3597:
underlying condition for people and increases the |mortality rate when infected by the influenza disease. There was diverse labor in
Newfoundland, men and women had various occupations that involved day-to-day interaction. But, fishing had a major role in the economy and so males were more mobile than females and had more contact with other parts of the world. The spread of the pandemic is known to have begun in the spring of 1918, but Newfoundland did not see the deadly wave until June or July, which aligns with the high demand for employment in the fishery. The majority of men were working along the coast during the summer and it was typical for entire families to move to Newfoundland and work. Studies show a much higher mortality rate in males compared with females. But, during the first, second, and third waves of the pandemic, the mortality shifted. During the first wave, men had a higher mortality rate, but the mortality rate of females increased and was higher during the second and third waves. The female population was larger in certain regions of Newfoundland and therefore had a bigger impact on the death rate.
1165:
1414:
1784:
1799:
45:
1959:
2163:
pandemic, from
September to December 1918. Mortality figures follow closely the concurrent increase in precipitation and decrease in temperatures. Several explanations have been proposed for this, including the fact that lower temperatures and increased precipitation provided ideal conditions for virus replication and transmission, while also negatively affecting the immune systems of soldiers and other people exposed to the inclement weather, a factor proven to increase likelihood of infection by both viruses and pneumococcal co-morbid infections documented to have affected a large percentage of pandemic victims (one fifth of them, with a 36% mortality rate). A six-year climate anomaly (1914–1919) brought cold, marine air to Europe, drastically changing its weather, as documented by eyewitness accounts and instrumental records, reaching as far as the
2211:
2225:
1283:
2739:
China. For instance, Iijima in 1998 estimates the death toll in China to be between 1 and 1.28 million based on data available from
Chinese port cities. The lower estimates of the Chinese death toll are based on the low mortality rates that were found in Chinese port cities (for example, Hong Kong) and on the assumption that poor communications prevented the flu from penetrating the interior of China. However, some contemporary newspaper and post office reports, as well as reports from missionary doctors, suggest that the flu did penetrate the Chinese interior and that influenza was severe in at least some locations in the countryside of China.
3000:
2797:
2813:. In 1918, older adults may have had partial protection caused by exposure to the 1889–1890 flu pandemic, known as the "Russian flu". According to historian John M. Barry, the most vulnerable of all – "those most likely, of the most likely", to die – were pregnant women. He reported that in thirteen studies of hospitalized women in the pandemic, the death rate ranged from 23% to 71%. Of the pregnant women who survived childbirth, over one-quarter (26%) lost the child. Another oddity was that the outbreak was widespread in the summer and autumn (in the Northern Hemisphere); influenza is usually worse in winter.
1562:
5780:[In Europe, the Spanish flu was also referred to as 'Blitzkatarrh', as 'Flanders fever', 'Flanders flu', in English and Americans as 'three-day' or 'knock-me-down' fever, and in France as 'la flu', as 'bronchite purulente' (purulent bronchitis) or by French military doctors as 'disease 11' (maladie onze). The naming of diseases and especially epidemics according to their presumed place of origin is nothing unusual. It is an attempt to track down what is happening. At the same time, in this way, diseases are marked as something external, as something foreign that has invaded or been introduced.]
2035:
2952:
3400:
2712:. However, the outbreak was delayed into 1926 for American Samoa and 1921 for New Caledonia as the quarantine period ended. On American Samoa, at least 25% of the island residents were clinically attacked and 0.1% died, and on New Caledonia, there was widespread illness and 0.1% population died. Australia also managed to avoid the first two waves with a quarantine. Iceland protected a third of its population from exposure by blocking the main road of the island. By the end of the pandemic, the isolated island of
2142:
1268:
5082:[In Spain, it was initially called 'the three-day fever', based on the belief, as in other countries, that the flu was a mild illness. The first reports about the flu, drawing attention to the fact that something different was happening, appeared in the press at the end of May. For example, in the newspaper ABC on 22 May, through a brief note on page 24: "The doctors have verified, in Madrid, the existence of an epidemic of a influenza nature, very widespread, but, fortunately, of a mild nature.']
1917:, based his conclusions on newly unearthed records. He found archival evidence that a respiratory illness that struck northern China (where the laborers came from) in November 1917 was identified a year later by Chinese health officials as identical to the Spanish flu. Unfortunately, no tissue samples have survived for modern comparison. Nevertheless, there were some reports of respiratory illness on parts of the path the laborers took to get to Europe, which also passed through North America.
1597:
York City began to see its own sudden increase in cases, and other cities around the country were soon to follow. Certain pandemic restrictions, such as the closing of schools and theaters and the staggering of business hours to avoid congestion, were reimposed in cities like
Chicago, Memphis, and New York City. As they had during the epidemic in fall 1918, schools in New York City remained open, while those in Memphis were shuttered as part of more general restrictions on public gatherings.
2195:
564:
3420:
2901:
2586:
791:
2850:. (2011) used a mechanistic modeling approach to study the three waves of the 1918 influenza pandemic. They examined the factors that underlie variability in temporal patterns and their correlation to patterns of mortality and morbidity. Their analysis suggests that temporal variations in transmission rate provide the best explanation, and the variation in transmission required to generate these three waves is within biologically plausible values. Another study by He
1457:. By 21 February, with some local variation, influenza activity was reported to have been declining since mid-January in all parts of the country. Following this "first great epidemic period" that had commenced in October 1918, deaths from pneumonia and influenza were "somewhat below average" in the large cities of the United States between May 1919 and January 1920. Nonetheless, nearly 160,000 deaths were attributed to these causes in the first six months of 1919.
5681:'The Serbian Newspaper' wrote in the period October 23 / November 5, 1918 at the peak of the second, deadliest wave of the pandemic: 'Various countries have been assigning the origin of this imposing guest to each other for quite some time, and at one point in time they agreed to assign its origin to the kind and neutral Spain, which had been fighting off this honour just as much as German submarines, so imposing in their search for hospitality off Spanish shores.'
2401:
749:
2817:
times higher mortality in
Hungary and Spain compared to Denmark, two to three times higher chance of death in Sub-Saharan Africa compared to North Africa, and possibly up to ten times higher rates between the extremes of Asia. Cities were affected worse than rural areas. There were also differences between cities, which might have reflected exposure to the milder first wave giving immunity, as well as the introduction of social distancing measures.
1601:
1593:
of
January. The Public Health Service announced it would take steps to "localize the epidemic", but the disease was already causing a simultaneous outbreak in Kansas City and quickly spread outward from the center of the country in no clear direction. A few days after its first announcement, PHS issued another assuring that the disease was under the control of state health authorities and that an outbreak of epidemic proportions was not expected.
22571:
1945:
Chinese and
Southeast Asian workers in Europe suggests that the Asian units were not different from other Allied military units in France at the end of 1918 and, thus, were not a likely source of a new lethal virus. Further evidence against the disease being spread by Chinese workers was that workers entered Europe through other routes that did not result in a detectable spread, making them unlikely to have been the original hosts.
3416:(or biological groups each descended from a common ancestor), which gave rise to the classical swine and human H1N1 influenza lineages. The last common ancestor of human strains dates between February 1917 and April 1918. Because pigs are more readily infected with avian influenza viruses than are humans, they were suggested as the original recipients of the virus, passing the virus to humans sometime between 1913 and 1918.
18285:
145:
4426:, p. 7: "In short, although the Spanish flu 'had nothing "Spanish" about it,' from a strictly epidemiological perspective, its discursive link to the Iberian nation is beyond dispute. The importance of narrative for a historically informed appreciation of the epidemic stems from the importance of this discursive link and is tied directly to the scientific uncertainty about the etiological agent of the epidemic;"
2788:
Shanghai
International Settlement, and the actual death toll in Shanghai was much higher. The medical records from China's interior indicate that, compared to cities, rural communities have substantially higher mortality rate. A published influenza survey in Houlu County, Hebei Province, found that the case fatality rate was 9.77% and 0.79% of county population died from influenza in October and November 1918.
22595:
3644:
3630:
2735:. China may have experienced a relatively mild flu season in 1918 compared to other areas of the world. However, some reports from its interior suggest that mortality rates from influenza were perhaps higher in at least a few locations in China in 1918. At the very least, there is little evidence that China as a whole was seriously affected by the flu compared to other countries in the world.
22583:
898:
2392:
5778:
als 'Krankheit 11' (maladie onze) bezeichnet. Die
Benennung von Krankheiten und insbesondere Seuchen nach ihrem vermuteten Ursprungsort ist nichts Ungewöhnliches. Es ist der Versuch, einem Geschehen auf die Spur zu kommen. Zugleich werden auf diese Weise Krankheiten als etwas Äußerliches gekennzeichnet, als etwas Fremdes, das eingedrungen ist oder eingeschleppt wurde.
3472:, led by Dr Terrence Tumpey, to synthesize RNA segments from the H1N1 virus and ultimately reconstruct infective virus particles. These were subsequently used to experimentally infect mice, ferrets, and macaques giving valuable insights into influenza virus biology and pathogenesis, providing important information about how to prevent and control future pandemics.
3408:
then sent from Fort Riley around the world, where they spread the disease. Similarities between a reconstruction of the virus and avian viruses, combined with the human pandemic preceding the first reports of influenza in swine, led researchers to conclude the influenza virus jumped directly from birds to humans, and swine caught the disease from humans.
2254:. Vaccines were also developed, but as these were based on bacteria and not the actual virus, they could only help with secondary infections. The actual enforcement of various restrictions varied. To a large extent, the New York City health commissioner ordered businesses to open and close on staggered shifts to avoid overcrowding on the subways.
1987:
crowded field hospitals, spreading the deadlier virus. The second wave began, and the flu quickly spread around the world again. Consequently, during modern pandemics, health officials look for deadlier strains of a virus when it reaches places with social upheaval. The fact that most of those who recovered from first-wave infections had become
1616:
as many deaths as the 1918–1919 experience. New York City alone reported 6,374 deaths between
December 1919 and April 1920, almost twice the number of the first wave in spring 1918. Other U.S. cities including Detroit, Milwaukee, Kansas City, Minneapolis, and St. Louis were hit particularly hard, with death rates higher than all of 1918. The
1995:, which escaped with a combined mortality rate of just 0.29% (0.02% in the first wave and 0.27% in the second wave) because of exposure to the less-lethal first wave. For the rest of the population, the second wave was far more deadly; the most vulnerable people were those like the soldiers in the trenches – adults who were young and fit.
886:, a Spanish official protested, "we were surprised to learn that the disease was making ravages in other countries, and that people there were calling it the 'Spanish grip'. And wherefore Spanish? …this epidemic was not born in Spain, and this should be recorded as a historic vindication." But before this letter could be published,
3481:) infected with the recreated flu strain exhibited classic symptoms of the 1918 pandemic, and died from an overreaction of the immune system. This may explain why the Spanish flu had its surprising effect on younger, healthier people, as a person with a stronger immune system would potentially have a stronger overreaction.
2614:, managed to avoid the extent of the pandemic between 1918 and 1919, but the flu at last reached the town in spring 1920. Reports suggested that during the first two weeks of May, the majority of the town's population became infected; 10% of the population were estimated to have died, most of whom were Alaska Natives.
1433:, for example, experienced a swift resurgence of influenza that reached its peak in December, possibly as a result of the lifting of the ban on public gatherings. Pandemic interventions, such as bans on public gatherings and the closing of schools, were reimposed in many places in an attempt to suppress the spread.
1979:
susceptibility. A large factor in the worldwide occurrence of the flu was increased travel. Modern transportation systems made it easier for soldiers, sailors, and civilian travelers to spread the disease. Another was lies and denial by governments, leaving the population ill-prepared to handle the outbreaks.
6036:[The following month, a number of sumo wrestlers were absent from the summer tournament in Tokyo due to high fevers. People called it the "sumo flu" or "wrestler flu," but in fact, this mysterious infection is believed to be the Spanish flu, which began spreading in the United States early that year.]
5609:
in question, influenza, had been sowing misery in France and Britain for weeks, and in America for longer, but Salazar did not know this because the governments of those countries, a group then at war with Germany and its allies, had made strenuous efforts to suppress such potentially morale-damaging news.
2724:
10319:
John M. Barry : The government lied. They lied about everything. We were at war and they lied because they didn't want to upend the war effort. You had public health leaders telling people this was just the ordinary flu by another name. They simply didn't tell the people the truth about what was
5934:
Medical professionals and officials in Spain protested. They said the Spanish people were being falsely stigmatized.... If you've ever wondered about the staying power of a brand, the 'Spanish Flu' is a case in point. A full 100 years later, the 'Spanish Flu' is still referenced — and still remains a
5777:
In Europa wurde die Spanischer Grippe auch als 'Blitzkatarrh', als 'Flandern-Fieber', 'flandische Grippe', bei Engländern und Amerikanern als 'three-day'- oder 'knock-me-down'-Fieber, und in Frankreich als 'la grippe', als 'bronchite purulente' (eitrige Bronchitis) oder beim französische Militärärzte
5291:
The Russians called it the Chinese flu. In Japan, it was wrestler's fever. In South Africa, it was known as either the white man's sickness or kaffersiekte blacks' disease. Soldiers fighting in the Great War called it the three-day fever—a highly inaccurate description—and when it first struck in the
4947:
published a scant article titled 'Can One Live? The Fashionable Illness.' Likely the first account in Spain of the Spanish flu, it begins: 'For several days, Madrid has been affected by an epidemic, which fortunately is mild; but which, from what it appears, intends to kill doctors from overwork'....
4928:
French doctors gave it the name of "la grippe," which is now anglicized into "the grip" ... It is known all over the world, and there is a disposition in every nation to shift the odium of it upon some other country. Then the Russians call it the Chinese catarrh, the Germans often call it the Russian
4711:
Two papers were published in The Lancet in 1917 describing an outbreak of disease constituting 'almost a small epidemic'. The first paper was written by physicians at a hospital center in northern France,3 and the second by a team at an army hospital in Aldershot, in southern England. In both earlier
2990:
When people read the obituaries, they saw the war or postwar deaths and the deaths from the influenza side by side. Particularly in Europe, where the war's toll was high, the flu may not have had a tremendous psychological impact or may have seemed an extension of the war's tragedies. The duration of
2683:
In South Africa it is estimated that about 300,000 people amounting to 6% of the population died within six weeks. Government actions in the early stages of the virus' arrival in the country in September 1918 are believed to have unintentionally accelerated its spread throughout the country. Almost a
2512:
communities. New South Wales and Victoria saw the greatest relative mortality, with 3.19 and 2.40 deaths per 1,000 people respectively, while Western Australia, Queensland, Southern Australia, and Tasmania experienced rates of 1.70, 1.14, 1.13, and 1.09 per 1,000 respectively. In Queensland, at least
1978:
hastened the pandemic, and probably both increased transmission and augmented mutation. The war may also have reduced people's resistance to the virus. Some speculate the soldiers' immune systems were weakened by malnourishment, as well as the stresses of combat and chemical attacks, increasing their
1710:
that principally affected those 26 years of age and younger. While some natural explanations, such as the virus remaining in some frozen state for 20 years, have been proposed to explain this unprecedented phenomenon, the nature of influenza itself has been cited in favor of human involvement of some
1627:
reaching a peak of 158 deaths in a single week, compared to the peak of 92 reached in December 1918; however, the 1920 epidemic passed in a matter of weeks, while the 1918–1919 wave had developed over the entire second half of 1918. By contrast, the outbreak in western Europe was considered "benign",
1615:
The fourth wave in the United States subsided as swiftly as it had appeared, reaching a peak in early February. "An epidemic of considerable proportions marked the early months of 1920", the U.S. Mortality Statistics would later note; according to data at this time, the epidemic resulted in one third
1511:
remained free from it until mid-August. Out of the six states, Victoria and New South Wales experienced generally more extensive epidemics. Each experienced another significant wave of illness over the winter. The second epidemic in New South Wales was more severe than the first, while Victoria saw a
1254:
The first wave of the flu lasted from the first quarter of 1918 and was relatively mild. Mortality rates were not appreciably above normal; in the United States ~75,000 flu-related deaths were reported in the first six months of 1918, compared to ~63,000 deaths during the same time period in 1915. In
5608:
On June 29th 1918 Martín Salazar, Spain's inspector-general of health, stood up in front of the Royal Academy of Medicine in Madrid. He declared, not without embarrassment, that the disease which was ravaging his country was to be found nowhere else in Europe. In fact, that was not true. The illness
5079:
En España, se le llamó al principio 'la fiebre de los tres días', atendiendo a la creencia, como en otros países, de que la gripe era una enfermedad leve. Las primeras noticias sobre la gripe, llamando la atención sobre que algo distinto estaba ocurriendo, aparecieron en la prensa a finales de mayo.
3558:
was one of the deadliest diseases in the 1900s, and killed more men than women. But with the spread of influenza disease, the cases of tuberculosis cases in men decreased. Many scholars have noted that tuberculosis increased the mortality rate of influenza in males, decreasing their life expectancy.
3407:
The origin of the Spanish flu pandemic, and the relationship between the near-simultaneous outbreaks in humans and swine, have been controversial. One hypothesis is that the virus strain originated at Fort Riley, Kansas, in viruses in poultry and swine which the fort bred for food; the soldiers were
2974:
There are various theories of why the Spanish flu was "forgotten". The rapid pace of the pandemic, which killed most of its victims in the United States within less than nine months, resulted in limited media coverage. The general population was familiar with patterns of pandemic disease in the late
2891:
writes that "Many researchers have suggested that the conditions of the war significantly aided the spread of the disease. And others have argued that the course of the war (and subsequent peace treaty) was influenced by the pandemic." Kahn has developed a model that can be used on home computers to
2858:
incorporating three factors to infer the cause of the three waves of the 1918 influenza pandemic. These factors were school opening and closing, temperature changes throughout the outbreak, and human behavioral changes in response to the outbreak. Their modeling results showed that all three factors
2436:
based on data from fourteen European countries estimated a total of 2.64 million excess deaths in Europe attributable to the Spanish flu during the major 1918–1919 phase of the pandemic, in line with the three prior studies from 1991, 2002, and 2006 that calculated a European death toll of between 2
2413:
in history. An early estimate from 1927 put global mortality at 21.6 million. An estimate from 1991 states that the virus killed between 25 and 39 million people. A 2005 estimate put the death toll at 50 million (about 3% of the global population), and possibly as high as 100 million (more than 5%).
2241:
While systems for alerting public health authorities of infectious spread did exist in 1918, they did not generally include influenza, leading to a delayed response. Nevertheless, actions were taken. Maritime quarantines were declared on islands such as Iceland, Australia, and American Samoa, saving
2171:
troops suffered extremely cold temperatures despite the normally Mediterranean climate of the region. The climate anomaly likely influenced the migration of H1N1 avian vectors which contaminate bodies of water with their droppings, reaching 60% infection rates in autumn. The climate anomaly has been
1986:
favors a mild strain. Those who get very ill stay home, and those mildly ill continue with their lives, preferentially spreading the mild strain. In the trenches, natural selection was reversed. Soldiers with a mild strain stayed where they were, while the severely ill were sent on crowded trains to
487:
in the United States, with further cases recorded in France, Germany and the United Kingdom in April. Two years later, nearly a third of the global population, or an estimated 500 million people, had been infected in four successive waves. Estimates of deaths range from 17 million to 50 million, and
6649:"The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: Years of Adventure, 1874–1920. (New York: Macmillan Company. 1951. pp. xi, 496.) and Herbert Hoover and the Russian Prisoners of World War I: A Study in Diplomacy and Relief, 1918–1919. By Edward F. Willis. (Stanford: Stanford University Press. 1951. pp. viii, 67.)".
5220:
One is, that every epidemic owns one unknown source, whence it spreads; each nation, in turn, attributing to its neighbour from whom it derived the disease, the unenviable honour of originating it. Thus the Italians have termed it the German disease; the Germans, the Russian pest; the Russians, the
3540:
during 1917 about a respiratory illness outbreak beginning in 1916 in Étaples, France. Worobey traced recent references to that article to family members who had retained slides that Rolland had prepared during that time. Worobey extracted tissue from the slides to potentially reveal more about the
2911:
Many businesses in the entertainment and service industries suffered losses in revenue, while the healthcare industry reported profit gains. Historian Nancy Bristow has argued that the pandemic, when combined with the increasing number of women attending college, contributed to the success of women
2783:
among the Chinese population in 1918. If extrapolated from the extensive data recorded from Chinese cities, the suggested mortality rate from influenza in China as a whole in 1918 was likely lower than 1% – much lower than the world average (which was around 3–5%). In contrast, Japan and Taiwan had
2770:
officials in China. As a whole, data from China's port cities show low mortality rates compared to other cities in Asia. For example, the British authorities at Hong Kong and Canton reported a mortality rate from influenza at a rate of 0.25% and 0.32%, much lower than the reported mortality rate of
2572:
has been estimated at 450,000, though the epidemiologists who suggested this number called it a "shot in the dark". If it is correct, Russia lost roughly 0.4% of its population, meaning it suffered the lowest influenza-related mortality in Europe. Another study considers this number unlikely, given
2051:
to develop, whereby the skin would first develop two mahogany spots over the cheekbones which would then over a few hours spread to color the entire face blue, followed by black coloration first in the extremities and then further spreading to the limbs and the torso. After this, death would follow
1877:
found that Spanish flu mortality simultaneously peaked within the two-month period of October and November 1918 in all fourteen European countries analyzed, which is inconsistent with the pattern that researchers would expect if the virus had originated somewhere in Europe and then spread outwards.
1669:
Influenza began to be reported again from many places in 1921. The pandemic continued to be felt in Chile, where a fourth wave affected seven of its 24 provinces between June and December 1921. The winter of 1921–1922 was the first major reappearance of seasonal influenza in the Northern Hemisphere
1592:
In the United States, there were "almost continuously isolated or solitary cases" of flu throughout the spring and summer months of 1919. An increase in scattered cases became apparent as early as September, but Chicago experienced one of the first major outbreaks of the flu beginning in the middle
6501:
A popular playground skipping rhyme caught the ease with which this 'new disease' was transmitted: I had a little bird; Its name was Enza; I opened the window; And in-flu-enza. As influenza spread from Glasgow to Aberdeen, and from Liverpool to London's Mile End, it was not long before playgrounds
6410:
Another rhyme with deadly origins appeared during a worldwide influenza pandemic in 1889-1890. Certain the disease could be stopped by sealing up the home from the poisoned air outside, this safety tip emerged in schools: There was a little girl, and she had a little bird; And she called it by the
5811:
Many other nicknames were given to the pandemic, many based on nationality or race: 'Spanish Lady', 'French Flu', 'Naples Soldier', 'Purple Death', 'War Plague', 'Flanders Grippe', 'Kirghiz Disease', 'Black Man's Disease', 'Hun Flu', 'German Plague', 'Bolshevik Disease' or even the 'Turco-Germanic
5247:
The outbreak immediately preceding the present one was in 1879, and has been well described by Da Costa. Like every other disease about whose pathology we know very little, this malady has not a scientifically correct name, but at different times and in different countries has received names which
4896:
London, Dec. 20. — The grip is a disease without a country, according to a new book just issued which is devoted to the malady. Every country tries to make it out a native of another land.... Eighteenth-century Italian writers say Dr. Hopkirk spoke of "una influenza di freddo" (influence of cold),
2153:
Studies have shown that the immune system of Spanish flu victims could have been weakened by adverse climate conditions which were particularly unseasonably cold and wet for extended periods of time during the duration of the pandemic. This affected especially WWI troops exposed to incessant rains
1596:
It became apparent within days of the start of Chicago's explosive growth in cases that the flu was spreading in the city at an even faster rate than in winter 1919, though fewer were dying. Within a week, new cases in the city had surpassed its peak during the 1919 wave. Around the same time, New
1428:
Cases began to rise again in some parts of the United States as early as late November 1918, with the Public Health Service issuing its first report of a "recrudescence of the disease" being felt in "widely scattered localities" in early December. This resurgent activity varied across the country,
2816:
There were also geographic patterns to the disease's fatality. Some parts of Asia had 30 times higher death rates than some parts of Europe, and generally, Africa and Asia had higher rates, while Europe and North America had lower ones. There was also great variation within continents, with three
2804:
The pandemic mostly killed young adults. In 1918–1919, 99% of pandemic influenza deaths in the U.S. occurred in people under 65, and nearly half of deaths were in young adults 20 to 40 years old. In 1920, the mortality rate among people under 65 had decreased sixfold to half the mortality rate of
2593:
Even in areas where mortality was low, so many adults were incapacitated that much of everyday life was hampered. Some communities closed all stores or required customers to leave orders outside. There were reports that healthcare workers could not tend the sick nor the gravediggers bury the dead
2507:
In Australia, the flu killed around 12,000 to 20,000 people. The country's death rate, 2.7 per 1,000 people, was one of the lowest recorded compared with other countries at the time; however, as much as 40 percent of the population were infected, and a mortality rate of 50 percent was recorded by
1998:
After the lethal second wave struck in late 1918, new cases dropped abruptly. In Philadelphia, for example, 4,597 people died in the week ending 16 October, but by 11 November, influenza had almost disappeared from the city. One explanation for the rapid decline in the lethality of the disease is
5738:
French journalists had, initially, called it the 'American flu'; but the fact that the American soldiers were his allies in the warlike conflict advised not to assign such a link to them.... Another most popular name in Madrid, was the 'Soldado de Nápoles' (Naples soldier), a popular song in the
3596:
status of people. Although social variability allowed the disease to move quickly geographically, it tended to spread faster and affect men more than women due to labor and social contact. Newfoundland's leading cause of death before the pandemic was tuberculosis and this is known to be a severe
3533:
who is examining the history of the 1918 pandemic, revealed that he obtained tissue slides created by William Rolland, a physician who reported on a respiratory illness likely to be the virus while a pathologist in the British military during World War One. Rolland had authored an article in the
2986:
Additionally, the outbreak coincided with the deaths and media focus on the First World War. Another explanation involves the age group affected by the disease. The majority of fatalities, from both the war and the epidemic, were among young adults. The high number of war-related deaths of young
2915:
A 2020 study found that U.S. cities that implemented early and extensive non-medical measures (quarantine, etc.) suffered no additional adverse economic effects due to implementing those measures. However, the validity of this study has been questioned because of the coincidence of WWI and other
2453:
was 13.88 million. Another estimate gives at least 12 million dead. The decade between 1911 and 1921 was the only census period in which India's population fell, mostly due to devastation of the Spanish flu pandemic. While India is generally described as the country most severely affected by the
1479:
Much of Spain was affected by "a substantial recrudescent wave" of influenza between January and April 1919. Portugal experienced a resurgence in pandemic activity that lasted from March to September 1919, with the greatest impact being felt on the west coast and in the north of the country; all
3605:
Records indicate the most deaths during the first wave of the pandemic were among young men in their 20s, which reflects the age of enlistment in the war. The mobility of young men during 1918 was linked to the spread of influenza and the biggest wave of the epidemic. In late 1917 and
3525:
In 2013, the AIR Worldwide Research and Modeling Group "characterized the historic 1918 pandemic and estimated the effects of a similar pandemic occurring today using the AIR Pandemic Flu Model". In the model, "a modern-day 'Spanish flu' event would result in additional life insurance losses of
2787:
However, it is noted that the influenza mortality rate in Hong Kong and Canton are under-recorded, because only the deaths that occurred in colony hospitals were counted. Similarly, in Shanghai, these statistics are limited to that area of the city under the control of the health section of the
2738:
The first estimate of the Chinese death toll was made in 1991 by Patterson and Pyle, which estimated a toll of between 5 and 9 million. However, this 1991 study was criticized by later studies due to flawed methodology, and newer studies have published estimates of a far lower mortality rate in
1944:
found no evidence that the 1918 virus was imported to Europe via Chinese and Southeast Asian soldiers and workers and instead found evidence of its circulation in Europe before the pandemic. The 2016 study found that the low flu mortality rate (an estimated one in a thousand) recorded among the
1665:
By mid-1920, the pandemic was largely considered to be "over" by the public as well as governments. Though parts of Chile experienced a third, milder wave between November 1920 and March 1921, the flu seemed to be mostly absent through the winter of 1920–1921. In the United States, for example,
3574:
and one affected the other. The ages of males dying of the flu show that tuberculosis was a factor, and as males primarily had this disease at the time of the pandemic, they had a higher mortality rate. Life expectancy dropped in males during the pandemic but then increased two years after the
2162:
identified a severe climate anomaly that impacted Europe from 1914 to 1919, with several environmental indicators directly influencing the severity and spread of the Spanish flu pandemic. Specifically, a significant increase in precipitation affected all of Europe during the second wave of the
1766:
A 2018 study of tissue slides and medical reports led by evolutionary biology professor Michael Worobey found evidence against the disease originating from Kansas, as those cases were milder and had fewer deaths compared to the infections in New York City in the same period. The study did find
526:
Most influenza outbreaks disproportionately kill the young and old, with a higher survival rate in-between, but this pandemic had unusually high mortality for young adults. Scientists offer several explanations for the high mortality, including a six-year climate anomaly affecting migration of
6064:
The first patients in Japan, reported Shukan Gendai (May 2–9), began showing symptoms around April 1918. Initially the disease was referred to as the "Sumo Kaze" (sumo cold) because a contingent of sumo wrestlers contracted it while on a tour of Taiwan. Three well known grapplers, Masagoishi,
5433:
daily newspapers carried an increasing number of advertisements for influenza-related remedies as drug companies played on the anxieties of readers and reaped the benefits. From the Times of London to the Washington Post, page after page was filled with dozens of advertisements for preventive
4083:
Etymology: In ancient times, before epidemiology science, people believed the stars and "heavenly bodies" flowed into us and dictated our lives and health—influenza means 'to influence' in Italian, and the word stems from the Latin for 'flow in.' Sickness, like other unexplainable events, was
4810:
Labelled 'purulent bronchitis' for want of a better term, the disease proved fatal in half the cases and many soldiers also developed cyanosis. 2 years later, British respiratory experts, also writing in The Lancet, but this time in the wake of the pandemic, would decide the disease had been
2912:
in the field of nursing. This was due in part to the failure of medical doctors, who were predominantly men, to contain and prevent the illness. Nursing staff, who were mainly women, celebrated the success of their patient care and did not associate the spread of the disease with their work.
1392:
The second wave of the 1918 pandemic was much more deadly than the first. The first wave had resembled typical flu epidemics; those most at risk were the sick and elderly, while younger, healthier people recovered easily. October 1918 was the month with the highest fatality rate of the whole
1933:
to the flu virus. In the Guangdong Province it was reported that early outbreaks of influenza in 1918 disproportionately impacted young men. The June outbreak infected children and adolescents between 11 and 20 years of age, while the October outbreak was most common in those aged 11 to 15.
1588:
Between October 1919 and 23 January 1920, 780,000 cases were reported across the country, with at least 20,000 deaths recorded by that date. This apparently reflected "a condition of severity three times greater than for the corresponding period of" 1918–1919, during Japan's first epidemic.
1584:
In Japan, the flu broke out again in December and spread rapidly throughout the country, a fact attributed at the time to the coming of cold weather. Pandemic-related measures were renewed to check the spread of the outbreak, and health authorities recommended the use of masks. The epidemic
3618:(CWGC), which reported under 2 million men and women died during the wars, with a record of those who died from 1917 to 1918. The movement of soldiers during this time and the transportation from United States between Canada likely had a significant effect on the spread of the pandemic.
1325:
saw its first cases in some soldiers. From Freetown, the pandemic continued to spread through West Africa along the coast, rivers, and the colonial railways, and from railheads to more remote communities, while South Africa received it in September on ships bringing back members of the
4589:
the Purple Death … name resulted from the specific skin colour in the most severe cases of the diseased, who by the rule also succumbed to the disease, and is also at the same time the only one which does not link this disease with the Iberian peninsula. This name is actually the most
3559:
During the 1900s tuberculosis was more common in males than females, but studies show that when influenza spread the tuberculosis mortality rate among females changed. The death rate of tuberculosis in females increased significantly and would continue to decline until post-pandemic.
2971:, who has charted a complex history of social and cultural forgetting, demonstrating how the pandemic was overshadowed by the commemoration of the First World War and mostly neglected in mainstream historiography, yet was remembered in private and local traditions across the globe.
