Outbreak Investigation
391:Israel Medical Association Journal
384:"When is an epidemic an epidemic?"
75:, which term is normally only for
25:
2913:
732:
701:"Legislation and Powers of Entry"
2420:Economics of Infectious Diseases
506:Public Health Agency of Canada.
317:
303:
283:International Health Regulations
714:
609:
579:
343:2003 Midwest monkeypox outbreak
281:member states are obligated by
214:Behavioral risk related (e.g.,
191:of case infections and deaths.
131:, these include the following:
2429:Infectious disease informatics
2260:Transmission-based precautions
574:Glossary of Epidemiology Terms
567:
562:Glossary of Epidemiology Terms
555:
550:Glossary of Epidemiology Terms
543:
521:
499:
470:
421:
409:
111:acknowledge this distinction.
13:
1:
1846:Chest/Lower respiratory tract
1621:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane
982:Behavioral/lifestyle factors
368:
216:sexually transmitted diseases
94:
43:Difference between outbreak,
2846:Potentially hazardous object
1408:Aerosol-generating procedure
1186:Silent/Subclinical infection
886:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
533:epiville.ccnmtl.columbia.edu
232:Patterns of occurrence are:
108:Stedman's Medical Dictionary
7:
2072:Vaccine-preventable disease
2020:Monoclonal antibody therapy
296:
102:Chambers Concise Dictionary
10:
2918:
2213:Respiratory source control
591:Center for Disease Control
31:
2838:
2801:
2760:
2742:
2711:
2704:
2672:
2638:
2631:
2609:
2579:
2545:
2512:
2503:
2403:
2357:Global Health Initiatives
2347:Evolutionary epidemiology
2295:
2087:
2042:Post-exposure prophylaxis
1978:Antimicrobial stewardship
1936:
1923:
1828:
1719:
1701:Multiplicity of infection
1666:Basic reproduction number
1641:
1613:
1599:
1585:
1569:
1537:
1499:
1442:Percutaneous inoculation
1428:
1390:
1383:
1365:
1297:
1264:
1257:
1221:
1214:
1117:
1004:
926:Host–pathogen interaction
901:
795:
788:
446:10.1093/inthealth/ihac088
279:World Health Organization
34:Outbreak (disambiguation)
2175:Protective sequestration
2037:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
1328:Generational difference
881:Horizontal gene transfer
871:Antimicrobial resistance
218:, increased risk due to
178:
2362:Microbial phylogenetics
2280:Wastewater surveillance
1801:Geographic distribution
1676:Critical community size
1474:Surgical site infection
1322:Iatrogenic/Medical care
1241:Microbial translocation
1237:Endogenous reactivation
1232:Normal flora overgrowth
1181:Opportunistic infection
953:Opportunistic infection
529:"SARS Outbreak Study 2"
210:Outbreaks can also be:
2434:Microbial bioterrorism
2057:efficacy/effectiveness
1465:Surgical intervention
1357:Breakthrough infection
979:Genetic predisposition
963:Susceptible individual
810:Germ theory of disease
150:Information technology
124:
115:Outbreak investigation
55:
2270:Universal precautions
1228:Endogenous overgrowth
1080:Poultry and livestock
597:on September 28, 2008
122:
42:
2372:Genomic reassortment
2352:Genetic epidemiology
2191:Health communication
2119:Flattening the curve
2109:Disease surveillance
1892:Systemic/Generalized
1656:Animal disease model
1136:Asymptomatic carrier
434:International Health
363:Superspreading event
269:Outbreak legislation
2439:Pandemic prevention
2395:Viral phylodynamics
2376:Re-emerging disease
2265:Travel restrictions
1469:Postoperative wound
1438:Blood-borne disease
1420:Respiratory droplet
1332:Vertical/Congenital
1317:Nosocomial/Hospital
1274:Spillover infection
739:Plague of Suspicion
677:Star Publications.
91:are soon infected.
77:infectious diseases
2497:list by death toll
2385:Selection pressure
1681:Force of infection
1309:Contagious disease
1244:Endogenous seeding
1141:Chain of infection
1065:Injection drug use
976:Vaccination status
859:Case fatality rate
777:infectious disease
539:on March 19, 2009.
