Pandemic - Knowledge

535: 603: 918: 548: 572: 788: 1605: 590: 894: 703: 1070: 40: 1889:, potentially for years to come, with substantial drops in GDP accompanied by increases in unemployment noted around the world. The slowdown of economic activity early in the COVID-19 pandemic had a profound effect on emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases. Analysis of ice cores taken from the Swiss Alps have revealed a reduction in atmospheric lead pollution over a four-year period corresponding to the years 1349 to 1353 (when the Black Death was ravaging Europe), indicating a reduction in mining and economic activity generally. 8991: 1149: 407: 8779: 1929: 1739: 6183: 238: 9304: 8791: 444:- In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, WHO established a Pandemic Hub in September 2021 in Berlin, aiming to address weaknesses around the world in how countries detect, monitor and manage public health threats. The Hub's initiatives include using artificial intelligence to analyse more than 35,000 data feeds for indications of emerging health threats, as well as improving facilities and coordination between academic institutions and WHO member countries. 829: 1901: 1882:

capabilities to reduce the threat posed by pandemic events, a figure that the World Bank Group raised to $ 13 billion in a 2019 report. It has been suggested that such costs be paid from a tax on aviation rather than from, e.g., income taxes, given the crucial role of air traffic in transforming local epidemics into pandemics (being the only factor considered in state-of-the-art models of long-range disease transmission ).

10782: 1540: 222: 1915: 694:, WHO previously applied a six-stage classification to delineate the process by which the virus moves from the first few infections in humans through to a pandemic. Starting with phase 1 (infections identified in animals only), it moves through phases of increasing infection and spread to phase 6 (pandemic). In February 2020, a WHO spokesperson clarified that the system is no longer in use. 1094:, was identified in 1894. The association with fleas, and in particular rat fleas in urban environments, led to effective control measures. The pandemic was considered to be over in 1959 when annual deaths due to plague dropped below 200. The disease is nevertheless present in the rat population worldwide and isolated human cases still occur. 1109:—killing 20 to 100 million. Most influenza outbreaks disproportionately kill the very young and the very old, but the 1918 pandemic had an unusually high mortality rate for young adults. It killed more people in 25 weeks than AIDS did in its first 25 years. Mass troop movements and close quarters during World War 810:(PHEIC) between January 2020 and May 2023 by WHO. The number of people infected with COVID-19 has reached more than 767 million worldwide, with a death toll of 6.9 million. It is considered likely that the virus will eventually become endemic and, like the common cold, cause less severe disease for most people. 454:(IPSN) (hosted by the Pandemic Hub) aiming to detect and respond to disease threats before they become epidemics and pandemics, and to optimize routine disease surveillance. The network provides a platform to connect countries, improving systems for collecting and analysing samples of potentially harmful 1881:

In 2016, the commission on a Global Health Risk Framework for the Future estimated that pandemic disease events would cost the global economy over $ 6 trillion in the 21st century—over $ 60 billion per year. The same report recommended spending $ 4.5 billion annually on global prevention and response

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For example, influenza is a rapidly evolving disease which has caused pandemics in the past and has potential to cause future pandemics. WHO collates the findings of 144 national influenza centres worldwide which monitor emerging flu viruses. Virus variants which are assessed as likely to represent a

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around 10,000 BC, disease outbreaks were limited to a single family or clan, and did not spread widely before dying out. The domestication of animals increased human-animal contact, increasing the possibility of zoonotic infections. The advent of agriculture, and trade between settled groups, made it

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The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted a number of ethical and political issues which must be considered during a pandemic. These included decisions about who should be prioritised for treatment while resources are scarce; whether or not to make vaccination compulsory; the timing and extent of constraints

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There is always a possibility that a disease which has caused epidemics in the past may return in the future. It is also possible that little known diseases may become more virulent; in order to encourage research, a number of organisations which monitor global health have drawn up lists of diseases

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In a press conference on 28 December 2020, Mike Ryan, head of the WHO Emergencies Program, and other officials said the current COVID-19 pandemic is "not necessarily the big one" and "the next pandemic may be more severe." They called for preparation. WHO and the UN have warned the world must tackle

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in late 1518 and soon spread to Mexico. Estimates of mortality range from one-quarter to one-half of the population of central Mexico. It is estimated that over the 100 years after European arrival in 1492, the indigenous population of the Americas dropped from 60 million to only 6 million, due to a

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which may be effective if available. When it becomes apparent that it is no longer possible to contain the spread of the disease, management will then move on to the mitigation stage, in which measures are taken to slow the spread of the disease and mitigate its effects on society and the healthcare

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which aims to curtail an outbreak and prevent it getting out of control - it involves strategic planning, data collection and modelling to measure the spread, stockpiling of therapies, vaccines, and medical equipment, as well as public health awareness campaigning. By definition, a pandemic involves

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covers a fifth of the northern hemisphere and is made up of soil that has been kept at temperatures below freezing for long periods. Viable samples of viruses have been recovered from thawing permafrost, after having been frozen for many years, sometimes for millennia. There is a remote possibility

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also drive pandemic risk through their impacts on our environment." Proposed policy options from the report include taxing meat production and consumption, cracking down on the illegal wildlife trade, removing high-risk species from the legal wildlife trade, eliminating subsidies to businesses that

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with the aim to provide WHO with influenza control information. More than two million respiratory specimens are tested by GISRS annually to monitor the spread and evolution of influenza viruses through a network of about 150 laboratories in 114 countries representing 91% of the world's population.

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After evaluating the biology, pathogenesis, and emergence of the human coronaviruses that cause the common cold, we can anticipate that with increased vaccine immunity to SARS-CoV-2, it will become a seasonal, endemic coronavirus that causes less severe disease in most individuals. Much like the

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the global spread of a pathogen or variant that infects human populations with limited or no immunity through sustained and high transmissibility from person to person, overwhelming health systems with severe morbidity and high mortality, and causing social and economic disruptions, all of which

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possible for pathogens to spread widely. As population increased, contact between groups became more frequent. A history of epidemics maintained by the Chinese Empire from 243 B.C. to 1911 A.C. shows an approximate correlation between the frequency of epidemics and the growth of the population.

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in 2014 even though only 482 cases were reported globally in the previous year; this was justified by concerns that polio might break out of its endemic areas and again become a significant health threat globally. The PHEIC status of polio is reviewed regularly and is ongoing, despite the small

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A key issue for epidemiologists is helping policymakers decide the main objectives of mitigation—e.g., minimizing morbidity and associated mortality, avoiding an epidemic peak that overwhelms health-care services, keeping the effects on the economy within manageable levels, and flattening the

745:(PSAF) to assess the severity of influenza pandemics. The PSAF rates the severity of an influenza outbreak on two dimensions: clinical severity of illness in infected persons; and the transmissibility of the infection in the population. This tool was not applied during the COVID-19 pandemic. 1771:, can have potentially severe health consequences. Climate can affect the distribution of these diseases due to the changing geographic range of their vectors, with the potential to cause serious outbreaks in areas where the disease has not previously been known. The other group comprises 1691:(MDR-TB) are estimated to occur worldwide. China and India have the highest rate of MDR-TB. WHO reports that approximately 50 million people worldwide are infected with MDR-TB, with 79 percent of those cases resistant to three or more antibiotics. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis ( 468:(CEPI) is developing a program to condense new vaccine development timelines to 100 days, a third of the time it took to develop a COVID-19 vaccine. CEPI aims to reduce global epidemic and pandemic risk by developing vaccines against known pathogens as well as enabling rapid response to 1638:, with a fairly constant number of cases which vary seasonally and can, to a certain extent, be predicted. In a typical year, 5–15% of the population contracts influenza. There are 3–5 million severe cases annually, with up to 650,000 respiratory-related deaths globally each year. The 7277:

More field research is needed . More sampling of wild animals. More scrutiny of genomes. More cognizance of the fact that animal infections can become human infections because humans are animals. We live in a world of viruses, and we have scarcely begun to understand this one. [

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and transferred to humans in the early 20th century. The most frequent mode of transmission of HIV is through sexual contact with an infected person. There may be a short period of mild, nonspecific symptoms followed by an asymptomatic (but nevertheless infectious) stage called

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What might prevent or lessen possibility is more prosperity more equally distributed – enough that villagers in South Asia need not trap and sell bats to supplement their incomes and that, low-wage workers in the U.S. need not go to work while ill because they have no sick

3660:"The 2019–2020 Novel Coronavirus (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) Pandemic: A Joint American College of Academic International Medicine-World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine Multidisciplinary COVID-19 Working Group Consensus Paper" 1162:

Beginning from the Middle Ages, encounters between European settlers and native populations in the rest of the world often introduced epidemics of extraordinary virulence. Settlers introduced novel diseases which were endemic in Europe, such as

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Without pandemic containment measures—such as social distancing, vaccination, and use of face masks—pathogens can spread exponentially. This graphic shows how early adoption of containment measures tends to protect wider swaths of the

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For the sake of clarification, WHO does not use the old system of 6 phases—that ranged from phase 1 (no reports of animal influenza causing human infections) to phase 6 (a pandemic)—that some people may be familiar with from H1N1 in

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is important to inform policy decisions. It helps to predict the burden of disease on healthcare facilities, the effectiveness of control measures, projected geographical spread, and timing and extent of future pandemic waves.

864:- without treatment, this stage can last between 3 and 20 years. The only way to detect infection is by means of a HIV test. There is no vaccine to prevent HIV infection, but the disease can be held in check by means of 2957: 1214:

population, killing an estimated 50% of those infected with the disease during the first decades of colonisation. In the early 1800s, measles, smallpox and intertribal warfare killed an estimated 20,000 New Zealand

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Mitigation attempts that are inadequate in strictness or duration—such as premature relaxation of physical distancing rules or stay-at-home orders—can allow a resurgence after the initial surge and mitigation.

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The total number of deaths worldwide is estimated at 75 to 200 million. Starting in Asia, the disease reached the Mediterranean and western Europe in 1348 (possibly from Italian merchants fleeing fighting in

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There's a whole infrastructure and official process around designating something a PHEIC and designating that an outbreak is no longer a PHEIC. There's none of that when it comes to calling an outbreak

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may be taken to manage the outbreak. In a flu pandemic, these actions may include personal preventive measures such as hand hygiene, wearing face-masks, and self-quarantine; community measures aimed at

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an extraordinary event which is determined to constitute a public health risk to other States through the international spread of disease and to potentially require a coordinated international response

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such as closing schools and canceling mass gatherings; community engagement to encourage acceptance and participation in such interventions; and environmental measures such as cleaning of surfaces.

2499:"U.S. Tightens Rules on Risky Virus Research - A long-awaited new policy broadens the type of regulated viruses, bacteria, fungi and toxins, including those that could threaten crops and livestock" 627:

and isolating infected individuals to stop the disease from spreading to the rest of the population, other public health interventions on infection control, and therapeutic countermeasures such as

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For example, cases of tuberculosis that are resistant to traditionally effective treatments remain a cause of great concern to health professionals. Every year, nearly half a million new cases of

1084:(1855–1960): Starting in China, it is estimated to have caused over 12 million deaths in total, the majority of them in India. During this pandemic, the United States saw its first outbreak: the 1033:) and killed an estimated 20 to 30 million Europeans in six years; a third of the total population, and up to a half in the worst-affected urban areas. It was the first of a cycle of European 357:

The end of a pandemic is more difficult to delineate. Generally, past epidemics & pandemics have faded out as the diseases become accepted into people's daily lives and routines, becoming

12041: 6851: 296: 185: 1055:, then spread across India by 1820. The deaths of 10,000 British troops were documented - it is assumed that tens of thousands of Indians must have died. The disease spread as far as China, 978:(165 to 180 AD): Possibly measles or smallpox brought to the Italian peninsula by soldiers returning from the Near East, it killed a quarter of those infected, up to five million in total. 476:(NIAID) has developed a Pandemic Preparedness Plan which focuses on identifying viruses of concern and developing diagnostics and therapies (including prototype vaccines) to combat them. 421:

comprises activities such as anticipatory research and development of therapies and vaccines, as well as monitoring for pathogens and disease outbreaks which may have pandemic potential.

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Prevention of future pandemics requires steps to identify future causes of pandemics and to take preventive measures before the disease moves uncontrollably into the human population.

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Historical accounts of epidemics are often vague or contradictory in describing how victims were affected. A rash accompanied by a fever might be smallpox, measles, scarlet fever, or

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and MERS have the potential to cause future pandemics. Many human coronaviruses have zoonotic origin, their with natural reservoir in bats or rodents, leading to concerns for future

886:, and it is possible that epidemics overlapped, with multiple infections striking the same population at once. It is often impossible to know the exact causes of mortality, although 3635: 1841:, the chair of the group who produced the report, "there is no great mystery about the cause of the Covid-19 pandemic or any modern pandemic. The same human activities that drive 6226: 10401: 534: 3889: 2320: 1695:) was first identified in Africa in 2006 and subsequently discovered to exist in 49 countries. During 2021 there were estimated to be around 25,000 cases XDR-TB worldwide. 10476: 9840: 2547: 1203:

combination of disease, war, and famine. The majority these deaths are attributed to successive waves of introduced diseases such as smallpox, measles, and typhoid fever.

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Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Most medical sources, including the WHO, do not refer to HIV/AIDS as a pandemic; those that do refer to it in the past-tense to separate the acute and chronic phases.

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An endemic disease is always present in a population, but at a relatively low and predictable level. There may be periodic spikes of infections or seasonality, (e.g.

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on individual liberty, how to sanction individuals who do not comply with emergency regulations, and the extent of international collaboration and resource sharing.

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Alempic JM, Lartigue A, Goncharov AE, Grosse G, Strauss J, Tikhonov AN, Fedorov AN, Poirot O, Legendre M, Santini S, Abergel C, Claverie JM (18 February 2023).

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1. The suppression strategy, which includes stringent population-wide social distancing, home isolation of cases, and household quarantine, was undertaken by

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issue. Since then, HIV/AIDS has killed an estimated 40 million people with a further 630,000 deaths annually; 39 million people are currently living with

639:". This helps decrease the risk of health services being overwhelmed and provides more time for a vaccine and treatment to be developed. A broad group of 10406: 7361: 3281: 3465: 3207: 11093: 5603: 1974: 5196: 2983: 11062: 9035: 4153: 3406: 1658: 503:

of emergency supplies such as personal protective equipment, drugs and vaccines, and equipment such as respirators. Many of these items have limited

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common cold CoVs, the potential for severe disease will likely be present in those who lack a protective immune response or are immunocompromised.