5635:
5111:
In the popular mind calamities often need to have their origin and cause identified and other countries or peoples credited with blame. This xenophobic response has been common in Europe, that impulse to blame others or the silent places of the Asian heartlands for the source of
1826:
as being at the center of the Spanish flu. His study found that in late 1916 the Étaples camp was hit by the onset of a new disease with high mortality that caused symptoms similar to the flu. According to Oxford, a similar outbreak occurred in March 1917 at army barracks in
3411:
Others have disagreed, and more recent research has suggested the strain may have originated in a nonhuman, mammalian species. An estimated date for its appearance in mammalian hosts has been put at the period 1882–1913. This ancestor virus diverged about 1913–1915 into two
2441:
250 million in 1918), considerably higher than the mortality rate in the U.S., which the authors hypothesize is likely due to the severe effects of the war in Europe. The excess mortality rate in the U.K. has been estimated at 0.28%–0.4%, far below this European average.
1572:
In the Northern Hemisphere, fears of a "recurrence" of the flu grew as fall approached. Experts cited the history of past flu epidemics, such as that of 1889–1890, to predict that such a recurrence a year later was not unlikely, though not all agreed. In September 1919,
2983:, and cholera all occurred near the same time. These outbreaks probably lessened the significance of the influenza pandemic for the public. In some areas, the flu was not reported on, the only mention being that of advertisements for medicines claiming to cure it.
1413:
3583:
One major cause of the spread of influenza was social behavior. Men had more social variation and were mobile more than women due to their work. Even though there was a higher mortality rate in males, each region showed different results, due to such factors as
14971:
segments. "While the pandemic human influenza viruses of 1957 (H2N2) and 1968 (H3N2) arose through reassortment between human and avian viruses, the influenza virus causing the 'Spanish flu' in 1918 appears to be entirely derived from an avian source (Belshe
2105:
was instead mistakenly thought to be the cause, as it was big enough to be seen and was present in many, though not all, patients. For this reason, a vaccine that was used against that bacillus did not make an infection rarer but did decrease the death rate.
1678:, a major epidemic (the fifth since 1918) prevailed between November and December 1921. The flu was also widespread in the United States, its prevalence in California reportedly greater in early March 1922 than at any point since the pandemic ended in 1920.
9212:
4497:
local interpretations of the crisis had become deeply reminiscent of the increasing disobedience of the Israelites in the wilderness of Sin. It was therefore urged that the epidemic be called 'Man hu,' (an obvious corruption of "manna") meaning 'what is
2454:
Spanish flu, at least one study argues that other factors may partially account for the very high excess mortality rates observed in 1918, citing unusually high 1917 mortality and wide regional variation (ranging from 0.47% to 6.66%). A 2006 study in
2257:
A later study found that measures such as banning mass gatherings and requiring the wearing of face masks could cut the death rate up to 50 percent, but this was dependent on their being imposed early in the outbreak and not being lifted prematurely.
2133:, the view of the country's elite was that the nation was in severe decline, and therefore doctors assumed that the disease was typhus caused by poor hygiene, and not an infectious one, causing a mismanaged response which did not ban mass gatherings.
1580:
said a return of the flu later in the year would "probably, but by no means certainly," occur. France had readied a public information campaign before the end of the summer, and Britain began preparations in the fall with the manufacture of vaccine.
2234:, limitations on crowd size, selective closing of businesses, curfews, and lockdowns. After October's strict containment measures showed some success, Armistice Day celebrations in November and relaxed attitudes by Thanksgiving caused a resurgence.
2395:
Difference between the flu mortality age-distributions of the 1918 pandemic and normal epidemics – deaths per 100,000 persons in each age group, United States, for the interpandemic years 1911–1917 (dashed line) and the pandemic year 1918 (solid
1711:
kind, such as an accidental leak from a lab where the old virus had been preserved for research purposes. Following this miniature pandemic, the reemerged H1N1 became endemic once again but did not displace the other active influenza A virus,
1589:
Nonetheless, the disease was regarded as being milder than it had been the year before, albeit more infectious. Despite its rapid peak at the beginning of the year, the outbreak persisted throughout the winter, before subsiding in the spring.
1436:
There was "a very sudden and very marked rise in general death rate" in most cities in January 1919; nearly all experienced "some degree of recrudescence" of the flu in January and February. Significant outbreaks occurred in cities including
1255:
Madrid, Spain, fewer than 1,000 people died from influenza between May and June 1918. There were no reported quarantines during the first quarter of 1918. However, the first wave caused a significant disruption in the military operations of
3007:
Despite the toll of the pandemic, it was never a large theme in American literature. Alfred Crosby suspects that it may be due to the fact that it occurred after World War I, which was the most important event in that generation's lives.
3553:
of the influenza pandemic is one aspect that sets the pandemic apart from other disease outbreaks. Another factor is the higher mortality rate of men compared with women. Men with an underlying condition were at significantly more risk.
2828:, a recently arrived group at the time, were nearly twice as likely to die compared to the average Americans. These disparities reflected worse diets, crowded living conditions, and problems accessing healthcare. Paradoxically, however,
1920:
China was one of the few regions of the world seemingly less affected by the Spanish flu pandemic, where several studies have documented a comparatively mild flu season in 1918. (Although this is disputed due to lack of data during the
1317:), about 30 miles west of Boston, other U.S. military sites were soon afflicted, as were troops being transported to Europe. Helped by troop movements, it spread over the next two months to all of North America, and then to Central and
12110:
2009:
is a common occurrence: there is a tendency for pathogenic viruses to become less lethal with time, as the hosts of more dangerous strains tend to die out. Fatal cases did continue into 1919, however. One notable example was that of
5901:
The use of 'Spanish' can often have negative connotations, with the adjective often unfairly used to describe unwelcome events and problems. The most obvious example is the so-called 'Spanish flu,' a reference to the 1918 influenza
2460:
also noted that Indian provinces had excess mortality rates ranging from 2.1% to 7.8%, stating: "Commentators at the time attributed this huge variation to differences in nutritional status and diurnal fluctuations in temperature."
2042:
The majority of the infected experienced only the typical flu symptoms of sore throat, headache, and fever, especially during the first wave. However, during the second wave, the disease was much more serious, often complicated by
13706:
12430:
11176:
2824:, death rates were inversely correlated with apartment size, as the poorer people living in smaller apartments died at a higher rate. Social status was also reflected in the higher mortality among immigrant communities, with
1242:
started releasing Russian prisoners of war, who then brought the disease to their country. It reached North Africa, India, and Japan in May, and soon after had likely gone around the world as there had been recorded cases in
531:
with increased likelihood of spread through bodies of water. However, the claim that young adults had a high mortality during the pandemic has been contested. Malnourishment, overcrowded medical camps and hospitals, and poor
1686:
as it gradually evolved over the years. The period since its initial appearance in 1918 has been termed a "pandemic era", in which all flu pandemics since its emergence have been caused by its own descendants. Following the
4897:
and English physicians, mistaking the word influenza for the name of the disease itself, used it. The same term is also used in Germany, where a host of dialect names still prevail, such as lightning catarrh and fog plague.
1681:
In the years after 1920, the disease, a novel one in 1918, assumed a more familiar nature, coming to represent at least one form of the "seasonal flu". The virus, H1N1, remained endemic, occasionally causing more severe or
5968:
the names given to this disease in different parts of the world reflected prevailing concerns about certain ethnic groups and ideologies. The disease was called the 'Singapore fever' in Penang and the Bolshevik disease in
5080:
Por ej. en el diario ABC el 22 de mayo mediante una escueta nota en la página 24: 'Los médicos han comprobado, en Madrid, la existencia de una epidemia de índole gripal, muy propagada, pero, por fortuna, de carácter leve'.
1495:
and then spread across the country throughout the year. New South Wales experienced its first wave of infection between mid-March and late May, while a second, more severe wave occurred in Victoria between April and June.
6554:
Crosby's America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918, Wilson asked Army Chief of Staff General Peyton March in October 1918 if he had heard of the popular jump rope rhyme parodying the virus, and recited part of
2154:
and lower-than-average temperatures for the duration of the conflict, and especially during the second wave of the pandemic. Ultra-high-resolution climate data combined with highly detailed mortality records analyzed at
2052:
within hours or days due to the lungs being filled with fluids. Other signs and symptoms reported included spontaneous mouth and nosebleeds, miscarriages for pregnant women, a peculiar smell, teeth and hair falling out,
5248:
are almost purely local; thus the Russians have called it the Chinese catarrh, because it has often invaded Russia from China. The Germans call it the Russian pest, while the Italians in turn call it the German disease.
5347:
The unknown disease which appeared in Madrid a fortnight ago spread with remarkable rapidity.... It is reported that there are well over 100,000 victims in Madrid alone.... Although the disease is clearly of a gripal
778:, also known as the 'Russian flu', when the Russians already called epidemic influenza the 'Chinese catarrh', the Germans called it the 'Russian pest', while the Italians in turn called it the 'German disease'. These
1831:, and military pathologists later recognized these early outbreaks as the same disease as the Spanish flu. The overcrowded camp and hospital at Étaples was an ideal environment for the spread of a respiratory virus.
3496:
derived from Spanish flu samples to the ability of the 1918 flu virus to invade the lungs and cause pneumonia. These genes were inserted into a modern H1N1 strain and triggered similar symptoms in animal testing.
11240:
9803:"A hypothesis: the conjunction of soldiers, gas, pigs, ducks, geese and horses in northern France during the Great War provided the conditions for the emergence of the "Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918-1919"
6325:
As this included the period of the great influenza epidemic when Type IV infections were usually prevalent, it will be seen that the proportion of fixed types among carriers and among cases is not far from the
2784:
reported a mortality rate from influenza around 0.45% and 0.69% respectively, higher than the mortality rate collected from data in Chinese port cities, such as Hong Kong (0.25%), Canton (0.32%), and Shanghai.
5999:
In one area where Blacks were the first victims, the accusatory term 'Kaffersiekte' was coined; in another district, where the position was reversed, Blacks returned the compliment with, White man's sickness'
2408:
The Spanish flu infected around 500 million people, about one-third of the world's population. Estimates as to how many infected people died vary greatly, but the flu is regardless considered to be one of the
11901:
9768:
13239:]. Skrifter utgit av Klaus Hansens fond, nr. III. Bergen: Haukeland Sykehus, 1923 (Writings published by the Klaus Hansen Foundation, No. III, Haukeland Hospital Bergen (in Norwegian). Grieg. p. 66.
12413:
12698:
Yet the "Spanish" flu epidemic of 1918–19 resulted in about 25,000 extra deaths in Ireland, many of them young adults. This was almost as many deaths as occurred among the Irish fighting in the First World
894:) said, "Various countries have been assigning the origin of this imposing guest to each other for quite some time, and at one point in time they agreed to assign its origin to the kind and neutral Spain…"
2091:). The strong immune reactions of young adults were postulated to have ravaged the body, whereas the weaker immune reactions of children and middle-aged adults resulted in fewer deaths among those groups.
16756:
8612:
7101:
5982:
2843:, which severely worsened the chances of recovery. However, in India the opposite was true, potentially because Indian women were neglected with poorer nutrition, and were expected to care for the sick.
2516:
In the U.S., about 28% of the population of 105 million became infected, and 500,000 to 850,000 died (0.48 to 0.81 percent of the population). Native American tribes were particularly hard hit. In the
2467:
In Japan, the flu killed nearly 500,000 people over two waves between 1918 and 1920, with nearly 300,000 excess deaths between October 1918 and May 1919 and 182,000 between December 1919 and May 1920.
11114:
12753:
6065:
Choshunada and Wakagiyama, died before they could return from Taiwan. As the contagion spread, the summer sumo tournament, which would have been held on the grounds of Yasukuni shrine, was cancelled.
2872:
Academic Andrew Price-Smith has made the argument that the virus helped tip the balance of power in the latter days of the war towards the Allied cause. He provides data that the viral waves hit the
1024:
names with new diseases, listing "Spanish flu" under "examples to be avoided". Many authors now eschew calling this the Spanish flu, instead using variations of '1918–19/20 flu/influenza pandemic'.
13357:
Mamelund SE (February 2006). "A socially neutral disease? Individual social class, household wealth and mortality from Spanish influenza in two socially contrasting parishes in Kristiania 1918-19".
13424:
3852:
1483:
Influenza entered Australia for the first time in January 1919 after a strict maritime quarantine had shielded the country through the latter part of 1918. It assumed epidemic proportions first in
918:
French press initially used 'American flu', but adopted 'Spanish flu' in lieu of antagonizing an ally. In the spring of 1918, British soldiers called it 'Flanders flu', while German soldiers used '
7405:
5455:
2420:
estimated the total to be about 17 million, though this has been contested. With a world population of 1.8 to 1.9 billion, these estimates correspond to between 1 and 6 percent of the population.
6281:
17619:
12106:
10017:
6713:
5743:(The forgotten song) due both, were 'highly contagious'. Today, there are many authors who avoid such a name (the Spanish flu) and they aptly refer to it as the '1918- 1819 influenza pandemic'
631:: "One thing is for certain—the doctors are at present flabbergasted; and we suggest that rather than calling the disease influenza they should for the present until they have it in hand, say
22341:
12237:
6932:
6383:, p. 64: "In … Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) … officials labelled the new affliction 'influenza (vera)', adding the Latin word vera, meaning 'true' … German doctors … called it 'pseudo-influenza'"
2001:
16380:
12685:
10314:
9950:
877:'s illness, making Spain the apparent locus of the epidemic. The censorship was so effective that Spain's health officials were unaware its neighboring countries were similarly affected.
10123:
13714:
12426:
10521:
6454:
4673:"A possible European origin of the Spanish influenza and the first attempts to reduce mortality to combat superinfecting bacteria: an opinion from a virologist and a military historian"
2087:
in the lungs. Modern analysis has shown the virus to be particularly deadly because in animal trials it triggers an overreaction of the body's immune system (sometimes referred to as a
1706:
In 1977, an influenza virus bearing a very close resemblance to the seasonal H1N1, which had not been seen since the 1950s, appeared in Russia and subsequently initiated a "technical"
1670:
after the pandemic ended, in many parts its most significant occurrence since the main pandemic in late 1918. Northwestern Europe was particularly affected. All-cause mortality in the
1519:, which saw its first cases in April; the outbreak had spread to practically all sections of the island by June. In other parts, influenza recurred in the form of a true "third wave".
13142:
13036:
12997:
1999:
that doctors became more effective in the prevention and treatment of pneumonia that developed after the victims had contracted the virus. However, John Barry stated in his 2004 book
18574:
18569:
14881:
2963:
Despite the high morbidity and mortality rates that resulted from the epidemic, the Spanish flu began to fade from public awareness over the decades until the arrival of news about
20672:
2967:
and other pandemics in the 1990s and 2000s. This has led some historians to label the Spanish flu a "forgotten pandemic". However, this label has been challenged by the historian
1464:
by mid-February, peaking in early March, though it did not fully subside until May. France also experienced a significant wave that peaked in February, alongside the Netherlands.
1902:
soldiers and sailors as the main disseminators. Hannoun considered several alternative hypotheses of origin, such as Spain, Kansas, and Brest, as being possible, but not likely.
20687:
13911:
12296:
2936:
received compared with other birth cohorts." A 2018 study found that the pandemic reduced educational attainment in populations. The flu has also been linked to the outbreak of
685:, "the influenza pneumococcal purulent bronchitis we and others described in 1916 and 1917 is fundamentally the same condition as the influenza of this present pandemic." This "
12061:
2991:
the pandemic and the war could have also played a role. The war, however, had initially been expected to end quickly but lasted for four years by the time the pandemic struck.
20871:
5234:
3606:
throughout 1918, thousands of male troops gathered at the Halifax port before heading to Europe. Any soldier that was ill and could not depart was added to the population of
1929:.) This has led to speculation that the Spanish flu pandemic originated in China, as the lower rates of flu mortality may be explained by the Chinese population's previously
15763:
1534:
Parts of South America experienced a resurgence of pandemic activity throughout 1919. A third wave hit Brazil between January and June. Between July 1919 and February 1920,
11871:
3952:
1553:
and Great Britain, resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths. It was in general less severe than the second wave but still much more deadly than the initial first wave.
12366:
11145:
3522:
One of the few things known for certain about influenza in 1918 and for some years after was that it was, except in the laboratory, exclusively a disease of human beings.
1164:
15102:
11232:
22212:
17022:
Simonsen L, Clarke MJ, Schonberger LB, Arden NH, Cox NJ, Fukuda K (July 1998). "Pandemic versus epidemic influenza mortality: a pattern of changing age distribution".
15378:
20769:
11893:
9776:
6298:
In Tehran, the disease was called the "illness of the wind" (nakhushi-yi bad) due to its initial occurrence during a strong westerly wind burst and its rapid spread.
2669:, the mortality was very high: according to an estimate, between 902,400 and 2,431,000, or 8% to 22% of the total population died. The country was going through the
415:
16980:
11336:
21306:
20406:
20230:
19570:
6615:
2099:
Because the virus that caused the disease was too small to be seen under a microscope at the time, there were problems with correctly diagnosing it. The bacterium
2005:
that researchers have found no evidence to support this position. Another theory holds that the 1918 virus mutated extremely rapidly to a less lethal strain. Such
1783:
22377:
20848:
16745:
16168:"Using non-homogeneous models of nucleotide substitution to identify host shift events: application to the origin of the 1918 'Spanish' influenza pandemic virus"
12554:
11967:
8608:
7097:
4402:
1643:, the capital city, between January and March, resulting in an all-cause excess mortality rate approximately four times greater than that of the 1918–1919 wave.
16944:
20876:
19383:
16096:
7003:
4892:
I came across this seemingly astute analysis in the Dec. 21, 1913, Gazette.... It was a 'Special Cable to the Gazette Through the International News Service.'
2250:
became common in some places, such as Japan, though there were debates over their efficacy. There was also some resistance to their use, as exemplified by the
1775:
of the virus suggest that it originated long before 1918, and other studies suggest that the reassortment of the H1N1 virus likely occurred in or around 1915.
15071:
2079:
associated with influenza. This pneumonia was itself caused by common upper respiratory-tract bacteria, which were able to get into the lungs via the damaged
1425:, where it was winter and thus the usual time for influenza activity. The pandemic nonetheless continued into 1919 largely independent of region and climate.
21064:
20791:
20483:
19441:
17475:
15426:
11748:
11106:
3504:
antigen and observe the adaptive immunity in 32 survivors of the 1918 flu pandemic, all of them presented seroreactivity and 7 of 8 further tested presented
2246:
measures were introduced, for example closing schools, theatres, and places of worship, limiting public transportation, and banning mass gatherings. Wearing
818:
reported over 100,000 victims of, "The unknown disease…clearly of a gripal character," without referring to "Spanish influenza" directly. Three weeks later
12745:
11583:
5447:
4467:, p. 65: "In Freetown, a newspaper suggested that the disease be called manhu until more was known about it. Manhu, a Hebrew word meaning 'what is it?'
1393:
pandemic. In the United States, ~292,000 deaths were reported between September–December 1918, compared to ~26,000 during the same time period in 1915. The
21171:
16354:
15219:
5856:
2932:
during the pandemic displayed reduced educational attainment, increased rates of physical disability, lower income, lower socioeconomic status, and higher
2805:
people over 65, but 92% of deaths still occurred in people under 65. This is unusual since influenza is typically most deadly to weak individuals, such as
1860:
found evidence that the 1918 virus had been circulating in the European armies for months and possibly years before the 1918 pandemic. Political scientist
13416:
12136:
10283:
5812:
bacterium criminal entreprise'. These discriminatory epithets reflect the many rumors and theories that quickly spread about the origins of the pathology.
4299:
3839:
2731:
Estimates for the death toll in China have varied widely, a range which reflects the lack of centralized collection of health data at the time due to the
21079:
20834:
18729:
12719:
7395:
4956:
published their first stories about the epidemic: 'What is the Cause? An Epidemic in Madrid' and 'Benign Epidemic. The Sickbay in Madrid,' respectively."
1421:
Pandemic activity persisted, in general, into 1919 in many places. This persistence in activity is possibly attributable to climate, specifically in the
10396:
6115:
21074:
20764:
20715:
20630:
18311:– largest digital collection of newspapers, archival manuscripts, and interpretive essays exploring the impact of the epidemic on 50 U.S. cities (
14375:
13499:
8364:
3034:
set in Dublin during the Spanish flu. Its final draft was submitted in March 2020, and publishers fast-tracked publication because of the then ongoing
2621:
territories were hit particularly hard. The pandemic reached them from New Zealand, which was too slow to implement measures to prevent ships, such as
17837:
Oxford JS, Sefton A, Jackson R, Innes W, Daniels RS, Johnson NP (February 2002). "World War I may have allowed the emergence of "Spanish" influenza".
17615:
15355:
13875:
8790:
8634:
5518:
2658:
by imposing a blockade. The disease spread fastest through the higher social classes among the indigenous peoples, because of the custom of gathering
1798:
20918:
10001:
8686:
6695:
6346:
On September 13, 1918, the first cases of the great influenza epidemic were admitted, and during the next 10 weeks over 4,100 patients were admitted.
6261:
5201:[In Britain, on the other hand, the disease was called the 'Flanders flu' because many soldiers became infected in the trenches of Flanders.]
5199:
In Großbritannien wurde die Krankheit dagegen als 'Flandrische Grippe' bezeichnet, weil sich viele —en in den Schützengräben von Flandern ansteckten.
2561:) was one of the first Ethiopians who contracted influenza but survived. Many of his subjects did not; estimates for fatalities in the capital city,
13609:
Almond D (1 August 2006). "Is the 1918 Influenza Pandemic Over? Long-Term Effects of In Utero Influenza Exposure in the Post-1940 U.S. Population".
11928:"Estimation of potential global pandemic influenza mortality on the basis of vital registry data from the 1918-20 pandemic: a quantitative analysis"
8900:
8871:
6924:
18970:
16371:
14859:
6518:
5584:
2274:
to treat the secondary bacterial infections, doctors would rely on a random assortment of medicines with varying degrees of effectiveness, such as
15125:
12677:
10306:
8312:
1499:
Land quarantine measures hindered the spread of the disease, resulting in varied experiences of exposures and outbreaks among the various states.
20759:
20117:
10361:
9960:
8738:
8442:
6268:
There was a high west wind at the time and this was thought to be the carrying agent so that the affliction was called 'the disease of the wind.'
1460:
It was not until later in the winter and into the spring that a clearer resurgence appeared in Europe. A significant third wave had developed in
10131:
9646:
8234:
6186:
22489:
22255:
22157:
21875:
10513:
8764:
8338:
7060:
5549:
1846:
was regularly brought in from surrounding villages to feed the camp. Oxford and his team postulated that a precursor virus, harbored in birds,
1620:
experienced its peak of the pandemic in early 1920, recording 1,489 deaths from flu-related causes, compared with 615 in 1918 and 796 in 1919.
19548:
18075:
Birge JR, Kärtner FX (May 2007). "Efficient optimization of multilayer coatings for ultrafast optics using analytic gradients of dispersion".
17203:"Integrating historical, clinical and molecular genetic data in order to explain the origin and virulence of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus"
7516:
6772:
6155:
6089:
4712:
instances and in the 1918 pandemic the disease was characterized by a 'dusky' cyanosis, a rapid progression from quite minor symptoms to death
4453:
in the original Hebrew the people of Israel asked: "Ma'n Hu?" {?מן הוא} – English for 'what is it?' and that is the origin of the name 'manna'
19610:
12799:
12334:
12005:
11637:
2577:, and the infrastructure of daily life had broken down; the study suggests that Russia's death toll was closer to 2%, or 2.7 million people.
2172:
associated with an anthropogenic increase in atmospheric dust, due to the incessant bombardment; increased nucleation due to dust particles (
2056:, dizziness, insomnia, loss of hearing or smell, and impaired vision. One observer wrote, "One of the most striking of the complications was
126:
Suspected cases have not been confirmed by laboratory tests as being due to this strain, although some other strains may have been ruled out.
17404:
17134:
14550:"The age-specific cumulative incidence of infection with pandemic influenza H1N1 2009 was similar in various countries prior to vaccination"
13126:
13020:
12981:
11206:
8816:
8660:
2230:
1918 Chicago newspaper headlines reflect mitigation strategies such as increased ventilation, arrests for not wearing face masks, sequenced
1538:, which had been affected for the first time just in October 1918, experienced a severe second wave, with mortality peaking in August 1919.
21299:
20819:
20749:
20388:
19600:
19511:
17453:
16302:
13165:
11168:
9686:
2569:
1719:). For the first time, two influenza A viruses were observed in cocirculation. This state of affairs has persisted even after 2009, when a
14889:
14395:
Schwarzmann SW, Adler JL, Sullivan RJ, Marine WM (June 1971). "Bacterial pneumonia during the Hong Kong influenza epidemic of 1968-1969".
8842:
7072:
1647:
similarly experienced another severe pandemic wave in 1920, between July and October. A fourth wave also occurred in Brazil, in February.
22175:
22067:
20843:
19734:
19188:
16728:
16446:
16413:
13564:
12293:"1918–1920 – Influenza and Pneumonia Pandemic – Nationwide ~820,000–850,000 – Deadliest American Disasters and Large-Loss-of-Life Events"
5640:
4967:
2943:
Survivors faced an elevated mortality risk. Some survivors did not fully recover from physiological conditions resulting from infection.
1175:
The pandemic is conventionally marked as having begun on 4 March 1918 with the recording of the case of Albert Gitchell, an army cook at
882:
443:
15648:
15589:
15477:
14216:
7318:"Pandemic Reemergence and Four Waves of Excess Mortality Coinciding With the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in Michigan: Insights for COVID-19"
6584:
5468:
In turn, when Russia reported on the situation in Moscow, Pravda printed "Ispanka (The Spanish Lady) is in town" and the name has stuck.
2884:
study corroborates higher excess mortality rates in Germany (0.76%) and Austria (1.61%) compared to Britain (0.34%) and France (0.75%).
1199:. Within days of the 4 March first case at Camp Funston, 522 men at the camp had reported sick. By 11 March 1918, the virus had reached
22347:
22018:
19411:
14780:
14609:"Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus circulation: a modelling study"
13903:
10683:"Temperature-dependent innate defense against the common cold virus limits viral replication at warm temperature in mouse airway cells"
9802:
8557:"A comparative study of the 1918-1920 influenza pandemic in Japan, USA and UK: mortality impact and implications for pandemic planning"
7451:
5795:
5029:
3465:
1958:
14210:"Report of the Review Committee on the Functioning of the International Health Regulations (2005) in relation to Pandemic (H1N1) 2009"
12292:
2742:
Although medical records from China's interior are lacking, extensive medical data were recorded in Chinese port cities, such as then
22371:
19741:
19019:
12069:
10560:"Predominant role of bacterial pneumonia as a cause of death in pandemic influenza: implications for pandemic influenza preparedness"
357:
12638:
6339:
4929:
pest, the Italians name it the German disease, and the French call it sometimes the Italian fever and sometimes the Spanish catarrh.
3449:
in New York City. The effort resulted in the announcement (on 5 October 2005) that the group had successfully determined the virus'
2356:
and being "blown all over the world by winds". There were also rumors that the Germans were behind it, for example by poisoning the
2210:
22311:
22219:
22139:
21971:
19393:
16327:
14648:"Epidemiological characteristics of 2009 (H1N1) pandemic influenza based on paired sera from a longitudinal community cohort study"
12388:
11453:
Flecknoe D, Charles Wakefield B, Simmons A (June 2018). "Plagues & wars: the 'Spanish Flu' pandemic as a lesson from history".
10834:"Two interferon-independent double-stranded RNA-induced host defense strategies suppress the common cold virus at warm temperature"
6310:
5799:
1183:, United States, despite there having been cases before him. The disease had already been observed 200 miles (320 km) away in
22287:
21069:
6047:
5213:
1350:
for World War I, resulted in 12,000 deaths after a major outbreak of the illness spread among people who had attended the parade.
22317:
21881:
21316:
21292:
21001:
20839:
20826:
20783:
20692:
20418:
20220:
20127:
20029:
19787:
19434:
15727:
14915:
13895:
12212:
11863:
9926:. La Grippe Espagnole de 1918. Ed Techniques Encyclopédie Médico-Chirurgicale (EMC), Maladies infectieuses. Vol. 8-069-A-10.
5948:
5915:
4825:"Relationship between "purulent bronchitis" in military populations in Europe prior to 1918 and the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic"
4084:
attributed to the influence of the stars... But the name for the infamous 1918 outbreak, the Spanish flu, is actually a misnomer.
3941:
2432:
2224:
1873:
12356:
11137:
5001:
44:
22281:
21665:
21493:
21193:
21183:
21051:
19125:
17130:
1632:. Five countries in Europe (Spain, Denmark, Finland, Germany and Switzerland) recorded a late peak between January–April 1920.
15094:
4909:
822:
reported that, "Everybody thinks of it as the 'Spanish' influenza to-day." Three days after that an advertisement appeared in
22006:
21911:
21839:
21784:
20965:
20899:
20736:
20615:
20288:
19307:
19163:
19130:
17922:
17784:
17758:
17696:
17677:
17646:
17585:
17512:
17078:
17012:
16990:
16969:
16938:
16894:
16722:
16559:
16440:
16230:
16121:
16090:
16057:
16036:
15962:
15922:
15819:
13136:
13030:
12991:
12167:
12036:
11301:
10011:
8230:
7445:
6494:
6464:
6291:
5992:
5276:
5104:
4644:
4179:
4047:
2521:
2334:, many countries engaged in wartime censorship, and suppressed reporting of the pandemic. For example, the Italian newspaper
1226:
by the middle of the month. It then quickly spread to the rest of France, Great Britain, Italy, and Spain and in May reached
1206:
As the U.S. had entered World War I, the disease quickly spread from Camp Funston, a major training ground for troops of the
17652:
16063:
14039:"Estimates of the reproduction number for seasonal, pandemic, and zoonotic influenza: a systematic review of the literature"
5756:
22261:
22205:
22030:
21977:
21140:
20560:
19345:
18262:
15401:
15041:
13088:
12460:
11625:
7379:
4555:
2888:
1574:
1302:
22036:
16644:
15789:
2647:
in 1914. 90% of the population was infected; 30% of adult men, 22% of adult women, and 10% of children died. By contrast,
1962:
U.S. Army flu patients at Field Hospital No. 29 near Hollerich, Luxembourg 1918. As U.S. troops deployed en masse for the
1102:, false), while in Africa, doctors tried to get patients to take it more seriously by calling it 'influenza vera' (Latin:
22145:
21941:
21935:
21917:
21815:
21735:
21536:
20911:
20235:
19863:
19368:
18666:
18378:
18340:
16462:
He D, Dushoff J, Day T, Ma J, Earn DJ (2011). "Mechanistic modelling of the three waves of the 1918 influenza pandemic".
6471:
In flew Enza—say it fast and it becomes 'influenza.' It was a catchy little rhyme, and boys and girls skipped rope to it.
3435:
2835:
More men than women were killed by the flu, as they were more likely to go out and be exposed, while women would tend to
1910:
362:
21125:
6607:
6211:
What's in a name. Spanish Influenza in sub-Saharan Africa and what local names say about the perception of this pandemic
2125:, which was common in circumstances of social upheaval, and was therefore also affecting Russia in the aftermath of the
22199:
21959:
21845:
21110:
20400:
19802:
19560:
18697:
17604:
16598:
Johnson NP, Mueller J (2002). "Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918-1920 "Spanish" influenza pandemic".
14331:
Johnson NP, Mueller J (2002). "Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918-1920 "Spanish" influenza pandemic".
12550:
12317:
5292:
spring of 1918, German soldiers called it Flanders fever, after one of the war's most notorious and deadly battlefields
3615:
3526:
between US$ 15.3–27.8 billion in the United States alone", with 188,000–337,000 deaths in the United States.
2677:
2540:
2146:
1353:
From Europe, the second wave swept through Russia in a southwest–northeast diagonal front, as well as being brought to
14946:
13293:
11927:
11663:
Chandra S, Christensen J (July 2019). "Re: "Reassessing the Global Mortality Burden of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic"".
10635:"Washington State Board of Health pessimistic about influenza pandemic in a report to the governor on January 1, 1919"
5434:
measures and over-the-counter remedies. 'Influenza!' proclaimed an advert extolling the virtues of Formamint lozenges.
4366:
1171:
policemen wearing cloth face masks handed out by the American Red Cross during the Spanish flu pandemic, December 1918
519:, creating a false impression of Spain as the epicenter and leading to the "Spanish flu" misnomer. Limited historical
22382:
22353:
22243:
22187:
22103:
20985:
20679:
20495:
19767:
19238:
18869:
18864:
18671:
17494:
16926:
15891:
13959:
Hilleman MR (August 2002). "Realities and enigmas of human viral influenza: pathogenesis, epidemiology and control".