125:
56:
2902:Disease outbreaks
2884:
2883:
2861:Geomagnetic storm
2834:
2833:
2700:
2699:
2627:
2626:
2571:Soil liquefaction
2493:Natural disasters
2459:
2458:
2449:Tropical medicine
2390:Synthetic biology
2291:
2290:
2250:Social distancing
2203:Outbreak response
1824:
1823:
1651:Agent-based model
1637:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1176:Natural reservoir
1166:Infectious period
1156:Incubation period
1113:
1112:
1069:Natural disaster
1038:Tropical diseases
1021:Biodiversity loss
958:Risk of infection
948:Microbiome health
941:Immunosuppression
637:978-0-19-874547-1
619:Health Protection
275:public health law
262:incubation period
81:foodborne disease
16:(Redirected from
2909:
2793:Tropical cyclone
2787:Tornado outbreak
2709:
2708:
2636:
2635:
2589:Pyroclastic flow
2581:Volcano eruption
2510:
2509:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2444:Tropical disease
2380:Reverse zoonosis
2367:One Health Model
2196:Health education
2185:Community health
2104:Cordon sanitaire
2077:Ring vaccination
2047:Repurposed drugs
1934:
1933:
1853:Gastrointestinal
1696:Machine learning
1500:Gastrointestinal
1451:Intravenous line
1388:
1387:
1302:/Cross-infection
1289:Reverse zoonosis
1262:
1261:
1219:
1218:
1124:
1123:
1105:War and conflict
973:Nutrition status
936:Immunodeficiency
793:
792:
769:
762:
755:
746:
745:
726:
725:
718:
712:
711:
709:
707:
696:
690:
689:
687:
685:
674:
668:
667:
665:
663:
654:. Archived from
648:
642:
641:
613:
607:
606:
604:
602:
593:. Archived from
583:
577:
571:
565:
559:
553:
547:
541:
540:
525:
519:
518:
516:
514:
503:
497:
496:
494:
492:
482:
474:
468:
467:
457:
425:
419:
413:
407:
406:
388:
379:
327:
322:
321:
320:
313:
308:
307:
287:report outbreaks
21:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2830:
2797:
2761:Cyclonic storms
2756:
2738:
2696:
2692:Limnic eruption
2668:
2642:
2623:
2611:Natural erosion
2605:
2575:
2549:
2541:
2499:
2490:
2460:
2455:
2399:
2312:Antigenic shift
2307:Antigenic drift
2298:
2287:
2151:Barrier nursing
2099:Contact tracing
2090:
2083:
1928:
1926:
1919:
1830:
1820:
1721:
1715:
1706:Serial interval
1625:
1609:
1600:Cervico-vaginal
1595:
1586:Trans-placental
1581:
1565:
1533:
1495:
1431:Vascular system
1430:
1424:
1379:
1367:
1361:
1301:
1293:
1253:
1210:
1128:
1109:
1000:
931:Immune response
897:
876:Drug resistance
820:Infectious dose
784:
773:
735:
730:
729:
720:
719:
715:
705:
703:
697:
693:
683:
681:
675:
671:
661:
659:
658:on 3 March 2016
650:
649:
645:
638:
614:
610:
600:
598:
585:
584:
580:
572:
568:
560:
556:
548:
544:
527:
526:
522:
512:
510:
504:
500:
490:
488:
480:
476:
475:
471:
440:(15): 537–546.
426:
422:
414:
410:
386:
380:
376:
371:
325:Medicine portal
323:
318:
316:
309:
302:
299:
271:
258:
181:
143:case definition
123:Epidemic curves
117:
97:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2915:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2780:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2748:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2706:
2705:Meteorological
2702:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2585:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2561:Seismic hazard
2557:
2555:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2489:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2342:Emergent virus
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2275:Vector control
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2218:N95 respirator
2210:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2091:pharmaceutical
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1940:
1938:
1937:Pharmaceutical
1931:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1888:Cardiovascular
1886:
1881:
1876:
1873:
1868:
1867:Nervous system
1865:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1834:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1691:Infection rate
1688:
1683:
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733:External links
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724:. 25 May 2021.