10811: 10752: 2958:"WHO statement on the meeting of the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee concerning the international spread of wild poliovirus" 1307: 465: 55:, due to their existing infrastructure (electrical, water, sewage). Hotels and dormitories were also considered appropriate because they can use 2126:

Disease X represents the knowledge that a serious international epidemic could be caused by a pathogen currently unknown to cause human disease.

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Transparency, communication and trust: The role of public communication in responding to the wave of disinformation about the new Coronavirus

2760:"Zero draft of the WHO convention, agreement or other international instrument on pandemic prevention, preparedness and response ("WHO CA+")" 265:". A disease or condition is not a pandemic merely because it is widespread or kills many people; it must also be infectious. For instance, 13157: 12274: 11166: 9805: 5846:

Specifically, all HCoVs are thought to have a bat origin, with the exception of lineage A beta-CoVs, which may have reservoirs in rodents .

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many countries so international cooperation, data sharing, and collaboration are essential; as is universal access to tests and therapies.

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Murray CJ, Ikuta KS, Sharara F, Swetschinski L, Aguilar GR, Gray A, et al. (Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators) (February 2022).

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warned that the primary cause of pandemics so far, the anthropogenic destruction of the natural world through such activities including

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Following the end of the COVID-19 pandemic Public Health Emergency of International Concern deceleration by WHO, WHO Director General

948:, an epidemic killed a quarter of the Athenian troops and a quarter of the population. This disease fatally weakened the dominance of 12071: 10785: 10424: 9905: 9900: 9885: 6617: 2436:"World Health Assembly agrees to launch process to develop historic global accord on pandemic prevention, preparedness and response" 1067:

before receding. Subsequent cholera pandemics during the 19th century are estimated to have caused many millions of deaths globally.

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is paving the way to the pandemic era and could result in as many as 850,000 viruses being transmitted from animals—in particular

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BC. Since the Middle Ages, influenza pandemics have been recorded every 10 to 30 years as the virus mutates to evade immunity.

1010:) 10,000 a day at its height, and perhaps 40% of the city's inhabitants. The plague went on to eliminate a quarter to half the 742: 2535:"United States Government Policy for Oversight of Dual Use Research of Concern and Pathogens with Enhanced Pandemic Potential" 1590:

stated he would not hesitate to re-declare COVID-19 a PHEIC should the global situation worsen in the coming months or years.

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that continued until the 18th century; there were more than 100 plague epidemics in Europe during this period, including the

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Eisenberg M, Mordechai L (December 2020). "The Justinianic plague and global pandemics: The making of the plague concept".

6651:"Global Health Risk Framework—The Neglected Dimension of Global Security: A Framework to Counter Infectious Disease Crises" 6092: 4247:"Evaluating the Virology and Evolution of Seasonal Human Coronaviruses Associated with the Common Cold in the COVID-19 Era" 3989:(RR-06). Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 1–18. 2233: 1954: 1842: 11736: 4123: 671:

where entire cities were placed under lockdown; such a strategy may carry with it considerable social and economic costs.

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diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid which may increase in prevalence due to changes in rainfall patterns.

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are generally excluded as they occur simultaneously in large regions of the globe rather than being spread worldwide.

13360: 13355: 12082: 12053: 11943: 11887: 11803: 8845: 7673: 7057:(January–February 2023). "Inevitable Outbreaks: How to Stop an Age of Spillovers from Becoming an Age of Pandemics". 6122: 5441: 5334: 3525: 105: 12965: 8990: 5377: 4403: 1125:. Improved transportation systems made it easier for soldiers, sailors and civilian travelers to spread the disease. 13899: 13439: 12846: 12462: 12195: 11999: 11869: 11833: 11821: 11724: 11647: 11186: 8238: 7934: 3436:(Report). OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2789: 1784: 1688: 489:

involves disseminating reliable information, ensuring consistency on message, transparency, and steps to discredit

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Smallpox was the most destructive disease that was brought by Europeans to the Native Americans, both in terms of

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No. 310, June 2006, pp. 45–46, say "between one-third and two-thirds"; Robert Gottfried (1983). "Black Death" in

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significant risk are identified and can then be incorporated into the next seasonal influenza vaccine program.

1044: 411: 162: 154: 10926: 2790:"Estimating R 0 from early exponential growth: parallels between 1918 influenza and 2020 SARS-CoV-2 pandemics" 1684:", may contribute to the re-emergence of diseases with pandemic potential that are currently well controlled. 451: 277:. This definition differs from colloquial usage in that it encompasses outbreaks of relatively mild diseases. 13742: 12440: 11893: 11809: 11411: 10877: 9910: 9018: 8033: 7939: 7391: 4693: 4429: 1143: 292:". There is a rigorous process underlying this categorization and a clearly defined trajectory of responses. 11181: 6341: 365:

a high proportion of the global population having immunity (through either natural infection or vaccination)

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which have caused pandemics in the past, and could do so again if not controlled. Prevention overlaps with

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Changing Planet, Changing Health: How the Climate Crisis Threatens Our Health and what We Can Do about it

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epidemic curve to wait for vaccine development and manufacture on the scale and antiviral drug therapies.

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A key part of managing an infectious disease outbreak is trying to decrease the epidemic peak, known as "

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occurring on a scale that crosses international boundaries, usually affecting people on a worldwide scale

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Here is an incomplete list of known epidemics which spread widely enough to merit the title "pandemic".

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Roychoudhury S, Das A, Sengupta P, Dutta S, Roychoudhury S, Choudhury AP, et al. (December 2020).

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There are two groups of infectious disease that may be affected by climate change. The first group are

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The potential consequences of an incident are considered, rather than its current status. For example,

5781: 5352:"How smallpox devastated the Aztecs – and helped Spain conquer an American civilization 500 years ago" 2303: 14011: 13871: 13861: 13556: 13492: 13215: 13180: 12983: 12960: 12746: 12559: 11551: 11214: 11161: 11011: 10680: 9798: 9132: 8980: 8696: 8629: 8472: 8204: 8199: 8073: 7903: 7745: 7532: 6975: 6258: 4912: 4813: 4800: 3890:"Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID19 mortality and healthcare demand" 2440: 2046: 1302: 1073: 913:) reflects the social upheaval and terror that followed the plague, which devastated medieval Europe. 897: 762: 656: 334: 281: 181: 31: 17: 4245:

Harrison CM, Doster JM, Landwehr EH, Kumar NP, White EJ, Beachboard DC, Stobart CC (February 2023).

3949: 2464: 2362: 177:. Almost all these diseases still circulate among humans though their impact now is often far less. 14001: 13689: 13551: 13426: 13280: 12395: 12385: 12219: 12201: 11193: 11113: 10968: 10746: 10685: 9274: 9154: 9149: 9089: 9062: 8901: 8802: 8691: 8586: 8512: 8339: 7968: 7668: 7370: 7288:"Escaping the 'Era of Pandemics': Experts Warn Worse Crises to Come Options Offered to Reduce Risk" 6505: 4979: 1242:, approximately one-third of the population, in 1875, and in the early 19th century devastated the 893: 823: 702: 589: 6506:"Escaping the 'Era of Pandemics': experts warn worse crises to come; offer options to reduce risk" 3768:"Effective containment explains subexponential growth in recent confirmed COVID-19 cases in China" 13876: 13794: 13660: 13190: 12988: 12695: 12633: 12467: 12435: 12225: 12129: 12123: 11490: 11423: 11405: 11229: 11176: 10946: 10854: 10634: 10629: 10605: 10568: 10429: 9758: 9289: 9204: 9186: 9137: 8965: 8950: 8940: 8891: 8797: 8366: 8221: 7517: 6453:"UN report says up to 850,000 animal viruses could be caught by humans, unless we protect nature" 4015:

Reed C, Biggerstaff M, Finelli L, Koonin LM, Beauvais D, Uzicanin A, et al. (January 2013).

3975: 3834: 2021: 1613: 714:(CDC) introduced a framework for characterising the progress of an influenza pandemic titled the 170: 12547: 7174: 7157: 6881:

Bauwens M, Compernolle S, Stavrakou T, Müller JF, van Gent J, Eskes H, et al. (June 2020).

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which are transmitted via insects such as mosquitos or ticks. Some of these diseases, such as

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that has a sudden increase in cases and spreads across a large region, for instance multiple

12564: 10963: 7074:"Comparative pandemics: the Tudor–Stuart and Wanli–Chongzhen years of pestilence, 1567–1666" 6685: 6213: 4962: 4303: 3658:

Stawicki SP, Jeanmonod R, Miller AC, Paladino L, Gaieski DF, Yaffee AQ, et al. (2020).

3333: 3249: 2386:"Viral Pandemics of the Last Four Decades: Pathophysiology, Health Impacts and Perspectives" 149:, caused the deaths of up to half of the population of Europe in the 14th century. The term 13866: 13759: 13705: 13633: 13623: 13315: 13170: 13043: 12650: 12259: 11760: 11557: 11502: 11417: 10973: 10690: 10026: 9408: 9225: 9117: 9067: 9000: 8960: 8955: 8906: 8581: 8378: 8280: 8145: 8107: 7857: 7661: 7555: 6944: 6898: 6813: 6750: 6206:"Researchers sound the alarm: the multidrug resistance of the plague bacillus could spread" 5867: 5410: 5132: 4077: 3789: 3719:"How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic?" 3548:"How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic?" 3351: 1756: 1069: 953: 930: 902: 636: 555: 422: 269:

is responsible for many deaths but is not considered a pandemic because the disease is not

7330: 6191: 6182: 5001: 4760: 4017:"Novel framework for assessing epidemiologic effects of influenza epidemics and pandemics" 2932: 1720:. Antibiotic-resistant organisms have become an important cause of healthcare-associated ( 632:

system. In reality, containment and mitigation measures may be undertaken simultaneously.

8: 13953: 13943: 13909: 13514: 12952: 12788: 12599: 11993: 11623: 11388: 11341: 11335: 10907: 10396: 9318: 9284: 9279: 9219: 9122: 8975: 8916: 8861: 8722: 8502: 8373: 8295: 7893: 7839: 7787: 7750: 7740: 7446: 7245: 6386: 6380: 2632: 2325: 2061: 2011: 1772: 1706: 1580: 1263: 1117:

faster, and the susceptibility of soldiers to the flu may have been increased by stress,

1048: 991: 401: 6902: 6817: 6796:

Le Quéré C, Jackson RB, Jones MW, Smith AJ, Abernethy S, Andrew RM, et al. (2020).

6754: 5871: 5550: 5302:

Iberia and the Americas culture, politics, and history: A Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia

5136: 4176:"WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19—11 March 2020" 4081: 4066:"Missing science: A scoping study of COVID-19 epidemiological data in the United States" 3793: 14016: 13677: 13672: 13581: 13561: 13195: 13038: 13003: 12857: 12823: 12373: 11974: 11881: 11629: 11460: 11429: 11222: 10695: 10541: 10466: 9788: 9751: 9259: 9127: 9096: 8896: 8886: 8425: 8420: 8398: 8383: 8275: 8063: 8043: 7993: 7956: 7946: 7797: 7634: 7228: 7095: 7025: 7000: 6921: 6882: 6773: 6738: 6719: 6593: 6558: 6322: 6309: 6284: 6166: 6139: 6138:

Broor S, Campbell H, Hirve S, Hague S, Jackson S, Moen A, et al. (November 2020).

5980: 5891: 5832: 5807: 5731: 5706: 5155: 5120: 5071: 5058: 4864: 4839: 4543: 4518: 4380: 4355: 4273: 4246: 4100: 4065: 4041: 4016: 3810: 3779: 3767: 3743: 3718: 3699: 3686: 3659: 3574: 3547: 3258: 3233: 3102: 3069: 3042: 3009: 2909: 2876: 2822: 2684: 2659: 2503: 2412: 2385: 2286: 1959: 1886: 1599: 1183:

had no immunity. The Europeans infected with such diseases typically carried them in a

1180: 758: 680: 565:, as by increasing bed count, personnel, and equipment) helps to meet increased demand. 559:) and lessening overall cases and health impact. Also, increasing healthcare capacity ( 328: 243: 127: 115: 12609: 6300: 4712: 3734: 3564: 1809:, written by 22 experts in a variety of fields, said the anthropogenic destruction of 196:

released an official policy to more safely manage medical research projects involving

13963: 13904: 13764: 13717: 13519: 13021: 12690: 12680: 12670: 12655: 12472: 12455: 12319: 12231: 11712: 11377: 11314: 11125: 10887: 10796: 10700: 10335: 10045: 9979: 9717: 9427: 9361: 9030: 8658: 8559: 8354: 8162: 8127: 8088: 8038: 7929: 7913: 7656: 7619: 7597: 7582: 7565: 7483: 7232: 7220: 7206: 7179: 7137: 7099: 7030: 6926: 6778: 6723: 6625: 6598: 6580: 6433: 6390: 6355: 6326: 6314: 6171: 6118: 6088: 5972: 5967: 5950: 5895: 5883: 5837: 5736: 5680:"10 infectious diseases that could be the next pandemic | Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance" 5530: 5437: 5330: 5305: 5225: 5160: 5119:

Gagnon A, Miller MS, Hallman SA, Bourbeau R, Herring DA, Earn DJ, Madrenas J (2013).