13754:
11692:
9243:
6975:
5621:
4873:
3669:
2692:, one official estimated that 7% of the native population died. This huge death toll resulted from an extremely high
2251:
1335:
1327:
1248:
367:
227:
222:
16080:
15348:"A shot-in-the-dark e-mail leads to a century-old family treasure – and hope of cracking a deadly flu's secret"
10642:
6995:
6411:
pretty name of Enza; But one day it flew away, but it didn't go to stay; For when she raised the window, in-flu-Enza
1838:
attacks, and other casualties of war, and 100,000 soldiers passed through the camp every day. It also was home to a
22495:
22299:
22169:
22133:
22121:
22024:
21947:
20165:
19203:
18977:
18932:
15063:
14247:
13809:
12965:
Iijima W (2003). "Spanish influenza in China, 1918–1920: a preliminary probe". In Phillips H, Killingray D (eds.).
7436:
6996:"What happens if parades aren't canceled during pandemics? Philadelphia found out in 1918, with disastrous results"
3592:, the pandemic spread was highly variable. Influenza did not discriminate who was infected, indeed it attacked the
3153:
2763:
2416:
1982:
The severity of the second wave has been attributed to the circumstances of the First World War. In civilian life,
1688:
372:
312:
16242:"Age-specific mortality during the 1918 influenza pandemic: unravelling the mystery of high young adult mortality"
15418:
13847:
11752:
8926:
1084:
This outbreak was also commonly known as the 'great influenza epidemic', after the 'great war', a common name for
22640:
22635:
22630:
22625:
22365:
22359:
22329:
22249:
22151:
22091:
22054:
22042:
21953:
21778:
21564:
21446:
21236:
21041:
21021:
20808:
20744:
20567:
20436:
19340:
19260:
19198:
18957:
18564:
18559:
18554:
15211:
13087:. Spanish 'Flu 1918–1998: Reflections on the Influenza Pandemic of 1918 after 80 Years. Cape Town, South Africa.
11560:
8416:
2670:
2365:
1835:
1219:
436:
210:
19901:
16344:
12427:"A gripe espanhola no Brasil – Elísio Augusto de Medeiros e Silva, empresário, escritor e membro da AEILIJ"
5879:
22477:
22465:
22459:
22447:
22441:
22435:
22323:
22267:
22237:
22225:
21036:
21031:
21026:
21016:
20710:
19355:
19330:
19228:
18743:
18641:
18584:
18549:
18544:
18539:
18534:
18529:
18524:
18519:
18514:
18509:
18504:
18499:
18494:
18489:
18484:
18479:
18474:
18469:
18464:
18459:
18454:
18449:
17531:
17484:
17338:
Vana G, Westover KM (June 2008). "Origin of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus: a comparative genomic analysis".
16569:
Humphries MO (2014). "Paths of Infection: The First World War and the Origins of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic".
15881:
14754:
13933:
13744:
13671:
12132:
11138:"How environmental conditions like cold and wet weather can affect pandemics, and what that means for COVID-19"
10275:
9955:
6214:. Spanish 'Flu 1918–1998: Reflections on the Influenza Pandemic of 1918 after 80 Years. Cape Town, South Africa
5545:
4286:
4001:
3469:
3446:
3024:
focuses on a town which attempts to limit the spread of the flu by preventing people from entering or leaving.
1712:
1692:
693:
544:
476:
188:
166:
82:
27:
15554:"Sex- and age-based differences in mortality during the 1918 influenza pandemic on the island of Newfoundland"
13743:
Beiner G (2021). "Rediscovering the Great Flu between Pre-Forgetting and Post-Forgetting". In Beiner G (ed.).
12711:
9141:"The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and Japanese Government-General of Korea's Preventive Measures against Epidemics"
6234:
587:
This pandemic was known by many different names—some old, some new—depending on place, time, and context. The
22615:
22193:
22109:
21711:
21011:
21006:
20970:
20904:
20796:
20642:
20225:
20077:
19615:
19543:
19474:
19243:
19213:
19208:
18213:
15450:"Brief communication: Rethinking the impact of the 1918 influenza pandemic on sex differentials in mortality"
13199:
Hong NH (2015). "Epidemic Analysis of 1918 Influenza in China – Research on Huolu County in Zhili Province".
10404:
6539:"The 1918 Flu Pandemic Killed Hundreds of Thousands of Americans. The White House Never Said a Word About It"
6123:
3778:
3442:
2483:
1890:, asserted the precursor virus was likely to have come from China and then mutated in the United States near
1739:
data cannot identify the geographic origin of the Spanish flu. However, several theories have been proposed.
1378:
1207:
26:
This article is about the influenza pandemic that began in 1918. For the virus that caused the pandemic, see
15933:
12031:(in Swedish). Uppsala; Stockholm: Ubsaliensis Academiae; Distributor, Almqvist & Wiksell International.
8712:
8390:
6696:"Queer Epidemic Sweeps North China; Banks and Silk Stores in Peking Closed – Another Loan Sought from Japan"
5852:
3975:
676:
of the face. This characteristic blue-violet cyanosis in expiring patients led to the name 'purple death'.
22163:
21983:
21869:
21863:
21772:
20960:
20587:
20527:
20424:
20329:
20092:
19878:
19582:
19421:
19320:
13707:"Another warning from the 1918 flu for COVID-19: 'Survival does not mean that individuals fully recovered'"
13489:
12883:"Pacific islands which escaped the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic and their subsequent mortality experiences"
12270:
11107:"Catastrophic effect of 1918 flu may have been aided by peculiar influx of cold air into Europe during WWI"
9140:
6320:
5526:
5058:
4206:"What really happened during the 1918 influenza pandemic? The importance of bacterial secondary infections"
2493:, capital of the Ottoman Empire, 6,403 to 10,000 died, giving the city a mortality rate of at least 0.56%.
1963:
1334:, reaching Ethiopia in November. On 15 September, New York City saw its first fatality from influenza. The
1271:
523:
data make the pandemic's geographic origin indeterminate, with competing hypotheses on the initial spread.
15347:
13467:
7076:
6394:
6341:
Report of the Surgeon-General of the Army to the Secretary of War for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1919
1909:
to work behind the British and French lines might have been the source of the pandemic. Humphries, of the
1657:, both colonies of Japan at this time, also experienced pronounced outbreaks in late 1919 and early 1920.
22547:
22541:
22335:
22305:
22115:
22085:
21965:
21741:
21198:
20635:
20620:
20478:
20430:
20195:
19746:
19620:
19533:
19528:
19297:
19285:
19280:
18758:
18676:
18661:
11046:
Tucker MA, Böhning-Gaese K, Fagan WF, Fryxell JM, Van Moorter B, Alberts SC, et al. (January 2018).
7512:
6768:
3767:"The 1918 influenza pandemic in New York City: age-specific timing, mortality, and transmission dynamics"
2608:, suffered a death rate of 40 percent of the total population, with some villages entirely disappearing.
2550:
1940:
1914:
1856:
1223:
377:
352:
19807:
17098:"Salicylates and pandemic influenza mortality, 1918-1919 pharmacology, pathology, and historic evidence"
15788:. Fasc. 2. Vol. XIII (Online ed.). New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 140–43.
15150:
Taubenberger JK, Baltimore D, Doherty PC, Markel H, Morens DM, Webster RG, et al. (November 2012).
14851:
10930:"Does influenza A virus infection affect movement behaviour during stopover in its wild reservoir host?"
4067:
1259:, with three-quarters of French troops, half the British forces, and over 900,000 German soldiers sick.
669:. Clinical indications in common with the 1918 pandemic included rapid symptom progression to a "dusky"
22561:
22127:
21796:
21766:
21178:
21135:
20412:
20170:
20155:
20057:
19926:
19494:
19406:
19363:
16927:"The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919: Perspectives from the Iberian Peninsula and the Americas"
16772:
More AF, Loveluck CP, Clifford H, Handley MJ, Korotkikh EV, Kurbatov AV, et al. (September 2020).
12265:
11233:"We're celebrating Thanksgiving amid a pandemic. Here's how we did it in 1918 – and what happened next"
7064:
4111:
More AF, Loveluck CP, Clifford H, Handley MJ, Korotkikh EV, Kurbatov AV, et al. (September 2020).
3657:
2999:
2766:, which was largely staffed by non-Chinese foreigners, such as the British, French, and other European
2648:
2644:
2554:
2446:
1654:
1402:
1192:
429:
18219:
15126:"The Deadliest Flu: The Complete Story of the Discovery and Reconstruction of the 1918 Pandemic Virus"
10357:
5360:
5328:
4478:
2589:
Deaths from all causes for New York, London, Paris, and Berlin with peaks in October and November 1918
1289:, plays a "tragic game of football" with a skeleton personification of the Spanish flu, November 1918
21851:
21514:
21503:
21120:
20888:
20472:
20460:
20215:
20200:
19921:
19812:
19506:
19484:
19233:
19223:
19156:
19104:
18719:
18151:"Existing antivirals are effective against influenza viruses with genes from the 1918 pandemic virus"
16834:
15776:– Open access material by the Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Health Sciences Research Commons.
14855:
14750:
8226:
6178:
5388:
4878:
4294:
3847:
3692:
3589:
3516:
3501:
2381:
2173:
1971:
1811:, painted a few days before his death and just after the death of his wife Edith from the Spanish flu
1772:
1650:
1377:), and then later India in September, as well as China and Japan in October. The celebrations of the
1358:
1037:
1013:
20067:
17036:
13587:
5541:
3562:
Death rates were particularly high in those aged 20–35. The only comparable disease to this was the
2437:
million and 2.3 million. This represents a mortality rate of about 1.1% of the European population (
22519:
22501:
21466:
21375:
21095:
20582:
20572:
20501:
20454:
20442:
20382:
20190:
20185:
20107:
19516:
19489:
19193:
14526:
13460:"The Forgotten American Pandemic: Historian Dr. Nancy K. Bristow on the Influenza Epidemic of 1918"
9522:"Reviewing the History of Pandemic Influenza: Understanding Patterns of Emergence and Transmission"
8952:
7505:
6761:
6432:
6150:
6145:
2685:
1523:
experienced another outbreak in June, as did South Africa during its fall and winter months in the
1405:
was especially deadly, with an estimated 12.5–20 million deaths in the last quarter of 1918 alone.
1309:, where it had likely arrived with American troops or French recruits for naval training. From the
1215:
925:
516:
17750:
Flu: The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus That Caused It
15613:"The first wave of the 1918 influenza pandemic among soldiers of the Canadian expeditionary force"
14477:
Donaldson LJ, Rutter PD, Ellis BM, Greaves FE, Mytton OT, Pebody RG, et al. (December 2009).
12330:
12101:
12099:
11989:
11835:
Arnold D (December 2019). "Death and the Modern Empire: The 1918–19 Influenza Epidemic in India".
10987:
Tolf C, Bengtsson D, Rodrigues D, Latorre-Margalef N, Wille M, Figueiredo ME, et al. (2012).
9213:"What Came Next?: Reflections on the Aftermath(s) of the 1918–19 Flu Pandemic in the Age of COVID"
5542:"Analysis of Spanish flu cases in 1918–1920 suggests transfusions might help in bird flu pandemic"
2216:
In September 1918, the Red Cross recommended two-layer gauze masks to halt the spread of "plague".
1771:
that the virus likely had a North American origin, though it was not conclusive. In addition, the
22525:
22429:
22423:
21790:
21723:
21705:
21529:
21380:
21370:
21166:
21158:
21100:
20860:
20555:
20318:
20145:
20140:
20072:
19931:
19916:
19911:
19891:
19772:
19649:
19061:
18947:
18917:
18912:
18806:
18611:
18333:
18250:
18229:
17934:"The re-appearing shadow of 1918: trends in the historiography of the 1918-19 influenza pandemic"
17723:
Johnson N (2003). "Scottish 'flu – The Scottish mortality experience of the 'Spanish flu'".
17144:
11198:
6424:
3899:
3663:
3489:
3276:
3097:
2937:
2880:
and mortality in Germany and Austria were considerably higher than in Britain and France. A 2006
2796:
2201:
2023:
1724:
1528:
1235:
1130:
1122:
552:
347:
327:
20112:
18146:
17433:
17376:
16294:
15379:"Purulent bronchitis: A study of cases occurring amongst the British troops at a base in France"
15038:"Researchers reconstruct 1918 pandemic influenza virus; effort designed to advance preparedness"
13177:
12807:
12392:
10928:
Bengtsson D, Safi K, Avril A, Fiedler W, Wikelski M, Gunnarsson G, et al. (February 2016).
9678:
4604:"The Purple Death. Some things remembered about the influenza epidemic of 1918 at one army camp"
2340:
was prohibited from reporting daily death tolls. The newspapers of the time were also generally
1991:
showed that it must have been the same strain of flu. This was most dramatically illustrated in
22471:
22417:
22231:
21822:
21808:
21625:
20933:
20657:
20592:
20448:
20175:
20102:
20052:
20037:
20019:
19992:
19906:
19873:
19538:
19499:
19479:
19290:
19183:
19120:
18922:
18724:
18692:
18627:
18312:
18258:
17543:"Connectivity and seasonality: the 1918 influenza and COVID-19 pandemics in global perspective"
17031:
16662:"Aberrant innate immune response in lethal infection of macaques with the 1918 influenza virus"
15914:
13523:"Pandemics Depress the Economy, Public Health Interventions Do Not: Evidence from the 1918 Flu"
12242:
12096:
11291:
10358:"Summer Flu Outbreak of 1918 May Have Provided Partial Protection Against Lethal Fall Pandemic"
7132:"Connectivity and seasonality: the 1918 influenza and COVID-19 pandemics in global perspective"
7050:
6034:翌月の東京の夏場所は高熱などによる全休力士が相次いだ。世間はこれを「相撲風邪」「力士風邪」と呼んだが、実はこの謎の感染症こそが同年初めから米国で流行の始まった「スペイン風邪」とみられている。
4894:
Grip Is a Disease Without a Country; All Nations Repudiate Malady: Each Blaming Other Kingdoms,
3287:
3020:
3014:
2101:
2006:
1760:
1720:
1561:
1370:
1184:
1036:
did not name specific regions or groups of people. Examples specific to this pandemic include:
775:
646:
410:
400:
302:
18294:
17796:"The 1918 influenza epidemic's effects on sex differentials in mortality in the United States"
16712:
16430:
16403:
15501:"The 1918 influenza epidemic's effects on sex differentials in mortality in the United States"
14431:
9713:"The so-called Great Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918 may have originated in France in 1916"
5417:
2779:– which had a population of over 2 million in 1918 – there were only 266 recorded deaths from
897:
22453:
22411:
21989:
20923:
20577:
20466:
20242:
20205:
20135:
20082:
20004:
19972:
19946:
19896:
19827:
19729:
19682:
19466:
19335:
19218:
18702:
17469:
16509:"Inferring the causes of the three waves of the 1918 influenza pandemic in England and Wales"
15553:
14209:
10989:"Birds and viruses at a crossroad--surveillance of influenza A virus in Portuguese waterfowl"
9682:
6592:
4776:
Honigsbaum M (June 2018). "Spanish influenza redux: revisiting the mother of all pandemics".
3530:
3026:
3009:
2509:
2022:, fell victim to the flu in April after an outbreak that resulted in the cancellation of the
2015:
1899:
1768:
1126:
654:
16904:
Patterson KD, Pyle GF (1991). "The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic".
14607:
Dawood FS, Iuliano AD, Reed C, Meltzer MI, Shay DK, Cheng PY, et al. (September 2012).
14479:"Mortality from pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza in England: public health surveillance study"
11337:"How NYC beat deadly 1918 flu without vaccines, lockdowns, mask mandates or school closures"
9833:
7431:
6484:
6011:
5182:
4287:"Influenza Pandemic Plan. The Role of WHO and Guidelines for National and Regional Planning"
2404:
Three pandemic waves: weekly combined flu and pneumonia mortality, United Kingdom, 1918–1919
22060:
21857:
21802:
21717:
21498:
21436:
21273:
21188:
19868:
19842:
19792:
19149:
18712:
18266:
18233:
18162:
17347:
17257:
16785:
16673:
16471:
16253:
16179:
15688:
15266:
14561:
14101:
13494:
11375:
11059:
11000:
10941:
10845:
10694:
10207:
7697:
Nunes B, Silva S, Rodrigues A, Roquette R, Batista I, Rebelo-de-Andrade H (December 2018).
7187:
5956:
4484:
4124:
3607:
3593:
3509:
3394:
2307:
1906:
1807:
1683:
1639:
experienced "asynchronous recrudescent waves" throughout the year. A severe third wave hit
983:
965:
Other names derived from geopolitical borders and social boundaries. In Poland it was the '
870:
512:
19817:
15212:"Research on monkeys finds resurrected 1918 flu killed by turning the body against itself"
14527:"First Global Estimates of 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Mortality Released by CDC-Led Collaboration"
12746:"South Africa bungled the Spanish flu in 1918. History mustn't repeat itself for COVID-19"
10793:"Avian influenza virus in water: infectivity is dependent on pH, salinity and temperature"
10681:
Foxman EF, Storer JA, Fitzgerald ME, Wasik BR, Hou L, Zhao H, et al. (January 2015).
9801:
Oxford JS, Lambkin R, Sefton A, Daniels R, Elliot A, Brown R, et al. (January 2005).
8974:
8178:"The 1918 influenza pandemic in Montevideo: The southernmost capital city in the Americas"
2662:
from chiefs on their deathbeds; many community elders were infected through this process.
8:
22293:
21923:
21688:
21641:
21635:
21365:
21360:
21335:
21255:
20394:
20258:
20210:
20087:
20047:
20042:
19987:
19670:
19664:
19565:
18772:
18656:
18373:
18220:
Presentation by Nancy Bristow on the Influenza Pandemic and World War I, November 1, 2019
17773:
If I Die Before I Wake: The Flu Epidemic Diary of Fiona Macgregor, Toronto, Ontario, 1918
15253:
Yu X, Tsibane T, McGraw PA, House FS, Keefer CJ, Hicar MD, et al. (September 2008).
14408:
14293:
12630:
12588:
7648:"Spatial-temporal excess mortality patterns of the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic in Spain"
7054:
5268:
More deadly than war : the hidden history of the Spanish flu and the First World War
5129:""Spanish Flu": When Infectious Disease Names Blur Origins and Stigmatize Those Infected"
4033:
3947:
3477:
2558:
2533:
2336:
2159:
2083:
of the victims. The virus also killed people directly by causing massive hemorrhages and
2076:
2072:
2044:
2034:
1617:
1608:
1524:
1422:
1114:
1061:
1001:
596:
240:
20:
21208:
18290:
18166:
17392:
17351:
17261:
17207:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
16789:
16677:
16475:
16319:
16257:
16183:
16112:
Denoon D (2004). "New Economic Orders: Land, Labour and Dependency". In Denoon D (ed.).
15692:
15270:
14565:
14105:
11379:
11063:
11004:
10945:
10849:
10698:
10541:
10539:
10211:
9717:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
9094:
Chowell G, Viboud C, Simonsen L, Miller MA, Hurtado J, Soto G, et al. (July 2011).
7191:
5796:"From the 'Spanish Flu' to COVID-19: lessons from the 1918 pandemic and First World War"
4128:
3508:
able to produce antibodies that bound to the HA antigen highlighting the ability of the
22620:
22274:
22181:
21929:
21760:
21729:
21522:
21345:
21340:
21330:
21215:
21130:
20489:
20353:
20335:
20300:
20264:
20097:
20062:
20014:
19999:
19886:
19837:
19676:
19635:
19315:
18904:
18846:
18593:
18363:
18326:
18133:
18092:
18063:
18020:
17911:
17897:
17820:
17795:
17564:
17321:
17296:
17283:
17227:
17202:
17184:
17153:
17049:
16816:
16773:
16699:
16660:
Kobasa D, Jones SM, Shinya K, Kash JC, Copps J, Ebihara H, et al. (January 2007).
16623:
16586:
16533:
16508:
16495:
16373:
Economic Effects of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Implications for a Modern-day Pandemic
16276:
16241:
16219:
16200:
16167:
16154:
16025:
16011:
15911:
In the Face of Disaster: True Stories of Canadian Heroes from the Archives of Maclean's
15906:
15755:
15714:
15640:
15581:
15525:
15500:
15287:
15255:"Neutralizing antibodies derived from the B cells of 1918 influenza pandemic survivors"
15254:
15176:
15151:
14828:
14803:
14723:
14698:
14674:
14647:
14584:
14549:
14503:
14478:
14459:
14432:"Novel swine-origin influenza A virus in humans: another pandemic knocking at the door"
14356:
14269:
14242:
14171:
14146:
14122:
14089:
14065:
14038:
14019:
13634:
13588:"RPT-COLUMN-Coronavirus lockdowns: can we learn from the 1918 influenza pandemic? Kemp"
13556:
13530:
12920:
12907:
12882:
12855:
12830:
11959:
11800:
11775:
11478:
11411:
11398:
11363:
11023:
10988:
10964:
10929:
10868:
10833:
10768:
10741:
10717:
10682:
10584:
10559:
10490:
10463:
10228:
10195:
10056:
9741:
9712:
9628:
9615:
9590:
9548:
9521:
9490:
9465:
9441:
9416:
9387:
9362:
9335:
9310:
9286:
9265:
9188:
9163:
9116:
9095:
9071:
9046:
9022:
8997:
8581:
8556:
8289:
8276:
8256:
8202:
8177:
8153:
8128:
8099:
8082:
8059:
8042:
8019:
8002:
7979:
7962:
7939:
7914:
7890:
7873:
7777:
7752:
7723:
7698:
7674:
7647:
7623:
7598:
7567:
7542:
7482:
7465:
7342:
7317:
7293:
7276:
7250:
7233:
7210:
7175:
7153:
6883:
6862:
6823:
6798:
6700:
6523:
5724:
5699:
5615:
5153:
5128:
4914:
4849:
4824:
4801:
4758:
4697:
4672:
4436:
4394:
4347:
4318:"Novel swine-origin influenza A virus in humans: another pandemic knocking at the door"
4155:
4112:
3916:
3887:
3795:
3766:
3092:
2800:
A nurse wears a cloth face mask while treating a flu patient in Washington, DC, c. 1919
2689:
2164:
2155:
2126:
2019:
1988:
1861:
1604:
1442:
1211:
1110:
670:
472:
405:
295:
252:
18185:
18150:
17850:
16852:"Questioning the salicylates and influenza pandemic mortality hypothesis in 1918-1919"
16240:
Gagnon A, Miller MS, Hallman SA, Bourbeau R, Herring DA, Earn DJ, et al. (2013).
16133:"The Politics of Pandemic Othering: Putting COVID-19 in Global and Historical Context"
15860:
15834:"The site of origin of the 1918 influenza pandemic and its public health implications"
15833:
15397:
14959:
Sometimes a virus contains both avian-adapted genes and human-adapted genes. Both the
14911:
14624:
13972:
12192:
11947:
9865:"No evidence of 1918 influenza pandemic origin in Chinese laborers/soldiers in France"
6538:
4789:
4745:
4728:
4542:
4382:
2951:
1515:
The disease also reached other parts of the world for the first time in 1919, such as
22531:
22012:
21677:
21614:
21472:
21396:
21350:
21248:
21242:
21203:
21105:
20938:
20521:
20376:
20359:
20160:
19982:
19962:
19797:
19782:
19712:
19700:
19401:
19378:
19325:
18927:
18856:
18414:
18368:
18190:
18113:
18100:
18055:
18050:
18033:
18024:
17955:
17918:
17889:
17854:
17825:
17811:
17780:
17754:
17692:
17673:
17642:
17600:
17581:
17568:
17527:
17508:
17490:
17396:
17363:
17326:
17275:
17232:
17189:
17119:
17084:
17074:
17057:
17008:
16986:
16965:
16934:
16913:
16890:
16873:
16821:
16803:
16718:
16691:
16615:
16590:
16555:
16538:
16487:
16436:
16349:
16281:
16226:
16205:
16158:
16117:
16086:
16053:
16032:
16003:
15968:
15958:
15918:
15887:
15865:
15815:
15809:
15747:
15706:
15632:
15573:
15530:
15516:
15469:
15292:
15181:
14833:
14728:
14679:
14628:
14589:
14508:
14451:
14412:
14380:
14348:
14313:
14274:
14176:
14127:
14070:
14011:
14007:
13976:
13750:
13654:"Fetal shock or selection? The 1918 influenza pandemic and human capital development"
13626:
13560:
13548:
13374:
13285:
13132:
13063:
13026:
12987:
12912:
12860:
12204:
12173:
12163:
12042:
12032:
11997:
11951:
11805:
11715:
11680:
11617:
11575:
11470:
11403:
11297:
11087:
11028:
10969:
10910:
10873:
10814:
10773:
10722:
10589:
10536:
10495:
10233:
10176:
10104:
10052:
10007:
9886:
9825:
9746:
9620:
9553:
9495:
9446:
9392:
9340:
9291:
9239:
9193:
9121:
9076:
9062:
9027:
8586:
8294:
8207:
8158:
8104:
8064:
8024:
7984:
7944:
7930:
7895:
7855:
7808:
7782:
7728:
7679:
7628:
7614:
7572:
7558:
7487:
7441:
7400:
7396:"Here are Exact Facts About the Influenza and Its Toll in City, State, Nation, world"
7347:
7298:
7255:
7215:
7157:
6971:
6888:
6828:
6814:
6705:
6662:
6490:
6460:
6287:
5988:
5729:
5672:
5592:
5500:
5282:
5272:
5158:
5100:
5006:
4854:
4840:
4793:
4750:
4702:
4650:
4640:
4615:
4580:
4546:
4386:
4339:
4268:
4227:
4160:
4142:
4043:
3921:
3800:
3687:
3675:
3485:
3054:
3035:
2933:
2829:
2825:
2680:, during the worst 12 months, the Spanish flu accounted for one-third of all deaths.
2651:
2553:, the influenza epidemic killed at least 100,000 people. Tafari Makonnen (the future
2471:
2410:
2295:
2243:
1983:
1930:
1898:, France, Europe's battlefields, the rest of Europe, and the rest of the world, with
1887:
1865:
1623:
Poland experienced a devastating outbreak during the winter months, with its capital
1520:
1512:
third wave that was somewhat less extensive than its second, more akin to its first.
1504:
1461:
1366:
1203:, New York. Failure to take preventive measures in March/April was later criticized.
1021:
489:
480:
203:
18067:
16627:
16015:
15759:
15728:"Compromised constitutions: the Iranian experience with the 1918 influenza pandemic"
15644:
15585:
14912:"Open Collections Program: Contagion, Spanish Influenza in North America, 1918–1919"
14463:
14360:
14023:
13638:
13370:
12924:
12829:
Bell D, Nicoll A, Fukuda K, Horby P, Monto A, Hayden F, et al. (January 2006).
11963:
11482:
11415:
11364:"The effect of public health measures on the 1918 influenza pandemic in U.S. cities"
9632:
7176:"The effect of public health measures on the 1918 influenza pandemic in U.S. cities"
4805:
4762:
4398:
4351:
3423:
Dr Terrence Tumpey examines a reconstructed version of the Spanish flu virus at the
1974:
of the virus was between 2 and 3. The close quarters and massive troop movements of
154:
22513:
21647:
21602:
21553:
21426:
21401:
21355:
20306:
20276:
20270:
20180:
20009:
19977:
19967:
19706:
19630:
19625:
19553:
19373:
19273:
19069:
19014:
19004:
18942:
18606:
18429:
18424:
18419:
18409:
18180:
18170:
18125:
18084:
18045:
18010:
17976:
17945:
17901:
17879:
17846:
17815:
17807:
17732:
17597:
More Deadly Than War: The Hidden History of the Spanish Flu and the First World War
17554:
17445:
17388:
17355:
17316:
17308:
17287:
17265:
17222:
17214:
17179:
17169:
17109:
17041:
16863:
16811:
16793:
16703:
16681:
16607:
16578:
16552:
Living with Enza: The Forgotten Story of Britain and the Great Flu Pandemic of 1918
16528:
16520:
16499:
16479:
16399:
16271:
16261:
16195:
16187:
16144:
15993:
15855:
15845:
15739:
15718:
15696:
15624:
15565:
15549:
15520:
15512:
15461:
15393:
15282:
15274:
15171:
15163:
14823:
14815:
14718:
14710:
14669:
14659:
14620:
14579:
14569:
14498:
14490:
14443:
14404:
14340:
14305:
14264:
14256:
14166:
14158:
14117:
14109:
14060:
14050:
14003:
13968:
13661:
13618:
13540:
13366:
12902:
12894:
12850:
12842:
11943:
11844:
11795:
11787:
11707:
11672:
11462:
11393:
11383:
11077:
11067:
11018:
11008:
10959:
10949:
10900:
10863:
10853:
10804:
10763:
10753:
10712:
10702:
10579:
10571:
10485:
10475:
10223:
10215:
10166:
10094:
10048:
9876:
9817:
9736:
9728:
9610:
9602:
9543:
9533:
9485:
9477:
9436:
9428:
9382:
9374:
9330:
9322:
9281:
9273:
9183:
9175:
9111:
9103:
9066:
9058:
9017:
9009:
8576:
8568:
8284:
8268:
8197:
8189:
8148:
8140:
8094:
8054:
8014:
7974:
7934:
7926:
7885:
7845:
7772:
7764:
7718:
7710:
7699:"The 1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic in Portugal: A Regional Analysis of Death Impact"
7669:
7659:
7618:
7610:
7562:
7554:
7477:
7337:
7329:
7288:
7245:
7205:
7195:
7143:
6878:
6870:
6818:
6810:
6654:
6486:
Living with Enza: The Forgotten Story of Britain and the Great Flu Pandemic of 1918
5984:
Black October: The Impact of the Spanish Influenza Epidemic of 1918 on South Africa
5719:
5711:
5492:
5148:
5140:
4844:
4836:
4785:
4740:
4692:
4684:
4538:
4378:
4329:
4258:
4217:
4150:
4132:
3911:
3903:
3790:
3782:
3614:. To determine the cause of the death during the pandemic, war scientists used the
3536:
3450:
3431:
3325:
3243:
2859:
are important, but human behavioral responses showed the most significant effects.
2810:
2110:
1748:
1707:
1310:
1286:
1098:). German doctors downplayed the severity by calling it 'pseudo influenza' (Latin:
1069:
1045:
858:
804:
Outside Spain, the disease was soon misnamed 'Spanish influenza'. In a 2 June 1918
707:
548:
322:
178:
173:
18149:, Mikulasova A, Taubenberger JK, Swayne DE, Palese P, et al. (October 2002).
17967:
Phillips H (1 September 2014). "The Recent Wave of 'Spanish' Flu Historiography".
15781:
14376:"Why the coronavirus outbreak isn't likely to be a repeat of the 1918 Spanish flu"
11561:"Ten things you need to know about pandemic influenza (update of 14 October 2005)"
11466:
11048:"Moving in the Anthropocene: Global reductions in terrestrial mammalian movements"
10905:
10892:
9821:
9107:
7543:"Understanding mortality in the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic in England and Wales"
4688:
3399:
3046:
The Spanish flu killed a much lower percentage of the world's population than the
1727:, and thereafter took the place of the seasonal H1N1 to circulate alongside H3N2.
1330:
returning from France. From there it spread around southern Africa and beyond the
22587:
22097:
21653:
21608:
21581:
21284:
21115:
20955:
20294:
19847:
19822:
19521:
19429:
19268:
19042:
19026:
17748:
17707:
17636:
17154:"hsa-miR-33-5p as a Therapeutic Target Promotes Apoptosis of Breast Cancer Cells
16266:
16047:
15902:
15037:
14714:
14664:
14574:
13876:"1918 Flu Inspired Donoghue's 'Pull Of The Stars' — A Disquieting Pandemic Novel"
12831:"Non-pharmaceutical interventions for pandemic influenza, international measures"
11013:
10809:
10792:
6514:
5094:
3635:
3018:
is one of the most well-known fictional accounts of the pandemic. The 2006 novel
2964:
2905:
2353:
2141:
2061:
1700:
1492:
1488:
906:
854:
734:
began appearing on 21 May. Reports from both places called it 'three-day fever' (
715:
658:
568:
528:
520:
183:
161:
144:
17486:
Pandemic Re-Awakenings: The Forgotten and Unforgotten 'Spanish' Flu of 1918–1919
17359:
17244:
Taubenberger JK, Reid AH, Lourens RM, Wang R, Jin G, Fanning TG (October 2005).