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2018:
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2015:Immunotherapy
2013:
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2006:
2003:
2001:
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1512:Contamination
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1480:Vector-borne
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1206:Window period
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1171:Latent period
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995:Stress levels
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827:Pathogenicity
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50:
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41:
35:
30:
19:
2897:Epidemiology
2851:Impact event
2839:Astronomical
2773:Thunderstorm
2768:Bomb cyclone
2632:Hydrological
2601:Volcanic ash
2566:Seismic risk
2514:Mass wasting
2163:Notification
2134:Hand washing
2129:Food hygiene
2114:Disinfection
2010:Immunization
1961:Anthelmintic
1949:prophylactic
1837:Respiratory
1780:
1761:Hyperendemic
1711:WAIFW matrix
1366:Environment-
1119:Transmission
1095:Urbanization
893:Host tropism
789:Determinants
775:Concepts in
716:
704:. Retrieved
694:
682:. Retrieved
672:
660:. Retrieved
656:the original
646:
618:
611:
599:. Retrieved
595:the original
590:
581:
569:
557:
545:
537:the original
532:
523:
511:. Retrieved
501:
489:. Retrieved
484:
472:
437:
433:
423:
411:
394:
390:
377:
272:
259:
231:
220:malnutrition
209:
182:
174:
170:
126:
106:
100:
98:
63:
60:epidemiology
57:
29:
2866:Solar flare
2752:Megadrought
2712:Temperature
2685:Megatsunami
2664:Storm surge
2659:Flash flood
2537:Debris flow
2416:Eradication
2327:Biosecurity
2052:Vaccination
2027:Inoculation
2005:Drug safety
2000:Combination
1927:and Control
1875:Soft tissue
1829:Anatomical
1796:Seasonality
1776:Mesoendemic
1756:Holoendemic
1749:Farr's laws
1661:Attack rate
1459:Animal bite
1455:Insect bite
1391:Respiratory
1018:Air quality
1006:Environment
916:Comorbidity
832:Attack rate
815:Infectivity
2891:Categories
2547:Earthquake
2505:Geological
2299:infections
2240:Sanitation
2208:Quarantine
2067:resistance
1985:Antiseptic
1966:Ascaricide
1956:Antifungal
1944:Antibiotic
1925:Prevention
1858:Intestinal
1791:Prevalence
1771:Inequality
1720:Occurrence
1519:Breastmilk
1403:Bioaerosol
1375:Sapronosis
1350:Horizontal
1222:Endogenous
1201:Viral load
1161:Index case
397:(1): 3–6.
369:References
95:Definition
2876:Hypernova
2871:Supernova
2819:Firestorm
2734:Heat wave
2729:Ice storm
2724:Cold wave
2527:Avalanche
2522:Landslide
2411:Discovery
2337:Disease X
2297:Emerging
2245:Screening
2146:Isolation
1990:Antiviral
1816:Twindemic
1766:Incidence
1643:Modelling
1606:Perinatal
1538:Cutaneous
1429:Linked to
1339:Perinatal
1258:Exogenous
1250:formation
992:Pregnancy
849:Endotoxin
844:Virulence
189:histogram
141:Create a
85:Pandemics
73:epidemics
18:Outbreaks
2826:ARkStorm
2814:Wildfire
2719:Blizzard
2619:Sinkhole
2320:EARS-Net
2235:Safe sex
2187:services
2158:Lockdown
1929:measures
1831:location
1811:Syndemic
1806:Sporadic
1786:Pandemic
1781:Outbreak
1739:Epidemic
1592:Prenatal
1484:Mosquito
1368:to-human
1343:Neonatal
1336:Prenatal
1284:Zoonosis
1129:concepts
1060:Humidity
1045:Commerce
921:Diabetes
854:Exotoxin
706:2 August
684:2 August
662:2 August
601:30 March
513:22 March
491:6 August
464:36630891
455:10472873
403:11802306
297:See also
249:Pandemic
243:Epidemic
226:Zoonotic
64:outbreak
53:pandemic
49:epidemic
2809:Derecho
2783:Tornado
2744:Drought
2680:Tsunami
2532:Mudflow
2124:Hygiene
2062:booster
1995:Asepsis
1734:Endemic
1729:Cluster
1313:Source
1248:Biofilm
1085:Poverty
1055:Ecology
1033:El Niño
986:Smoking
864:factors
805:Biofilm
781:Outline
237:Endemic
68:disease
45:endemic
2332:CRISPR
2284:Zoning
2139:Gloves
1550:Fomite
1384:Routes
1279:Vector
1146:Fomite
1127:Basic
1090:Travel
970:Gender
634:
462:
452:
401:
2802:Other
2673:Other
2640:Flood
2594:Lahar
2404:Other
1912:Fetus
1907:Mouth
1902:Tooth
1897:Blood
1884:Joint
1744:Curve
1614:Other
1561:wound
1559:Open
1529:Feces
1524:Water
1215:Modes
1073:Flood
797:Agent
487:. CDC
481:(PDF)
387:(PDF)
187:, or
179:Types
89:Earth
62:, an
2777:Hail
2645:List
2552:List
2168:list
2089:Non-
1879:Bone
1871:Skin
1555:Soil
1545:Burn
1507:Food
1489:Tick
1151:Host
911:Burn
903:Host
708:2008
686:2008
664:2008
632:ISBN
603:2020
515:2013
493:2016
460:PMID
399:PMID
105:and
51:and
2228:PPE
1916:Eye
1577:Sex
1398:Air
967:Age
624:doi
450:PMC
442:doi
285:to
58:In
2893::
2495:–
630:.
589:.
531:.
483:.
458:.
448:.
436:.
432:.
393:.
389:.
277:.
47:,
2789:)
2785:(
2779:)
2775:(
2647:)
2643:(
2554:)
2550:(
2485:e
2478:t
2471:v
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779:(
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