5063: 4892: 4869: 4851: 4651: 4548: 4462: 4385: 4278: 4105: 4046: 3990: 3922: 3815: 3748: 3703: 3691: 3579: 3521: 3263: 3107: 3089: 3047: 3029: 2914: 2896: 2827: 2809: 2689: 2611: 2579: 2472: 2417: 2278: 1949: 1834: 1572: 1534: 1460: 981: 945: 782: 754: 668: 645: 174: 48: 44: 39: 6412:"Impact of Climate Change on Waterborne Diseases: Directions towards Sustainability" 6285:"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis" 5984: 5505: 5280:"Stacy Goodling, "Effects of European Diseases on the Inhabitants of the New World"" 4519:"Pandemics: past, present, future: That is like choosing between cholera and plague" 2290: 1198:

and mortality. The first well-documented smallpox epidemic in the Americas began in

1148: 302:

require effective national and global collaboration and coordination for its control

270: 13958: 13894: 13881: 13710: 13699: 13591: 13571: 13406: 13320: 13295: 13026: 12973: 12912: 12803: 12450: 12378: 12213: 11347: 11302: 11253: 11131: 11028: 10665: 10267: 10261: 10063: 9967: 9649: 9643: 9445: 9349: 9269: 8807: 8742: 8571: 8549: 8393: 8361: 8349: 8325: 7951: 7898: 7888: 7847: 7777: 7772: 7501: 7409: 7210: 7169: 7116: 7085: 7020: 7012: 6916: 6906: 6831: 6821: 6768: 6758: 6711: 6588: 6570: 6423: 6347: 6304: 6296: 6161: 6151: 5998: 5962: 5875: 5827: 5819: 5726: 5718: 5653: 5150: 5140: 5053: 5045: 4859: 4785: 4538: 4530: 4375: 4367: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4095: 4085: 4036: 4028: 3897: 3805: 3797: 3738: 3730: 3681: 3671: 3605:"Community Mitigation Guidelines to Prevent Pandemic Influenza—United States, 2017" 3569: 3559: 3437: 3253: 3245: 3097: 3081: 3037: 3021: 2904: 2888: 2817: 2801: 2679: 2671: 2407: 2397: 2268: 2041: 2016: 1906: 1575:. There is widespread concern that members of the coronavirus family, particularly 1243: 1154: 1011: 941: 861: 561: 331:, growth in the number of infections, coupled with a widening geographical spread. 146: 70: 1846:

are harmful to the natural world, and establishing a global surveillance network.

1661:

is a global network of laboratories that has for purpose to monitor the spread of

608:

The Red Cross recommended two-layer gauze masks to contain the Spanish flu (1918).

406: 13826: 13821: 13665: 13613: 13421: 13398: 13243: 13220: 12604: 12569: 12445: 12390: 11797: 11353: 11308: 11281: 10941: 10536: 10502: 10166: 9548: 8636: 8477: 8048: 7908: 7824: 7812: 7792: 7688: 7478: 7458: 7381: 7059: 7042: 6533:"World leaders 'ignoring' role of the destruction of nature in causing pandemics" 5524: 5145: 4090: 3857:

Ethical and Legal Considerations in Mitigating Pandemic Disease: Workshop Summary

1822: 1122: 1102: 1090: 1041:

of 1665–66 which killed approximately 100,000 people, 20% of London's population.

975: 691: 624: 12574: 10958: 8778: 7311: 7292:

Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

6339: 5756:"An Undiscovered Coronavirus? The Mystery of the 'Russian Flu' (Published 2022)" 5526:

The Conquest of Ainu Lands: Ecology and Culture in Japanese Expansion, 1590–1800

4581: 4371: 2805: 2229: 2152:"Army Corps sees convention centers as good option to build temporary hospitals" 1928: 1807:

Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

1216: 13856: 13789: 13732: 13504: 13393: 13385: 13310: 13263: 13258: 13205: 12929: 12710: 12705: 12665: 12614: 12579: 12417: 12353: 11289: 11138: 10873: 10578: 10119: 10035: 9501: 9417: 8614: 8554: 8539: 8492: 8388: 8334: 8194: 7852: 7829: 7802: 7720: 7710: 7612: 7607: 7473: 7424: 7271: 7193:"The Book of Revelation: Plagues as Part of the Eschatological Human Condition" 7046: 6763: 4434:

hivinfo.nih.gov (a service of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services)

3852: 3308:"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Wellcome pledge $ 300 million to CEPI" 2788:

Foster G, Elderd BD, Richards RL, Dallas T (1 September 2022). Wilson I (ed.).

2542: 2031: 1920: 1802: 1231: 1118: 1015: 1003: 856: 832:

A world map illustrating the proportion of population infected with HIV in 2019

623:. Containment may be undertaken in the early stages of the outbreak, including 508: 490: 52: 10953: 7333: 7316: 7215: 7192: 7130:"How do pandemics end? In different ways, but it's never quick and never neat" 7090: 7073: 6826: 6797: 6351: 5823: 5722: 5604:"Inaction leaves world playing 'Russian roulette' with pandemics, say experts" 3628:"The US doesn't just need to flatten the curve. It needs to "raise the line."" 3282:"WHO launches global network to detect and prevent infectious disease threats" 1734:

Effects of global warming on human health § Impact on infectious diseases

1553:

are a family of usually mild illnesses in humans, including those such as the

13980: 13737: 13694: 13653: 13546: 13529: 13487: 13200: 12751: 12720: 12341: 12207: 11359: 10742: 10721: 10705: 10600: 10590: 10507: 10330: 10128: 9712: 9510: 8757: 8641: 8598: 8544: 8532: 8517: 8507: 8430: 8344: 8320: 8315: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8095: 7683: 7624: 7587: 7539: 7262: 7240: 7224: 7141: 7054: 7016: 6629: 6584: 6437: 6024: 5935: 4855: 4722:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 693–705. 4707: 4687: 3093: 3033: 2900: 2813: 2476: 1980: 1854: 1743: 1295:

List of potential pandemic diseases according to global health organisations

969: 840: 553:

Goals of mitigation include delaying and reducing peak burden on healthcare (

308: 166: 153:

had not been used then, but was used for later epidemics, including the 1918

134: 126:

diseases with a stable number of infected individuals such as recurrences of

12587: 7339: 6715: 5879: 3801: 3676: 3407:"Technical report on the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK - Chapter 5: modelling" 3025: 2984:"Statement of the Thirty-sixth Meeting of the Polio IHR Emergency Committee" 13948: 13886: 13648: 13628: 13576: 13524: 13475: 13275: 13225: 12836: 12407: 10649: 10471: 10325: 10247: 10242: 10075: 10040: 9988: 9707: 9629: 9624: 9457: 9422: 9370: 8783: 8717: 8449: 8435: 8290: 8100: 8068: 8058: 7961: 7807: 7705: 7651: 7560: 7419: 7183: 7034: 6930: 6782: 6602: 6318: 6175: 5976: 5887: 5841: 5740: 5164: 5067: 5049: 4873: 4737: 4552: 4389: 4282: 4109: 4050: 4032: 3994: 3950:"WHO says it no longer uses 'pandemic' category, but virus still emergency" 3819: 3752: 3716: 3695: 3583: 3545: 3267: 3208:"3 Steps to Detect and Stop Disease Outbreaks before They Become Pandemics" 3111: 3051: 2918: 2831: 2693: 2421: 2402: 2282: 1986: 1964: 1934: 1838: 1810: 1796: 1768: 1764: 1712: 1609: 1188: 7120: 5436:. Clayton, Victoria: Monash University Publishing. pp. 30–31, 60–63. 3717:

Anderson RM, Heesterbeek H, Klinkenberg D, Hollingsworth TD (March 2020).

3546:

Anderson RM, Heesterbeek H, Klinkenberg D, Hollingsworth TD (March 2020).

2892: 2675: 425:

programs are a type of prevention strategy, holding back diseases such as

410:

Infographic illustrating the benefits of a treaty for pandemic prevention

13841: 13643: 13566: 13541: 13290: 13270: 13175: 13135: 13059: 12430: 12425: 12346: 12329: 12183: 11371: 11198: 11118: 10434: 10340: 10226: 10159: 10138: 10133: 10011: 9722: 9608: 9541: 9520: 9515: 9393: 9249: 8762: 8305: 8300: 8137: 8122: 7998: 7973: 7602: 7522: 7429: 7414: 6911: 6618:"Anthrax outbreak triggered by climate change kills boy in Arctic Circle" 3824:("...initial exponential growth expected for an unconstrained outbreak.") 3127:"Fauci says boosters for all key to U.S. reaching COVID-19 endemic level" 2877:"Public health emergencies of international concern: a historic overview" 2847:"What is the difference between a pandemic and a PHEIC (Video explainer)" 2530: 2056: 1717: 1680:

Antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, which sometimes are referred to as "

1643: 1624: 1554: 1548: 1443: 1378: 1319: 1251: 1098: 1064: 1021: 922: 887: 799: 628: 297:

international agreement on pandemic prevention, preparedness and response

247: 228: 193: 158: 142: 8444: 6945:"The Black Death helped reveal how long humans have polluted the planet" 6836: 3974:

Holloway R, Rasmussen SA, Zaza S, Cox NJ, Jernigan DB (September 2014).

3604: 3442: 2708:"Emergencies: International health regulations and emergency committees" 1738: 237: 122:

or worldwide, affecting a substantial number of individuals. Widespread

13779: 13754: 13722: 13499: 13480: 13470: 13458: 13305: 12917: 12889: 12715: 12675: 11748: 11596: 11007: 10021: 9403: 8712: 8527: 8497: 8482: 8270: 8258: 8018: 7880: 7506: 5434:

Fatal contact: How epidemics nearly wiped out Australia's first peoples

3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 2273: 2256: 1991: 1869: 1493: 1210:, smallpox was introduced by European settlers in 1789 devastating the 1199: 961: 921:

1918 Chicago newspaper headlines reflect mitigation strategies for the

839:

was first identified as a disease in 1981, and is an ongoing worldwide

795: 504: 119: 11244: 8830: 6575: 6428: 6411: 6156: 5403:"500 years later, scientists discover what probably killed the Aztecs" 4534: 3085: 1276:

the cause of pandemics and not just the health and economic symptoms.

828: 231:, which killed up to half of Eurasia's population in the 14th century. 186:

International Treaty on Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness and Response

13851: 13330: 12363: 12358: 12291: 10350: 10345: 10293: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10001: 9996: 9732: 9727: 9675: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9383: 9378: 8454: 8243: 8172: 8117: 8112: 7978: 7819: 7725: 7468: 4495: 3976:"Updated preparedness and response framework for influenza pandemics" 3915:

Pandemic influenza preparedness and response: a WHO guidance document

2051: 1969: 1943: 1662: 1620: 1539: 1508: 1235: 1207: 1195: 1176: 1172: 1101:

infected half a billion people around the world, including on remote

1056: 1007: 1006:

the following spring, killing (according to the Byzantine chronicler

883: 469: 426: 389: 274: 6852:"Pollution made COVID-19 worse. Now, lockdowns are clearing the air" 6704:"Jevons' paradox and a tax on aviation to prevent the next pandemic" 4790:

The Harvard University Library, Open Collections Program: Contagion.

4154:"WHO Statement Regarding Cluster of Pneumonia Cases in Wuhan, China" 3642: 2321:"History's deadliest pandemics, from ancient Rome to modern America" 13834: 13749: 13325: 13253: 12798: 12368: 12311: 11249: 11203: 10850: 10514: 10371: 10300: 10288: 10193: 10093: 9774: 9682: 9670: 9575: 9475: 9199: 8732: 8263: 8248: 8150: 7436: 7279: 6739:"Characterizing the dynamics underlying global spread of epidemics" 6084: 4891:(Reprint Garden City, NY, 1976 ed.). New York: Anchor Books. 3784: 2174:"Black death 'discriminated' between victims (ABC News in Science)" 2036: 1851:

Harvard Medical School Center for Health and the Global Environment

1830: 1333: 1247: 1184: 1164: 1114: 965: 848: 836: 819: 778: 455: 361:. The transition from pandemic to endemic may be defined based on: 260: 205: 197: 138: 111: 6481:"Protecting nature is vital to escape 'era of pandemics' – report" 5485:"Fiji's darkest hour – an account of the Measles Epidemic of 1875" 5178: 2192: 1642:

is estimated to have caused around a million fatalities, and the "

327:

A common early characteristic of a pandemic is a rapid, sometimes

188:, with a requirement to submit a draft of this treaty to the 77th 13638: 13509: 12762: 10978: 10936: 10893: 10283: 10257: 10218: 10154: 10085: 10006: 9665: 9639: 9600: 9536: 9467: 9388: 8727: 8576: 8413: 8403: 8211: 8023: 7735: 7730: 6880: 6559:"An Update on Eukaryotic Viruses Revived from Ancient Permafrost" 6340:

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (29 June 2023).

5858:

Holmes EC (March 2022). "COVID-19-lessons for zoonotic disease".

4629:"Modern lab reaches across the ages to resolve plague DNA debate" 2465:"W.H.O. members agree to begin talks on a global pandemic treaty" 2390:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

1858: 1818: 1760: 1227: 1168: 1014:

of the known world and was identified in 2013 as being caused by

852: 6227:

Health ministers to accelerate efforts against drug-resistant TB

4913:"History's Seven Deadliest Plagues | Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance" 2735:"What is the difference between a pandemic and a PHEIC? (Video)" 2222: 30:

This article is about pandemics in general. For other uses, see

13846: 13411: 13064: 12660: 10644: 10497: 8737: 8663: 7158:"Community factors in the development of antibiotic resistance" 4697:, volume 2, pp. 257–267, says "between 25 and 45 percent". 4458:

A Pest in the Land: New World Epidemics in a Global Perspective

3657: 3615:(1). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 12 April 2017. 3334:"Delivering pandemic vaccines in 100 days - what will it take?" 2933:"GHO | By category | Poliomyelitis - Reported cases by country" 1785:

Zoonosis § Biodiversity loss and environmental degradation

1748: 1692: 1223: 1106: 1052: 1030: 949: 806:, China, in December 2019. The outbreak was characterized as a 266: 180:

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, 194 member states of the

27:

Widespread, often global, epidemic of severe infectious disease

7287: 7041: 6556: 6346:(1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 1041–1170. 6282: 3942: 2767:

World Health Organization – Intergovernmental Negotiating Body

1833:, and metals, largely facilitated by developed nations, and a 13075: 10883: 10114: 10068: 9496: 9450: 8408: 8167: 7325: 6242:

Bill Gates joins Chinese government in tackling TB 'timebomb'

5707:"The enigma of the 1889 Russian flu pandemic: A coronavirus?" 4734:"A List of National Epidemics of Plague in England 1348–1665" 4711: 4410:. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 15 May 2017 1814: 1362: 999: 957: 803: 706:

Influenza intervals in the CDC's Pandemic Intervals Framework

664: 430: 346: 295:

A WHO-sponsored international body, tasked with preparing an

201: 12289: 9743: 4014: 2383: 1914: 1837:, are the primary drivers of this destruction. According to 1557:, that have resulted in outbreaks and pandemics such as the 725:

recognition of increased potential for ongoing transmission,

392:) but generally the burden on health systems is manageable. 221: 137:, there have been a number of pandemics of diseases such as 12528: 10903: 10251: 9633: 8752: 5786:

Chatham House, The Royal Institute of International Affairs

5258:"The Story Of ... Smallpox—and other Deadly Eurasian Germs" 5118: 4814:"Cholera - Pandemic, Waterborne, 19th Century | Britannica" 4244: 4219: 2851:

Chatham House, The Royal Institute of International Affairs

2739:

Chatham House, The Royal Institute of International Affairs

1826: 1576: 1476: 1423: 1409: 1312: 1239: 1060: 1059:(where more than 100,000 people succumbed on the island of 985: 890:

studies can sometimes detect residues of certain pathogens.