16774:"The Impact of a Six-Year Climate Anomaly on the "Spanish Flu" Pandemic and WWI"
15883:
Pandemic Re-Awakenings: The Forgotten and Unforgotten 'Spanish' Flu of 1918-1919
13746:
Pandemic Re-Awakenings: The Forgotten and Unforgotten 'Spanish' Flu of 1918–1919
13237:
Investigations into the appearance of influenza, especially in Bergen 1918-1922)
13082:
12452:
12029:
Spanska sjukan: den svenska epidemin 1918–1920 och dess internationella bakgrund
11609:
9649:[Influenza: a multi-millennial and pest virus discovered only in 1933].
9647:"Grippe : un virus plurimillénaire et ravageur découvert seulement en 1933"
9211:
Nichols CM, Ewing ET, Gaston KH, Marinari M, Lessoff A, Huyssen D (April 2022).
9164:"Excess deaths and immunoprotection during 1918-1920 influenza pandemic, Taiwan"
9047:"The Spanish influenza pandemic in occidental Europe (1918-1920) and victim age"
7753:"Public Health in a Federation: Lessons from the Spanish Influenza in Australia"
6799:"The Spanish influenza pandemic in occidental Europe (1918-1920) and victim age"
5483:
Trilla A, Trilla G, Daer C (September 2008). "The 1918 "Spanish flu" in Spain".
4526:
4113:"The Impact of a Six-Year Climate Anomaly on the "Spanish Flu" Pandemic and WWI"
2775:
or Bombay, where influenza was much more devastating. Similarly, in the city of
2501:
1666:
deaths from pneumonia and influenza were "very much lower than for many years".
1267:
120:
25–50 million (generally accepted), other estimates range from 17 to 100 million
22599:
22575:
21589:
20948:
20928:
20599:
20312:
20150:
19941:
19832:
19688:
19592:
19575:
18781:
18388:
18155:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
16636:
16408:
15064:"Closing In On a Killer: Scientists Unlock Clues to the Spanish Influenz Virus"
13251:
11368:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
10838:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
10687:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
10307:"The most important lesson of the 1918 influenza pandemic: Tell the damn truth"
10171:
10154:
10099:
10082:
9881:
9864:
9277:
7180:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6874:
6344:. War Department Annual Reports. Vol. I. U.S. Government Printing Office.
4987:
Las primeras noticias aparecieron en la prensa de Madrid el 21 de mayo de 1918.
3649:
3567:
3550:
2873:
2855:
2743:
2693:
2659:
2655:
2636:
2618:
2611:
2605:
2529:
2345:
2267:
2088:
2064:, especially from the nose, stomach, and intestine. Bleeding from the ears and
1635:
Mexico experienced a fourth wave between February and March. In South America,
1322:
1293:
The second wave began in the second half of August 1918, probably spreading to
1244:
862:
838:(the Spanish lady) is in town," making 'the Spanish lady' another common name.
537:
18244:
18237:
18209:
18129:
18015:
17998:
17736:
17670:
The Last Plague: Spanish Influenza and the Politics of Public Health in Canada
17559:
17542:
17449:
17088:
16483:
16191:
16149:
16132:
15998:
15981:
15972:
15152:"Reconstruction of the 1918 influenza virus: unexpected rewards from the past"
14646:
Riley S, Kwok KO, Wu KM, Ning DY, Cowling BJ, Wu JT, et al. (June 2011).
14447:
13214:
13212:
13210:
12898:
11848:
10124:"1918 Flu Pandemic That Killed 50 Million Originated in China, Historians Say"
9951:"1918 Flu Pandemic That Killed 50 Million Originated in China, Historians Say"
8572:
8526:
8471:
7148:
7131:
5286:
5037:
4654:
4334:
4317:
1585:
intensified in the latter part of December before swiftly peaking in January.
826:
for Formamint tablets to prevent "Spanish influenza". When it reached Moscow,
22609:
22507:
21659:
21416:
21406:
21059:
20347:
20341:
19777:
19694:
19605:
19074:
18937:
17000:
16807:
16752:
16582:
16491:
15829:
15805:
14776:
14055:
13630:
13552:
12177:
12001:
11791:
10480:
10039:
Langford C (2005). "Did the 1918-19 Influenza Pandemic Originate in China?".
9724:
9538:
8500:
7664:
7333:
6709:
6666:
5596:
5144:
4550:
4146:
4039:
4029:
3505:
3493:
3461:
and samples preserved from American soldiers Roscoe Vaughan and James Downs.
3198:
3031:
2708:
succeeded in preventing even a single death from influenza through effective
2705:
2627:, carrying the flu from leaving its ports. From New Zealand, the flu reached
2424:
2349:
2247:
1895:
1756:
1716:
1450:
1318:
1306:
1275:
1017:
978:
970:
727:
620:
317:
17999:"'17,'18,'19: religion and science in three pandemics, 1817, 1918, and 2019"
13166:"Epidemic analysisi of 1918 Spanish influenza in China based on literatures"
13067:
12046:
11388:
11072:
11047:
10858:
10707:
8713:"Health Service Reports Influenza Under Control in All Parts of the Country"
7597:
Ansart S, Pelat C, Boelle PY, Carrat F, Flahault A, Valleron AJ (May 2009).
7200:
5715:
3666: – 2009–2010 pandemic of swine influenza caused by H1N1 influenza virus
3570:, in the 1300s. As other studies have shown, tuberculosis and influenza had
3492:
linked the presence of three specific genes (termed PA, PB1, and PB2) and a
2194:
563:
20509:
19936:
19084:
18707:
18383:
18194:
18175:
18104:
18059:
17959:
17893:
17858:
17829:
17400:
17367:
17330:
17312:
17279:
17236:
17218:
17193:
17139:
17123:
16877:
16825:
16695:
16619:
16542:
16524:
16285:
16209:
16007:
15869:
15751:
15710:
15636:
15577:
15534:
15473:
15296:
15185:
14984:
14982:
14980:
14938:
14837:
14732:
14683:
14632:
14593:
14548:
Kelly H, Peck HA, Laurie KL, Wu P, Nishiura H, Cowling BJ (5 August 2011).
14512:
14455:
14352:
14317:
14278:
14180:
14162:
14131:
14074:
14037:
Biggerstaff M, Cauchemez S, Reed C, Gambhir M, Finelli L (September 2014).
14015:
13980:
13378:
13207:
12916:
12864:
12846:
12361:
12208:
11955:
11921:
11919:
11809:
11719:
11684:
11621:
11579:
11474:
11407:
11293:
Masking America, 1918-1919: Efforts to Control the Great Influenza Pandemic
11091:
11032:
10973:
10914:
10877:
10818:
10777:
10726:
10593:
10499:
10237:
10180:
10108:
9890:
9829:
9750:
9732:
9624:
9557:
9450:
9396:
9378:
9344:
9295:
9197:
9179:
9125:
9080:
9031:
8590:
8298:
8211:
8162:
8144:
8108:
8068:
8028:
7988:
7948:
7899:
7859:
7809:"Australia's Experience of the 1918-19 Influenza Pandemic: Lessons Learned"
7786:
7732:
7683:
7632:
7576:
7491:
7351:
7302:
7259:
7219:
6892:
6832:
6658:
5733:
5676:
5660:
5504:
5266:
5162:
4858:
4797:
4754:
4706:
4584:
4568:
4390:
4343:
4272:
4231:
4164:
3925:
3804:
3585:
3555:
3454:
3419:
2976:
2840:
2717:
2640:
2595:
2517:
2311:
2114:
1802:
1787:
1736:
1696:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1188:
1176:
1089:
1053:
974:
874:
580:
51:
18114:"The Diffusion of the Influenza Pandemic of 1918 in Hartford, Connecticut"
17950:
17933:
17061:
16917:
16611:
15850:
15743:
15612:
15449:
15167:
14819:
14416:
14344:
12414:"A deadly virus rages throughout Canada at the end of the First World War"
11723:
9606:
9432:
7768:
6337:
6283:
A Modern Contagion: Imperialism and Public Health in Iran's Age of Cholera
4619:
4603:
2900:
2585:
2478:), 1.5 million were assumed to have died among 30 million inhabitants. In
1397:
reported over 40,000 deaths from influenza and acute respiratory disease.
790:
21671:
21454:
21411:
20625:
20323:
19751:
19172:
19089:
18816:
18811:
18799:
18254:
18144:
17980:
17776:
17768:
17744:
17505:
Influenza: The Hundred Year Hunt to Cure the Deadliest Disease in History
16798:
14260:
13544:
12331:"The silent invader – Digital Collections – National Library of Medicine"
11711:
11676:
10791:
Brown JD, Goekjian G, Poulson R, Valeika S, Stallknecht DE (April 2009).
10758:
10634:
9708:
9499:
9466:"Influenza in China in 1977: recurrence of influenzavirus A subtype H1N1"
9326:
7714:
4137:
3907:
3571:
3563:
3047:
2767:
2732:
2601:
2562:
2500:(or "New Zealanders primarily of European descent") and 2,500 indigenous
2497:
2464:
In Finland, 20,000 died out of 210,000 infected. In Sweden, 34,000 died.
2450:
2400:
2341:
2331:
2231:
2047:, which was often the cause of death. This more serious type would cause
1975:
1922:
1905:
In 2014, historian Mark Humphries argued that the mobilization of 96,000
1823:
1671:
1577:
1473:
1438:
1394:
1354:
1314:
1256:
1085:
902:
850:
592:
504:
496:
272:
262:
257:
18137:
17866:
Oxford JS, Sefton A, Jackson R, Johnson NP, Daniels RS (December 1999).
17524:
Fever of War: The Influenza Epidemic in the U.S. Army during World War I
17270:
17245:
17053:
16714:
Encyclopedia of plague and pestilence: from ancient times to the present
16686:
16661:
15701:
15676:
15278:
14977:
14243:"Reassessing the Global Mortality Burden of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic"
14113:
13522:
11916:
10954:
10219:
9481:
9013:
6179:"What the 1918 flu pandemic can teach us about COVID-19, in four charts"
4989:[The first news appeared in the press of Madrid on 21 May 1918.]
4975:
4002:"Reassessing the Global Mortality Burden of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic"
3888:"Reassessing the Global Mortality Burden of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic"
3519:
provided some cross-protection against the Spanish flu pandemic strain.
3515:
In June 2010, a team at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine reported the
2109:
During the deadly second wave there were also fears that it was in fact
16:
1918–1920 global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus
22048:
21896:
21421:
19047:
18965:
18841:
18794:
18789:
18393:
17429:
16641:
The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary (2005)
16432:
The Burdens of Disease: Epidemics and Human Response in Western History
15982:"Mortality from the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919: the case of India"
15877:
15628:
15611:
Rewegan A, Bogaert K, Yan M, Gagnon A, Herring DA (10 September 2015).
15569:
15465:
11082:
10060:
8280:
7541:
Pearce DC, Pallaghy PK, McCaw JM, McVernon J, Mathews JD (March 2011).
3684: – Widespread, often global, epidemic of severe infectious disease
3458:
3313:
2980:
2968:
2709:
2666:
2456:
2348:
also spread along with the disease. In Ireland there was a belief that
2299:
2291:
2271:
2057:
2011:
1992:
1820:
1703:
virus, which thereafter became the active influenza A virus in humans.
1629:
1539:
1516:
1500:
1476:
saw recrudescences of pandemic activity in March, and Sweden in April.
1282:
846:
748:
689:
681:
576:), 28 May 1918: "The three-day fever – In Madrid 80,000 Are Infected –
500:
395:
277:
247:
55:
21544:
18096:
14697:
Wong JY, Kelly H, Ip DK, Wu JT, Leung GM, Cowling BJ (November 2013).
14494:
10986:
9238:(in Finnish). Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. p. 69.
8193:
8127:
Chowell G, Simonsen L, Flores J, Miller MA, Viboud C (November 2014).
5884:
5002:"Spanish flu of 1918 no three-day fever. Try 365-day worldwide plague"
4634:
4106:
4104:
3786:
3711:
The Israelites asked: "Ma'n Hu?" {?מן הוא} – in English: 'what is it?'
2723:
2002:
The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Deadliest Plague In History
1886:
In 1993, Claude Hannoun, the leading expert on the Spanish flu at the
1816:
1600:
1227:
650:
21431:
20515:
20282:
19099:
19094:
18874:
18833:
18826:
18821:
18349:
17201:
Taubenberger JK, Reid AH, Janczewski TA, Fanning TG (December 2001).
15811:
The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History
8555:
Richard SA, Sugaya N, Simonsen L, Miller MA, Viboud C (August 2009).
7645:
5920:
5393:
5365:
5333:
2877:
2839:. For the same reason men also were more likely to have pre-existing
2836:
2820:
Another major pattern was the differences between social classes. In
2780:
2747:
2622:
2574:
2475:
2287:
1828:
1747:
The first confirmed cases originated in the United States. Historian
1644:
1484:
1454:
1446:
1321:, also reaching Brazil and the Caribbean on ships. In July 1918, the
966:
806:
796:
771:
754:
703:
662:
624:
604:
588:
540:, killing most of the victims after a typically prolonged death bed.
282:
267:
215:
136:
71:
18309:
The American Influenza Epidemic of 1918–1919: A Digital Encyclopedia
14746:
14699:"Case fatality risk of influenza A (H1N1pdm09): a systematic review"
14608:
13653:
13233:
Undersøkelser over influenzaens optræden specielt i Bergen 1918-1922
10832:
Foxman EF, Storer JA, Vanaja K, Levchenko A, Iwasaki A (July 2016).
10742:"Roles of humidity and temperature in shaping influenza seasonality"
10464:"Secondary Bacterial Infections Associated with Influenza Pandemics"
10397:"The 1919 Stanley Cup Final and modern-history's deadliest pandemic"
8272:
7850:
7833:
6209:
6090:"WHO issues best practices for naming new human infectious diseases"
4822:
3942:"History's deadliest pandemics, from ancient Rome to modern America"
2713:
2639:(5%, 9,000 people). Worst affected was Western Samoa, formerly
1542:
similarly experienced a second outbreak between July and September.
543:
The 1918 Spanish flu was the first of three flu pandemics caused by
22570:
22403:
21549:
21545:
20775:
18308:
18088:
17174:
17114:
17097:
17045:
16868:
16851:
14309:
13666:
13622:
13535:
11939:
10575:
10514:"Bacterial Pneumonia Caused Most Deaths in 1918 Influenza Pandemic"
7915:"Mortality burden of the 1918-1920 influenza pandemic in Hong Kong"
5739:
zarzuela (popular musical genre or 'género chico' in Spain) called
5496:
5067:
Vaccine Advisory Committee of the Spanish Association of Pediatrics
4263:
4246:
4222:
4205:
4101:
4089:
4035:
The Great Influenza: The Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History
3681:
3529:
In 2018, Michael Worobey, an evolutionary biology professor at the
2956:
2776:
2759:
2490:
2315:
2080:
2065:
2053:
1847:
1675:
1508:
1430:
1298:
1118:
1033:
973:
disease'. Some Africans called it a 'white man's sickness', but in
953:
800:, 28 June 1918 for Formamint tablets to prevent "Spanish influenza"
700:
686:
673:
616:
612:
465:
340:
17884:
17867:
17578:
The Plague of the Spanish Lady – The Influenza Pandemic of 1918–19
15149:
14888:. Washington, D.C., US. Reuters. 17 September 2009. Archived from
14804:"Seasonal Incidence of Symptomatic Influenza in the United States"
13775:
13417:"The 'Spanish' Influenza pandemic and its relation to World War I"
8550:
8548:
8495:
8493:
6016:[Speaking of "spring sekibu", something sounds good...].
3610:, which increased the case rate of influenza among men during the
2546:
In the UK, as many as 250,000 died; in France, more than 400,000.
2504:
in six weeks, with Māori dying at eight times the rate of Pākehā.
962:) is now a common name in Spain, but remains controversial there.
19009:
17200:
15955:
American Pandemic: The Lost Worlds of the 1918 Influenza Epidemic
15937:
15018:
12940:
Pandemic Influenza: Emergency planning and community preparedness
11540:
11528:
10545:
9417:"The Reemergent 1977 H1N1 Strain and the Gain-of-Function Debate"
7646:
Chowell G, Erkoreka A, Viboud C, Echeverri-Dávila B (July 2014).
7068:
6316:
4823:
Dennis Shanks G, Mackenzie A, Waller M, Brundage JF (July 2012).
2772:
2751:
2357:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2118:
1843:
1839:
1628:
with the age distribution of deaths beginning to take on that of
1607:
nurses tend to flu patients in temporary wards set up inside the
1469:
1386:
1374:
1331:
1239:
1168:
933:
929:
779:
767:
666:
595:
the scourge and its effects on people who would only learn years
577:
533:
17071:
Pale rider: the Spanish flu of 1918 and how it changed the world
16643:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 60–61.
14994:
14529:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 25 June 2012
13686:
13490:"What can the Spanish Flu teach us about the COVID-19 pandemic?"
12107:"İSPANYOL GRİBİNİN DÜNYA VE OSMANLI DEVLETİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ"
11926:
Murray CJ, Lopez AD, Chin B, Feehan D, Hill KH (December 2006).
11816:
11452:
8466:
8464:
7599:"Mortality burden of the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic in Europe"
6982:
On September 15, New York City's first influenza death occurred.
6259:
6070:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3475:
On 18 January 2007, Kobasa et al. (2007) reported that monkeys (
2513:
one-third of deaths recorded were in the Aboriginal population.
1487:, peaking in mid-February. The flu soon appeared in neighboring
1251:. After reaching Australia in July, the wave started to recede.
940:, 'German flu'. In Spain it was also known as the 'French flu' (
18879:
18223:
17638:
Hunting the 1918 flu: one scientist's search for a killer virus
17434:"Out in the Cold and Back: New-Found Interest in the Great Flu"
17246:"Characterization of the 1918 influenza virus polymerase genes"
16082:
The Spanish Flu: Narrative and Cultural Identity in Spain, 1918
13459:
12653:
11045:
8545:
8490:
7834:"An Australian perspective of the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic"
7315:
5889:
5297:
5063:
Comité Asesor de Vacunas de la Asociación Española de Pediatría
4487:, School of Oriental and African Studies, p. 213, 10731720
3721:
3500:
In 2008 an investigation used the virus sequence to obtain the
3403:
An electron micrograph showing recreated 1918 influenza virions
2806:
2755:
2716:, in Brazil's Amazon River Delta had not reported an outbreak.
2479:
2369:
2303:
2122:
1891:
1752:
1624:
1550:
1546:
1465:
1398:
1294:
1231:
1200:
1180:
1113:
from the 1889–90 flu pandemic was shortened and adapted into a
937:
866:
828:
815:
811:
759:
723:
628:
573:
508:
484:
59:
19141:
17021:
13218:
12238:"Epidemics and pandemics in Victoria: Historical perspectives"
12062:"Looking Through Indonesia's History For Answers to Swine Flu"
8218:
7271:
7269:
4279:
483:. The earliest documented case was March 1918 in the state of
20943:
19079:
13340:
13338:
13336:
13334:
13321:
13319:
13317:
13315:
13313:
13311:
13128:
The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919: New Perspectives
13022:
The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919: New Perspectives
12983:
The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919: New Perspectives
12533:
12531:
12529:
10003:
The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919: New Perspectives
8996:
Grabowski ML, Kosińska B, Knap JP, Brydak LB (October 2017).
8895:
8893:
8461:
5697:
5096:
The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919: New Perspectives
3976:"The Discovery and Reconstruction of the 1918 Pandemic Virus"
3811:
3600:
3413:
2727:
Japanese women in Tokyo during the Spanish flu pandemic, 1919
2632:
2628:
2525:
2482:, 13% of the population died during one month. Similarly, in
2361:
2319:
2168:
2130:
2084:
1535:
1092:. French military doctors originally called it 'disease 11' (
993:
989:
891:
731:
600:
22594:
18318:
14294:"The 1918 influenza pandemic: insights for the 21st century"
12678:"Coronavirus: forgotten lessons of the Spanish flu pandemic"
11273:
11271:
11269:
11256:
11254:
11252:
11250:
10893:"Pneumococcal pneumonia and influenza: a deadly combination"
10430:
10428:
10426:
10424:
10422:
10155:"What happened in China during the 1918 influenza pandemic?"
10083:"What happened in China during the 1918 influenza pandemic?"
8129:"Death patterns during the 1918 influenza pandemic in Chile"
7316:
Chandra S, Christensen J, Chandra M, Paneth N (March 2021).
6741:
6739:
6737:
6735:
6733:
6731:
4729:"Purulent bronchitis in 1917 and pandemic influenza in 1918"
4247:"The 1918 influenza pandemic: insights for the 21st century"
3643:
1480:
districts were affected between April and May specifically.
1401:
reported ~15,000 deaths in a population of 1.1 million. The
1016:'best practices' first published in 2015 now aim to prevent
814:
dispatch titled, "The Spanish Epidemic," a correspondent in
649:
were documented in 1916–17 at British military hospitals in
17708:"Measuring a pandemic: Mortality, demography and geography"
17689:
Britain and the 1918–19 Influenza Pandemic: A Dark Epilogue
17377:"Children and encephalitis lethargica: a historical review"
17243:
16771:
14988:
14964:
14960:
13397:
13385:
12162:(Second, revised and enlarged ed.). Christchurch, NZ.
11644:
11169:"Six-year deluge linked to Spanish flu, World War I deaths"
10831:
10790:
10680:
9902:
9900:
9093:
8995:
8866:
8864:
8554:
8126:
7696:
7540:
7266:
6863:"The U.S. military and the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919"
5764:
4110:
3439:
3434:
of influenza A subtype H1N1) was a collaboration among the
3254:
3209:
3164:
3115:
2821:
2427:
have the total death toll alone at well above 100 million.
1640:
1636:
1382:
1362:
997:
17865:
17540:
17005:
Black November; the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in New Zealand
13331:
13308:
12780:
12526:
12160:
Black November: the 1918 influenza pandemic in New Zealand
11894:"What the history of pandemics tells us about coronavirus"
11690:
11434:
11422:
9980:
9978:
9800:
9515:
9513:
9511:
9509:
9210:
8890:
7129:
3885:
2391:
1373:, reaching Iran (where it spread through the holy city of
18111:
15192:
15006:
14968:
13880:
13852:
13787:
12502:
11494:
11492:
11266:
11247:
11141:
10927:
10664:
10662:
10660:
10617:
10615:
10419:
9363:"Pandemic influenza--including a risk assessment of H5N1"
8175:
6904:
6902:
6844:
6842:
6728:
6241:. International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)
5880:"How is the adjective 'Spanish' used in other languages?"
4811:'fundamentally the same condition' as 'Spanish' influenza
3840:"Pandemic Influenza Risk Management WHO Interim Guidance"
3611:
3453:, using historic tissue samples recovered by pathologist
3424:
1868:
suggesting the influenza began in Austria in early 1917.
17836:
16507:
He D, Dushoff J, Day T, Ma J, Earn DJ (September 2013).
12514:
10355:
9897:
9519:
8861:
7130:
Chandra S, Christensen J, Likhtman S (6 November 2020).
6678:
6676:
6567:
6565:
6563:
5822:
5820:
5698:
Vázquez-Espinosa E, Laganà C, Vázquez F (October 2020).
2704:
In the Pacific, American Samoa and the French colony of
2486:
22% of the population of 38,000 died within two months.
1691:, in 1957, the virus was totally displaced by the novel
1429:
however, possibly on account of differing restrictions.
1417:
London weekly deaths from influenza during 1918 and 1919
1000:
wrestlers for bringing the disease home from a match in
782:
were re-used in the 1918 pandemic, along with new ones.
774:
seem foreign. This pattern was observed even before the
17616:"What the 1918 Flu Pandemic Can Teach Today's Insurers"
16178:(4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 333–345.
15677:"Molecular virology: was the 1918 flu avian in origin?"
15610:
13721:
13252:"Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Microbial Threats"
12569:
12184:
10557:
10445:
10443:
10376:
10337:
10325:
9975:
9506:
9308:
7596:
6519:"General March's Narrative: Glimpses of Woodrow Wilson"
5832:
5652:
5585:"The centenary of the 20th century's worst catastrophe"
2987:
adults may have overshadowed the deaths caused by flu.
2696:
of up to 50% and the extreme severity of the symptoms.
2688:, consisting of workers in the diamond mines, died. In
17541:
Chandra S, Christensen J, Likhtman S (November 2020).
17135:"Aspirin Misuse May Have Made 1918 Flu Pandemic Worse"
15315:
14241:
Spreeuwenberg P, Kroneman M, Paget J (December 2018).
13827:
12768:
12612:
12610:
11516:
11504:
11489:
11317:
10657:
10612:
10244:
9930:
9569:
9567:
8953:
Mortality statistics, 1920. Twenty-First Annual Report
7030:
7018:
6947:
6925:"Atatürk işgalcilerden önce İspanyol Gribini yenmişti"
6899:
6839:
6395:"A look at art and music created in times of pandemic"
5949:"Fighting words: how war metaphors can trigger racism"
4636:
Purple death : the mysterious Spanish flu of 1918
3886:
Spreeuwenberg P, Kroneman M, Paget J (December 2018).
3457:
from an Inuit female flu victim buried in the Alaskan
969:
disease', while the Bolsheviks referred to it as the '
901:"Spanish influenza," "three-day fever," "the flu." by
22559:
13763:
13266:
13163:
12828:
12193:"The Spanish flu--part II: the second and third wave"
11925:
11608:
Jilani TN, Jamil RT, Siddiqui AH (14 December 2019).
11226:
11224:
10558:
Morens DM, Taubenberger JK, Fauci AS (October 2008).
9356:
9354:
9259:
9257:
9255:
9236:
Espanjantauti Suomessa — Influenssapandemia 1918-1920
8602:
8600:
6762:"Mortality Statistics 1918: Nineteenth Annual Report"
6673:
6560:
6364:
6362:
6360:
6358:
6356:
6354:
5817:
4926:– via California Digital Newspaper Collection.
4874:"OLD NEWS: Influenza was an old foe long before 1918"
4180:"1918 flu pandemic myth debunked by skeletal remains"
50:
Soldiers sick with Spanish flu at a hospital ward at
16849:
16635:
Knobler S, Mack A, Mahmoud A, Lemon S, eds. (2005).
16165:
15252:
15024:
13994:
Potter CW (October 2001). "A history of influenza".
10440:
7506:"Mortality Statistics 1919: Twentieth Annual Report"
7466:"Public Health Weekly Reports for FEBRUARY 21, 1919"
7234:"Public Health Weekly Reports for NOVEMBER 29, 1918"
6919:
6917:
6630:
5564:
5271:(First ed.). New York: Henry Holt and Company.
4315:
3625:
1060:(disease from seeking to make a profit in wartime),
714:, influence), also known at the time as 'the grip' (
19:"Great Influenza" redirects here. For the book, see
17374:
16049:
America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918
15979:
15900:
15674:
15376:
15327:
15000:
13781:
13692:
13651:
13439:
13249:
13120:
13118:
13116:
13114:
13112:
13110:
13108:
13106:
12607:
12318:
The Great Pandemic: The United States in 1918–1919
11822:
11607:
11191:
10193:
9995:
9993:
9679:"Origins of the 1918 Pandemic: The Case for France"
9564:
9311:"The persistent legacy of the 1918 influenza virus"
7277:"Public Health Weekly Reports for DECEMBER 6, 1918"
6756:
6754:
5233:Harrison MA, Claiborne JH Jr, eds. (January 1890).
4524:
3374:
Not pandemic, but included for comparison purposes.
2594:because they too were ill. Mass graves were dug by
1222:, and French ports by April 1918, and reaching the
21314:
17990:The Spanish Flu Pandemic of 1918: New Perspectives
17987:
17910:
17294:
16887:An Introduction to the Medical History of Ethiopia
16717:(3rd ed.). Infobase Publishing. p. 363.
16218:
16024:
15547:
15095:"Scientists Uncover Clues To Flu Epidemic of 1918"
13124:
13018:
12979:
12969:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 101–09.
12967:The Spanish Flu Pandemic of 1918: New Perspectives
11691:Spreeuwenberg P, Kroneman M, Paget J (July 2019).
11662:
11546:
11534:
11221:
10600:
10461:
10256:
9999:
9464:Kung HC, Jen KF, Yuan WC, Tien SF, Chu CM (1978).
9360:
9351:
9309:Morens DM, Taubenberger JK, Fauci AS (July 2009).
9263:
9252:
8597:
8257:"Public Health Weekly Reports for AUGUST 15, 1919"
8083:"Public Health Weekly Reports for AUGUST 15, 1919"
8043:"Public Health Weekly Reports for AUGUST 29, 1919"
7874:"Public Health Weekly Reports for AUGUST 22, 1919"
7090:
6351:
5309:
5092:
4367:"Swine-origin influenza virus in young age groups"
3940:
3826:
3041:
2598:and bodies buried without coffins in many places.
2496:In New Zealand, the flu killed an estimated 6,400
1815:The major U.K. troop staging and hospital camp in
1274:flu patients at U.S. Army Camp Hospital no. 45 in
1262:
1068:(disease which passes through like a bullet), and
18249:(1919) – An 18-minute, dramatised
17474:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
16924:
16320:"Swine flu shot protects against 1918 flu: study"
16295:"Researchers unlock secrets of 1918 flu pandemic"
16239:
16166:dos Reis M, Hay AJ, Goldstein RA (October 2009).
15936:. Virology at Stanford University. Archived from
14088:Mills CE, Robins JM, Lipsitch M (December 2004).
13810:"Why Did So Few Novels Tackle the 1918 Pandemic?"
13520:
12800:"Influenza of 1918 (Spanish Flu) and the US Navy"
12496:Haile Sellassie I: The formative years, 1892–1936
12475:
12320:, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
12084:
10890:
10455:
10194:Mills CE, Robins JM, Lipsitch M (December 2004).
9520:Saunders-Hastings PR, Krewski D (December 2016).
9217:The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era
8998:"The Lethal Spanish Influenza Pandemic in Poland"
8003:"Public Health Weekly Reports for AUGUST 1, 1919"
7746:
7744:
7742:
7498:
6914:
6790:
5303:
5232:
4726:
4095:
3764:
3057:is estimated to have killed 17.5 - 31.4 million.
2136:
1187:as early as January 1918, prompting local doctor
22607:
18112:Tuckel P, Sassler S, Maisel R, Leykam A (2006).
17913:A Cruel Wind: Pandemic Flu in America, 1918–1920
17614:Dorratoltaj N (29 March 2018). Carrell H (ed.).
17489:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press,
17007:(2nd ed.). University of Canterbury Press.
15886:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
15377:Hammond JA, Rolland W, Shore TH (14 July 1917).
15303:
15234:
14930:
14882:"H1N1 fatality rates comparable to seasonal flu"
13103:
9990:
9924:Documents de la Conférence de l'Institut Pasteur
9584:
9582:
9145:Journal of Humanities, Seoul National University
8176:Cristina J, Pollero R, Pellegrino A (May 2019).
8122:
8120:
8118:
7169:
7167:
7125:
7123:
7121:
7119:
6751:
6608:"How NYC Survived the 1918 Spanish Flu Pandemic"
6422:
5877:
5482:
4525:Hammond JA, Rolland W, Shore TH (14 July 1917).
3430:An effort to recreate the Spanish flu strain (a
2994:
2449:, about 5% of the population. The death toll in
1674:approximately doubled in January 1922 alone. In
20118:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
16933:. Vol. 30. University of Rochester Press.
14430:Michaelis M, Doerr HW, Cinatl J (August 2009).
13738:
13736:
13290:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
13164:Alita XP, Ling T, Bin ZH, Xiao-ting LI (2010).
12876:
12874:
12133:"1918 flu centenary: How to survive a pandemic"
11361:
9769:"Flu epidemic traced to Great War transit camp"
9463:
9151:(1): 203–207 – via Korea Journal Central.
8611:. The American Journal of Hygiene. p. 91.
7963:"Public Health Weekly Reports for MAY 30, 1919"
7831:
7827:
7825:
7425:
7423:
7173:
6338:United States Surgeon-General's Office (1920).
4614:(11). Industrial Medical Association: 593–598.
4495:– via ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,
4316:Michaelis M, Doerr HW, Cinatl J (August 2009).
3544:
2520:area, there were 3,293 registered deaths among
1850:and then migrated to pigs kept near the front.
1010:), even though three top wrestlers died there.
981:
932:where many soldiers on both sides fell ill. In
17375:Vilensky JA, Foley P, Gilman S (August 2007).
16597:
16506:
16461:
16114:The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders
15675:Antonovics J, Hood ME, Baker CH (April 2006).
15123:
14234:
13403:
13391:
12880:
11650:
10891:Klugman KP, Chien YW, Madhi SA (August 2009).
10076:
10074:
10072:
10070:
10032:
9588:
8972:
7739:
7373:
7371:
7369:
7367:
7365:
7363:
7361:
6048:"How the Spanish flu of 1918-20 ravaged Japan"
5871:
5361:"The Spanish Influenza; A Sufferer's Symptoms"
4727:Cox J, Gill D, Cox F, Worobey M (April 2019).
4203:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3873:
1763:, as the point of origin in his 2004 article.
1247:in April. In June an outbreak was reported in
1214:camps and Europe, becoming an epidemic in the
1052:(the disease of head and coughing and spine),
1005:
22535:
21530:
21476:
21300:
19157:
18334:
17793:
17297:"1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics"
16903:
16850:Noymer A, Carreon D, Johnson N (April 2010).
16130:
15980:Chandra S, Kuljanin G, Wray J (August 2012).
15687:(7088): E9, discussion E9-E9, discussion 10.
15498:
14147:"1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics"
14090:"Transmissibility of 1918 pandemic influenza"
13848:"Mullen's View from 'The Last Town on Earth'"
13749:. Oxford University Press. pp. 346–376.
12792:
11776:"Flu experts warn of need for pandemic plans"
10196:"Transmissibility of 1918 pandemic influenza"
9701:
9579:
9410:
9408:
9406:
8115:
7164:
7116:
6987:
6970:. United States: Penguin Books. p. 270.
6745:
6076:
5389:"Public Notice; 'Spanish Influenza' Epidemic"
5093:Killingray D, Phillips H (2 September 2003).
3999:
3729:
2955:Mass burial site of flu victims from 1918 in
2539:In Brazil, 300,000 died, including president
1948:
1834:The hospital treated thousands of victims of
957:
947:
941:
841:The outbreak did not originate in Spain (see
833:
735:
536:, exacerbated by the war, promoted bacterial
437:
18074:
17908:
17337:
16982:Ebola Virus Disease: From Origin to Outbreak
16746:"Modeling a Modern Day Spanish Flu Pandemic"
16659:
16052:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
15198:
15012:
13733:
12871:
12498:. Trenton, NJ: Red Sea Press. pp. 36ff.
12453:"The "bird flu" that killed 40 million"
12389:"The Great Pandemic of 1918: State by State"
11837:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
11558:
10159:International Journal of Infectious Diseases
10087:International Journal of Infectious Diseases
9858:
9856:
9854:
9796:
9794:
9414:
7822:
7592:
7590:
7588:
7586:
7420:
7388:
6263:Report on the Pandemic of Influenza, 1918–19
5913:
5700:"The Spanish flu and the fiction literature"
5448:"In Search of an Enigma: The "Spanish Lady""
3734:)—because the tune was as catchy as the flu.
2654:prevented the flu from reaching neighboring
2325:
1953:
1545:The third wave particularly affected Spain,
1389:, but by December the wave was mostly over.
1093:
919:
632:
20608:
17613:
17295:Taubenberger JK, Morens DM (January 2006).
17151:
16959:
14967:pandemic strains contained avian flu virus
14423:
14145:Taubenberger JK, Morens DM (January 2006).
12589:"The Flu Pandemic hit Nenana 100 Years Ago"
12232:
12230:
11230:
10067:
9917:
9915:
9906:
9762:
9760:
7358:
6502:throughout the country echoed to the chant.
6201:
6116:"Pandemic influenza: an evolving challenge"
5916:"How the Spanish Flu wasn't Spanish at all"
5641:Journal of the American Medical Association
4244:
3870:
3445:Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, and
3348:3–11% or 5–20% (240 million – 1.6 billion)
2809:under age two, adults over age 70, and the
2184:
1715:(which itself had displaced H2N2 through a
1159:
883:Journal of the American Medical Association
730:during late spring, and early reports from
488:possibly as high as 100 million, making it
21537:
21523:
21307:
21293:
19164:
19150:
18341:
18327:
16549:
14781:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
13727:
12822:
12357:"Flu Epidemic Hit Utah Hard in 1918, 1919"
11861:
11749:"Historical Estimates of World Population"
10739:
10152:
10080:
9869:Journal of the Chinese Medical Association
9403:
9233:
9096:"The 1918-1920 influenza pandemic in Peru"
7802:
7800:
7798:
7796:
6605:
6482:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5218:. Vol. 1. Macmillan. pp. 30–31.
4775:
4670:
3980:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3765:Yang W, Petkova E, Shaman J (March 2014).
3601:Influenza pandemic among Canadian soldiers
3466:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2176:) contributed to increased precipitation.
1751:stated in 2003 that the flu originated in
1507:avoided the disease until early June, and
880:In an October 1918 "Madrid Letter" to the
873:reported epidemic effects, including King
507:countries suppressed bad news to maintain
444:
430:
43:
21718:"Cocoliztli" epidemics in colonial Mexico
18210:We Heard the Bells: The Influenza of 1918
18184:
18174:
18049:
18014:
17949:
17883:
17819:
17667:
17558:
17320:
17269:
17226:
17183:
17173:
17113:
17035:
16884:
16867:
16815:
16797:
16685:
16568:
16532:
16435:. Rutgers University Press. p. 274.
16275:
16265:
16199:
16148:
15997:
15859:
15849:
15700:
15524:
15454:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
15425:. Oxford, England: University of Oxford.
15345:
15286:
15175:
14827:
14722:
14673:
14663:
14583:
14573:
14502:
14374:Lin II RG, Karlamangla S (6 March 2020).
14268:
14204:
14202:
14200:
14198:
14196:
14194:
14192:
14190:
14170:
14121:
14064:
14054:
13665:
13534:
13250:Knobler SL, Mack A, Mahmoud A, Lemon SM.
13084:The Spanish influenza in China, 1918–1920
13060:The Spanish influenza in China, 1918–1920
12960:
12958:
12906:
12854:
12786:
12520:
12508:
11799:
11397:
11387:
11104:
11081:
11071:
11022:
11012:
10963:
10953:
10904:
10867:
10857:
10808:
10767:
10757:
10716:
10706:
10583:
10489:
10479:
10227:
10170:
10098:
9936:
9880:
9851:
9791:
9740:
9676:
9614:
9547:
9537:
9489:
9470:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
9440:
9386:
9361:Taubenberger JK, Morens DM (April 2009).
9334:
9285:
9266:"Influenza: the once and future pandemic"
9264:Taubenberger JK, Morens DM (April 2010).
9187:
9115:
9070:
9021:
8872:"INFLUENZA CASES GROW THROUGHOUT COUNTRY"
8580:
8288:
8201:
8152:
8098:
8058:
8018:
7978:
7938:
7889:
7849:
7776:
7722:
7673:
7663:
7622:
7583:
7566:
7481:
7341:
7292:
7249:
7209:
7199:
7147:
6882:
6822:
6260:Great Britain Ministry of Health (1920).
5878:Rodríguez LP, Palomba AL (5 March 2019).
5850:
5723:
5661:"The Spanish flu--Part I: the first wave"
5576:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5152:
4848:
4744:
4696:
4666:
4664:
4569:"The Spanish flu--Part I: the first wave"
4333:
4262:
4221:
4154:
4136:
3938:
3915:
3794:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3578:
2580:
2565:, range from 5,000 to 10,000, or higher.
1966:, they carried the Spanish flu with them.
607:. The lack of scientific answers led the
490:one of the deadliest pandemics in history
20407:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
17996:
17966:
16832:
16398:
15931:
14936:
14802:Tokars JI, Olsen SJ, Reed C (May 2018).
13873:
13769:
13704:
13652:Beach B, Ferrie JP, Saavedra MH (2018).
13356:
12942:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 24.
12881:Shanks GD, Brundage JF (February 2013).
12743:
12227:
11864:"Why 1918 matters in India's corona war"
10462:Morris DE, Cleary DW, Clarke SC (2017).
10382:
10343:
10331:
10038:
9942:
9912:
9757:
9044:
8975:"Influenza Deaths in Hawai'i, 1918—1920"
8472:"Influenza Gradually Spreading In Japan"
7750:
7384:. Chicago: American Medical Association.
6796:
6636:
6527:. p. XX3, Special Features section.
6232:
5980:
5907:
5800:International Committee of the Red Cross
5582:
5539:
5478:
5476:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5211:
5122:
5120:
4965:
4513:, vol. XXXV, 9 July 1918, p. 6
4204:Brundage JF, Shanks GD (December 2007).
4197:
4177:
4061:
4059:
3660: – Known in India as "Bombay Fever"
3418:
3398:
2998:
2975:19th and early 20th centuries: typhoid,
2950:
2899:
2832:were relatively spared by the pandemic.
2795:
2722:
2584:
2399:
2390:
2158:and the Climate Change Institute at the
2140:
2033:
1957:
1797:
1782:
1599:
1560:
1412:
1281:
1266:
1163:
896:
789:
762:), 25 June 1918: "The Spanish Influenza"
747:
679:The Aldershot physicians later wrote in
562:
20784:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
18267:British Film Institute National Archive
17988:Phillips H, Killingray D, eds. (2003).
17931:
17753:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
17722:
17705:
17686:
17575:
17526:. New York: New York University Press.
17068:
16978:
16925:Porras-Gallo M, Davis RA, eds. (2014).
16634:
15952:
15779:
15725:
15447:
13344:
13325:
13230:
13224:
12774:
12663:
12659:
12628:
12575:
12537:
12487:
12190:
11522:
11510:
11498:
11440:
11428:
11323:
11289:
11277:
11260:
10668:
10621:
10449:
10434:
10298:
10250:
9984:
9948:
9921:
9672:
9670:
9668:
9051:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
8606:
8227:"Influenza in 1919 and 100 Years Later"
8182:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
7919:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
7793:
7603:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
7547:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
7429:
7036:
7024:
6953:
6908:
6848:
6803:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
6682:
6571:
6380:
6279:
6207:
6176:
5826:
5789:
5787:
5686:
5658:
5445:
5059:"Impacto de la gripe de 1918 en España"
5027:
4999:
4871:
4829:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
4677:Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
4566:
4464:
3771:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
3672: – 1919 San Francisco organization
2904:Provincial Board of Health poster from
2876:before the Allied powers and that both
2791:
2433:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
1874:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
1565:Public health recommendations from the
1050:'Ugonjo huo kichwa na kukohoa na kiuno'
1044:(let enquiries be made concerning it),
924:' (Flemish fever), both after a famous
495:The pandemic broke out near the end of
22608:
21494:Discovery of disease-causing pathogens
18216:interviews with Spanish Flu survivors.
18031:
17917:. Murfreesboro, TN: Timberlane Books.
17767:
17743:
17634:
17521:
17482:
17428:
17131:Infectious Diseases Society of America
17095:
16743:
16386:from the original on 22 September 2020
16369:
16357:from the original on 20 September 2011
16342:
16111:
16045:
16022:
15876:
15828:
15499:Noymer A, Garenne M (September 2000).
15333:
15321:
15092:
15068:National Museum of Health and Medicine
14187:
13904:"Human extinction isn't that unlikely"
13845:
13833:
13804:
13802:
13793:
13742:
13608:
13445:
13080:
13057:
12964:
12955:
12675:
12616:
12493:
12157:
11970:from the original on 27 September 2020
11834:
11243:from the original on 21 November 2020.
11231:Hauck G, Gellis K (22 November 2020).
11166:
10304:
9862:
9766:
9707:
9595:Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health
9573:
8391:"PARIS FEARS RETURN OF "FLU" EPIDEMIC"
8224:
7912:
7838:New South Wales Public Health Bulletin
7377:
7048:
6860:
6618:from the original on 29 September 2020
6368:
5793:
5754:
5415:
5315:
5169:
4902:
4865:
4722:
4720:
4671:Oxford JS, Gill D (2 September 2019).
4661:
4601:
4364:
4068:"The Origin Of The Name 'Spanish Flu'"
3753:
2573:that the country was in the grip of a
2204:) advice to influenza sufferers (1918)
1556:
842:
785:
21785:Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty
21518:
21288:
20737:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
20073:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
19145:
19131:US influenza statistics by flu season
18322:
18230:"Spanish Flu: a warning from history"
17594:
17502:
17340:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
16759:from the original on 26 February 2020
16647:from the original on 23 December 2020
16416:from the original on 15 December 2020
16216:
16078:
15804:
15792:from the original on 27 November 2020
14918:from the original on 20 November 2016
14862:from the original on 17 December 2019
13901:
13272:
12369:from the original on 30 November 2012
12059:
11773:
11199:"Gauze Mask to Halt Spread of Plague"
11179:from the original on 27 November 2020
11117:from the original on 11 December 2020
10606:
10394:
10262:
9161:
8765:"INFLUENZA CASES INCREASE IN CHICAGO"
8231:College of Physicians of Philadelphia
6993:
6965:
6513:
6452:
6392:
6189:from the original on 24 December 2020
5946:
5940:
5838:
5570:
5552:from the original on 25 November 2011
5473:
5264:
5253:
5185:[Pandemic - World in Fever].
5126:
5117:
4940:
4423:
4305:from the original on 3 December 2020.
4216:(11): 1717–18, author reply 1718–19.
4065:
4056:
4028:
3678: – Pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2
2684:quarter of the working population of
2029:
1926:
1759:described a January 1918 outbreak in
1408:
936:it was named 'Brazilian flu', and in
845:), but reporting did, due to wartime
471:, was an exceptionally deadly global
21141:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
17938:Canadian Bulletin of Medical History
17622:from the original on 7 November 2020
16999:
16947:from the original on 22 January 2021
16931:Rochester Studies in Medical History
16710:
16428:
16305:from the original on 9 November 2020
15592:from the original on 19 October 2020
15429:from the original on 9 December 2018
15358:from the original on 5 December 2018
15117:
15044:from the original on 19 October 2011
14409:10.1001/archinte.1971.00310180053006
13585:
13521:Correia S, Luck S, Verner E (2020).
13198:
12937:
12732:Total deaths in Ireland 1916: 50,627
12712:"Official Ireland Statistics Office"
12481:
12463:from the original on 7 November 2017
12433:from the original on 2 February 2014
12258:
12113:from the original on 8 November 2020
12090:
12026:
12008:from the original on 6 February 2020
11362:Bootsma MC, Ferguson NM (May 2007).
11148:from the original on 2 December 2020
11135:
10317:from the original on 25 March 2020.
10286:from the original on 13 January 2021
9665:
9223:(2): 126 – via Cambridge Core.
8901:"COPELAND EXPECTS RISE IN INFLUENZA"
8739:"CHICAGO INFLUENZA EPIDEMIC SPREADS"
7174:Bootsma MC, Ferguson NM (May 2007).
6935:from the original on 8 November 2020
5987:. Government Printer, South Africa.
5853:"100 Years After: The Name of Death"
5784:
4632:
4476:
4024:
4022:
3858:from the original on 21 January 2021
3050:, which lasted for many more years.
2919:
2889:Oxford University Computing Services
2414:However, a 2018 reassessment in the
2352:were rising from the mass graves of
2261:
1730:
1531:also experienced some cases in May.
1125:of 'Influenza', where that name was
743:
640:
21070:Ottomans against the Triple Entente
19864:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
17618:. AIR Research and Modeling Group.
17393:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2007.04.012
16906:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
16731:from the original on 1 January 2016
16600:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
16317:
16292:
15732:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
15309:
15240:
14436:Medical Microbiology and Immunology
14333:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
13799:
13457:
11616:. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls.
11568:Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire
11296:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Co.
11209:from the original on 8 October 2020
10121:
9591:"The origins of the great pandemic"
9415:Rozo M, Gronvall GK (August 2015).
9315:The New England Journal of Medicine
9138:
8615:from the original on 6 October 2020
8365:"INFLUENZA RETURN EXPECTED BY BLUE"
7432:"Influenza: An Epidemiologic Study"
5859:from the original on 16 August 2020
5748:
5180:
4717:
4437:"Biblical Hebrew Words and Meaning"
4322:Medical Microbiology and Immunology
3973:
3436:Armed Forces Institute of Pathology
2762:. These data were collected by the
2386:
1911:Memorial University of Newfoundland
1503:was not infected until late April;
13:
19803:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
19126:2017–2018 United States flu season
18236:. 30 November 2018. Archived from
17779:. Markham, ON: Scholastic Canada.
17691:. London and New York: Routledge.
17421:
17407:from the original on 17 April 2020
17024:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
15766:from the original on 31 March 2020
15105:from the original on 22 March 2020
15025:dos Reis, Hay & Goldstein 2009
14949:from the original on 9 August 2017
14298:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
14292:Morens DM, Fauci AS (April 2007).
13470:from the original on 8 August 2014
13427:from the original on 5 August 2020
13091:from the original on 11 April 2020
12641:from the original on 3 August 2018
11904:from the original on 21 April 2020
11874:from the original on 18 April 2020
11628:from the original on 12 March 2020
10564:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
10524:from the original on 22 April 2016
10276:"The Spanish Flu pandemic of 1918"
9689:from the original on 30 April 2009
8791:"INFLUENZA SHOWS A LARGE INCREASE"
8609:"Influenza: An Epidemologic Study"
7806:
7454:from the original on 24 July 2020.
7075:from the original on 27 May 2020.
6158:from the original on 20 March 2020
6022:Mainichi Shimbun morning newspaper
5458:from the original on 29 April 2018
4515:quoted in Mueller JW (1998), p. 8.
4251:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
4245:Morens DM, Fauci AS (April 2007).
4210:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
4000:Spreeuwenberg (7 September 2018).
3616:Commonwealth War Graves Commission
3075:
2604:, a region of Alaska populated by
2445:Some 12–17 million people died in
2147:Coughs and sneezes spread diseases
2121:. Another common misdiagnosis was
1937:A report published in 2016 in the
1853:A report published in 2016 in the
1792:Self-Portrait with the Spanish Flu
1689:first of these post-1918 pandemics
1346:, on 28 September 1918 to promote
696:virus, but it may be a precursor.
14:
22652:
18865:Live attenuated influenza vaccine
18276:
17992:. London and New York: Routledge.
17800:Population and Development Review
17655:from the original on 24 July 2020
17456:from the original on 24 July 2020
16449:from the original on 27 July 2021
16330:from the original on 18 June 2010
16099:from the original on 27 July 2021
16031:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
15838:Journal of Translational Medicine
15651:from the original on 27 July 2021
15617:American Journal of Human Biology
15558:American Journal of Human Biology
15505:Population and Development Review
15480:from the original on 27 July 2021
15222:from the original on 5 March 2009
15001:Antonovics, Hood & Baker 2006
14777:"Key Facts About Influenza (Flu)"
14757:from the original on 17 June 2009
13693:Vilensky, Foley & Gilman 2007
13674:from the original on 18 June 2018
13567:from the original on 27 July 2021
13502:from the original on 9 April 2020
13286:"Key Facts about Swine Influenza"
13145:from the original on 27 July 2021
13125:Killingray D, Phillips H (2003).
13039:from the original on 27 July 2021
13019:Killingray D, Phillips H (2003).
13000:from the original on 27 July 2021
12980:Killingray D, Phillips H (2003).
12756:from the original on 13 June 2020
12722:from the original on 14 June 2020
12716:Central Statistics Office Ireland
12553:. Fortune. CNN. 1 November 2004.
12429:(in Portuguese). Jornal de Hoje.
12337:from the original on 24 July 2020
11823:Chandra, Kuljanin & Wray 2012
11589:from the original on 27 July 2021
10645:from the original on 21 July 2020
10364:from the original on 27 July 2011
10041:Population and Development Review
10000:Killingray D, Phillips H (2003).
9589:Worobey M, Cox J, Gill D (2019).
9102:. 29 Suppl 2 (Suppl 2): B21–B26.
8237:from the original on 24 July 2020
7522:from the original on 12 July 2020
7408:from the original on 24 July 2020
7322:American Journal of Public Health
6778:from the original on 11 July 2020
6716:from the original on 24 June 2020
6585:"1918 Flu (Spanish flu epidemic)"
6425:"WWI Exhibit: Influenza Pandemic"
6239:encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net
5798:. Humanitarian Law & Policy.
5704:Revista Espanola de Quimioterapia
5133:American Journal of Public Health
4405:from the original on 27 July 2021
4019:
3955:from the original on 7 April 2020
3670:Anti-Mask League of San Francisco
3063:Major modern influenza pandemics
2252:Anti-Mask League of San Francisco
2071:The majority of deaths were from
1735:Despite its name, historical and
1699:product of the human H1N1 and an
1336:Philadelphia Liberty Loans Parade
1328:South African Native Labour Corps
22593:
22581:
22569:
22490:encephalitis lethargica epidemic
20166:Second Battle of the Piave River
19788:Russian invasion of East Prussia
18283:
18051:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x
17812:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2000.00565.x
16835:"The Influenza Epidemic of 1918"
16513:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
16066:from the original on 3 June 2020
15604:
15541:
15517:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2000.00565.x
15492:
15441:
15419:"The Influenza Pandemic of 1918"
15411:
15370:
15339:
15246:
15204:
15143:
15086:
15056:
15030:
14904:
14874:
14844:
14795:
14769:
14739:
14690:
14639:
14600:
14541:
14519:
14470:
14388:
14367:
14324:
14285:
14248:American Journal of Epidemiology
14222:from the original on 14 May 2015
14138:
14081:
14030:
14008:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x
13987:
13952:
13934:"The pandemic's true death toll"
13926:
13867:
13839:
13698:
13645:
13602:
13579:
13514:
13482:
13451:
13409:
13350:
13278:
13243:
13192:
13157:
13074:
13051:
13012:
12973:
12946:
12931:
12737:
12704:
12669:
12622:
12581:
12543:
12445:
12419:
12407:
12381:
12349:
12323:
12311:
12299:from the original on 30 May 2020
12285:
12215:from the original on 9 July 2020
12151:
12139:from the original on 9 July 2019
12125:
12053:
12020:
11982:
11886:
11855:
11828:
11767:
11741:
11700:American Journal of Epidemiology
11665:American Journal of Epidemiology
11656:
11601:
11559:World Health O (December 2005).
11552:
11446:
11355:
11329:
11283:
11205:. 27 September 1918. p. 3.
11160:
11129:
11098:
11039:
10980:
10921:
10884:
10825:
10784:
10733:
10674:
10627:
10551:
10506:
10388:
10349:
10268:
10187:
10153:Cheng KF, Leung PC (July 2007).
10146:
10115:
10081:Cheng KF, Leung PC (July 2007).
10053:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2005.00080.x
9677:Valentine V (20 February 2006).
9639:
9457:
9302:
9272:. 125 Suppl 3 (Suppl 3): 16–26.
9227:
9204:
9155:
9132:
9087:
9063:10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00125.x
9038:
8989:
8966:
8945:
8927:"Influenza Checked in 25 States"
8919:
8835:
8809:
8783:
8757:
8731:
8705:
8679:
8653:
8627:
8519:
8435:
8409:
8383:
8357:
8331:
8305:
8249:
8169:
8075:
8035:
7995:
7955:
7931:10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00105.x
7913:Ho PL, Chow KH (November 2009).
7906:
7866:
7703:American Journal of Epidemiology
7690:
7639:
7615:10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00080.x
7559:10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00186.x
7534:
7458:
7309:
7287:(49): 2153–2209. December 1918.
7244:(48): 2093–2152. November 1918.
7226:
7104:from the original on 4 July 2020
7042:
7006:from the original on 4 July 2020
6959:
6869:. 125 Suppl 3 (Suppl 3): 82–91.
6854:
6815:10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00125.x
6483:Honigsbaum M (18 October 2016).
6024:] (in Japanese). 15 May 2020
5851:Landgrebe P (29 December 2018).
4943:, p. 27: "On May 21, 1918,
4841:10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00309.x
4608:Journal of Occupational Medicine
3892:American Journal of Epidemiology
3642:
3628:
3464:This enabled researchers at the
3368:
2916:problems with data reliability.
2764:Chinese Maritime Customs Service
2631:(killing 8% of the population),
2417:American Journal of Epidemiology
2223:
2209:
2193:
1819:in France has been theorized by
1742:
1660:
913:
857:unconcerned with appearances of
692:" is not yet linked to the same
373:2015 United States H5N2 outbreak
143:
22268:Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis
21565:List of epidemics and pandemics
21237:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
20437:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
19171:
18038:Journal of Applied Microbiology
17839:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
17672:. University of Toronto Press.
17641:. University of Toronto Press.
16221:Evolution of infectious disease
15667:
15346:Branswell H (5 December 2018).
15074:from the original on 2 May 2020
14613:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
13996:Journal of Applied Microbiology
13914:from the original on 1 May 2016
13782:Benedict & Braithwaite 2000
13371:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.06.051
13296:from the original on 5 May 2009
12688:from the original on 5 May 2020
12557:from the original on 6 May 2009
11455:Medicine, Conflict and Survival
10740:Lowen AC, Steel J (July 2014).
10020:from the original on 9 May 2021
9922:Hannoun C (1993). "La Grippe".
9367:Revue Scientifique et Technique
8973:Schmitt RC, Nordyke EC (1999).
8962:(Report). 1922 – via CDC.
8417:"British Prepare for Influenza"
6688:
6642:
6599:
6577:
6531:
6507:
6476:
6446:
6416:
6386:
6374:
6331:
6303:
6273:
6253:
6226:
6170:
6146:"Influenza pandemic of 1918–19"
6138:
6108:
6082:
6040:
6004:
5974:
5844:
5628:
5583:Spinney L (29 September 2018).
5533:
5511:
5439:
5409:
5381:
5353:
5321:
5226:
5205:
5086:
5051:
5032:[The three-day fever].
5021:
4993:
4970:[The three-day fever].
4959:
4934:
4872:Storey, C (21 September 2020).
4816:
4769:
4733:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
4626:
4595:
4560:
4518:
4503:
4470:
4458:
4429:
4417:
4358:
4309:
4298:. April 1999. pp. 38, 41.
4238:
4171:
4096:Gagnon, Miller & et al 2013
3714:
3705:
3042:Comparison with other pandemics
2451:India's British-ruled districts
2094:
2038:US Army symptomology of the flu
1313:and Camp Devens (later renamed
1263:Deadly second wave of late 1918
952:), after a popular song from a
619:framing in July 1918, using an
21060:Austria-Hungary against Serbia
20919:Deportations from East Prussia
20716:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
17452:(inactive 12 September 2024).
17152:Zhuang W, Liu J, Li W (2010).
16862:(8): 1203, author reply 1203.
16172:Journal of Molecular Evolution
16131:Dionne KY, Turkmen FF (2020).
15124:Jordan D, Tumpey T, Jester B.
15040:. Center for Disease Control.
14939:"Chapter Two: Avian Influenza"
13846:Hansen L (24 September 2006).
13170:Journal of Medical Informatics
12952:"Colonial Annual Report", 1919
12629:Wishart S (July–August 2018).
12391:. 5 March 2018. Archived from
11862:Sreevatsan A (12 March 2020).
11547:Taubenberger & Morens 2006
11535:Taubenberger & Morens 2006
11105:Blakemore E (3 October 2020).
10356:Fogarty International Center.
8719:. 21 January 1920. pp. A2
8661:"Influenza Spreads in Chicago"
8641:. 28 September 1919. p. 5
8371:. 14 September 1919. p. 4
8267:(33): 1823–1926. August 1919.
8093:(33): 1823–1926. August 1919.
8053:(35): 1969–2012. August 1919.
8013:(31): 1673–1742. August 1919.
7884:(34): 1927–1968. August 1919.
7832:Curson P, McCracken K (2006).
6651:The American Historical Review
6606:Sheidlower N (17 March 2020).
6280:Afkhami AA (5 February 2019).
5935:source of irritation in Spain.
5546:American College of Physicians
5416:Arnold C (13 September 2018).
4966:Alfeirán X (7 December 2015).
4918:. 14 January 1899. p. 6 col. 6
3993:
3967:
3932:
3832:
3827:Taubenberger & Morens 2006
3484:In December 2008, research by
3470:Mount Sinai School of Medicine
3447:Mount Sinai School of Medicine
2867:
2771:other cities in Asia, such as
2699:
2344:and worried about mass panic.
2137:The role of climate conditions
1079:
1027:
770:in the practice of making new
558:
28:Influenza A virus subtype H1N1
1:
21593:
20971:Ukrainian Canadian internment
18923:Russian flu (1889–1890)
18348:
17851:10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00185-8
15934:"The 1918 Influenza Pandemic"
15398:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)56229-7
15093:Kolata G (16 February 1999).
14625:10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70121-4
14397:Archives of Internal Medicine
13973:10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00254-2
13705:Fottrell Q (25 August 2020).
13423:. University of Oxford JISC.
13359:Social Science & Medicine
12551:"Viruses of mass destruction"
11948:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69895-4
11467:10.1080/13623699.2018.1472892
10906:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.007
10518:National Institutes of Health
9949:Vergano D (24 January 2014).
9822:10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.06.035
9108:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.02.048
8933:. 8 February 1920. p. 15
8849:. 22 January 1920. p. 16
8797:. 21 January 1920. p. 32
8771:. 21 January 1920. p. 32
8745:. 18 January 1920. p. 14
8693:. 17 January 1920. p. 11
8507:. 28 January 1920. p. 10
8449:. 28 December 1919. p. 6
8423:. 30 October 1919. p. 17
7476:(8): 313–376. February 1919.
6931:(in Turkish). 23 April 2020.
6456:War, Peace, and All that Jazz
6312:Archives of Internal Medicine
6235:"Influenza Pandemic (Africa)"
6233:Phillips H (8 October 2014).
6122:. 22 May 2018. Archived from
5620:: CS1 maint: date and year (
5540:Anderson S (29 August 2006).
5466:– via web.archive.org.
5304:Porras-Gallo & Davis 2014
4790:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31360-6
4746:10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30114-8
4689:10.1080/21645515.2019.1607711
4543:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)56229-7
4383:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61145-4
4178:Marshall L (9 October 2023).
3939:Rosenwald MS (7 April 2020).
3779:National Institutes of Health
3741:
2995:In literature and other media
2438:
2018:, who, while playing for the
1379:Armistice of 11 November 1918
1361:, and then spread throughout
1208:American Expeditionary Forces
21126:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement
20425:Estonian War of Independence
20093:Southern Palestine offensive
17997:Phillips H (November 2020).
17794:Noymer A, Garenne M (2000).
17301:Emerging Infectious Diseases
17102:Clinical Infectious Diseases
16964:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
16856:Clinical Infectious Diseases
16345:"Spanish Flu Pandemic: 1918"
16267:10.1371/journal.pone.0069586
15913:. New York: Viking. p.
15907:"The Year of the Killer Flu"
15780:Afkhami A (29 March 2012) .
14808:Clinical Infectious Diseases
14715:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3182a67448
14665:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000442
14575:10.1371/journal.pone.0021828
14151:Emerging Infectious Diseases
13611:Journal of Political Economy
13201:Historical Research in Auhui
12835:Emerging Infectious Diseases
12744:Phillips H (10 March 2020).
12271:National Museum of Australia
11990:"Historiallisia Papereita 1"
11610:"H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu)"
11136:Kent L (28 September 2020).
11014:10.1371/journal.pone.0049002
10810:10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.10.027
9653:(in French). 16 January 2019
9168:Emerging Infectious Diseases
8985:: 101–117 – via eVols.
8907:. 27 January 1920. p. 1
8878:. 25 January 1920. p. 2
8823:. 23 January 1920. p. 2
8667:. 15 January 1920. p. 1
8533:. 26 January 1920. p. 5
8478:. 10 January 1920. p. 3
8225:Najera RF (2 January 2019).
8133:Emerging Infectious Diseases
7381:Epidemic Influenza: A Survey
7049:Kenner R (18 January 2010).
6321:American Medical Association
5767:: Friedrich Ebert Foundation
5659:Radusin M (September 2012).
5648:(19): 1594. 9 November 1918.
5591:. Science & technology.
5485:Clinical Infectious Diseases
5446:Daniels R (29 April 2018) .
5030:"La fiebre de los tres días"
4968:"La fiebre de los tres días"
4633:Getz D (19 September 2017).
4567:Radusin M (September 2012).