88: 9966: 9348: 7306: 5805: 5576: 3356:

NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

3181:"14 Diseases You Almost Forgot About (Thanks to Vaccines)" 2787: 1646:" of 1918–1920 eventually infected about one-third of the 7267:"Did Pangolin Trafficking Cause the Coronavirus Pandemic" 6974: 6795: 5806:

Forni D, Cagliani R, Clerici M, Sironi M (January 2017).

5654:"Targeting diseases with epidemic and pandemic potential" 844: 94: 76: 6368: 4648:

Plague and the end of Antiquity: the pandemic of 541-750

3973: 3710: 3156:"What is Pandemic Preparedness and Why is it Important?" 2176:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 29 January 2008. 192:

during its 2024 convention. Further, on 6 May 2024, the

7001:"Antimicrobial resistance: it's not just for hospitals" 6703: 6137: 5327:

Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History

3872:"What It Means to Contain and Mitigate the Coronavirus" 3599: 3597: 1873:

that a thawed pathogen could infect humans or animals.

615:

The basic strategies in the control of an outbreak are

10826: 6887:

Pollution Assessed Using TROPOMI and OMI Observations"

6114:

Historical Dictionary of the World Health Organization

6099:

The Asiatic flu killed roughly one million individuals

4124:"Total confirmed cases of COVID-19 per million people" 3625: 3463: 1698:

In the past 20 years, other common bacteria including

1129: 7571:

Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal

6410:

Jung YJ, Khant NA, Kim H, Namkoong S (January 2023).

5658:

CEPI, Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations

5395: 5378:"'Great Dying' in Americas disturbed Earth's climate" 4967:

A Science Odyssey. Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).

3431: 3385:

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

2145: 2143: 1885:

The COVID-19 pandemic is expected to have a profound

718:. The six intervals of the framework are as follows: 674: 474:

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

106: 97: 79: 7497:

Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments

6409: 3594: 3541: 3539: 3537: 1896: 1849:

In June 2021, a team of scientists assembled by the

1568:

Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus

1291:

which may have pandemic potential; see table below.

791:

Total confirmed cases of COVID-19 per million people

85: 73: 6081:

Encyclopedia of Contemporary American Social Issues

6068: 5910:"Swine flu has killed up to 17,000 in U.S.: report" 3921:. World Health Organization. 2009. pp. 24–27. 3882: 1279: 91: 82: 7326:European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 7190: 7106: 5808:"Molecular Evolution of Human Coronavirus Genomes" 5779: 5577:"WHO official: 'Next pandemic may be more severe'" 5031: 3827: 3515: 2630: 2330: 2140: 1975:European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 1801:The October 2020 'era of pandemics' report by the 1257: 964:underneath the city and confirmed the presence of 748: 51:(pictured here) were deemed to be ideal sites for 11063:London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases 6802:emissions during the COVID-19 forced confinement" 5780:Heymann D, Ross E, Wallace J (23 February 2022). 4650:. 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379:travel restrictions 53:temporary hospitals 13992:Doomsday scenarios 13987:Biological hazards 13900:Selection pressure 13196:Force of infection 12824:Contagious disease 12759:Endogenous seeding 12656:Chain of infection 12580:Injection drug use 12491:Vaccination status 12374:Case fatality rate 12292:infectious disease 12130:Influenza pandemic 12124:Influenza pandemic 12072:Bangsamoro measles 12054:Singaporean dengue 12018:Pacific NW measles 12012:Philippine measles 12000:Madagascar measles 11982:Kerala Nipah virus 11975:Saudi Arabian MERS 11888:Singaporean dengue 11834:Zimbabwean cholera 11804:Singaporean dengue 11648:Copenhagen cholera 11630:Groningen epidemic 11424:Influenza pandemic 11406:Influenza pandemic 10696:Hurricane response 10542:Disease of despair 10452:Civilian radiation 9972:list by death toll 9354:list by death toll 9051:Emergency medicine 8818:Doomsday scenarios 8384:Beast of the Earth 8276:Book of Revelation 8064:Virtual black hole 8044:False vacuum decay 7994:Pollinator decline 7957:Biological warfare 7947:Biotechnology risk 7798:Resource depletion 7317:Pandemic Influenza 6295:(10325): 629–655. 6005:. 12 December 2022 5760:The New York Times 5583:. 29 December 2020 5523:Walker BL (2001). 5432:Dowling P (2021). 5183:virus.stanford.edu 4818:www.britannica.com 4646:Little LK (2007). 3729:(10228): 931–934. 3558:(10228): 931–934. 2714:. 19 December 2019 2504:The New York Times 2469:The New York Times 2274:10.1038/nm0905-927 1960:Contagious disease 1865:Melting permafrost 1753: 1648:world's population 1640:1889–1890 pandemic 1618: 1600:Influenza pandemic 1588:Tedros Ghebreyesus 1559:1889-1890 pandemic 1545: 1294: 1181:indigenous peoples 1160: 1078: 927: 915: 834: 798:, a new strain of 793: 759:Columbian Exchange 708: 681:Influenza pandemic 651:Another strategy, 540: 507:, so they require 415: 244:American Red Cross 128:seasonal influenza 116:infectious disease 61: 49:convention centers 13997:Economic problems 13974: 13973: 13964:Tropical medicine 13905:Synthetic biology 13806: 13805: 13765:Social distancing 13718:Outbreak response 13339: 13338: 13166:Agent-based model 13152: 13151: 13148: 13147: 13144: 13143: 12691:Natural reservoir 12681:Infectious period 12671:Incubation period 12628: 12627: 12584:Natural disaster 12553:Tropical diseases 12536:Biodiversity loss 12473:Risk of infection 12463:Microbiome health 12456:Immunosuppression 12257: 12256: 12098: 12097: 12094: 12093: 12030:Kuala Koh measles 11944:South Korean MERS 11932:Polio declaration 11920:Madagascar plague 11852:Gujarat hepatitis 11840:Madagascar plague 11792:Midwest monkeypox 11743:Yugoslav smallpox 11713:Manchurian plague 11654:Stockholm cholera 11591: 11590: 11378:Sweating sickness 11366:Japanese smallpox 11315:Plague of Cyprian 11254:disease outbreaks 11212: 11211: 11150: 11149: 11126:Polio in Pakistan 11042: 11041: 10987: 10986: 10888:Polio eradication 10794: 10793: 10701:Crisis management 10618: 10617: 10614: 10613: 10550: 10549: 10359: 10358: 10336:Geomagnetic storm 10309: 10308: 10175: 10174: 10102: 10101: 10046:Soil liquefaction 9968:Natural disasters 9741: 9740: 9718:Geomagnetic storm 9691: 9690: 9557: 9556: 9484: 9483: 9428:Soil liquefaction 9350:Natural disasters 9316: 9315: 9210:Radiation therapy 9195:Blood transfusion 9041:Dental treatments 8946:Molecular biology 8936:Medical diagnosis 8828: 8827: 8659:Zombie apocalypse 8560:Postmillennialism 8355:Great Tribulation 8128:Stellar collision 8089:Near-Earth object 8039:Geomagnetic storm 8007: 8006: 7930:Biodiversity loss 7914:Genetic pollution 7868: 7867: 7657:Biodiversity loss 7620:Societal collapse 7598:Nuclear holocaust 7583:Economic collapse 7566:Doomsday argument 7484:Antimatter weapon 7265:(24 August 202). 7207:SAGE Publications 7156:Larson E (2007). 7011:(15): 1803–1804. 6576:10.3390/v15020564 6512:. 29 October 2020 6429:10.3390/w15071298 6396:978-0-520-26909-5 6361:978-1-009-32584-4 6157:10.1111/irv.12672 5557:. 3 November 2022 5536:978-0-520-93299-9 5413:. 18 January 2018 5247:, 14 January 2010 5074:on 6 October 2009 4978:Yersin A (1894). 4898:978-0-385-12122-4 4840:"Cholera studies" 4657:978-0-521-84639-4 4535:10.1111/apm.13098 4468:978-0-8263-2871-7 4455:Alchon S (2003). 4128:Our World in Data 3928:978-92-4-154768-0 3778:(6492): 742–746. 3413:. 1 December 2022 3314:. 19 January 2022 3238:Euro Surveillance 3086:10.1111/eci.13782 2769:. 1 February 2023 2606:Dumar AM (2009). 2585:978-0-19-531449-6 2444:. 1 December 2021 2090:As of August 2023 1950:Biological hazard 1614:2009 flu pandemic 1573:COVID-19 pandemic 1535:COVID-19 pandemic 1522: 1521: 1461:Rift Valley fever 982:Plague of Cyprian 960:recovered from a 946:Peloponnesian War 783:COVID-19 pandemic 755:List of epidemics 669:COVID-19 pandemic 646:social distancing 472:. In the US, the 175:COVID-19 pandemic 167:HIV/AIDS pandemic 57:negative pressure 45:COVID-19 pandemic 16:(Redirected from 14024: 14012:Health disasters 13959:Tropical disease 13895:Reverse zoonosis 13882:One Health Model 13711:Health education 13700:Community health 13619:Cordon sanitaire 13592:Ring vaccination 13562:Repurposed drugs 13449: 13448: 13368:Gastrointestinal 13211:Machine learning 13015:Gastrointestinal 12966:Intravenous line 12903: 12902: 12817:/Cross-infection 12804:Reverse zoonosis 12777: 12776: 12734: 12733: 12639: 12638: 12620:War and conflict 12488:Nutrition status 12451:Immunodeficiency 12308: 12307: 12284: 12277: 12270: 12261: 12260: 12237: 12024:New York measles 11978: 11938:Indian swine flu 11926:Odisha hepatitis 11916: 11870:Pakistani dengue 11822:Pakistani dengue 11771: 11737:Wrocław smallpox 11690:Hong Kong plague 11624:Caragea's plague 11602: 11601: 11519: 11412:Mexican smallpox 11396: 11395: 11348:Plague of Sheroe 11303:Plague of Athens 11298: 11295: 11278: 11277: 11239: 11232: 11225: 11216: 11215: 11132:Every Last Child 11053: 11052: 11029:Ovine rinderpest 10998: 10997: 10841: 10840: 10821: 10814: 10807: 10798: 10797: 10784: 10783: 10666:Humanitarian aid 10462:Military nuclear 10457:Civilian nuclear 10377: 10376: 10368: 10367: 10268:Tropical cyclone 10262:Tornado outbreak 10184: 10183: 10111: 10110: 10064:Pyroclastic flow 10056:Volcano eruption 9985: 9984: 9961: 9954: 9947: 9938: 9937: 9934: 9933: 9768: 9761: 9754: 9745: 9744: 9650:Tropical cyclone 9644:Tornado outbreak 9566: 9565: 9493: 9492: 9446:Pyroclastic flow 9438:Volcano eruption 9367: 9366: 9343: 9336: 9329: 9320: 9319: 9306: 9305: 8993: 8855: 8848: 8841: 8832: 8831: 8793: 8792: 8784:World portal 8782: 8781: 8743:Financial crisis 8572:Nibiru cataclysm 8550:Premillennialism 8394:Dhul-Suwayqatayn 8362:Son of perdition 8350:Olivet Discourse 8326:Whore of Babylon 7952:Biological agent 7899:Human extinction 7889:Extinction event 7877: 7876: 7848:Overexploitation 7778:Land consumption 7773:Land degradation 7640: 7639: 7502:Micro black hole 7410:Chemical warfare 7364: 7357: 7350: 7341: 7340: 7295: 7283: 7258: 7236: 7218: 7187: 7177: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7124: 7115:(5): 1632–1667. 7103: 7093: 7068: 7038: 7028: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6982:. Archived from 6961: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6941: 6935: 6934: 6924: 6914: 6878: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6867: 6848: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6829: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6776: 6766: 6734: 6728: 6727: 6699: 6693: 6692: 6691:on 1 March 2020. 6690: 6683: 6672: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6655: 6647: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6596: 6578: 6554: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6528: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6476: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6458:The Conversation 6448: 6442: 6441: 6431: 6407: 6401: 6400: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6337: 6331: 6330: 6312: 6280: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6255: 6249: 6239: 6233: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6212:. Archived from 6202: 6196: 6185: 6179: 6169: 6159: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6108: 6102: 6101: 6094:978-0-31339205-4 6087:. p. 1510. 6072: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6010: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5970: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5934:. Archived from 5924: 5918: 5917: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5835: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5751: 5745: 5744: 5734: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5650: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5489: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5356:The Conversation 5347: 5341: 5340: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5297: 5288: 5287: 5282:. Archived from 5276: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5254: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5203:. Archived from 5193: 5187: 5186: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5158: 5148: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5096:. Archived from 5090: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5070:. Archived from 5061: 5029: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5013: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4975: 4969: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4944:on 20 April 2009 4934: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4867: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4715: 4704: 4698: 4683: 4677: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4599: 4593: 4591: 4579: 4573: 4572:25 January 2006. 4563: 4557: 4556: 4546: 4514: 4505: 4504: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4436:. 16 August 2021 4426: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4383: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4300: 4291: 4290: 4276: 4266: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4103: 4093: 4076:(10): e0248793. 4061: 4055: 4054: 4044: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3980: 3971: 3962: 3961: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3920: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3902:. 16 March 2020. 3898:Imperial College 3894: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3831: 3825: 3823: 3813: 3787: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3746: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3689: 3679: 3655: 3640: 3639: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3601: 3592: 3591: 3577: 3567: 3543: 3532: 3531: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3445: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3382: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3261: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3151: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3105: 3065: 3056: 3055: 3045: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2912: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2859: 2857: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2825: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2764: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2687: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2552: 2539: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2415: 2405: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2365:on 7 August 2015 2351: 2345: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2334: 2329:. Archived from 2316: 2310: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2276: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2210:on 26 April 2015 2196: 2190: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2147: 2127: 2124: 2118: 2115: 2109: 2106: 2100: 2097: 2091: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2042:Tropical disease 2017:Pandemic fatigue 1937: 1932: 1931: 1923: 1918: 1917: 1909: 1907:Pandemics portal 1904: 1903: 1902: 1821:—to humans. The 1653: 1634:Influenza is an 1630: 1297: 1293: 1244:Great Andamanese 1155:Florentine Codex 1123:chemical attacks 1112: 1035:plague epidemics 1012:human population 968:responsible for 942:Plague of Athens 912: 909: 862:clinical latency 768:Recent outbreaks 662: 605: 592: 574: 562:raising the line 550: 487:Public Awareness 351:declared a PHEIC 240: 224: 155:H1N1 influenza A 145:, caused by the 104: 103: 100: 99: 96: 93: 90: 87: 84: 81: 78: 75: 21: 14032: 14031: 14027: 14026: 14025: 14023: 14022: 14021: 14002:Future problems 13977: 13976: 13975: 13970: 13914: 13827:Antigenic shift 13822:Antigenic drift 13813: 13802: 13666:Barrier nursing 13614:Contact tracing 13605: 13598: 13443: 13441: 13434: 13345: 13335: 13236: 13230: 13221:Serial interval 13140: 13124: 13115:Cervico-vaginal 13110: 13101:Trans-placental 13096: 13080: 13048: 13010: 12946:Vascular system 12945: 12939: 12894: 12882: 12876: 12816: 12808: 12768: 12725: 12643: 12624: 12515: 12446:Immune response 12412: 12391:Drug resistance 12335:Infectious dose 12299: 12288: 12258: 12253: 12090: 11973: 11911: 11894:Swansea measles 11846:Bolivian dengue 11774: 11766: 11755:Indian smallpox 11725:Croydon typhoid 11695: 11587: 11528: 11514: 11449: 11390: 11383: 11354:Plague of Amwas 11327: 11320: 11309:Antonine Plague 11296: 11269: 11256: 11243: 11213: 11208: 11146: 11082: 11048: 11038: 11017: 10993: 10983: 10919: 10913: 10866: 10860: 10836: 10830: 10825: 10795: 10790: 10772: 10731: 10710: 10659:Countermeasures 10654: 10610: 10606:Nightclub fires 10569:Economic crises 10546: 10537:Opioid epidemic 10486: 10411: 10355: 10305: 10272: 10236:Cyclonic storms 10231: 10213: 10171: 10167:Limnic eruption 10143: 10117: 10098: 10086:Natural erosion 10080: 10050: 10024: 10016: 9974: 9965: 9925: 9777: 9772: 9742: 9737: 9687: 9654: 9618:Cyclonic storms 9613: 9595: 9553: 9549:Limnic eruption 9525: 9499: 9480: 9468:Natural erosion 9462: 9432: 9406: 9398: 9356: 9347: 9317: 9312: 9294: 9238: 9169: 9106: 8994: 8985: 8875: 8864: 8859: 8829: 8824: 8803:Future problems 8776: 8767: 8701: 8670: 8637:Climate fiction 8603: 8478:2012 phenomenon 8461: 8367:Sheep and Goats 8254:2 Thessalonians 8132: 8049:Gamma-ray burst 8003: 7918: 7909:Genetic erosion 7864: 7834: 7825:Water pollution 7793:Ozone depletion 7689:Desertification 7629: 7544: 7479:Doomsday device 7459:Nuclear warfare 7398: 7373: 7368: 7303: 7298: 7286: 7146: 7144: 7060:Foreign Affairs 6989: 6987: 6970: 6968:Further reading 6965: 6964: 6954: 6952: 6943: 6942: 6938: 6886: 6879: 6875: 6865: 6863: 6862:on 9 April 2020 6850: 6849: 6845: 6801: 6794: 6790: 6735: 6731: 6700: 6696: 6688: 6681: 6673: 6669: 6659: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6648: 6644: 6634: 6632: 6614: 6610: 6555: 6551: 6541: 6539: 6529: 6525: 6515: 6513: 6504: 6503: 6499: 6489: 6487: 6477: 6473: 6463: 6461: 6449: 6445: 6408: 6404: 6397: 6373: 6369: 6362: 6338: 6334: 6281: 6277: 6267: 6265: 6257: 6256: 6252: 6240: 6236: 6225: 6221: 6204: 6203: 6199: 6136: 6132: 6125: 6109: 6105: 6095: 6083:. Vol. 2. 6073: 6069: 6059: 6057: 6049: 6048: 6044: 6034: 6032: 6023: 6022: 6018: 6008: 6006: 5997: 5996: 5992: 5947: 5943: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5908: 5907: 5903: 5856: 5852: 5804: 5800: 5790: 5788: 5778: 5774: 5764: 5762: 5752: 5748: 5711:Presse Médicale 5703: 5699: 5689: 5687: 5678: 5677: 5673: 5663: 5661: 5652: 5651: 5647: 5637: 5635: 5627: 5626: 5622: 5612: 5610: 5600: 5596: 5586: 5584: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5560: 5558: 5549: 5548: 5544: 5537: 5521: 5517: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5487: 5481: 5477: 5467: 5465: 5464:on 12 June 2010 5456: 5455: 5451: 5444: 5430: 5426: 5416: 5414: 5401: 5400: 5396: 5386: 5384: 5374: 5370: 5360: 5358: 5348: 5344: 5337: 5325:Hays J (2005). 5323: 5319: 5312: 5298: 5291: 5286:on 10 May 2008. 5278: 5277: 5273: 5263: 5261: 5256: 5255: 5251: 5243: 5239: 5232: 5216: 5212: 5195: 5194: 5190: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5117: 5113: 5103: 5101: 5092: 5091: 5087: 5077: 5075: 5030: 5021: 5011: 5009: 5000: 4999: 4995: 4976: 4972: 4961: 4957: 4947: 4945: 4936: 4935: 4931: 4921: 4919: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4899: 4885: 4881: 4836: 4832: 4822: 4820: 4812: 4811: 4807: 4799: 4795: 4784: 4780: 4770: 4768: 4757: 4753: 4743: 4741: 4732: 4731: 4727: 4705: 4701: 4684: 4680: 4669: 4665: 4658: 4644: 4640: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4612: 4610: 4600: 4596: 4589: 4580: 4576: 4564: 4560: 4515: 4508: 4487: 4483: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4453: 4449: 4439: 4437: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4413: 4411: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4352: 4348: 4338: 4336: 4328: 4327: 4323: 4313: 4311: 4310:. 