4480:Sierra Leone and World War 1
3746:
3698:
3545:Sex differences in mortality
2926:Journal of Political Economy
2532:village communities died in
2375:
2179:
2068:in the skin also occurred".
1773:haemagglutinin glycoproteins
1272:American Expeditionary Force
946:), or the 'Naples Soldier' (
7:
21080:USA against Austria-Hungary
20479:Turkish War of Independence
20431:Latvian War of Independence
20156:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
19747:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
17909:Pettit D, Janice B (2008).
17438:Cultural and Social History
17360:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.003
17096:Starko KM (November 2009).
16637:"1: The Story of Influenza"
13874:Corrigan M (20 July 2020).
12060:Fitri E (28 October 2009).
11167:Powell A (5 October 2020).
10899:. 27 Suppl 3 (s3): C9–C14.
9767:Connor S (8 January 2000).
8979:Hawaiian Journal of History
8443:"GRIP IS EPIDEMIC IN JAPAN"
8397:. 19 August 1919. p. 4
8345:. 27 August 1919. p. 9
8319:. 15 August 1919. p. 6
7973:(22): 1171–1241. May 1919.
7513:United States Census Bureau
7437:American Journal of Hygiene
6769:United States Census Bureau
6459:. Oxford University Press.
6177:Chodosh S (18 March 2020).
5759:[The Spanish Flu].
5183:"Pandemie – Welt im Fieber"
4602:McCord CP (November 1966).
4066:Mayer J (29 January 2019).
3621:
3388:
3003:US comic published in 1922.
2895:
2671:Persian famine of 1917–1919
2270:to treat the virus, and no
2200:Coromandel Hospital Board (
1941:Chinese Medical Association
1857:Chinese Medical Association
1684:otherwise notable outbreaks
1234:. After the signing of the
1191:to warn the editors of the
1154:
1073:
766:Many alternative names are
228:Seasonal flu vaccine brands
10:
22657:
22378:2024 Latin American dengue
22158:Western African meningitis
21972:Pacific Northwest smallpox
21163:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
20711:1899–1923 cholera pandemic
20171:Second Battle of the Marne
20058:Second battle of the Aisne
19927:Second Battle of Champagne
19768:German invasion of Belgium
18698:Transmission and infection
18032:Potter CW (October 2001).
17969:Social History of Medicine
17725:Scottish Historical Review
16889:. Trenton: Red Sea Press.
16744:Madhav N (February 2013).
16293:Fox M (29 December 2008).
16137:International Organization
15448:Sawchuk LA (August 2009).
14215:. 5 May 2011. p. 37.
13176:(1): 47–50. Archived from
13131:. Routledge. p. 105.
12887:Epidemiology and Infection
12191:Radusin M (October 2012).
11651:Johnson & Mueller 2002
10934:Royal Society Open Science
10305:Illing S (20 March 2020).
10172:10.1016/j.ijid.2006.07.009
10100:10.1016/j.ijid.2006.07.009
9882:10.1016/j.jcma.2015.08.009
9863:Shanks GD (January 2016).
9278:10.1177/00333549101250S305
8687:"525 NEW CASES IN CHICAGO"
8635:"300 "FLU" CASES REPORTED"
8561:Epidemiology and Infection
7757:Social History of Medicine
7751:Holbrook C (August 2022).
6875:10.1177/00333549101250S311
6453:Hakim J (September 2002).
6429:content.lib.washington.edu
6266:. H.M. Stationery Office.
5914:O'Reilly T (13 May 2020).
5794:Cotter C (23 April 2020).
5239:Gaillard's Medical Journal
5028:Calleja S (29 July 2021).
3658:1918 flu pandemic in India
3392:
3131:million) or >56% (>1
2862:
2536:. In Canada, 50,000 died.
2423:Estimates done in 2021 by
2379:
1949:Epidemiology and pathology
1403:1918 flu pandemic in India
1193:U.S. Public Health Service
1149:
1004:by calling it 'sumo flu' (
977:, white men also used the
363:2007 Bernard Matthews H5N1
100:February 1918 – April 1920
25:
18:
22402:
22078:
21999:
21984:Buenos Aires yellow fever
21904:
21895:
21882:Philadelphia yellow fever
21852:Great Plague of Marseille
21846:Great Northern War plague
21840:Iceland smallpox epidemic
21832:
21753:
21698:
21687:
21624:
21580:
21573:
21560:
21504:Social history of viruses
21486:
21445:
21389:
21323:
21269:
21228:
21149:
21088:
21050:
20994:
20983:
20944:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
20887:
20859:
20807:
20729:
20703:
20655:
20548:
20541:
20473:Irish War of Independence
20369:
20251:
20216:Armistice of Villa Giusti
20201:Battle of Vittorio Veneto
20126:
20028:
19955:
19856:
19813:First Battle of the Marne
19760:
19722:
19657:
19648:
19591:
19465:
19454:
19420:
19392:
19354:
19306:
19259:
19252:
19179:
19113:
19060:
19035:
18997:
18990:
18978:Central Luzon H5N6 (2017)
18956:
18918:Influenza pandemic (1557)
18913:Influenza pandemic (1510)
18903:
18892:
18855:
18780:
18771:
18751:
18742:
18685:
18649:
18640:
18620:
18592:
18583:
18438:
18402:
18356:
18261:, the predecessor of the
18203:
18130:10.1017/S0145553200013432
18016:10.1017/S1740022820000315
18003:Journal of Global History
17737:10.3366/shr.2004.83.2.216
17560:10.1017/S1740022820000261
17547:Journal of Global History
17450:10.1191/1478003806cs070ra
16995:– via Google Books.
16955:– via Google Books.
16739:– via Google Books.
16484:10.1007/s12080-011-0123-3
16457:– via Google Books.
16343:Galvin J (31 July 2007).
16192:10.1007/s00239-009-9282-x
16150:10.1017/S0020818320000405
16107:– via Google Books.
16074:– via Google Books.
15999:10.1007/s13524-012-0116-x
14856:World Health Organization
14751:World Health Organization
14448:10.1007/s00430-009-0118-5
13902:Meyer R (29 April 2016).
13527:SSRN Working Paper Series
12899:10.1017/S0950268812000866
12631:"How the 1918 flu spread"
11994:historiallinenyhdistys.fi
11849:10.1017/S0080440119000082
10468:Frontiers in Microbiology
9162:Hsieh YH (October 2009).
9045:Erkoreka A (March 2010).
8817:"SPREADS IN OTHER CITIES"
8573:10.1017/S0950268809002088
8505:The Sydney Morning Herald
7149:10.1017/S1740022820000261
7136:Journal of Global History
6994:Flynn M (12 March 2020).
6797:Erkoreka A (March 2010).
6746:Patterson & Pyle 1991
6393:Cross A (29 March 2020).
6120:World Health Organization
6077:Dionne & Turkmen 2020
6013:余録:「春のさきぶれ」といえば何か聞こえが良いが…
5127:Hoppe T (November 2018).
4879:Arkansas Democrat-Gazette
4335:10.1007/s00430-009-0118-5
4295:World Health Organization
3848:World Health Organization
3693:List of Spanish flu cases
3517:2009 flu pandemic vaccine
3361:
3299:11–21% (0.7–1.4 billion)
2946:
2720:also reported no deaths.
2382:List of Spanish flu cases
2326:Information dissemination
2174:cloud condensation nuclei
2145:Poster with the slogan: "
1972:basic reproduction number
1954:Transmission and mutation
1894:and from there spread to
1778:
1381:also caused outbreaks in
1359:North Russia intervention
1117:popular in 1918. It is a
1020:by no longer associating
1014:World Health Organization
124:
114:
104:
96:
88:
77:
67:
42:
37:
22548:Mpox (clade Ib) epidemic
22542:Mpox (clade II) outbreak
22502:Seventh cholera pandemic
21096:Constantinople Agreement
20389:Armenian–Azerbaijani War
20252:Co-belligerent conflicts
20221:Second Romanian campaign
20191:Third Transjordan attack
19902:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
19808:Battle of Grand Couronné
19020:2007 Australian outbreak
18257:) produced by Britain's
18034:"A history of influenza"
16583:10.1177/0968344513504525
16027:Epidemic and Peace, 1918
15784:. In Yarshater E (ed.).
15199:Kobasa & et al. 2007
15013:Vana & Westover 2008
14989:Taubenberger et al. 2005
14858:(WHO). 6 November 2018.
14747:"WHO Europe – Influenza"
14056:10.1186/1471-2334-14-480
13660:. Working Paper Series.
11792:10.1136/bmj.321.7265.852
11774:Mayor S (October 2000).
10546:Taubenberger et al. 2001
10481:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01041
9539:10.3390/pathogens5040066
8607:Vaughan WT (July 1921).
8339:"AT ISSUE WITH COPELAND"
7665:10.1186/1471-2334-14-371
7430:Vaughan WT (July 1921).
7334:10.2105/AJPH.2020.305969
6861:Byerly CR (April 2010).
6433:University of Washington
6151:Encyclopaedia Britannica
6033:
6017:
6012:
5947:Takon L (7 April 2020).
5145:10.2105/AJPH.2018.304645
5000:McClure J (1 May 2009).
4511:Sierra Leone Weekly News
3974:CDC (17 December 2019).
3541:origin of the pathogen.
2846:A study conducted by He
2185:Public health management
1881:
1864:published data from the
1567:Illustrated Current News
1160:First wave of early 1918
609:Sierra Leone Weekly News
462:Great Influenza epidemic
22460:Fourth cholera pandemic
22442:Second cholera pandemic
22288:Équateur province Ebola
21876:North American smallpox
21791:Great Plague of Seville
21159:Modus vivendi of Acroma
21111:Bulgaria–Germany treaty
20419:Greater Poland Uprising
20319:National Protection War
20196:Meuse–Argonne offensive
20146:German spring offensive
20141:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
19917:Siege of Novogeorgievsk
19892:Second Battle of Artois
19773:Battle of the Frontiers
18807:Neuraminidase inhibitor
18296:1918-1920 flu pandemic
18251:public information film
16960:Price-Smith AT (2008).
14852:"Influenza: Fact sheet"
14043:BMC Infectious Diseases
13586:Kemp J (7 April 2020).
12197:Vojnosanitetski Pregled
11389:10.1073/pnas.0611071104
11073:10.1126/science.aam9712
10859:10.1073/pnas.1601942113
10797:Veterinary Microbiology
10708:10.1073/pnas.1411030112
9002:Medical Science Monitor
8960:US Bureau of the Census
8476:The Honolulu Advertiser
7652:BMC Infectious Diseases
7201:10.1073/pnas.0611071104
5665:Vojnosanitetski Pregled
5235:"Editorials: La Grippe"
4573:Vojnosanitetski Pregled
4365:Mermel LA (June 2009).
3900:Oxford University Press
3664:2009 swine flu pandemic
3490:University of Wisconsin
3277:2009 swine flu pandemic
2938:encephalitis lethargica
2854:. (2013) used a simple
2746:-controlled Hong Kong,
2645:occupied by New Zealand
2024:1919 Stanley Cup Finals
1236:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
1076:(disease of the wind).
1057:
737:fiebre de los tres días
547:; the others being the
378:2020–2022 H5N8 outbreak
110:500 million (estimated)
22641:1920 disease outbreaks
22636:1919 disease outbreaks
22631:1918 disease outbreaks
22626:20th-century epidemics
22478:Sixth cholera pandemic
22466:Fifth cholera pandemic
22448:Third cholera pandemic
22436:First cholera pandemic
22418:Second plague pandemic
21978:Barcelona yellow fever
21823:Great Plague of Vienna
21809:Great Plague of London
21779:Massachusetts smallpox
21184:Paris Peace Conference
21172:Ukraine–Central Powers
20966:Massacres of Albanians
20934:Late Ottoman genocides
20741:Bulgarian occupations
20449:Third Anglo-Afghan War
20413:Hungarian–Romanian War
20231:Naval Victory Bulletin
20226:Armistice with Germany
20176:Hundred Days Offensive
20103:Battle of La Malmaison
20053:Second battle of Arras
20020:Battle of Transylvania
19874:Second Battle of Ypres
19742:Sarajevo assassination
19631:South African Republic
19121:Influenza-like illness
18790:Adamantane derivatives
18313:University of Michigan
18259:Local Government Board
18176:10.1073/pnas.212519699
18118:Social Science History
17483:Beiner G, ed. (2022),
17313:10.3201/eid1201.050979
17219:10.1098/rstb.2001.1020
16554:. Palgrave Macmillan.
16525:10.1098/rspb.2013.1345
16318:Fox M (16 June 2010).
16085:. Palgrave Macmillan.
14163:10.3201/eid1201.050979
12847:10.3201/eid1201.051370
12635:New Zealand Geographic
12243:Parliament of Victoria
10395:Joyce G (March 2020).
9733:10.1098/rstb.2001.1012
9379:10.20506/rst.28.1.1879
9180:10.3201/eid1510.080811
8145:10.3201/eid2011.130632
6423:University Libraries.
5397:. London. 28 June 1918
5369:. London. 25 June 1918
5329:"The Spanish Epidemic"
3730:
3726:The Song of Forgetting
3586:nutritional deficiency
3579:Island of Newfoundland
3427:
3404:
3145:2–3%, or ~4%, or ~10%
3021:The Last Town on Earth
3015:Pale Horse, Pale Rider
3004:
2960:
2908:
2801:
2728:
2590:
2581:Devastated communities
2405:
2397:
2150:
2102:Haemophilus influenzae
2039:
2007:evolution of influenza
1967:
1812:
1795:
1761:Haskell County, Kansas
1612:
1569:
1418:
1371:Trans-Siberian railway
1290:
1279:
1172:
1147:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1065:
1049:
1041:
1022:culturally significant
1006:
982:
958:
948:
942:
920:
910:
834:
801:
763:
736:
722:, grasp), appeared in
719:
711:
657:, and just across the
647:influenza-like illness
633:
584:
545:H1N1 influenza A virus
458:1918–1920 flu pandemic
416:Vaccine reformulations
411:Influenza-like illness
358:2007 Australian equine
22454:Third plague pandemic
22412:First plague pandemic
22206:Western African Ebola
22116:Chikungunya outbreaks
22068:Malaysian Nipah virus
21936:Great Plains smallpox
21194:Treaty of St. Germain
21167:Russia–Central Powers
21121:Sykes–Picot Agreement
20949:Pontic Greek genocide
20924:Destruction of Kalisz
20900:Eastern Mediterranean
20461:Polish–Lithuanian War
20243:Armistice of Belgrade
20206:Armistice of Salonica
20136:Operation Faustschlag
20083:Third Battle of Oituz
20005:Baranovichi offensive
19973:Lake Naroch offensive
19947:Battle of Robat Karim
19922:Vistula–Bug offensive
19897:Battles of the Isonzo
19828:First Battle of Ypres
18971:1989–1990 UK outbreak
18933:Asian flu (1957-1958)
18246:Dr. Wise on Influenza
17951:10.3138/cbmh.21.1.121
17668:Humphries MO (2013).
17599:. Henry Holt and Co.
17162:Frontiers in Medicine
16612:10.1353/bhm.2002.0022
16550:Honigsbaum M (2008).
16402:(29 September 1997).
15851:10.1186/1479-5876-2-3
15744:10.1353/bhm.2003.0049
15423:World War 1 Centenary
15168:10.1128/mBio.00201-12
14943:Influenza Report 2006
14937:Harder TC, Ortrud W.
14886:The Malaysian Insider
14345:10.1353/bhm.2002.0022
13421:World War I Centenary
10520:. 23 September 2015.
9683:National Public Radio
9433:10.1128/mBio.01013-15
9270:Public Health Reports
9234:Linnanmäki E (2005).
8843:"TOPICS OF THE TIMES"
8261:Public Health Reports
8087:Public Health Reports
8047:Public Health Reports
8007:Public Health Reports
7967:Public Health Reports
7878:Public Health Reports
7470:Public Health Reports
7281:Public Health Reports
7238:Public Health Reports
6867:Public Health Reports
5924:. Under the Influence
5741:La canción del olvido
5716:10.37201/req/049.2020
5337:. London. 2 June 1918
4527:"Purulent Bronchitis"
3731:La canción del olvido
3531:University of Arizona
3422:
3402:
3351:290,000–650,000/year
3027:The Pull of the Stars
3010:Katherine Anne Porter
3002:
2954:
2903:
2892:test these theories.
2799:
2726:
2588:
2403:
2394:
2144:
2066:petechial hemorrhages
2037:
1961:
1801:
1786:
1769:phylogenetic analyses
1603:
1564:
1416:
1285:
1270:
1197:Public Health Reports
1167:
1135:
900:
888:The Serbian Newspaper
853:nations. Spain was a
793:
751:
591:of alternative names
566:
303:1889-1890 Russian flu
22616:Spanish flu pandemic
22514:Russian flu pandemic
22256:Angolan yellow fever
22007:San Francisco plague
21960:Broad Street cholera
21858:Great Plague of 1738
21499:Smallpox eradication
21437:Israel Jacob Kligler
21189:Treaty of Versailles
20905:Mount Lebanon famine
20820:in the United States
20788:Russian occupations
20502:Turkish–Armenian War
20443:Polish–Ukrainian War
20383:Ukrainian–Soviet War
20330:Central Asian Revolt
20113:Armistice of Focșani
19843:Battle of Sarikamish
19793:Battle of Tannenberg
19189:Military engagements
18938:Hong Kong flu (1968)
18730:Pandemic preparation
18234:Cambridge University
17712:Popolazione e Storia
16885:Pankhurst R (1991).
16833:Morrisey CR (1986).
16799:10.1029/2020GH000277
16784:(9): e2020GH000277.
16116:. CUP. p. 247.
15786:Encyclopædia Iranica
14945:. published online.
13814:Smithsonian Magazine
13545:10.2139/ssrn.3561560
13495:World Economic Forum
13219:Simonsen et al. 1998
12938:Ryan J, ed. (2009).
12266:"Influenza pandemic"
11203:The Washington Times
10759:10.1128/JVI.03544-13
9775:. UK. Archived from
9327:10.1056/NEJMp0904819
8501:"INFLUENZA IN JAPAN"
8313:"WARNS OF INFLUENZA"
7515:. 1921. p. 30.
7098:"Epidemic Influenza"
7061:Season 10. Episode 5
6771:. 1920. p. 28.
6659:10.1086/ahr/57.3.709
6517:(4 September 1932).
6399:Global News (Canada)
5957:Macquarie University
5888:(English ed.).
5215:A System of Medicine
5212:Reynolds JR (1866).
4784:(10139): 2492–2495.
4485:University of London
4138:10.1029/2020GH000277
4123:(9): e2020GH000277.
4042:. pp. 397–398.
3851:. 2013. p. 25.
3512:many decades after.
3510:immunological memory
3395:Spanish flu research
3314:Typical seasonal flu
3083:Reproduction number
2928:found that "cohorts
2924:A 2006 study in the
2792:Patterns of fatality
2366:releasing poison gas
2308:traditional medicine
1964:war effort in Europe
1611:Municipal Auditorium
1575:U.S. Surgeon General
1297:, Massachusetts and
1195:'s academic journal
1142:I opened the window,
1138:I had a little bird,
869:; so its newspapers
460:, also known as the
22420:(1348–19th century)
22348:New Zealand measles
22176:Darfur yellow fever
22019:LA pneumonic plague
21636:Plague of Justinian
21324:Individual diseases
21317:infectious diseases
21256:They shall not pass
21179:Treaty of Bucharest
21136:Treaty of Bucharest
21075:USA against Germany
21052:Declarations of war
20756:German occupations
20669:British casualties
20528:Soviet–Georgian War
20455:Egyptian Revolution
20395:Armeno-Georgian War
20259:Somaliland campaign
20211:Armistice of Mudros
20088:Battle of Caporetto
20078:Battle of Mărășești
20048:Zimmermann telegram
20043:February Revolution
19988:Battle of the Somme
19912:Bug-Narew Offensive
19887:Battle of Gallipoli
19879:Sinking of the RMS
19671:Scramble for Africa
19665:Franco-Prussian War
19321:Sinai and Palestine
18240:on 27 October 2021.
18167:2002PNAS...9913849T
18161:(21): 13849–13854.
17507:. New York: Atria.
17381:Pediatric Neurology
17352:2008MolPE..47.1100V
17271:10.1038/nature04230
17262:2005Natur.437..889T
17213:(1416): 1829–1839.
17073:. London: Vintage.
16979:Qureshi AI (2016).
16962:Contagion and Chaos
16790:2020GHeal...4..277M
16687:10.1038/nature05495
16678:2007Natur.445..319K
16476:2011ThEco...4..283H
16464:Theoretical Ecology
16258:2013PLoSO...869586G
16184:2009JMolE..69..333D
15953:Bristow NK (2012).
15932:Billings M (1997).
15702:10.1038/nature04824
15693:2006Natur.440E...9A
15279:10.1038/nature07231
15271:2008Natur.455..532Y
14820:10.1093/cid/cix1060
14566:2011PLoSO...621828K
14114:10.1038/nature03063
14106:2004Natur.432..904M
12459:. 19 October 2005.
11693:"The Authors Reply"
11380:2007PNAS..104.7588B
11343:. 20 September 2021
11111:The Washington Post
11064:2018Sci...359..466T
11005:2012PLoSO...749002T
10955:10.1098/rsos.150633
10946:2016RSOS....350633B
10850:2016PNAS..113.8496F
10746:Journal of Virology
10699:2015PNAS..112..827F
10639:www.historylink.org
10548:, pp. 1829–39.
10220:10.1038/nature03063
10212:2004Natur.432..904M
10128:National Geographic
9956:National Geographic
9607:10.1093/emph/eoz001
9014:10.12659/MSM.906280
7816:University of Otago
7769:10.1093/shm/hkac005
7404:. 9 February 1919.
7192:2007PNAS..104.7588B
7056:American Experience
7000:The Washington Post
6968:The Great Influenza
6208:Mueller JW (1998).
6079:, pp. 213–230.
5981:Phillips H (1990).
5529:on 27 January 2010.
5523:Channel 4 News
5519:"Spanish flu facts"
4948:The following day,
4910:"Grippe is not new"
4377:(9681): 2108–2109.
4129:2020GHeal...4..277M
3948:The Washington Post
3478:Macaca fascicularis
3064:
3030:is a 2020 novel by
2559:Emperor of Ethiopia
2411:deadliest pandemics
2337:Corriere della Sera
2322:were also applied.
2167:, in Turkey, where
2160:University of Maine
2077:secondary infection
2073:bacterial pneumonia
2049:heliotrope cyanosis
2045:bacterial pneumonia
1723:emerged, sparked a
1618:Territory of Hawaii
1557:Fourth wave of 1920
1525:Southern Hemisphere
1423:Northern Hemisphere
1115:skipping-rope rhyme
909:, 28 September 1918
865:machine to prop up
786:'Spanish' influenza
772:infectious diseases
401:Influenza evolution
313:1957-1958 Asian flu
21:The Great Influenza
22430:Influenza pandemic
22424:Influenza pandemic
22372:Bangsamoro measles
22354:Singaporean dengue
22318:Pacific NW measles
22312:Philippine measles
22300:Madagascar measles
22282:Kerala Nipah virus
22275:Saudi Arabian MERS
22188:Singaporean dengue
22134:Zimbabwean cholera
22104:Singaporean dengue
21948:Copenhagen cholera
21930:Groningen epidemic
21724:Influenza pandemic
21706:Influenza pandemic
21216:Treaty of Lausanne
21131:Paris Economy Pact
21065:UK against Germany
20995:Entry into the war
20961:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
20680:Ottoman casualties
20490:Franco-Turkish War
20370:Post-War conflicts
20354:Russian Revolution
20336:Invasion of Darfur
20301:Kelantan rebellion
20289:Kurdish rebellions
20265:Mexican Revolution
20098:October Revolution
20063:Kerensky offensive
20038:Capture of Baghdad
20015:Monastir offensive
20000:Brusilov offensive
19838:Battle of Kolubara
19677:Russo-Japanese War
18928:Spanish flu (1918)
18847:Baloxavir marboxil
18672:West Bengal (2008)
18607:1977 (Russian flu)
18602:1918 (Spanish flu)
18293:has a profile for
18263:Ministry of Health
17981:10.1093/shm/hku066
17932:Philips H (2010).
17868:"Who's that lady?"
17706:Johnson N (2003).
17687:Johnson N (2006).
17576:Collier R (1974).
17522:Byerly CR (2005).
17147:on 9 January 2021.
17133:(3 October 2009).
17069:Spinney L (2018).
16985:. Academic Press.
16519:(1766): 20131345.
16370:Garret TA (2007).
16046:Crosby AW (2003).
16023:Crosby AW (1976).
15814:. Viking Penguin.
15726:Afkhami A (2003).
15629:10.1002/ajhb.22713
15570:10.1002/ajhb.23198
15466:10.1002/ajpa.21022
15407:on 26 August 2019.
15099:The New York Times
14892:on 20 October 2009
14753:(WHO). June 2009.
14261:10.1093/aje/kwy191
13967:(25–26): 3068–87.
13796:, pp. 320–22.
13717:on 24 August 2020.
13347:, pp. 183–84.
13328:, pp. 180–82.
13231:Hanssen O (1923).
12810:on 11 January 2015
12540:, pp. 167–69.
12158:Rice G, Bryder L.
12072:on 2 November 2009
11712:10.1093/aje/kwz041
11677:10.1093/aje/kwz044
11574:(49–50): 428–431.
11443:, pp. 111–12.
11431:, pp. 109–10.
11290:Segrave K (2024).
9963:on 26 January 2014
8931:The New York Times
8905:The New York Times
8876:The New York Times
8847:The New York Times
8821:The New York Times
8795:The New York Times
8769:The New York Times
8743:The New York Times
8691:The New York Times
8665:The New York Times
8639:The New York Times
8447:The New York Times
8421:The New York Times
8369:The New York Times
8343:The New York Times
8317:The New York Times
7715:10.1093/aje/kwy164
7378:Jordan EO (1927).
6701:The New York Times
6524:The New York Times
5855:. History Campus.
5841:, pp. 103–36.
5757:"Spanische Grippe"
5422:Lapham's Quarterly
5418:"Eat More Onions!"
5069:] (in Spanish)
4915:Los Angeles Herald
3908:10.1093/aje/kwy191
3502:Hemagglutinin (HA)
3428:
3405:
3093:Case fatality rate
3062:
3005:
2961:
2909:
2802:
2729:
2690:British Somaliland
2591:
2568:The death toll in
2406:
2398:
2165:Gallipoli campaign
2156:Harvard University
2151:
2127:October Revolution
2040:
2030:Signs and symptoms
2020:Montreal Canadiens
1968:
1862:Andrew Price-Smith
1813:
1796:
1613:
1605:American Red Cross
1570:
1419:
1409:Third wave of 1919
1291:
1280:
1173:
1140:its name was Enza.
949:Soldado de Nápoles
911:
863:wartime propaganda
802:
776:1889–1890 pandemic
764:
585:
473:influenza pandemic
406:Influenza research
318:1968 Hong Kong flu
253:Baloxavir marboxil
22557:
22556:
22398:
22397:
22394:
22393:
22330:Kuala Koh measles
22244:South Korean MERS
22232:Polio declaration
22220:Madagascar plague
22152:Gujarat hepatitis
22140:Madagascar plague
22092:Midwest monkeypox
22043:Yugoslav smallpox
22013:Manchurian plague
21954:Stockholm cholera
21891:
21890:
21678:Sweating sickness
21666:Japanese smallpox
21615:Plague of Cyprian
21554:disease outbreaks
21512:
21511:
21473:COVID-19 pandemic
21467:HIV/AIDS pandemic
21397:Alexander Fleming
21282:
21281:
21265:
21264:
21249:The Golden Virgin
21243:Mutilated victory
21224:
21223:
21204:Treaty of Trianon
21199:Treaty of Neuilly
21106:Damascus Protocol
20979:
20978:
20939:Armenian genocide
20896:Allied blockades
20868:Belgian refugees
20651:
20650:
20561:Strategic bombing
20537:
20536:
20522:Franco-Syrian War
20496:Greco-Turkish War
20484:Anglo-Turkish War
20467:Polish–Soviet War
20401:German Revolution
20377:Russian Civil War
20360:Finnish Civil War
20186:Battle of Megiddo
20161:Battle of Goychay
20108:Battle of Cambrai
20068:Battle of Mărăști
19983:Battle of Jutland
19963:Erzurum offensive
19818:Siege of Przemyśl
19798:Siege of Tsingtao
19783:Battle of Galicia
19713:Second Balkan War
19701:Italo-Turkish War
19658:Pre-War conflicts
19644:
19643:
19534:Portuguese Empire
19450:
19449:
19412:German New Guinea
19394:Asian and Pacific
19139:
19138:
19056:
19055:
18986:
18985:
18966:Fujian flu (H3N2)
18888:
18887:
18767:
18766:
18738:
18737:
18693:Genetic structure
18636:
18635:
18440:Influenza A virus
18379:Genome sequencing
18299:
18083:(14): 2656–2662.
17924:978-0-9715428-2-2
17878:(12): 1351–1352.
17786:978-0-439-98837-7
17760:978-0-374-15706-7
17698:978-0-415-36560-4
17679:978-1-4426-1044-6
17648:978-0-8020-8748-5
17635:Duncan K (2003).
17595:Davis KC (2018).
17587:978-0-689-10592-0
17514:978-1-5011-8124-5
17256:(7060): 889–893.
17080:978-1-78470-240-3
17014:978-1-877257-35-3
16992:978-0-12-804242-7
16971:978-0-262-66203-1
16940:978-1-58046-496-3
16896:978-0-932415-45-5
16724:978-0-8160-6935-4
16672:(7125): 319–323.
16561:978-0-230-21774-4
16442:978-0-8135-2528-0
16350:Popular Mechanics
16232:978-0-19-506058-4
16217:Ewald PW (1994).
16143:(S1): E213–E230.
16123:978-0-521-00354-4
16092:978-1-137-33921-8
16079:Davis RA (2013).
16059:978-0-521-54175-6
16038:978-0-8371-8376-3
15964:978-0-19-023855-1
15957:. New York: OUP.
15924:978-0-670-88883-2
15832:(January 2004b).
15821:978-0-670-89473-4
15265:(7212): 532–536.
14814:(10): 1511–1518.
14783:. 28 October 2019
14495:10.1136/bmj.b5213
14381:Los Angeles Times
14255:(12): 2561–2567.
13940:. 25 October 2022
13138:978-1-134-56640-2
13081:Iijima W (1998).
13058:Iijima W (1998).
13032:978-1-134-56640-2
12993:978-1-134-56640-2
12595:. 27 October 2021
12494:Marcus H (1996).
12365:. 28 March 1995.
12169:978-1-927145-91-3
12066:The Jakarta Globe
12038:978-91-554-2587-6
11900:. 15 April 2020.
11374:(18): 7588–7593.
11303:978-1-4766-9449-8
11280:, pp. 87–88.
11263:, pp. 83–84.
11058:(6374): 466–469.
10844:(30): 8496–8501.
10752:(14): 7692–7695.
10437:, pp. 45–47.
10280:The History Press
10206:(7019): 904–906.
10013:978-1-134-56640-2
9711:(December 2001).
9174:(10): 1617–1619.
8194:10.1111/irv.12619
8139:(11): 1803–1811.
7709:(12): 2541–2549.
7447:978-0-598-84038-7
7401:Los Angeles Times
7186:(18): 7588–7593.
6966:Barry JM (2005).
6612:Untapped New York
6496:978-0-230-23921-0
6466:978-0-19-515335-4
6293:978-1-4214-2722-5
5994:978-0-7970-1580-7
5755:Müller S (2020).
5278:978-1-250-14512-3
5265:Davis KC (2018).
5139:(11): 1462–1464.
5106:978-1-134-56640-2
5007:York Daily Record
4972:La Voz de Galicia
4646:978-1-250-13909-2
4098:, p. e69586.
4049:978-0-14-303649-4
3787:10.1111/irv.12217
3688:List of epidemics
3676:COVID-19 pandemic
3486:Yoshihiro Kawaoka
3383:
3382:
3098:Pandemic severity
3089:Deaths worldwide
3055:COVID-19 pandemic
3036:COVID-19 pandemic
2934:transfer payments
2920:Long-term effects
2830:African Americans
2826:Italian Americans
2811:immunocompromised
2652:John Martin Poyer
2643:, which had been
2606:indigenous people
2472:Dutch East Indies
2266:As there were no
2262:Medical treatment
2244:Social distancing
1984:natural selection
1931:acquired immunity
1888:Pasteur Institute
1866:Austrian archives
1767:evidence through
1731:Potential origins
1505:Western Australia
1462:England and Wales
1441:, New York City,
1367:Russian Civil War
1144:and in-flu-enza.
1074:'nakhushi-yi bad'
794:Advertisement in
744:Associative names
641:Descriptive names
511:, but newspapers
481:influenza A virus
464:or by the common
454:
453:
131:
130:
22648:
22598:
22597:
22586:
22585:
22584:
22574:
22573:
22565:
22537:
22324:New York measles
22278:
22238:Indian swine flu
22226:Odisha hepatitis
22216:
22170:Pakistani dengue
22122:Pakistani dengue
22071:
22037:Wrocław smallpox
21990:Hong Kong plague
21924:Caragea's plague
21902:
21901:
21819:
21712:Mexican smallpox
21696:
21695:
21648:Plague of Sheroe
21603:Plague of Athens
21598:
21595:
21578:
21577:
21539:
21532:
21525:
21516:
21515:
21478:
21427:Ignaz Semmelweis
21402:Maurice Hilleman
21309:
21302:
21295:
21286:
21285:
21209:Treaty of Sèvres
21101:Treaty of London
20992:
20991:
20770:Northeast France
20701:
20700:
20673:Parliamentarians
20606:
20605:
20568:Chemical weapons
20546:
20545:
20307:Senussi campaign
20277:Muscat rebellion
20271:Maritz rebellion
20239:
20181:Vardar offensive
20010:Battle of Romani
19978:Battle of Asiago
19968:Battle of Verdun
19932:Kosovo offensive
19707:First Balkan War
19655:
19654:
19554:Russian Republic
19463:
19462:
19257:
19256:
19199:Economic history
19166:
19159:
19152:
19143:
19142:
19070:Acute bronchitis
18995:
18994:
18948:Swine flu (2009)
18943:1977 Russian flu
18901:
18900:
18837:
18778:
18777:
18749:
18748:
18647:
18646:
18612:2009 (Swine flu)
18590:
18589:
18410:Orthomyxoviridae
18343:
18336:
18329:
18320:
18319:
18297:
18287:
18286:
18241:
18198:
18188:
18178:
18141:
18108:
18071:
18053:
18028:
18018:
17993:
17984:
17963:
17953:
17928:
17916:
17905:
17887:
17862:
17833:
17823:
17790:
17764:
17740:
17719:
17702:
17683:
17664:
17662:
17660:
17631:
17629:
17627:
17610:
17591:
17572:
17562:
17537:
17518:
17503:Brown J (2018).
17499:
17479:
17473:
17465:
17463:
17461:
17416:
17414:
17412:
17371:
17346:(3): 1100–1110.
17334:
17324:
17291:
17273:
17240:
17230:
17197:
17187:
17177:
17158:Selenoprotein T"
17148:
17143:. Archived from
17128:Lay summary in:
17127:
17117:
17108:(9): 1405–1410.
17092:
17065:
17039:
17018:
16996:
16975:
16956:
16954:
16952:
16921:
16900:
16881:
16871:
16846:
16829:
16819:
16801:
16768:
16766:
16764:
16750:
16740:
16738:
16736:
16711:Kohn GC (2007).
16707:
16689:
16656:
16654:
16652:
16631:
16594:
16565:
16546:
16536:
16503:
16458:
16456:
16454:
16429:Hays JN (1998).
16425:
16423:
16421:
16395:
16393:
16391:
16385:
16378:
16366:
16364:
16362:
16339:
16337:
16335:
16314:
16312:
16310:
16289:
16279:
16269:
16236:
16224:
16213:
16203:
16162:
16152:
16127:
16108:
16106:
16104:
16075:
16073:
16071:
16042:
16030:
16019:
16001:
15976:
15949:
15947:
15945:
15928:
15897:
15873:
15863:
15853:
15825:
15801:
15799:
15797:
15775:
15773:
15771:
15722:
15704:
15661:
15660:
15658:
15656:
15608:
15602:
15601:
15599:
15597:
15552:(January 2019).
15545:
15539:
15538:
15528:
15496:
15490:
15489:
15487:
15485:
15445:
15439:
15438:
15436:
15434:
15415:
15409:
15408:
15406:
15400:. Archived from
15383:
15374:
15368:
15367:
15365:
15363:
15343:
15337:
15331:
15325:
15319:
15313:
15307:
15301:
15300:
15290:
15250:
15244:
15238:
15232:
15231:
15229:
15227:
15208:
15202:
15196:
15190:
15189:
15179:
15147:
15141:
15140:
15138:
15136:
15121:
15115:
15114:
15112:
15110:
15090:
15084:
15083:
15081:
15079:
15060:
15054:
15053:
15051:
15049:
15034:
15028:
15022:
15016:
15010:
15004:
14998:
14992:
14986:
14975:
14974:
14956:
14954:
14934:
14928:
14927:
14925:
14923:
14908:
14902:
14901:
14899:
14897:
14878:
14872:
14871:
14869:
14867:
14848:
14842:
14841:
14831:
14799:
14793:
14792:
14790:
14788:
14773:
14767:
14766:
14764:
14762:
14743:
14737:
14736:
14726:
14694:
14688:
14687:
14677:
14667:
14643:
14637:
14636:
14604:
14598:
14597:
14587:
14577:
14545:
14539:
14538:
14536:
14534:
14523:
14517:
14516:
14506:
14474:
14468:
14467:
14427:
14421:
14420:
14392:
14386:
14385:
14371:
14365:
14364:
14328:
14322:
14321:
14289:
14283:
14282:
14272:
14238:
14232:
14231:
14229:
14227:
14221:
14214:
14206:
14185:
14184:
14174:
14142:
14136:
14135:
14125:
14085:
14079:
14078:
14068:
14058:
14034:
14028:
14027:
13991:
13985:
13984:
13956:
13950:
13949:
13947:
13945:
13930:
13924:
13923:
13921:
13919:
13899:
13893:
13892:
13890:
13888:
13871:
13865:
13864:
13862:
13860:
13843:
13837:
13831:
13825:
13824:
13822:
13820:
13806:
13797:
13791:
13785:
13779:
13773:
13767:
13761:
13760:
13740:
13731:
13725:
13719:
13718:
13713:. Archived from
13702:
13696:
13690:
13684:
13683:
13681:
13679:
13669:
13649:
13643:
13642:
13606:
13600:
13599:
13597:
13595:
13583:
13577:
13576:
13574:
13572:
13538:
13518:
13512:
13511:
13509:
13507:
13498:. 2 April 2020.
13486:
13480:
13479:
13477:
13475:
13455:
13449:
13443:
13437:
13436:
13434:
13432:
13413:
13407:
13401:
13395:
13389:
13383:
13382:
13354:
13348:
13342:
13329:
13323:
13306:
13305:
13303:
13301:
13282:
13276:
13270:
13264:
13263:
13261:
13259:
13247:
13241:
13240:
13228:
13222:
13216:
13205:
13204:
13196:
13190:
13189:
13187:
13185:
13161:
13155:
13154:
13152:
13150:
13122:
13101:
13100:
13098:
13096:
13078:
13072:
13071:
13055:
13049:
13048:
13046:
13044:
13016:
13010:
13009:
13007:
13005:
12977:
12971:
12970:
12962:
12953:
12950:
12944:
12943:
12935:
12929:
12928:
12910:
12878:
12869:
12868:
12858:
12826:
12820:
12819:
12817:
12815:
12806:. Archived from
12804:history.navy.mil
12796:
12790:
12789:, pp. 51ff.
12784:
12778:
12772:
12766:
12765:
12763:
12761:
12750:The Conversation
12741:
12735:
12734:
12729:
12727:
12708:
12702:
12701:
12695:
12693:
12673:
12667:
12657:
12651:
12650:
12648:
12646:
12626:
12620:
12614:
12605:
12604:
12602:
12600:
12585:
12579:
12573:
12567:
12566:
12564:
12562:
12547:
12541:
12535:
12524:
12518:
12512:
12506:
12500:
12499:
12491:
12485:
12479:
12473:
12472:
12470:
12468:
12449:
12443:
12442:
12440:
12438:
12423:
12417:
12411:
12405:
12404:
12402:
12400:
12385:
12379:
12378:
12376:
12374:
12353:
12347:
12346:
12344:
12342:
12327:
12321:
12315:
12309:
12308:
12306:
12304:
12295:. January 1918.
12289:
12283:
12282:
12280:
12278:
12262:
12256:
12255:
12253:
12251:
12234:
12225:
12224:
12222:
12220:
12188:
12182:
12181:
12155:
12149:
12148:
12146:
12144:
12129:
12123:
12122:
12120:
12118:
12103:
12094:
12088:
12082:
12081:
12079:
12077:
12068:. Archived from
12057:
12051:
12050:
12024:
12018:
12017:
12015:
12013:
11986:
11980:
11979:
11977:
11975:
11923:
11914:
11913:
11911:
11909:
11890:
11884:
11883:
11881:
11879:
11859:
11853:
11852:
11832:
11826:
11820:
11814:
11813:
11803:
11771:
11765:
11764:
11762:
11760:
11751:. Archived from
11745:
11739:
11738:
11736:
11734:
11729:on 12 March 2020
11728:
11722:. Archived from
11706:(7): 1405–1406.
11697:
11688:
11671:(7): 1404–1406.
11660:
11654:
11648:
11642:
11641:
11635:
11633:
11605:
11599:
11598:
11596:
11594:
11588:
11565:
11556:
11550:
11544:
11538:
11532:
11526:
11520:
11514:
11508:
11502:
11496:
11487:
11486:
11450:
11444:
11438:
11432:
11426:
11420:
11419:
11401:
11391:
11359:
11353:
11352:
11350:
11348:
11333:
11327:
11321:
11315:
11314:
11312:
11310:
11287:
11281:
11275:
11264:
11258:
11245:
11244:
11228:
11219:
11218:
11216:
11214:
11195:
11189:
11188:
11186:
11184:
11164:
11158:
11157:
11155:
11153:
11133:
11127:
11126:
11124:
11122:
11102:
11096:
11095:
11085:
11075:
11043:
11037:
11036:
11026:
11016:
10984:
10978:
10977:
10967:
10957:
10925:
10919:
10918:
10908:
10888:
10882:
10881:
10871:
10861:
10829:
10823:
10822:
10812:
10788:
10782:
10781:
10771:
10761:
10737:
10731:
10730:
10720:
10710:
10678:
10672:
10666:
10655:
10654:
10652:
10650:
10631:
10625:
10619:
10610:
10604:
10598:
10597:
10587:
10555:
10549:
10543:
10534:
10533:
10531:
10529:
10510:
10504:
10503:
10493:
10483:
10459:
10453:
10447:
10438:
10432:
10417:
10416:
10414:
10412:
10407:on 31 March 2020
10403:. Archived from
10392:
10386:
10380:
10374:
10373:
10371:
10369:
10353:
10347:
10341:
10335:
10329:
10323:
10322:
10302:
10296:
10295:
10293:
10291:
10272:
10266:
10260:
10254:
10248:
10242:
10241:
10231:
10191:
10185:
10184:
10174:
10150:
10144:
10143:
10141:
10139:
10130:. Archived from
10119:
10113:
10112:
10102:
10078:
10065:
10064:
10036:
10030:
10029:
10027:
10025:
9997:
9988:
9982:
9973:
9972:
9970:
9968:
9959:. Archived from
9946:
9940:
9934:
9928:
9927:
9919:
9910:
9907:Price-Smith 2008
9904:
9895:
9894:
9884:
9860:
9849:
9848:
9846:
9844:
9839:on 12 March 2020
9838:
9832:. Archived from
9807:
9798:
9789:
9788:
9786:
9784:
9779:on 8 August 2009
9764:
9755:
9754:
9744:
9705:
9699:
9698:
9696:
9694:
9674:
9663:
9662:
9660:
9658:
9643:
9637:
9636:
9618:
9586:
9577:
9571:
9562:
9561:
9551:
9541:
9517:
9504:
9503:
9493:
9461:
9455:
9454:
9444:
9412:
9401:
9400:
9390:
9358:
9349:
9348:
9338:
9306:
9300:
9299:
9289:
9261:
9250:
9249:
9231:
9225:
9224:
9208:
9202:
9201:
9191:
9159:
9153:
9152:
9136:
9130:
9129:
9119:
9091:
9085:
9084:
9074:
9042:
9036:
9035:
9025:
8993:
8987:
8986:
8970:
8964:
8963:
8957:
8949:
8943:
8942:
8940:
8938:
8923:
8917:
8916:
8914:
8912:
8897:
8888:
8887:
8885:
8883:
8868:
8859:
8858:
8856:
8854:
8839:
8833:
8832:
8830:
8828:
8813:
8807:
8806:
8804:
8802:
8787:
8781:
8780:
8778:
8776:
8761:
8755:
8754:
8752:
8750:
8735:
8729:
8728:
8726:
8724:
8717:The Evening Star
8709:
8703:
8702:
8700:
8698:
8683:
8677:
8676:
8674:
8672:
8657:
8651:
8650:
8648:
8646:
8631:
8625:
8624:
8622:
8620:
8604:
8595:
8594:
8584:
8567:(8): 1062–1072.
8552:
8543:
8542:
8540:
8538:
8523:
8517:
8516:
8514:
8512:
8497:
8488:
8487:
8485:
8483:
8468:
8459:
8458:
8456:
8454:
8439:
8433:
8432:
8430:
8428:
8413:
8407:
8406:
8404:
8402:
8387:
8381:
8380:
8378:
8376:
8361:
8355:
8354:
8352:
8350:
8335:
8329:
8328:
8326:
8324:
8309:
8303:
8302:
8292:
8253:
8247:
8246:
8244:
8242:
8222:
8216:
8215:
8205:
8173:
8167:
8166:
8156:
8124:
8113:
8112:
8102:
8079:
8073:
8072:
8062:
8039:
8033:
8032:
8022:
7999:
7993:
7992:
7982:
7959:
7953:
7952:
7942:
7910:
7904:
7903:
7893:
7870:
7864:
7863:
7853:
7844:(7–8): 103–107.
7829:
7820:
7819:
7813:
7804:
7791:
7790:
7780:
7748:
7737:
7736:
7726:
7694:
7688:
7687:
7677:
7667:
7643:
7637:
7636:
7626:
7594:
7581:
7580:
7570:
7538:
7532:
7531:
7529:
7527:
7521:
7510:
7502:
7496:
7495:
7485:
7462:
7456:
7455:
7427:
7418:
7417:
7415:
7413:
7392:
7386:
7385:
7375:
7356:
7355:
7345:
7313:
7307:
7306:
7296:
7273:
7264:
7263:
7253:
7230:
7224:
7223:
7213:
7203:
7171:
7162:
7161:
7151:
7127:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7109:
7094:
7088:
7087:
7085:
7083:
7051:"Influenza 1918"
7046:
7040:
7034:
7028:
7022:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7011:
6991:
6985:
6984:
6963:
6957:
6951:
6945:
6944:
6942:
6940:
6929:www.sozcu.com.tr
6921:
6912:
6906:
6897:
6896:
6886:
6858:
6852:
6846:
6837:
6836:
6826:
6794:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6783:
6777:
6766:
6758:
6749:
6743:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6721:
6692:
6686:
6680:
6671:
6670:
6646:
6640:
6634:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6623:
6603:
6597:
6596:
6591:. Archived from
6581:
6575:
6569:
6558:
6557:
6551:
6549:
6535:
6529:
6528:
6511:
6505:
6504:
6480:
6474:
6473:
6450:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6439:
6420:
6414:
6413:
6407:
6405:
6390:
6384:
6378:
6372:
6366:
6349:
6348:
6335:
6329:
6328:
6315:. Vol. 24.
6307:
6301:
6300:
6277:
6271:
6270:
6257:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6246:
6230:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6219:
6205:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6194:
6174:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6163:
6154:. 4 March 2020.
6142:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6131:
6126:on 20 March 2020
6112:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6101:
6086:
6080:
6074:
6068:
6067:
6061:
6059:
6044:
6038:
6037:
6031:
6029:
6008:
6002:
6001:
5978:
5972:
5971:
5965:
5963:
5944:
5938:
5937:
5931:
5929:
5911:
5905:
5904:
5898:
5896:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5848:
5842:
5836:
5830:
5824:
5815:
5814:
5808:
5806:
5791:
5782:
5781:
5774:
5772:
5752:
5746:
5745:
5727:
5695:
5684:
5683:
5656:
5650:
5649:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5619:
5611:
5605:
5603:
5580:
5574:
5568:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5525:. Archived from
5515:
5509:
5508:
5480:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5463:
5443:
5437:
5436:
5430:
5428:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5402:
5385:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5344:
5342:
5325:
5319:
5313:
5307:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5262:
5251:
5250:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5221:Chinese Catarrh;
5209:
5203:
5202:
5196:
5194:
5189:(in German) (13)
5178:
5167:
5166:
5156:
5124:
5115:
5114:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5076:
5074:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5014:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4984:
4982:
4963:
4957:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4925:
4923:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4889:
4887:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4852:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4748:
4724:
4715:
4714:
4700:
4683:(9): 2009–2012.
4668:
4659:
4658:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4564:
4558:
4554:
4522:
4516:
4514:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4494:
4492:
4474:
4468:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4448:
4433:
4427:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4337:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4291:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4266:
4257:(7): 1018–1028.
4242:
4236:
4235:
4225:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4184:CU Boulder Today
4175:
4169:
4168:
4158:
4140:
4108:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4080:
4078:
4063:
4054:
4053:
4026:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4012:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3944:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3919:
3883:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3857:
3844:
3836:
3830:
3824:
3809:
3808:
3798:
3762:
3735:
3733:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3652:
3647:
3646:
3638:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3451:genetic sequence
3375:
3372:
3345:
3341:
3334:
3324:A/H3N2, A/H1N1,
3302:151,700–575,400
3295:
3244:1977 Russian flu
3231:
3224:
3221:>14% (>500
3217:
3186:
3179:
3176:>17% (>500
3172:
3141:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3086:Infected (est.)
3077:
3065:
3061:
3012:'s 1939 novella
2887:Kenneth Kahn at
2522:Native Americans
2440:
2430:A 2009 study in
2387:Around the globe
2360:manufactured by
2306:. Treatments of
2227:
2213:
2197:
2062:mucous membranes
1927:Around the globe
1907:Chinese laborers
1871:A 2009 study in
1749:Alfred W. Crosby
1721:novel H1N1 virus
1717:pandemic in 1968
1348:government bonds
1311:Boston Navy Yard
1305:, by ships from
1287:Mars, god of war
1123:transmissibility
1097:
1038:Northern Ndebele
1009:
987:
961:
951:
945:
923:
861:, and without a
859:combat readiness
837:
739:
637:—'What is it?'"
636:
549:1977 Russian flu
515:the outbreak in
446:
439:
432:
368:2008 West Bengal
323:1977 Russian flu
308:1918 Spanish flu
147:
133:
132:
107:
47:
35:
34:
22656:
22655:
22651:
22650:
22649:
22647:
22646:
22645:
22606:
22605:
22604:
22592:
22582:
22580:
22568:
22560:
22558:
22553:
22390:
22273:
22211:
22194:Swansea measles
22146:Bolivian dengue
22074:
22066:
22055:Indian smallpox
22025:Croydon typhoid
21995:
21887:
21828:
21814:
21749:
21690:
21683:
21654:Plague of Amwas
21627:
21620:
21609:Antonine Plague
21596:
21569:
21556:
21543:
21513:
21508:
21482:
21447:Major epidemics
21441:
21385:
21319:
21313:
21283:
21278:
21261:
21220:
21152:
21145:
21116:Treaty of Darin
21084:
21046:
21002:Austria-Hungary
20988:
20975:
20956:Rape of Belgium
20883:
20855:
20803:
20797:Western Armenia
20792:Eastern Galicia
20725:
20699:
20663:
20662:Civilian impact
20661:
20647:
20604:
20533:
20365:
20295:Ovambo Uprising
20247:
20233:
20122:
20024:
19951:
19869:Battle of Łomża
19852:
19848:Christmas truce
19823:Race to the Sea
19756:
19718:
19640:
19611:Austria-Hungary
19587:
19522:Empire of Japan
19459:
19457:
19446:
19430:U-boat campaign
19416:
19388:
19350:
19302:
19248:
19229:Popular culture
19175:
19170:
19140:
19135:
19109:
19052:
19031:
18982:
18952:
18897:
18895:
18884:
18851:
18835:
18782:Antiviral drugs
18763:
18734:
18720:Human mortality
18713:clinical trials
18681:
18632:
18616:
18579:
18443:
18441:
18434:
18398:
18352:
18347:
18305:
18304:
18303:
18288:
18284:
18279:
18273:
18228:
18206:
18201:
18147:García-Sastre A
17925:
17872:Nature Medicine
17787:
17761:
17699:
17680:
17658:
17656:
17649:
17625:
17623:
17607:
17588:
17534:
17515:
17497:
17467:
17466:
17459:
17457:
17424:
17422:Further reading
17419:
17410:
17408:
17129:
17081:
17037:10.1.1.327.2581
17015:
16993:
16972:
16950:
16948:
16941:
16897:
16762:
16760:
16748:
16734:
16732:
16725:
16650:
16648:
16562:
16452:
16450:
16443:
16419:
16417:
16404:"The Dead Zone"
16389:
16387:
16383:
16376:
16360:
16358:
16333:
16331:
16308:
16306:
16233:
16124:
16102:
16100:
16093:
16069:
16067:
16060:
16039:
15965:
15943:
15941:
15940:on 27 June 2009
15925:
15894:
15822:
15795:
15793:
15769:
15767:
15670:
15665:
15664:
15654:
15652:
15609:
15605:
15595:
15593:
15546:
15542:
15497:
15493:
15483:
15481:
15446:
15442:
15432:
15430:
15417:
15416:
15412:
15404:
15392:(4898): 41–45.
15381:
15375:
15371:
15361:
15359:
15344:
15340:
15332:
15328:
15320:
15316:
15308:
15304:
15251:
15247:
15239:
15235:
15225:
15223:
15210:
15209:
15205:
15197:
15193:
15148:
15144:
15134:
15132:
15130:archive.cdc.gov
15122:
15118:
15108:
15106:
15091:
15087:
15077:
15075:
15062:
15061:
15057:
15047:
15045:
15036:
15035:
15031:
15023:
15019:
15011:
15007:
14999:
14995:
14987:
14978:
14952:
14950:
14935:
14931:
14921:
14919:
14910:
14909:
14905:
14895:
14893:
14880:
14879:
14875:
14865:
14863:
14850:
14849:
14845:
14801:
14800:
14796:
14786:
14784:
14775:
14774:
14770:
14760:
14758:
14745:
14744:
14740:
14696:
14695:
14691:
14658:(6): e1000442.
14645:
14644:
14640:
14606:
14605:
14601:
14547:
14546:
14542:
14532:
14530:
14525:
14524:
14520:
14476:
14475:
14471:
14429:
14428:
14424:
14394:
14393:
14389:
14373:
14372:
14368:
14330:
14329:
14325:
14291:
14290:
14286:
14240:
14239:
14235:
14225:
14223:
14219:
14212:
14208:
14207:
14188:
14144:
14143:
14139:
14100:(7019): 904–6.
14087:
14086:
14082:
14036:
14035:
14031:
13993:
13992:
13988:
13958:
13957:
13953:
13943:
13941:
13932:
13931:
13927:
13917:
13915:
13900:
13896:
13886:
13884:
13872:
13868:
13858:
13856:
13844:
13840:
13832:
13828:
13818:
13816:
13808:
13807:
13800:
13792:
13788:
13780:
13776:
13768:
13764:
13757:
13741:
13734:
13728:Honigsbaum 2008
13726:
13722:
13703:
13699:
13691:
13687:
13677:
13675:
13650:
13646:
13607:
13603:
13593:
13591:
13584:
13580:
13570:
13568:
13519:
13515:
13505:
13503:
13488:
13487:
13483:
13473:
13471:
13456:
13452:
13444:
13440:
13430:
13428:
13415:
13414:
13410:
13402:
13398:
13390:
13386:
13355:
13351:
13343:
13332:
13324:
13309:
13299:
13297:
13284:
13283:
13279:
13271:
13267:
13257:
13255:
13248:
13244:
13229:
13225:
13217:
13208:
13197:
13193:
13183:
13181:
13180:on 29 July 2021
13162:
13158:
13148:
13146:
13139:
13123:
13104:
13094:
13092:
13079:
13075:
13056:
13052:
13042:
13040:
13033:
13017:
13013:
13003:
13001:
12994:
12978:
12974:
12963:
12956:
12951:
12947:
12936:
12932:
12879:
12872:
12827:
12823:
12813:
12811:
12798:
12797:
12793:
12785:
12781:
12773:
12769:
12759:
12757:
12742:
12738:
12725:
12723:
12710:
12709:
12705:
12691:
12689:
12682:The Irish Times
12674:
12670:
12658:
12654:
12644:
12642:
12627:
12623:
12615:
12608:
12598:
12596:
12587:
12586:
12582:
12574:
12570:
12560:
12558:
12549:
12548:
12544:
12536:
12527:
12519:
12515:
12511:, pp. 48f.
12507:
12503:
12492:
12488:
12480:
12476:
12466:
12464:
12451:
12450:
12446:
12436:
12434:
12425:
12424:
12420:
12412:
12408:
12398:
12396:
12387:
12386:
12382:
12372:
12370:
12355:
12354:
12350:
12340:
12338:
12329:
12328:
12324:
12316:
12312:
12302:
12300:
12291:
12290:
12286:
12276:
12274:
12264:
12263:
12259:
12249:
12247:
12246:. 23 April 2020
12236:
12235:
12228:
12218:
12216:
12203:(10): 917–927.
12189:
12185:
12170:
12156:
12152:
12142:
12140:
12131:
12130:
12126:
12116:
12114:
12105:
12104:
12097:
12089:
12085:
12075:
12073:
12058:
12054:
12039:
12027:Åman M (1990).
12025:
12021:
12011:
12009:
11988:
11987:
11983:
11973:
11971:
11924:
11917:
11907:
11905:
11898:Hindustan Times
11892:
11891:
11887:
11877:
11875:
11860:
11856:
11833:
11829:
11821:
11817:
11772:
11768:
11758:
11756:
11747:
11746:
11742:
11732:
11730:
11726:
11695:
11661:
11657:
11649:
11645:
11631:
11629:
11606:
11602:
11592:
11590:
11586:
11563:
11557:
11553:
11545:
11541:
11533:
11529:
11521:
11517:
11509:
11505:
11497:
11490:
11451:
11447:
11439:
11435:
11427:
11423:
11360:
11356:
11346:
11344:
11335:
11334:
11330:
11322:
11318:
11308:
11306:
11304:
11288:
11284:
11276:
11267:
11259:
11248:
11229:
11222:
11212:
11210:
11197:
11196:
11192:
11182:
11180:
11173:Harvard Gazette
11165:
11161:
11151:
11149:
11134:
11130:
11120:
11118:
11103:
11099:
11044:
11040:
10985:
10981:
10926:
10922:
10889:
10885:
10830:
10826:
10789:
10785:
10738:
10734:
10679:
10675:
10667:
10658:
10648:
10646:
10633:
10632:
10628:
10620:
10613:
10605:
10601:
10556:
10552:
10544:
10537:
10527:
10525:
10512:
10511:
10507:
10460:
10456:
10448:
10441:
10433:
10420:
10410:
10408:
10393:
10389:
10381:
10377:
10367:
10365:
10360:. Fic.nih.gov.
10354:
10350:
10342:
10338:
10330:
10326:
10303:
10299:
10289:
10287:
10274:
10273:
10269:
10261:
10257:
10249:
10245:
10192:
10188:
10151:
10147:
10137:
10135:
10134:on 3 March 2020
10120:
10116:
10079:
10068:
10037:
10033:
10023:
10021:
10014:
9998:
9991:
9983:
9976:
9966:
9964:
9947:
9943:
9935:
9931:
9920:
9913:
9905:
9898:
9861:
9852:
9842:
9840:
9836:
9805:
9799:
9792:
9782:
9780:
9765:
9758:
9706:
9702:
9692:
9690:
9675:
9666:
9656:
9654:
9645:
9644:
9640:
9587:
9580:
9572:
9565:
9518:
9507:
9462:
9458:
9413:
9404:
9359:
9352:
9307:
9303:
9262:
9253:
9246:
9232:
9228:
9209:
9205:
9160:
9156:
9137:
9133:
9092:
9088:
9043:
9039:
8994:
8990:
8971:
8967:
8955:
8951:
8950:
8946:
8936:
8934:
8925:
8924:
8920:
8910:
8908:
8899:
8898:
8891:
8881:
8879:
8870:
8869:
8862:
8852:
8850:
8841:
8840:
8836:
8826:
8824:
8815:
8814:
8810:
8800:
8798:
8789:
8788:
8784:
8774:
8772:
8763:
8762:
8758:
8748:
8746:
8737:
8736:
8732:
8722:
8720:
8711:
8710:
8706:
8696:
8694:
8685:
8684:
8680:
8670:
8668:
8659:
8658:
8654:
8644:
8642:
8633:
8632:
8628:
8618:
8616:
8605:
8598:
8553:
8546:
8536:
8534:
8525:
8524:
8520:
8510:
8508:
8499:
8498:
8491:
8481:
8479:
8470:
8469:
8462:
8452:
8450:
8441:
8440:
8436:
8426:
8424:
8415:
8414:
8410:
8400:
8398:
8389:
8388:
8384:
8374:
8372:
8363:
8362:
8358:
8348:
8346:
8337:
8336:
8332:
8322:
8320:
8311:
8310:
8306:
8273:10.2307/4575271
8255:
8254:
8250:
8240:
8238:
8223:
8219:
8174:
8170:
8125:
8116:
8081:
8080:
8076:
8041:
8040:
8036:
8001:
8000:
7996:
7961:
7960:
7956:
7911:
7907:
7872:
7871:
7867:
7851:10.1071/NB06025
7830:
7823:
7811:
7805:
7794:
7749:
7740:
7695:
7691:
7644:
7640:
7595:
7584:
7539:
7535:
7525:
7523:
7519:
7508:
7504:
7503:
7499:
7464:
7463:
7459:
7448:
7428:
7421:
7411:
7409:
7394:
7393:
7389:
7376:
7359:
7314:
7310:
7275:
7274:
7267:
7232:
7231:
7227:
7172:
7165:
7128:
7117:
7107:
7105:
7096:
7095:
7091:
7081:
7079:
7047:
7043:
7035:
7031:
7023:
7019:
7009:
7007:
6992:
6988:
6978:
6964:
6960:
6952:
6948:
6938:
6936:
6923:
6922:
6915:
6907:
6900:
6859:
6855:
6847:
6840:
6795:
6791:
6781:
6779:
6775:
6764:
6760:
6759:
6752:
6744:
6729:
6719:
6717:
6704:. 1 June 1918.
6694:
6693:
6689:
6681:
6674:
6648:
6647:
6643:
6635:
6631:
6621:
6619:
6604:
6600:
6595:on 21 May 2008.
6583:
6582:
6578:
6570:
6561:
6547:
6545:
6537:
6536:
6532:
6512:
6508:
6497:
6481:
6477:
6467:
6451:
6447:
6437:
6435:
6421:
6417:
6403:
6401:
6391:
6387:
6379:
6375:
6367:
6352:
6336:
6332:
6309:
6308:
6304:
6294:
6278:
6274:
6258:
6254:
6244:
6242:
6231:
6227:
6217:
6215:
6206:
6202:
6192:
6190:
6175:
6171:
6161:
6159:
6144:
6143:
6139:
6129:
6127:
6114:
6113:
6109:
6099:
6097:
6088:
6087:
6083:
6075:
6071:
6057:
6055:
6046:
6045:
6041:
6035:
6027:
6025:
6019:
6014:
6010:
6009:
6005:
5995:
5979:
5975:
5961:
5959:
5945:
5941:
5927:
5925:
5912:
5908:
5894:
5892:
5876:
5872:
5862:
5860:
5849:
5845:
5837:
5833:
5825:
5818:
5804:
5802:
5792:
5785:
5770:
5768:
5753:
5749:
5696:
5687:
5657:
5653:
5636:"Madrid Letter"
5634:
5633:
5629:
5613:
5612:
5601:
5599:
5581:
5577:
5569:
5565:
5555:
5553:
5538:
5534:
5517:
5516:
5512:
5481:
5474:
5461:
5459:
5444:
5440:
5426:
5424:
5414:
5410:
5400:
5398:
5387:
5386:
5382:
5372:
5370:
5359:
5358:
5354:
5340:
5338:
5327:
5326:
5322:
5314:
5310:
5302:
5298:
5279:
5263:
5254:
5231:
5227:
5210:
5206:
5192:
5190:
5179:
5170:
5125:
5118:
5107:
5091:
5087:
5072:
5070:
5057:
5056:
5052:
5042:
5040:
5026:
5022:
5012:
5010:
4998:
4994:
4980:
4978:
4964:
4960:
4939:
4935:
4921:
4919:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4885:
4883:
4870:
4866:
4821:
4817:
4774:
4770:
4725:
4718:
4669:
4662:
4647:
4639:. Square Fish.