2 August 2023 4302: 4301: 4294: 4243: 4239: 4229: 4227: 4218: 4217: 4213: 4203: 4201: 4196: 4195: 4191: 4181: 4179: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4152: 4151: 4147: 4137: 4135: 4122: 4121: 4117: 4062: 4058: 4013: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3978: 3972: 3965: 3948: 3947: 3943: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3907: 3892: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3868: 3864: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3764: 3760: 3715: 3711: 3656: 3643: 3624: 3620: 3603: 3602: 3595: 3544: 3535: 3528: 3518:Pandemic Ethics 3514: 3510: 3500: 3498: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3462: 3458: 3448: 3446: 3430: 3426: 3416: 3414: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3390: 3388: 3387:. December 2021 3380: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3361: 3359: 3358:. December 2021 3350: 3349: 3345: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3317: 3315: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3291: 3289: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3244:(20): 2200385. 3230: 3226: 3216: 3214: 3204: 3200: 3190: 3188: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3164: 3162: 3152: 3145: 3135: 3133: 3123: 3119: 3066: 3059: 3006: 3002: 2992: 2990: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2941: 2939: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2873: 2869: 2855: 2853: 2843: 2839: 2786: 2782: 2772: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2743: 2741: 2731: 2727: 2717: 2715: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2656: 2652: 2642: 2640: 2629: 2625: 2618: 2604: 2600: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2570: 2566: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2537: 2528: 2524: 2514: 2512: 2495: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2461: 2457: 2447: 2445: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2382: 2378: 2368: 2366: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2338: 2336: 2335:on 7 April 2020 2317: 2313: 2302: 2298: 2261:Nature Medicine 2253: 2249: 2239: 2237: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2213: 2211: 2198: 2197: 2193: 2183: 2181: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2148: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2066: 1933: 1926: 1919: 1912: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1879: 1867: 1799: 1781: 1736: 1730: 1678: 1672: 1651: 1636:endemic disease 1628: 1602: 1596: 1537: 1527: 1288: 1282: 1266: 1260: 1246:population. In 1179:, to which the 1146: 1132: 1110: 1103:Pacific islands 1091:Yersinia pestis 1063:alone) and the 976:Antonine Plague 910: 880: 874: 826: 818:Main articles: 816: 785: 777:Main articles: 775: 770: 765: 751: 700: 692:influenza virus 688: 683: 677: 660: 625:contact tracing 613: 612: 611: 610: 609: 606: 598: 597: 593: 582: 581: 580: 579: 578: 575: 567: 566: 551: 532: 526: 517: 404: 398: 325: 255: 254: 253: 252: 251: 241: 233: 232: 225: 214: 72: 68: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14030: 14020: 14019: 14014: 14009: 14004: 13999: 13994: 13989: 13972: 13971: 13969: 13968: 13967: 13966: 13956: 13951: 13946: 13941: 13936: 13933: 13928: 13922: 13920: 13916: 13915: 13913: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13892: 13889: 13884: 13879: 13874: 13869: 13864: 13859: 13857:Emergent virus 13854: 13849: 13844: 13839: 13838: 13837: 13829: 13824: 13818: 13816: 13808: 13807: 13804: 13803: 13801: 13800: 13797: 13792: 13790:Vector control 13787: 13782: 13777: 13772: 13767: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13746: 13745: 13740: 13735: 13733:N95 respirator 13725: 13720: 13715: 13714: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13692: 13687: 13686: 13685: 13675: 13670: 13669: 13668: 13658: 13657: 13656: 13651: 13646: 13636: 13631: 13626: 13621: 13616: 13610: 13608: 13606:pharmaceutical 13600: 13599: 13597: 13596: 13595: 13594: 13589: 13584: 13579: 13574: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13539: 13538: 13537: 13527: 13522: 13517: 13512: 13507: 13502: 13497: 13496: 13495: 13485: 13484: 13483: 13473: 13468: 13467: 13466: 13455: 13453: 13452:Pharmaceutical 13446: 13436: 13435: 13433: 13432: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13414: 13409: 13404: 13403:Cardiovascular 13401: 13396: 13391: 13388: 13383: 13382:Nervous system 13380: 13377: 13376: 13375: 13365: 13364: 13363: 13358: 13349: 13347: 13341: 13340: 13337: 13336: 13334: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13267: 13266: 13261: 13251: 13246: 13240: 13238: 13232: 13231: 13229: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13206:Infection rate 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13162: 13160: 13154: 13153: 13150: 13149: 13146: 13145: 13142: 13141: 13139: 13138: 13132: 13130: 13126: 13125: 13123: 13122: 13118: 13116: 13112: 13111: 13109: 13108: 13104: 13102: 13098: 13097: 13095: 13094: 13088: 13086: 13082: 13081: 13079: 13078: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13056: 13054: 13050: 13049: 13047: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13030: 13029: 13018: 13016: 13012: 13011: 13009: 13008: 13007: 13006: 13001: 12993: 12992: 12991: 12986: 12978: 12977: 12976: 12971: 12968: 12963: 12961:Injection site 12955: 12949: 12947: 12941: 12940: 12938: 12937: 12932: 12930:Dental aerosol 12927: 12926: 12925: 12915: 12909: 12907: 12900: 12896: 12895: 12893: 12892: 12886: 12884: 12878: 12877: 12875: 12874: 12869: 12868: 12867: 12862: 12861: 12860: 12855: 12852: 12841: 12840: 12839: 12834: 12826: 12820: 12818: 12814:Human-to-human 12810: 12809: 12807: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12785: 12783: 12774: 12770: 12769: 12767: 12766: 12760: 12757: 12754: 12749: 12744: 12740: 12738: 12731: 12727: 12726: 12724: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12711:Super-spreader 12708: 12706:Superinfection 12703: 12698: 12693: 12688: 12683: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12647: 12645: 12636: 12630: 12629: 12626: 12625: 12623: 12622: 12617: 12615:Vector control 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12591: 12590: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12556: 12555: 12550: 12544:Climate zones 12542: 12540:Climate change 12537: 12534: 12531: 12525: 12523: 12517: 12516: 12514: 12513: 12512: 12511: 12508: 12505: 12504: 12503: 12495: 12492: 12489: 12486: 12483: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12459: 12458: 12453: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12422: 12420: 12414: 12413: 12411: 12410: 12405: 12404: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12383: 12382: 12381: 12376: 12371: 12366: 12356: 12354:Quorum sensing 12351: 12350: 12349: 12339: 12338: 12337: 12327: 12322: 12316: 12314: 12305: 12301: 12300: 12287: 12286: 12279: 12272: 12264: 12255: 12254: 12252: 12251: 12245: 12239: 12229: 12223: 12222:(1981–present) 12217: 12211: 12205: 12199: 12193: 12187: 12181: 12175: 12169: 12163: 12157: 12151: 12145: 12139: 12133: 12127: 12121: 12115: 12108: 12106: 12100: 12099: 12096: 12095: 12092: 12091: 12089: 12088: 12087: 12086: 12075: 12074:(2023–present) 12069: 12066:Jamaica dengue 12063: 12057: 12051: 12045: 12039: 12033: 12027: 12021: 12015: 12009: 12003: 11997: 11991: 11985: 11979: 11971: 11965: 11962:Yemeni cholera 11959: 11953: 11947: 11941: 11935: 11929: 11923: 11917: 11913:DR Congo Ebola 11909: 11903: 11897: 11891: 11885: 11879: 11873: 11867: 11861: 11855: 11849: 11843: 11837: 11831: 11825: 11819: 11813: 11807: 11801: 11795: 11789: 11782: 11780: 11776: 11775: 11773: 11772: 11764: 11758: 11752: 11746: 11740: 11734: 11728: 11722: 11716: 11710: 11703: 11701: 11697: 11696: 11694: 11693: 11687: 11681: 11675: 11669: 11663: 11657: 11651: 11645: 11639: 11633: 11627: 11621: 11618:Maltese plague 11615: 11612:Ottoman plague 11608: 11606: 11599: 11593: 11592: 11589: 11588: 11586: 11585: 11579: 11573: 11570:Persian Plague 11567: 11564:Russian plague 11561: 11555: 11549: 11543: 11536: 11534: 11530: 11529: 11527: 11526: 11520: 11516:Maltese plague 11512: 11506: 11500: 11497:Maltese plague 11494: 11488: 11482: 11476: 11473:Italian plague 11470: 11467:Maltese plague 11464: 11457: 11455: 11451: 11450: 11448: 11447: 11445: 11439: 11436:Maltese plague 11433: 11427: 11421: 11415: 11409: 11402: 11400: 11393: 11385: 11384: 11382: 11381: 11375: 11369: 11363: 11357: 11351: 11345: 11339: 11332: 11330: 11322: 11321: 11319: 11318: 11312: 11306: 11300: 11290:Hittite plague 11286: 11284: 11275: 11271: 11270: 11268: 11267: 11261: 11258: 11257: 11242: 11241: 11234: 11227: 11219: 11210: 11209: 11207: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11191: 11190: 11189: 11184: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11158: 11156: 11155:Related topics 11152: 11151: 11148: 11147: 11145: 11144: 11143: 11142: 11139:The Final Inch 11135: 11123: 11122: 11121: 11116: 11108: 11107: 11106: 11101: 11090: 11088: 11084: 11083: 11081: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11059: 11057: 11050: 11044: 11043: 11040: 11039: 11037: 11036: 11031: 11025: 11023: 11019: 11018: 11016: 11015: 11004: 11002: 10995: 10992:Eradication of 10989: 10988: 10985: 10984: 10982: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10964:Onchocerciasis 10961: 10956: 10951: 10950: 10949: 10944: 10934: 10929: 10923: 10921: 10915: 10914: 10912: 10911: 10901: 10891: 10881: 10874:Dracunculiasis 10870: 10868: 10862: 10861: 10859: 10858: 10847: 10845: 10838: 10837:human diseases 10835:Eradication of 10832: 10831: 10824: 10823: 10816: 10809: 10801: 10792: 10791: 10789: 10788: 10777: 10774: 10773: 10771: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10739: 10737: 10733: 10732: 10730: 10729: 10718: 10716: 10712: 10711: 10709: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10662: 10660: 10656: 10655: 10653: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10626: 10624: 10620: 10619: 10616: 10615: 10612: 10611: 10609: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10582: 10581: 10579:Sacrifice zone 10571: 10566: 10560: 10558: 10552: 10551: 10548: 10547: 10545: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10523: 10522: 10512: 10511: 10510: 10505: 10494: 10492: 10488: 10487: 10485: 10484: 10482:Infrastructure 10479: 10477:Mast and tower 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10448: 10447: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10421: 10419: 10413: 10412: 10410: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10383: 10381: 10374: 10365: 10361: 10360: 10357: 10356: 10354: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10317: 10315: 10311: 10310: 10307: 10306: 10304: 10303: 10298: 10297: 10296: 10286: 10280: 10278: 10274: 10273: 10271: 10270: 10265: 10255: 10245: 10239: 10237: 10233: 10232: 10230: 10229: 10223: 10221: 10215: 10214: 10212: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10190: 10188: 10181: 10180:Meteorological 10177: 10176: 10173: 10172: 10170: 10169: 10164: 10163: 10162: 10151: 10149: 10145: 10144: 10142: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10125: 10123: 10108: 10104: 10103: 10100: 10099: 10097: 10096: 10090: 10088: 10082: 10081: 10079: 10078: 10073: 10072: 10071: 10060: 10058: 10052: 10051: 10049: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10036:Seismic hazard 10032: 10030: 10018: 10017: 10015: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9993: 9991: 9982: 9976: 9975: 9964: 9963: 9956: 9949: 9941: 9931: 9927: 9926: 9924: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9831:Czech Republic 9828: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9802: 9801: 9796: 9785: 9783: 9779: 9778: 9771: 9770: 9763: 9756: 9748: 9739: 9738: 9736: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9699: 9697: 9693: 9692: 9689: 9688: 9686: 9685: 9680: 9679: 9678: 9668: 9662: 9660: 9656: 9655: 9653: 9652: 9647: 9637: 9627: 9621: 9619: 9615: 9614: 9612: 9611: 9605: 9603: 9597: 9596: 9594: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9572: 9570: 9563: 9562:Meteorological 9559: 9558: 9555: 9554: 9552: 9551: 9546: 9545: 9544: 9533: 9531: 9527: 9526: 9524: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9507: 9505: 9490: 9486: 9485: 9482: 9481: 9479: 9478: 9472: 9470: 9464: 9463: 9461: 9460: 9455: 9454: 9453: 9442: 9440: 9434: 9433: 9431: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9418:Seismic hazard 9414: 9412: 9400: 9399: 9397: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9375: 9373: 9364: 9358: 9357: 9346: 9345: 9338: 9331: 9323: 9314: 9313: 9311: 9310: 9299: 9296: 9295: 9293: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9246: 9244: 9240: 9239: 9237: 9236: 9231: 9230: 9229: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9191: 9190: 9177: 9175: 9171: 9170: 9168: 9167: 9162: 9160:Medieval Islam 9157: 9152: 9147: 9145:Ancient Greece 9142: 9141: 9140: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9114: 9112: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9093: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9059: 9058: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9027: 9026: 9021: 9011: 9005: 9003: 8996: 8995: 8988: 8986: 8984: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8932: 8931: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8883: 8881: 8877: 8876: 8869: 8866: 8865: 8858: 8857: 8850: 8843: 8835: 8826: 8825: 8823: 8822: 8821: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8798:Apocalypticism 8787: 8772: 8769: 8768: 8766: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8709: 8707: 8703: 8702: 8700: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8678: 8676: 8672: 8671: 8669: 8668: 8667: 8666: 8656: 8651: 8650: 8649: 8642:Disaster films 8639: 8634: 8633: 8632: 8627: 8617: 8615:Alien invasion 8611: 8609: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8590: 8589: 8584: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8563: 8562: 8557: 8555:Amillennialism 8552: 8542: 8540:Millenarianism 8537: 8536: 8535: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8493:Apocalypticism 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8469: 8467: 8463: 8462: 8460: 8459: 8458: 8457: 8447: 8442: 8441: 8440: 8439: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8418: 8417: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8389:Dhu al-Qarnayn 8386: 8381: 8371: 8370: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8358: 8357: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8335:Great Apostasy 8332: 8331: 8330: 8329: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8273: 8268: 8267: 8266: 8261: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8235: 8234: 8224: 8214: 8209: 8208: 8207: 8202: 8192: 8182: 8180:Last Judgement 8177: 8176: 8175: 8170: 8160: 8159: 8158: 8153: 8142: 8140: 8138:Eschatological 8134: 8133: 8131: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8104: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8092: 8091: 8081: 8076: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8015: 8013: 8009: 8008: 8005: 8004: 8002: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7965: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7944: 7943: 7942: 7937: 7926: 7924: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7885: 7883: 7874: 7870: 7869: 7866: 7865: 7863: 7862: 7861: 7860: 7853:Overpopulation 7850: 7844: 7842: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7832: 7830:Water scarcity 7827: 7822: 7817: 7816: 7815: 7805: 7803:Sea level rise 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7769: 7768: 7766:on marine life 7763: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7721:Global warming 7718: 7713: 7711:Global dimming 7708: 7703: 7702: 7701: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7669:Cascade effect 7666: 7665: 7664: 7654: 7648: 7646: 7644:Climate change 7637: 7631: 7630: 7628: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7616: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7579: 7578: 7573: 7563: 7558: 7552: 7550: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7542: 7537: 7536: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7511: 7510: 7509: 7504: 7494: 7488: 7487: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7474:Doomsday Clock 7471: 7466: 7456: 7455: 7454: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7433: 7432: 7427: 7425:Cyberterrorism 7422: 7412: 7406: 7404: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7396: 7395: 7394: 7384: 7378: 7375: 7374: 7367: 7366: 7359: 7352: 7344: 7338: 7337: 7328: 7323: 7314: 7309: 7302: 7301:External links 7299: 7297: 7296: 7284: 7272:The New Yorker 7259: 7237: 7188: 7153: 7125: 7104: 7084:(3): 363–379. 7069: 7039: 6996: 6978:(April 2007). 6971: 6969: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6936: 6884: 6873: 6843: 6812:(7): 647–653. 6799: 6788: 6729: 6694: 6667: 6642: 6608: 6549: 6523: 6497: 6471: 6443: 6402: 6395: 6367: 6360: 6332: 6275: 6250: 6248:. 1 April 2009 6246:Guardian.co.uk 6234: 6219: 6197: 6150:(6): 622–629. 6130: 6123: 6103: 6093: 6067: 6042: 6016: 5990: 5961:(4): 572–579. 5941: 5938:on 1 May 2009. 5919: 5901: 5850: 5798: 5772: 5746: 5697: 5671: 5660:. 23 June 2023 5645: 5620: 5594: 5568: 5542: 5535: 5515: 5512:. 16 May 2006. 5497: 5475: 5449: 5442: 5424: 5394: 5368: 5342: 5335: 5317: 5310: 5289: 5271: 5249: 5237: 5231:978-0128042427 5230: 5210: 5201:Channel 4 News 5188: 5170: 5111: 5100:on 9 July 2012 5085: 5019: 4993: 4970: 4955: 4929: 4904: 4897: 4879: 4850:(3): 421–461. 4830: 4805: 4793: 4778: 4751: 4725: 4713:"Plague" 4710:, ed. (1911). 4699: 4678: 4663: 4656: 4638: 4635:. 20 May 2013. 4620: 4594: 4592:November. 2005 4574: 4558: 4529:(7): 352–371. 4506: 4481: 4467: 4447: 4421: 4395: 4366:(1): a006841. 4346: 4321: 4292: 4251:Microorganisms 4237: 4226:. 19 June 2023 4211: 4189: 4167: 4145: 4115: 4056: 4007: 3963: 3941: 3927: 3905: 3881: 3876:The New Yorker 3862: 3844: 3826: 3758: 3709: 3641: 3618: 3593: 3533: 3526: 3508: 3482: 3456: 3424: 3398: 3369: 3343: 3325: 3299: 3273: 3224: 3198: 3172: 3143: 3117: 3057: 3020:(1): 210–224. 3000: 2975: 2949: 2924: 2867: 2837: 2800:(4): pgac194. 2780: 2751: 2725: 2699: 2670:(7): 532–538. 2650: 2623: 2617:978-1434458322 2616: 2598: 2584: 2564: 2543:Whitehouse.gov 2533:(6 May 2024). 2522: 2489: 2455: 2427: 2376: 2346: 2311: 2296: 2267:(9): 927–928. 2247: 2221: 2191: 2165: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2119: 2110: 2101: 2092: 2083: 2073: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2032:Super-spreader 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1924: 1921:Viruses portal 1910: 1894: 1891: 1878: 1875: 1866: 1863: 1803:United Nations 1780: 1777: 1729: 1728:Climate change 1726: 1724:) infections. 1674:Main article: 1671: 1668: 1598:Main article: 1595: 1592: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1457: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1412: 1406: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1359: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1344: 1343: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1330: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1316: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1281: 1278: 1259: 1256: 1232:whooping cough 1131: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1119:malnourishment 1097:The 1918–1920 1095: 1079: 1042: 1019: 1016:bubonic plague 1004:Constantinople 989: 979: 973: 898:Pieter Bruegel 873: 870: 857:Central Africa 815: 812: 774: 771: 769: 766: 750: 747: 739: 738: 735: 732: 729: 726: 723: 699: 698:CDC Frameworks 696: 687: 684: 679:Main article: 676: 673: 607: 600: 599: 594: 587: 586: 585: 584: 583: 576: 569: 568: 552: 545: 544: 543: 542: 541: 525: 522: 516: 513: 509:stock rotation 491:misinformation 400:Main article: 397: 394: 386: 385: 382: 375: 372: 369: 366: 324: 321: 288:, defined as " 242: 235: 234: 226: 219: 218: 217: 216: 215: 213: 210: 161:—which is the 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14029: 14018: 14015: 14013: 14010: 14008: 14007:Global health 14005: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13984: 13982: 13965: 13962: 13961: 13960: 13957: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13924: 13923: 13921: 13917: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13850: 13848: 13845: 13843: 13840: 13836: 13833: 13832: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13819: 13817: 13815: 13809: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13770:Sterilization 13768: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13738:Surgical mask 13736: 13734: 13731: 13730: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13701: 13698: 13697: 13696: 13695:Public health 13693: 13691: 13688: 13684: 13681: 13680: 13679: 13676: 13674: 13671: 13667: 13664: 13663: 13662: 13659: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13641: 13640: 13637: 13635: 13632: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13611: 13609: 13607: 13601: 13593: 13590: 13588: 13585: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13569: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13547:Phage therapy 13545: 13543: 13540: 13536: 13533: 13532: 13531: 13530:Immunotherapy 13528: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13518: 13516: 13513: 13511: 13508: 13506: 13503: 13501: 13498: 13494: 13491: 13490: 13489: 13488:Antimicrobial 13486: 13482: 13479: 13478: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13465: 13462: 13461: 13460: 13457: 13456: 13454: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13437: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13415: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13402: 13400: 13397: 13395: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13381: 13379:Genitourinary 13378: 13374: 13371: 13370: 13369: 13366: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13353: 13351: 13350: 13348: 13342: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13256: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13247: 13245: 13242: 13241: 13239: 13237:in population 13233: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13201:Herd immunity 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13163: 13161: 13159: 13155: 13137: 13134: 13133: 13131: 13127: 13120: 13119: 13117: 13113: 13106: 13105: 13103: 13099: 13093: 13090: 13089: 13087: 13085:Genitourinary 13083: 13077: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13057: 13055: 13051: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13028: 13027:Contamination 13025: 13024: 13023: 13020: 13019: 13017: 13013: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12996: 12995:Vector-borne 12994: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12981: 12979: 12975: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12958: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12950: 12948: 12942: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12924: 12921: 12920: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12910: 12908: 12904: 12901: 12897: 12891: 12888: 12887: 12885: 12879: 12873: 12870: 12866: 12863: 12859: 12856: 12853: 12850: 12849: 12848: 12845: 12844: 12842: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12829: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12821: 12819: 12815: 12811: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12786: 12784: 12782: 12781:Cross-species 12778: 12775: 12771: 12764: 12761: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12745: 12742: 12741: 12739: 12735: 12732: 12728: 12722: 12721:Window period 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12702: 12699: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12686:Latent period 12684: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12648: 12646: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12631: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12589: 12586: 12585: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12565:Deforestation 12563: 12561: 12558: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12545: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12526: 12524: 12522: 12518: 12510:Stress levels 12509: 12506: 12502: 12499: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12490: 12487: 12484: 12481: 12480: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12448: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12423: 12421: 12419: 12415: 12409: 12406: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12388: 12387: 12384: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12361: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12348: 12345: 12344: 12343: 12342:Pathogenicity 12340: 12336: 12333: 12332: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12317: 12315: 12313: 12309: 12306: 12302: 12297: 12293: 12285: 12280: 12278: 12273: 12271: 12266: 12265: 12262: 12249: 12246: 12243: 12240: 12234:(2019–present 12233: 12230: 12227: 12224: 12221: 12218: 12215: 12212: 12209: 12208:Hong Kong flu 12206: 12203: 12200: 12197: 12194: 12191: 12188: 12185: 12182: 12179: 12176: 12173: 12170: 12167: 12164: 12161: 12158: 12155: 12152: 12149: 12146: 12143: 12140: 12137: 12134: 12131: 12128: 12125: 12122: 12119: 12116: 12113: 12110: 12109: 12107: 12105: 12101: 12084: 12081: 12080: 12079: 12076: 12073: 12070: 12067: 12064: 12061: 12058: 12055: 12052: 12049: 12046: 12043: 12040: 12037: 12036:Tonga measles 12034: 12031: 12028: 12025: 12022: 12019: 12016: 12013: 12010: 12007: 12006:Samoa measles 12004: 12001: 11998: 11995: 11992: 11989: 11986: 11983: 11980: 11976: 11972: 11969: 11966: 11963: 11960: 11957: 11954: 11951: 11948: 11945: 11942: 11939: 11936: 11933: 11930: 11927: 11924: 11921: 11918: 11914: 11910: 11907: 11904: 11901: 11898: 11895: 11892: 11889: 11886: 11883: 11880: 11877: 11874: 11871: 11868: 11865: 11864:Haiti cholera 11862: 11859: 11856: 11853: 11850: 11847: 11844: 11841: 11838: 11835: 11832: 11829: 11828:Iraqi cholera 11826: 11823: 11820: 11817: 11814: 11811: 11810:Indian dengue 11808: 11805: 11802: 11799: 11796: 11793: 11790: 11787: 11784: 11783: 11781: 11777: 11769: 11765: 11762: 11759: 11756: 11753: 11750: 11747: 11744: 11741: 11738: 11735: 11732: 11729: 11726: 11723: 11720: 11717: 11714: 11711: 11708: 11705: 11704: 11702: 11698: 11691: 11688: 11685: 11682: 11679: 11676: 11673: 11670: 11667: 11666:Guam smallpox 11664: 11661: 11658: 11655: 11652: 11649: 11646: 11643: 11640: 11637: 11634: 11631: 11628: 11625: 11622: 11619: 11616: 11613: 11610: 11609: 11607: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11594: 11583: 11580: 11577: 11574: 11571: 11568: 11565: 11562: 11559: 11556: 11553: 11550: 11547: 11544: 11541: 11538: 11537: 11535: 11531: 11524: 11521: 11517: 11513: 11510: 11507: 11504: 11503:Naples Plague 11501: 11498: 11495: 11492: 11489: 11486: 11483: 11480: 11477: 11474: 11471: 11468: 11465: 11462: 11461:London plague 11459: 11458: 11456: 11452: 11446: 11443: 11442:London plague 11440: 11437: 11434: 11431: 11430:London plague 11428: 11425: 11422: 11419: 11416: 11413: 11410: 11407: 11404: 11403: 11401: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11386: 11379: 11376: 11373: 11370: 11367: 11364: 11361: 11360:Plague of 664 11358: 11355: 11352: 11349: 11346: 11343: 11340: 11337: 11334: 11333: 11331: 11329: 11323: 11316: 11313: 11310: 11307: 11304: 11301: 11291: 11288: 11287: 11285: 11283: 11279: 11276: 11272: 11266: 11263: 11262: 11259: 11255: 11251: 11247: 11240: 11235: 11233: 11228: 11226: 11221: 11220: 11217: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11179: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11159: 11157: 11153: 11141: 11140: 11136: 11134: 11133: 11129: 11128: 11127: 11124: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11111: 11109: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11096: 11095: 11094:United States 11092: 11091: 11089: 11085: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11060: 11058: 11054: 11051: 11045: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11026: 11024: 11020: 11013: 11009: 11006: 11005: 11003: 10999: 10996: 10990: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10939: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10924: 10922: 10916: 10909: 10905: 10902: 10899: 10895: 10892: 10889: 10885: 10882: 10879: 10875: 10872: 10871: 10869: 10863: 10856: 10852: 10849: 10848: 10846: 10842: 10839: 10833: 10829: 10822: 10817: 10815: 10810: 10808: 10803: 10802: 10799: 10787: 10779: 10778: 10775: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10748: 10744: 10743:Civil defense 10741: 10740: 10738: 10736:Organizations 10734: 10727: 10723: 10722:Disaster film 10720: 10719: 10717: 10713: 10707: 10706:Disaster area 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10663: 10661: 10657: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10627: 10625: 10621: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10580: 10577: 10576: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10561: 10559: 10557: 10553: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10521: 10518: 10517: 10516: 10513: 10509: 10508:Famine scales 10506: 10504: 10501: 10500: 10499: 10496: 10495: 10493: 10489: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10446: 10445:by death toll 10443: 10442: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10422: 10420: 10418: 10414: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10384: 10382: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10369: 10366: 10362: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10331:Meteor shower 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10318: 10316: 10312: 10302: 10299: 10295: 10292: 10291: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10281: 10279: 10275: 10269: 10266: 10263: 10259: 10256: 10253: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10240: 10238: 10234: 10228: 10225: 10224: 10222: 10220: 10216: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10191: 10189: 10185: 10182: 10178: 10168: 10165: 10161: 10158: 10157: 10156: 10153: 10152: 10150: 10146: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10129:Coastal flood 10127: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10116: 10112: 10109: 10105: 10095: 10092: 10091: 10089: 10087: 10083: 10077: 10074: 10070: 10067: 10066: 10065: 10062: 10061: 10059: 10057: 10053: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10023: 10019: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9994: 9992: 9990: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9977: 9973: 9969: 9962: 9957: 9955: 9950: 9948: 9943: 9942: 9939: 9935: 9932: 9928: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9916:United States 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9794:by death toll 9792: 9791: 9790: 9787: 9786: 9784: 9780: 9776: 9769: 9764: 9762: 9757: 9755: 9750: 9749: 9746: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9713:Meteor shower 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9700: 9698: 9694: 9684: 9681: 9677: 9674: 9673: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9663: 9661: 9657: 9651: 9648: 9645: 9641: 9638: 9635: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9622: 9620: 9616: 9610: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9602: 9598: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9573: 9571: 9567: 9564: 9560: 9550: 9547: 9543: 9540: 9539: 9538: 9535: 9534: 9532: 9528: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9511:Coastal flood 9509: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9498: 9494: 9491: 9487: 9477: 9474: 9473: 9471: 9469: 9465: 9459: 9456: 9452: 9449: 9448: 9447: 9444: 9443: 9441: 9439: 9435: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9405: 9401: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9376: 9374: 9372: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9344: 9339: 9337: 9332: 9330: 9325: 9324: 9321: 9309: 9301: 9300: 9297: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9275:Poliomyelitis 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9241: 9235: 9232: 9228: 9227: 9223: 9222: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9189: 9188: 9184: 9183: 9182: 9179: 9178: 9176: 9172: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9139: 9136: 9135: 9134: 9133:Ancient Egypt 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9115: 9113: 9109: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9091: 9090:Psychosurgery 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9080: 9076: 9075: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9063:Endocrinology 9061: 9057: 9054: 9053: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9016: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9006: 9004: 9002: 8999:Histories of 8997: 8992: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8930: 8929: 8925: 8924: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8902:Biotechnology 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8884: 8882: 8878: 8874: 8873: 8867: 8863: 8856: 8851: 8849: 8844: 8842: 8837: 8836: 8833: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8813:Risk analysis 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8795: 8788: 8786: 8785: 8780: 8774: 8773: 8770: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8758:Social crisis 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8710: 8708: 8704: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8679: 8677: 8675:Organizations 8673: 8665: 8662: 8661: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8648: 8645: 8644: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8622: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8612: 8610: 8606: 8600: 8599:World to come 8597: 8595: 8592: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8579: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8547: 8546: 8545:Millennialism 8543: 8541: 8538: 8534: 8533:Messianic Age 8531: 8530: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8518:Gog and Magog 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8508:Earth Changes 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8464: 8456: 8453: 8452: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8423: 8422: 8419: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8376: 8375: 8372: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8345:New Jerusalem 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8321:War in Heaven 8319: 8317: 8316:Two witnesses 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8283: 8282: 8279: 8278: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8256: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8233: 8230: 8229: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8219: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8197: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8186: 8185:Second Coming 8183: 8181: 8178: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8165: 8164: 8161: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8148: 8147: 8144: 8143: 8141: 8139: 8135: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8090: 8087: 8086: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8071: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8016: 8014: 8010: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7948: 7945: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7931: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7921: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7878: 7875: 7871: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7845: 7843: 7841: 7837: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7814: 7811: 7810: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7758: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7700: 7697: 7696: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7684:Deforestation 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7663: 7660: 7659: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7649: 7647: 7645: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7632: 7626: 7625:World War III 7623: 7621: 7618: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7600: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7568: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7547: 7541: 7540:Transhumanism 7538: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7520: 7519: 7515: 7512: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7499: 7498: 7495: 7492: 7489: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7461: 7460: 7457: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7417: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7405: 7403:Technological 7401: 7393: 7390: 7389: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7379: 7376: 7372: 7365: 7360: 7358: 7353: 7351: 7346: 7345: 7342: 7335: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7304: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7282: 7281: 7274: 7273: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7257: 7252: 7248: 7247: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7154: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7061: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6997: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6972: 6950: 6946: 6940: 6932: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6877: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6847: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6792: 6784: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6733: 6725: 6721: 6717: 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4809: 4802: 4797: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4766: 4762: 4755: 4740:on 8 May 2009 4739: 4735: 4729: 4721: 4720: 4714: 4709: 4703: 4696: 4695: 4690: 4689: 4682: 4676: 4672: 4667: 4659: 4653: 4649: 4642: 4634: 4630: 4624: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4587: 4583: 4578: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4513: 4511: 4502: 4498: 4497: 4492: 4485: 4470: 4464: 4460: 4459: 4451: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4409: 4405: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4350: 4335: 4331: 4325: 4309: 4305: 4299: 4297: 4289: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4225: 4221: 4215: 4199: 4193: 4177: 4171: 4155: 4149: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4119: 4111: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4011: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3977: 3970: 3968: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3945: 3930: 3924: 3917: 3916: 3909: 3901: 3899: 3891: 3885: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3840: 3836: 3830: 3821: 3817: 3812: 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1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1936: 1930: 1925: 1922: 1916: 1911: 1908: 1897: 1890: 1888: 1883: 1874: 1871: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1855:deforestation 1852: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1751:transmission. 1750: 1746: 1745: 1744:Aedes aegypti 1740: 1735: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1714: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1702: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1683: 1677: 1667: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1626: 1622: 1615: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1591: 1589: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1550: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1525:Coronaviruses 1518: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1380: 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12408:Host tropism 12304:Determinants 12290:Concepts in 12103: 12060:Uganda Ebola 11779:21st century 11761:Surat plague 11731:NYC smallpox 11700:20th century 11605:19th century 11533:18th century 11454:17th century 11420:(1545, 1576) 11399:16th century 11342:Roman Plague 11311:(165–180 AD) 11305:(429–426 BC) 11252:and notable 11245: 11177:Transmission 11171: 11137: 11130: 10947:epidemiology 10650:Survival kit 10526: 10472:Levee breach 10326:Impact event 10314:Astronomical 10248:Thunderstorm 10243:Bomb cyclone 10107:Hydrological 10076:Volcanic ash 10041:Seismic risk 9989:Mass wasting 9708:Impact event 9696:Astronomical 9630:Thunderstorm 9625:Bomb cyclone 9489:Hydrological 9458:Volcanic ash 9423:Seismic risk 9371:Mass wasting 9290:Tuberculosis 9264: 9224: 9205:Neuroimaging 9185: 9155:Ancient Rome 9150:Ancient Iran 9077: 8966:Pharmacology 8951:Neuroscience 8941:Microbiology 8926: 8892:Biochemistry 8870: 8775: 8747: 8718:Cyberwarfare 8436:Third Temple 8291:Lake of fire 8101:Rogue planet 8069:Impact event 8059:Proton decay 8012:Astronomical 7988: 7962:Bioterrorism 7808:Supervolcano 7706:Flood basalt 7652:Anoxic event 7561:Collapsology 7549:Sociological 7420:Cyberwarfare 7276: 7270: 7254: 7253:(3): 50–56. 7250: 7244: 7202: 7196: 7165: 7161: 7145:. 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Retrieved 2168: 2155: 2122: 2113: 2104: 2095: 2086: 2077: 1987:Immunization 1965:Crowdmapping 1935:World portal 1884: 1880: 1868: 1848: 1839:Peter Daszak 1811:biodiversity 1800: 1797:Urban sprawl 1769:dengue fever 1765:yellow fever 1754: 1742: 1713:Enterococcus 1711: 1705: 1699: 1697: 1686: 1679: 1656: 1633: 1619: 1610:Barack Obama 1585: 1566: 1547: 1546: 1289: 1274: 1270: 1267: 1221: 1205: 1193: 1189:asymptomatic 1161: 1153: 1089: 1025: 1002:and reached 995: 936: 928: 901: 881: 835: 794: 740: 715: 709: 690:For a novel 689: 659:to less than 652: 650: 634: 629:vaccinations 620: 616: 614: 560: 554: 518: 496: 495: 486: 485: 479: 478: 461: 460: 447: 446: 441: 440: 435:preparedness 434: 418: 416: 387: 368:fewer deaths 356: 342: 333: 326: 316: 312: 306: 300: 294: 289: 279: 258: 256: 200:, including 179: 150: 132: 64: 62: 36: 13931:Eradication 13842:Biosecurity 13567:Vaccination 13542:Inoculation 13520:Drug safety 13515:Combination 13442:and Control 13390:Soft tissue 13344:Anatomical 13311:Seasonality 13291:Mesoendemic 13271:Holoendemic 13264:Farr's laws 13176:Attack rate 12974:Animal bite 12970:Insect bite 12906:Respiratory 12533:Air quality 12521:Environment 12431:Comorbidity 12347:Attack rate 12330:Infectivity 12250:(2023–2024) 12244:(2022–2023) 12228:(2009–2010) 12216:(1977–1979) 12210:(1968–1970) 12204:(1961–1975) 12198:(1957–1958) 12192:(1919–1930) 12186:(1918–1920) 12184:Spanish flu 12180:(1899–1923) 12174:(1889–1890) 12172:Russian flu 12168:(1881–1896) 12162:(1863–1879) 12156:(1855–1860) 12150:(1852–1860) 12144:(1829–1851) 12138:(1816–1826) 12132:(1557–1559) 12062:(2022–2023) 12050:(2019–2020) 12044:(2019–2020) 12042:DRC measles 11996:(2018–2020) 11964:(2016–2022) 11952:(2015–2016) 11908:(2013–2016) 11902:(2013–2014) 11900:Chikungunya 11866:(2010–2019) 11860:(2009–2010) 11842:(2008–2017) 11836:(2008–2009) 11800:(2003–2005) 11788:(2002–2004) 11770:(1998–1999) 11751:(1972–1973) 11715:(1910–1911) 11709:(1900–1904) 11674:(1862–1863) 11644:(1847–1848) 11638:(1837–1838) 11620:(1813–1814) 11614:(1812–1819) 11584:(1793–1798) 11578:(1780–1782) 11566:(1770–1772) 11554:(1720–1722) 11548:(1710–1712) 11542:(1707–1708) 11518:(1675–1676) 11511:(1665–1666) 11493:(1647–1652) 11487:(1633–1644) 11475:(1629–1631) 11444:(1592–1593) 11438:(1592–1593) 11432:(1563–1564) 11426:(1557–1559) 11380:(1485–1551) 11374:(1346–1353) 11372:Black Death 11297: 1330 11199:Vaccination 11119:Pulse Polio 11047:Eradication 10786:WikiProject 10686:Evacuations 10623:Preparation 10532:Biosecurity 10407:Spaceflight 10341:Solar flare 10227:Megadrought 10187:Temperature 10160:Megatsunami 10139:Storm surge 10134:Flash flood 10012:Debris flow 9901:South Korea 9881:Philippines 9871:New Zealand 9723:Solar flare 9609:Megadrought 9569:Temperature 9542:Megatsunami 9521:Storm surge 9516:Flash flood 9394:Debris flow 9250:Black Death 9181:Antibiotics 9046:Dermatology 8794:Categories 8763:Survivalism 8450:Zoroastrian 8306:Seven seals 8301:Seven bowls 8227:Historicism 8123:Solar flare 7999:Overfishing 7974:Defaunation 7761:coral reefs 7523:AI takeover 7442:Nanoweapons 7430:Cybergeddon 7415:Cyberattack 7168:: 435–447. 7047:Smolinski M 7043:Brilliant L 6990:29 November 6510:EurekAlert! 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Pbs.org 4990:: 662–67. 4856:0042-9686 4823:27 August 4744:26 August 4496:USA Today 3934:17 August 3704:218754925 3475:21 August 3449:21 August 3417:21 August 3391:21 August 3362:21 August 3318:20 August 3292:17 August 3217:21 August 3191:21 August 3165:20 August 3136:22 August 3094:0014-2972 3034:0008-8994 3014:Centaurus 2993:25 August 2968:25 August 2942:25 August 2901:1195-1982 2863:pandemic. 2856:25 August 2814:2752-6542 2477:0362-4331 2052:Twindemic 1970:Disease X 1944:Asian Flu 1682:superbugs 1663:influenza 1621:Influenza 1594:Influenza 1581:spillover 1509:Disease X 1446:diseases 1236:influenza 1224:Hawaiians 1208:Australia 1196:morbidity 1177:influenza 1173:pertussis 1057:Indonesia 1008:Procopius 956:analyzed 884:varicella 470:Disease X 456:pathogens 448:Detection 427:influenza 417:Pandemic 390:influenza 343:pandemic. 18:Pandemics 13835:EARS-Net 13750:Safe sex 13702:services 13673:Lockdown 13444:measures 13346:location 13326:Syndemic 13321:Sporadic 13301:Pandemic 13296:Outbreak 13254:Epidemic 13107:Prenatal 12999:Mosquito 12883:to-human 12858:Neonatal 12851:Prenatal 12799:Zoonosis 12644:concepts 12575:Humidity 12560:Commerce 12436:Diabetes 12369:Exotoxin 12232:COVID-19 12220:HIV/AIDS 11798:Bird flu 11204:Zoonosis 11187:vertical 11172:Pandemic 11087:Regional 11049:programs 11022:Underway 10969:Syphilis 10959:Trachoma 10927:Hookworm 10918:Underway 10867:(global) 10865:Underway 10851:Smallpox 10586:Military 10556:Man-made 10527:Pandemic 10515:Epidemic 10392:Maritime 10301:ARkStorm 10289:Wildfire 10194:Blizzard 10094:Sinkhole 9911:Thailand 9891:Portugal 9876:Pakistan 9782:Overview 9683:ARkStorm 9671:Wildfire 9576:Blizzard 9476:Sinkhole 9308:Category 9285:Syphilis 9280:Smallpox 9226:Timeline 9220:Vaccines 9200:Humorism 9187:Timeline 9079:Timeline 8976:Virology 8928:Timeline 8917:Genetics 8748:Pandemic 8733:Epidemic 8728:Droughts 8582:Prewrath 8513:End time 8379:Al-Qa'im 8264:Katechon 8249:2 Esdras 8239:Idealism 8222:Futurism 8151:Maitreya 8146:Buddhist 7989:Pandemic 7437:Gray goo 7280:COVID-19 7184:17094768 7051:Danzig L 7035:17940239 6931:32836515 6783:29335536 6708:SocArXiv 6660:2 August 6603:36851778 6319:35065702 6194:license. 6176:31444997 6085:ABC-CLIO 5985:26392163 5977:11576290 5888:35271309 5842:27743750 5741:35124103 5613:10 March 5510:BBC News 5165:23940526 5125:PLOS ONE 5104:29 March 5068:16494711 5002:"Plague" 4874:13160764 4767:. London 4633:phys.org 4586:BBC News 4553:33244837 4501:Archived 4440:2 August 4414:2 August 4390:22229120 4339:11 March 4314:2 August 4283:36838410 4182:12 March 4160:12 March 4138:10 April 4132:Archived 4110:36223335 4070:PLOS ONE 4051:23260039 3995:25254666 3954:Archived 3820:32269067 3753:32164834 3696:32773996 3636:Archived 3584:32164834 3470:NBC News 3268:35593162 3112:35342941 3052:33821019 2919:33284964 2832:36714850 2694:21734768 2548:Archived 2509:Archived 2422:33333995 2339:11 April 2291:31060258 2283:16145573 2234:Archived 2178:Archived 2160:Archived 2037:Syndemic 1893:See also 1831:palm oil 1583:events. 1571:and the 1551:diseases 1334:COVID-19 1248:Hokkaido 1165:smallpox 966:bacteria 853:primates 849:zoonotic 837:HIV/AIDS 820:HIV/AIDS 814:HIV/AIDS 779:COVID-19 773:COVID-19 480:Modeling 261:epidemic 206:bacteria 173:and the 151:pandemic 139:smallpox 112:epidemic 110:) is an 65:pandemic 13639:Hygiene 13577:booster 13510:Asepsis 13249:Endemic 13244:Cluster 12828:Source 12763:Biofilm 12600:Poverty 12570:Ecology 12548:El Niño 12501:Smoking 12379:factors 12320:Biofilm 12296:Outline 11282:Ancient 10979:Leprosy 10954:Rubella 10942:vaccine 10937:Measles 10894:Malaria 10440:Nuclear 10284:Derecho 10258:Tornado 10219:Drought 10155:Tsunami 10007:Mudflow 9921:Vietnam 9896:Romania 9836:Estonia 9826:Croatia 9799:by cost 9666:Derecho 9640:Tornado 9601:Drought 9537:Tsunami 9389:Mudflow 9260:Malaria 9123:Babylon 9097:Surgery 9019:General 8981:Viruses 8897:Biology 8887:Anatomy 8808:Hazards 8706:General 8577:Rapture 8426:Messiah 8414:Sufyani 8404:Israfil 8374:Islamic 8212:Messiah 8190:1 Enoch 8024:Big Rip 7736:Ecocide 7731:Ice age 7294:. 2020. 7026:2536104 6955:22 June 6922:7261997 6899:Bibcode 6866:22 June 6814:Bibcode 6774:5768765 6751:Bibcode 6594:9958942 6563:Viruses 6310:8841637 6268:30 June 6167:7578328 6060:12 July 6035:12 July 6009:12 July 5914:Reuters 5868:Bibcode 5860:Science 5833:7111218 5791:24 July 5765:29 July 5732:8813723 5690:23 June 5664:23 June 5638:23 June 5561:30 June 5387:26 July 5156:3734171 5133:Bibcode 5059:3291398 5012:16 July 4922:16 July 4865:2542143 4613:16 July 4544:7753327 4474:9 March 4408:HIV.gov 4381:3234451 4274:9961755 4230:19 June 4101:9555641 4078:Bibcode 4042:3557974 3811:7164388 3790:Bibcode 3772:Science 3744:7158572 3687:7384689 3575:7158572 3340:. 2022. 3259:9121660 3131:Reuters 3103:9111437 3043:8014506 2910:7798963 2823:9802102 2685:3127275 2413:7765415 2369:8 April 1983:of 1968 1946:of 1957 1859:hunting 1819:mammals 1761:malaria 1479:(SARS) 1240:Fijians 1228:measles 1169:measles 381:removed 359:endemic 202:viruses 124:endemic 13847:CRISPR 13799:Zoning 13654:Gloves 13065:Fomite 12899:Routes 12794:Vector 12661:Fomite 12642:Basic 12605:Travel 12485:Gender 12126:(1510) 12104:Global 12085:(2024) 12068:(2023) 12056:(2020) 12038:(2019) 12032:(2019) 12026:(2019) 12020:(2019) 12014:(2019) 12008:(2019) 12002:(2018) 11990:(2018) 11984:(2018) 11977:(2018) 11970:(2017) 11958:(2016) 11946:(2015) 11940:(2015) 11934:(2014) 11928:(2014) 11922:(2014) 11915:(2014) 11896:(2013) 11890:(2013) 11884:(2012) 11878:(2012) 11872:(2011) 11854:(2009) 11848:(2009) 11830:(2007) 11824:(2006) 11818:(2006) 11812:(2006) 11806:(2005) 11794:(2003) 11763:(1994) 11757:(1974) 11745:(1972) 11739:(1963) 11733:(1947) 11727:(1937) 11721:(1924) 11692:(1894) 11686:(1871) 11680:(1870) 11668:(1856) 11662:(1854) 11656:(1853) 11650:(1853) 11642:Typhus 11632:(1829) 11626:(1813) 11597:Modern 11572:(1772) 11560:(1738) 11525:(1679) 11505:(1656) 11499:(1655) 11481:(1633) 11469:(1623) 11463:(1603) 11414:(1520) 11408:(1510) 11391:modern 11110:India 11056:Global 10974:Rabies 10645:Safety 10498:Famine 10491:Health 10430:Bridge 9906:Sweden 9886:Poland 9816:Canada 9270:Plague 9031:Cancer 8738:Famine 8664:Zombie 8466:Others 8421:Jewish 8399:Dajjal 8281:Events 8195:Daniel 8096:winter 7923:Others 7813:winter 7613:winter 7608:famine 7603:cobalt 7231: 7223: 7182: 7140: 7098: 7033: 7023: 6929: 6919: 6781: 6771: 6722: 6628: 6601: 6591: 6583: 6542:4 June 6436: 6393: 6358: 6325: 6317: 6307: 6289:Lancet 6174: 6164: 6121: 6091: 5983: 5975: 5894: 5886: 5840: 5830: 5739: 5729: 5533: 5440: 5333: 5308: 5228: 5163: 5153: 5066: 5056: 4948:5 July 4895: 4872: 4862: 4854: 4654: 4590: 4551: 4541: 4465: 4388: 4378: 4281: 4271: 4204:10 May 4108: 4098: 4049: 4039: 4000:10 May 3993: 3925: 3818: 3808: 3751: 3741: 3723:Lancet 3702: 3694: 3684: 3582: 3572: 3552:Lancet 3524: 3266: 3256: 3110: 3100: 3092: 3050: 3040: 3032: 2917: 2907: 2899: 2830: 2820: 2812: 2773:7 June 2744:7 June 2718:7 June 2692: 2682: 2643:7 June 2614: 2582: 2475: 2420: 2410: 2289: 2281: 1977:(ECDC) 1795:, and 1767:, and 1749:dengue 1693:XDR-TB 1652: 1629: 1627:in 412 1561:, the 1142:, and 1115:mutate 1111: 1107:Arctic 1053:Bengal 1031:Crimea 950:Athens 761:, and 661: 464:- The 267:cancer 169:, the 147:Plague 141:. 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