4631:
4627:
4600:
4596:
4565:
4561:
4537:(4898): 41–46.
4523:
4519:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4490:
4488:
4477:Cole F (1994),
4475:
4471:
4463:
4459:
4446:
4444:
4443:. 14 March 2018
4435:
4434:
4430:
4422:
4418:
4408:
4406:
4363:
4359:
4314:
4310:
4302:
4289:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4243:
4239:
4202:
4198:
4188:
4186:
4176:
4172:
4109:
4102:
4094:
4090:
4076:
4074:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4027:
4020:
4010:
4008:
4006:Oxford Academic
3998:
3994:
3984:
3982:
3972:
3968:
3958:
3956:
3937:
3933:
3884:
3871:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3825:
3812:
3763:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3738:
3720:Then paying in
3719:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3648:
3641:
3636:Medicine portal
3634:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3603:
3581:
3547:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3293:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3139:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3044:
2997:
2949:
2922:
2906:Alberta, Canada
2898:
2870:
2865:
2794:
2702:
2583:
2541:Rodrigues Alves
2389:
2384:
2378:
2354:Flanders Fields
2328:
2268:antiviral drugs
2264:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2228:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2206:
2205:
2198:
2187:
2182:
2139:
2097:
2081:bronchial tubes
2032:
1956:
1951:
1939:Journal of the
1884:
1855:Journal of the
1781:
1745:
1737:epidemiological
1733:
1701:avian influenza
1663:
1559:
1493:South Australia
1489:New South Wales
1411:
1265:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1111:children's song
1082:
1058:'chipindupindu'
1030:
956:. Spanish flu (
921:Flandern-Fieber
916:
907:Surgeon General
855:neutral country
788:
746:
659:English Channel
643:
615:) to suggest a
599:that invisible
561:
529:disease vectors
521:epidemiological
513:freely reported
499:, when wartime
479:subtype of the
450:
421:
420:
391:
383:
382:
353:2006 H5N1 India
343:
333:
332:
298:
288:
287:
243:
233:
232:
223:Live attenuated
206:
196:
195:
157:
137:Influenza (flu)
117:
106:Suspected cases
105:
63:
62:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
22654:
22644:
22643:
22638:
22633:
22628:
22623:
22618:
22603:
22602:
22590:
22578:
22555:
22554:
22552:
22551:
22545:
22539:
22529:
22523:
22522:(1981–present)
22517:
22511:
22505:
22499:
22493:
22487:
22481:
22475:
22469:
22463:
22457:
22451:
22445:
22439:
22433:
22427:
22421:
22415:
22408:
22406:
22400:
22399:
22396:
22395:
22392:
22391:
22389:
22388:
22387:
22386:
22375:
22374:(2023–present)
22369:
22366:Jamaica dengue
22363:
22357:
22351:
22345:
22339:
22333:
22327:
22321:
22315:
22309:
22303:
22297:
22291:
22285:
22279:
22271:
22265:
22262:Yemeni cholera
22259:
22253:
22247:
22241:
22235:
22229:
22223:
22217:
22213:DR Congo Ebola
22209:
22203:
22197:
22191:
22185:
22179:
22173:
22167:
22161:
22155:
22149:
22143:
22137:
22131:
22125:
22119:
22113:
22107:
22101:
22095:
22089:
22082:
22080:
22076:
22075:
22073:
22072:
22064:
22058:
22052:
22046:
22040:
22034:
22028:
22022:
22016:
22010:
22003:
22001:
21997:
21996:
21994:
21993:
21987:
21981:
21975:
21969:
21963:
21957:
21951:
21945:
21939:
21933:
21927:
21921:
21918:Maltese plague
21915:
21912:Ottoman plague
21908:
21906:
21899:
21893:
21892:
21889:
21888:
21886:
21885:
21879:
21873:
21870:Persian Plague
21867:
21864:Russian plague
21861:
21855:
21849:
21843:
21836:
21834:
21830:
21829:
21827:
21826:
21820:
21816:Maltese plague
21812:
21806:
21800:
21797:Maltese plague
21794:
21788:
21782:
21776:
21773:Italian plague
21770:
21767:Maltese plague
21764:
21757:
21755:
21751:
21750:
21748:
21747:
21745:
21739:
21736:Maltese plague
21733:
21727:
21721:
21715:
21709:
21702:
21700:
21693:
21685:
21684:
21682:
21681:
21675:
21669:
21663:
21657:
21651:
21645:
21639:
21632:
21630:
21622:
21621:
21619:
21618:
21612:
21606:
21600:
21590:Hittite plague
21586:
21584:
21575:
21571:
21570:
21568:
21567:
21561:
21558:
21557:
21542:
21541:
21534:
21527:
21519:
21510:
21509:
21507:
21506:
21501:
21496:
21490:
21488:
21484:
21483:
21481:
21480:
21470:
21469:(1981–present)
21464:
21458:
21451:
21449:
21443:
21442:
21440:
21439:
21434:
21429:
21424:
21419:
21414:
21409:
21404:
21399:
21393:
21391:
21387:
21386:
21384:
21383:
21378:
21373:
21368:
21363:
21358:
21353:
21348:
21343:
21338:
21333:
21327:
21325:
21321:
21320:
21312:
21311:
21304:
21297:
21289:
21280:
21279:
21277:
21276:
21270:
21267:
21266:
21263:
21262:
21260:
21259:
21252:
21245:
21240:
21232:
21230:
21226:
21225:
21222:
21221:
21219:
21218:
21213:
21212:
21211:
21206:
21201:
21196:
21191:
21181:
21176:
21175:
21174:
21169:
21161:
21155:
21153:
21151:Peace treaties
21150:
21147:
21146:
21144:
21143:
21138:
21133:
21128:
21123:
21118:
21113:
21108:
21103:
21098:
21092:
21090:
21086:
21085:
21083:
21082:
21077:
21072:
21067:
21062:
21056:
21054:
21048:
21047:
21045:
21044:
21039:
21037:United Kingdom
21034:
21029:
21027:Ottoman Empire
21024:
21019:
21014:
21009:
21004:
20998:
20996:
20989:
20984:
20981:
20980:
20977:
20976:
20974:
20973:
20968:
20963:
20958:
20953:
20952:
20951:
20946:
20941:
20931:
20929:Sack of Dinant
20926:
20921:
20916:
20915:
20914:
20909:
20908:
20907:
20893:
20891:
20885:
20884:
20882:
20881:
20880:
20879:
20877:United Kingdom
20874:
20865:
20863:
20857:
20856:
20854:
20853:
20852:
20851:
20846:
20837:
20831:POW locations
20829:
20824:
20823:
20822:
20813:
20811:
20805:
20804:
20802:
20801:
20800:
20799:
20794:
20786:
20781:
20780:
20779:
20772:
20767:
20762:
20754:
20753:
20752:
20747:
20739:
20733:
20731:
20727:
20726:
20724:
20723:
20718:
20713:
20707:
20705:
20698:
20697:
20696:
20695:
20690:
20682:
20677:
20676:
20675:
20666:
20664:
20656:
20653:
20652:
20649:
20648:
20646:
20645:
20640:
20639:
20638:
20631:United Kingdom
20628:
20626:Ottoman Empire
20623:
20618:
20612:
20610:
20603:
20602:
20600:Trench warfare
20597:
20596:
20595:
20585:
20580:
20575:
20570:
20565:
20564:
20563:
20552:
20550:
20543:
20539:
20538:
20535:
20534:
20532:
20531:
20525:
20519:
20513:
20507:
20506:
20505:
20499:
20493:
20487:
20476:
20470:
20464:
20458:
20452:
20446:
20440:
20434:
20428:
20422:
20416:
20410:
20404:
20398:
20392:
20386:
20380:
20373:
20371:
20367:
20366:
20364:
20363:
20357:
20351:
20345:
20339:
20333:
20327:
20321:
20316:
20313:Volta-Bani War
20310:
20304:
20298:
20292:
20286:
20280:
20274:
20268:
20262:
20255:
20253:
20249:
20248:
20246:
20245:
20240:
20228:
20223:
20218:
20213:
20208:
20203:
20198:
20193:
20188:
20183:
20178:
20173:
20168:
20163:
20158:
20153:
20151:Zeebrugge Raid
20148:
20143:
20138:
20132:
20130:
20124:
20123:
20121:
20120:
20115:
20110:
20105:
20100:
20095:
20090:
20085:
20080:
20075:
20070:
20065:
20060:
20055:
20050:
20045:
20040:
20034:
20032:
20026:
20025:
20023:
20022:
20017:
20012:
20007:
20002:
19997:
19996:
19995:
19985:
19980:
19975:
19970:
19965:
19959:
19957:
19953:
19952:
19950:
19949:
19944:
19942:Battle of Loos
19939:
19934:
19929:
19924:
19919:
19914:
19909:
19904:
19899:
19894:
19889:
19884:
19876:
19871:
19866:
19860:
19858:
19854:
19853:
19851:
19850:
19845:
19840:
19835:
19833:Black Sea raid
19830:
19825:
19820:
19815:
19810:
19805:
19800:
19795:
19790:
19785:
19780:
19775:
19770:
19764:
19762:
19758:
19757:
19755:
19754:
19749:
19744:
19739:
19738:
19737:
19735:Historiography
19726:
19724:
19720:
19719:
19717:
19716:
19710:
19704:
19698:
19692:
19689:Bosnian Crisis
19686:
19683:Tangier Crisis
19680:
19674:
19668:
19661:
19659:
19652:
19646:
19645:
19642:
19641:
19639:
19638:
19633:
19628:
19623:
19618:
19616:Ottoman Empire
19613:
19608:
19603:
19597:
19595:
19593:Central Powers
19589:
19588:
19586:
19585:
19580:
19579:
19578:
19576:British Empire
19571:United Kingdom
19568:
19563:
19558:
19557:
19556:
19551:
19549:Russian Empire
19541:
19536:
19531:
19526:
19525:
19524:
19514:
19509:
19504:
19503:
19502:
19492:
19487:
19482:
19477:
19471:
19469:
19467:Entente Powers
19460:
19455:
19452:
19451:
19448:
19447:
19445:
19444:
19439:
19438:
19437:
19435:North Atlantic
19426:
19424:
19418:
19417:
19415:
19414:
19409:
19404:
19398:
19396:
19390:
19389:
19387:
19386:
19381:
19376:
19371:
19366:
19360:
19358:
19352:
19351:
19349:
19348:
19346:Central Arabia
19343:
19338:
19333:
19328:
19323:
19318:
19312:
19310:
19308:Middle Eastern
19304:
19303:
19301:
19300:
19295:
19294:
19293:
19283:
19278:
19277:
19276:
19265:
19263:
19254:
19250:
19249:
19247:
19246:
19241:
19236:
19231:
19226:
19221:
19216:
19211:
19209:Historiography
19206:
19201:
19196:
19191:
19186:
19180:
19177:
19176:
19169:
19168:
19161:
19154:
19146:
19137:
19136:
19134:
19133:
19128:
19123:
19117:
19115:
19114:Related topics
19111:
19110:
19108:
19107:
19102:
19097:
19092:
19087:
19082:
19077:
19072:
19066:
19064:
19058:
19057:
19054:
19053:
19051:
19050:
19045:
19039:
19037:
19033:
19032:
19030:
19029:
19024:
19023:
19022:
19012:
19007:
19001:
18999:
18992:
18988:
18987:
18984:
18983:
18981:
18980:
18975:
18974:
18973:
18962:
18960:
18954:
18953:
18951:
18950:
18945:
18940:
18935:
18930:
18925:
18920:
18915:
18909:
18907:
18898:
18893:
18890:
18889:
18886:
18885:
18883:
18882:
18877:
18872:
18867:
18861:
18859:
18853:
18852:
18850:
18849:
18844:
18839:
18836:(experimental)
18831:
18830:
18829:
18824:
18819:
18814:
18804:
18803:
18802:
18797:
18786:
18784:
18775:
18769:
18768:
18765:
18764:
18762:
18761:
18755:
18753:
18746:
18740:
18739:
18736:
18735:
18733:
18732:
18727:
18722:
18717:
18716:
18715:
18705:
18700:
18695:
18689:
18687:
18683:
18682:
18680:
18679:
18677:2020s outbreak
18674:
18669:
18664:
18659:
18657:Croatia (2005)
18653:
18651:
18644:
18638:
18637:
18634:
18633:
18631:
18630:
18624:
18622:
18618:
18617:
18615:
18614:
18609:
18604:
18598:
18596:
18587:
18581:
18580:
18578:
18577:
18572:
18567:
18562:
18557:
18552:
18547:
18542:
18537:
18532:
18527:
18522:
18517:
18512:
18507:
18502:
18497:
18492:
18487:
18482:
18477:
18472:
18467:
18462:
18457:
18452:
18446:
18444:
18439:
18436:
18435:
18433:
18432:
18427:
18422:
18417:
18412:
18406:
18404:
18400:
18399:
18397:
18396:
18391:
18389:Superinfection
18386:
18381:
18376:
18371:
18366:
18360:
18358:
18357:General topics
18354:
18353:
18346:
18345:
18338:
18331:
18323:
18317:
18316:
18289:
18282:
18281:
18280:
18278:
18277:External links
18275:
18271:
18270:
18242:
18226:
18217:
18205:
18202:
18200:
18199:
18142:
18124:(2): 167–196.
18109:
18089:10.2307/132645
18077:Applied Optics
18072:
18044:(4): 572–579.
18029:
17994:
17985:
17975:(4): 789–808.
17964:
17944:(1): 121–134.
17929:
17923:
17906:
17863:
17845:(2): 111–114.
17834:
17806:(3): 565–581.
17791:
17785:
17765:
17759:
17741:
17720:
17703:
17697:
17684:
17678:
17665:
17647:
17632:
17611:
17606:978-1250145123
17605:
17592:
17586:
17573:
17538:
17532:
17519:
17513:
17500:
17495:
17480:
17444:(4): 496–505.
17425:
17423:
17420:
17418:
17417:
17372:
17335:
17292:
17241:
17198:
17175:10.1086/651473
17149:
17115:10.1086/606060
17093:
17079:
17066:
17046:10.1086/515616
17019:
17013:
16997:
16991:
16976:
16970:
16957:
16939:
16922:
16901:
16895:
16882:
16869:10.1086/651472
16847:
16830:
16769:
16741:
16723:
16708:
16657:
16632:
16606:(1): 105–115.
16595:
16571:War in History
16566:
16560:
16547:
16504:
16459:
16441:
16426:
16409:The New Yorker
16396:
16367:
16340:
16315:
16290:
16237:
16231:
16214:
16163:
16128:
16122:
16109:
16091:
16076:
16058:
16043:
16037:
16020:
15992:(3): 857–865.
15977:
15963:
15950:
15929:
15923:
15898:
15892:
15880:, ed. (2022).
15874:
15826:
15820:
15802:
15777:
15738:(2): 367–392.
15723:
15671:
15669:
15666:
15663:
15662:
15623:(5): 638–645.
15603:
15540:
15511:(3): 565–581.
15491:
15460:(4): 584–590.
15440:
15410:
15369:
15338:
15326:
15324:, p. 295.
15314:
15302:
15245:
15233:
15203:
15191:
15142:
15116:
15085:
15055:
15029:
15017:
15005:
14993:
14976:
14929:
14903:
14873:
14843:
14794:
14768:
14738:
14689:
14638:
14599:
14540:
14518:
14469:
14422:
14403:(6): 1037–41.
14387:
14366:
14323:
14310:10.1086/511989
14304:(7): 1018–28.
14284:
14233:
14186:
14137:
14080:
14029:
13986:
13951:
13925:
13894:
13866:
13838:
13836:, p. 315.
13826:
13798:
13786:
13774:
13762:
13755:
13732:
13720:
13697:
13685:
13667:10.3386/w24725
13644:
13623:10.1086/507154
13617:(4): 672–712.
13601:
13578:
13513:
13481:
13450:
13438:
13408:
13404:He et al. 2013
13396:
13392:He et al. 2011
13384:
13365:(4): 923–940.
13349:
13330:
13307:
13277:
13275:, p. 239.
13265:
13242:
13223:
13206:
13191:
13156:
13137:
13102:
13073:
13050:
13031:
13011:
12992:
12972:
12954:
12945:
12930:
12893:(2): 353–356.
12870:
12821:
12791:
12787:Pankhurst 1991
12779:
12767:
12736:
12703:
12676:FitzGerald J.
12668:
12652:
12621:
12606:
12580:
12578:, p. 134.
12568:
12542:
12525:
12521:Pankhurst 1991
12513:
12509:Pankhurst 1991
12501:
12486:
12474:
12444:
12418:
12416:. CBC History.
12406:
12380:
12348:
12322:
12310:
12284:
12257:
12226:
12183:
12168:
12150:
12124:
12109:(in Turkish).
12095:
12083:
12052:
12037:
12019:
11981:
11915:
11885:
11854:
11827:
11815:
11766:
11755:on 9 July 2012
11740:
11655:
11643:
11600:
11551:
11539:
11527:
11515:
11503:
11488:
11445:
11433:
11421:
11354:
11328:
11316:
11302:
11282:
11265:
11246:
11220:
11190:
11159:
11128:
11097:
11038:
10999:(11): e49002.
10979:
10920:
10883:
10824:
10803:(1–2): 20–26.
10783:
10732:
10693:(3): 827–832.
10673:
10656:
10626:
10611:
10599:
10576:10.1086/591708
10570:(7): 962–970.
10550:
10535:
10505:
10454:
10439:
10418:
10387:
10375:
10348:
10336:
10324:
10297:
10267:
10255:
10243:
10186:
10165:(4): 360–364.
10145:
10114:
10093:(4): 360–364.
10066:
10047:(3): 473–505.
10031:
10012:
9989:
9987:, p. 143.
9974:
9941:
9937:Humphries 2014
9929:
9911:
9896:
9850:
9816:(7): 940–945.
9790:
9756:
9700:
9664:
9651:France Culture
9638:
9578:
9563:
9505:
9476:(6): 913–918.
9456:
9402:
9373:(1): 187–202.
9350:
9321:(3): 225–229.
9301:
9251:
9244:
9226:
9203:
9154:
9139:Kim T (2017).
9131:
9086:
9037:
8988:
8965:
8944:
8918:
8889:
8860:
8834:
8808:
8782:
8756:
8730:
8704:
8678:
8652:
8626:
8596:
8544:
8518:
8489:
8460:
8434:
8408:
8382:
8356:
8330:
8304:
8248:
8217:
8188:(3): 219–225.
8168:
8114:
8074:
8034:
7994:
7954:
7925:(6): 261–263.
7905:
7865:
7821:
7792:
7763:(3): 818–846.
7738:
7689:
7638:
7582:
7533:
7497:
7457:
7446:
7419:
7387:
7357:
7328:(3): 430–437.
7308:
7265:
7225:
7163:
7142:(3): 408–420.
7115:
7100:. p. 93.
7089:
7041:
7029:
7017:
6986:
6976:
6958:
6946:
6913:
6898:
6853:
6838:
6789:
6750:
6727:
6687:
6672:
6641:
6629:
6598:
6589:Avian Bird Flu
6576:
6559:
6530:
6506:
6495:
6475:
6465:
6445:
6415:
6385:
6373:
6350:
6330:
6302:
6292:
6272:
6252:
6225:
6200:
6169:
6137:
6107:
6081:
6069:
6039:
6003:
5993:
5973:
5953:The Lighthouse
5939:
5906:
5870:
5843:
5831:
5816:
5783:
5747:
5710:(5): 296–312.
5685:
5671:(9): 812–817.
5651:
5627:
5575:
5573:, p. 171.
5563:
5532:
5510:
5497:10.1086/590567
5491:(5): 668–673.
5472:
5438:
5408:
5380:
5352:
5320:
5308:
5296:
5277:
5252:
5225:
5204:
5181:Bax D (2020).
5168:
5116:
5105:
5085:
5050:
5036:(in Spanish).
5034:Diario de León
5020:
4992:
4974:(in Spanish).
4958:
4933:
4901:
4864:
4835:(4): 235–239.
4815:
4768:
4739:(4): 360–361.
4716:
4660:
4645:
4625:
4594:
4579:(9): 812–817.
4559:
4517:
4502:
4469:
4457:
4428:
4416:
4357:
4328:(3): 175–183.
4308:
4278:
4264:10.1086/511989
4237:
4223:10.1086/522355
4196:
4170:
4100:
4088:
4072:Science Friday
4055:
4048:
4018:
3992:
3966:
3931:
3869:
3831:
3810:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3713:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3654:
3653:
3650:Viruses portal
3639:
3623:
3620:
3602:
3599:
3580:
3577:
3568:bubonic plague
3551:mortality rate
3546:
3543:
3506:memory B cells
3468:(CDC) and the
3393:Main article:
3390:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3366:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3290:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3136:
3125:
3118:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3043:
3040:
2996:
2993:
2948:
2945:
2940:in the 1920s.
2921:
2918:
2897:
2894:
2874:Central Powers
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2856:epidemic model
2793:
2790:
2733:Warlord period
2701:
2698:
2694:infection rate
2673:concurrently.
2660:oral tradition
2656:American Samoa
2619:Pacific island
2612:Nenana, Alaska
2582:
2579:
2555:Haile Selassie
2530:Alaskan Native
2388:
2385:
2377:
2374:
2346:Misinformation
2327:
2324:
2263:
2260:
2229:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2208:
2207:
2199:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2138:
2135:
2096:
2093:
2089:cytokine storm
2031:
2028:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1923:Warlord Period
1883:
1880:
1780:
1777:
1744:
1741:
1732:
1729:
1662:
1659:
1558:
1555:
1410:
1407:
1365:following the
1323:Ottoman Empire
1278:, France, 1918
1264:
1261:
1245:Southeast Asia
1238:(March 1918),
1185:Haskell County
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1136:
1081:
1078:
1066:'kaapitohanga'
1032:Some language
1029:
1026:
984:'kaffersiekte'
959:gripe española
943:gripe francesa
915:
912:
787:
784:
752:Front page of
745:
742:
642:
639:
560:
557:
553:2009 Swine flu
538:superinfection
475:caused by the
452:
451:
449:
448:
441:
434:
426:
423:
422:
419:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
381:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
348:1976 swine flu
344:
339:
338:
335:
334:
331:
330:
328:2009 swine flu
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
299:
294:
293:
290:
289:
286:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
244:
239:
238:
235:
234:
231:
230:
225:
220:
219:
218:
207:
202:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:
192:
191:
189:A/H1N1 subtype
181:
176:
171:
170:
169:
167:A/H5N1 subtype
158:
153:
152:
149:
148:
140:
139:
129:
128:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
79:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
49:
48:
40:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
22653:
22642:
22639:
22637:
22634:
22632:
22629:
22627:
22624:
22622:
22619:
22617:
22614:
22613:
22611:
22601:
22596:
22591:
22589:
22579:
22577:
22572:
22567:
22566:
22563:
22549:
22546:
22543:
22540:
22534:(2019–present
22533:
22530:
22527:
22524:
22521:
22518:
22515:
22512:
22509:
22508:Hong Kong flu
22506:
22503:
22500:
22497:
22494:
22491:
22488:
22485:
22482:
22479:
22476:
22473:
22470:
22467:
22464:
22461:
22458:
22455:
22452:
22449:
22446:
22443:
22440:
22437:
22434:
22431:
22428:
22425:
22422:
22419:
22416:
22413:
22410:
22409:
22407:
22405:
22401:
22384:
22381:
22380:
22379:
22376:
22373:
22370:
22367:
22364:
22361:
22358:
22355:
22352:
22349:
22346:
22343:
22340:
22337:
22336:Tonga measles
22334:
22331:
22328:
22325:
22322:
22319:
22316:
22313:
22310:
22307:
22306:Samoa measles
22304:
22301:
22298:
22295:
22292:
22289:
22286:
22283:
22280:
22276:
22272:
22269:
22266:
22263:
22260:
22257:
22254:
22251:
22248:
22245:
22242:
22239:
22236:
22233:
22230:
22227:
22224:
22221:
22218:
22214:
22210:
22207:
22204:
22201:
22198:
22195:
22192:
22189:
22186:
22183:
22180:
22177:
22174:
22171:
22168:
22165:
22164:Haiti cholera
22162:
22159:
22156:
22153:
22150:
22147:
22144:
22141:
22138:
22135:
22132:
22129:
22128:Iraqi cholera
22126:
22123:
22120:
22117:
22114:
22111:
22110:Indian dengue
22108:
22105:
22102:
22099:
22096:
22093:
22090:
22087:
22084:
22083:
22081:
22077:
22069:
22065:
22062:
22059:
22056:
22053:
22050:
22047:
22044:
22041:
22038:
22035:
22032:
22029:
22026:
22023:
22020:
22017:
22014:
22011:
22008:
22005:
22004:
22002:
21998:
21991:
21988:
21985:
21982:
21979:
21976:
21973:
21970:
21967:
21966:Guam smallpox
21964:
21961:
21958:
21955:
21952:
21949:
21946:
21943:
21940:
21937:
21934:
21931:
21928:
21925:
21922:
21919:
21916:
21913:
21910:
21909:
21907:
21903:
21900:
21898:
21894:
21883:
21880:
21877:
21874:
21871:
21868:
21865:
21862:
21859:
21856:
21853:
21850:
21847:
21844:
21841:
21838:
21837:
21835:
21831:
21824:
21821:
21817:
21813:
21810:
21807:
21804:
21803:Naples Plague
21801:
21798:
21795:
21792:
21789:
21786:
21783:
21780:
21777:
21774:
21771:
21768:
21765:
21762:
21761:London plague
21759:
21758:
21756:
21752:
21746:
21743:
21742:London plague
21740:
21737:
21734:
21731:
21730:London plague
21728:
21725:
21722:
21719:
21716:
21713:
21710:
21707:
21704:
21703:
21701:
21697:
21694:
21692:
21686:
21679:
21676:
21673:
21670:
21667:
21664:
21661:
21660:Plague of 664
21658:
21655:
21652:
21649:
21646:
21643:
21640:
21637:
21634:
21633:
21631:
21629:
21623:
21616:
21613:
21610:
21607:
21604:
21601:
21591:
21588:
21587:
21585:
21583:
21579:
21576:
21572:
21566:
21563:
21562:
21559:
21555:
21551:
21547:
21540:
21535:
21533:
21528:
21526:
21521:
21520:
21517:
21505:
21502:
21500:
21497:
21495:
21492:
21491:
21489:
21485:
21475:(2019–present
21474:
21471:
21468:
21465:
21462:
21459:
21456:
21453:
21452:
21450:
21448:
21444:
21438:
21435:
21433:
21430:
21428:
21425:
21423:
21420:
21418:
21417:Louis Pasteur
21415:
21413:
21410:
21408:
21407:Edward Jenner
21405:
21403:
21400:
21398:
21395:
21394:
21392:
21388:
21382:
21379:
21377:
21376:Typhoid fever
21374:
21372:
21369:
21367:
21364:
21362:
21359:
21357:
21354:
21352:
21349:
21347:
21344:
21342:
21339:
21337:
21334:
21332:
21329:
21328:
21326:
21322:
21318:
21310:
21305:
21303:
21298:
21296:
21291:
21290:
21287:
21275:
21272:
21271:
21268:
21258:
21257:
21253:
21251:
21250:
21246:
21244:
21241:
21239:
21238:
21234:
21233:
21231:
21227:
21217:
21214:
21210:
21207:
21205:
21202:
21200:
21197:
21195:
21192:
21190:
21187:
21186:
21185:
21182:
21180:
21177:
21173:
21170:
21168:
21165:
21164:
21162:
21160:
21157:
21156:
21154:
21148:
21142:
21139:
21137:
21134:
21132:
21129:
21127:
21124:
21122:
21119:
21117:
21114:
21112:
21109:
21107:
21104:
21102:
21099:
21097:
21094:
21093:
21091:
21087:
21081:
21078:
21076:
21073:
21071:
21068:
21066:
21063:
21061:
21058:
21057:
21055:
21053:
21049:
21043:
21042:United States
21040:
21038:
21035:
21033:
21030:
21028:
21025:
21023:
21020:
21018:
21015:
21013:
21010:
21008:
21005:
21003:
21000:
20999:
20997:
20993:
20990:
20987:
20982:
20972:
20969:
20967:
20964:
20962:
20959:
20957:
20954:
20950:
20947:
20945:
20942:
20940:
20937:
20936:
20935:
20932:
20930:
20927:
20925:
20922:
20920:
20917:
20913:
20910:
20906:
20903:
20902:
20901:
20898:
20897:
20895:
20894:
20892:
20890:
20886:
20878:
20875:
20873:
20870:
20869:
20867:
20866:
20864:
20862:
20858:
20850:
20847:
20845:
20841:
20838:
20836:
20833:
20832:
20830:
20828:
20825:
20821:
20818:
20817:
20815:
20814:
20812:
20810:
20806:
20798:
20795:
20793:
20790:
20789:
20787:
20785:
20782:
20778:
20777:
20773:
20771:
20768:
20766:
20763:
20761:
20758:
20757:
20755:
20751:
20748:
20746:
20743:
20742:
20740:
20738:
20735:
20734:
20732:
20728:
20722:
20719:
20717:
20714:
20712:
20709:
20708:
20706:
20702:
20694:
20691:
20689:
20686:
20685:
20683:
20681:
20678:
20674:
20671:
20670:
20668:
20667:
20665:
20659:
20654:
20644:
20643:United States
20641:
20637:
20634:
20633:
20632:
20629:
20627:
20624:
20622:
20619:
20617:
20614:
20613:
20611:
20607:
20601:
20598:
20594:
20593:Convoy system
20591:
20590:
20589:
20588:Naval warfare
20586:
20584:
20581:
20579:
20576:
20574:
20571:
20569:
20566:
20562:
20559:
20558:
20557:
20554:
20553:
20551:
20547:
20544:
20540:
20529:
20526:
20523:
20520:
20517:
20514:
20511:
20508:
20503:
20500:
20497:
20494:
20491:
20488:
20485:
20482:
20481:
20480:
20477:
20474:
20471:
20468:
20465:
20462:
20459:
20456:
20453:
20450:
20447:
20444:
20441:
20438:
20435:
20432:
20429:
20426:
20423:
20420:
20417:
20414:
20411:
20408:
20405:
20402:
20399:
20396:
20393:
20390:
20387:
20384:
20381:
20378:
20375:
20374:
20372:
20368:
20361:
20358:
20355:
20352:
20349:
20348:Kaocen revolt
20346:
20343:
20342:Easter Rising
20340:
20337:
20334:
20331:
20328:
20325:
20322:
20320:
20317:
20314:
20311:
20308:
20305:
20302:
20299:
20296:
20293:
20290:
20287:
20284:
20281:
20278:
20275:
20272:
20269:
20266:
20263:
20260:
20257:
20256:
20254:
20250:
20244:
20241:
20237:
20232:
20229:
20227:
20224:
20222:
20219:
20217:
20214:
20212:
20209:
20207:
20204:
20202:
20199:
20197:
20194:
20192:
20189:
20187:
20184:
20182:
20179:
20177:
20174:
20172:
20169:
20167:
20164:
20162:
20159:
20157:
20154:
20152:
20149:
20147:
20144:
20142:
20139:
20137:
20134:
20133:
20131:
20129:
20125:
20119:
20116:
20114:
20111:
20109:
20106:
20104:
20101:
20099:
20096:
20094:
20091:
20089:
20086:
20084:
20081:
20079:
20076:
20074:
20071:
20069:
20066:
20064:
20061:
20059:
20056:
20054:
20051:
20049:
20046:
20044:
20041:
20039:
20036:
20035:
20033:
20031:
20027:
20021:
20018:
20016:
20013:
20011:
20008:
20006:
20003:
20001:
19998:
19994:
19991:
19990:
19989:
19986:
19984:
19981:
19979:
19976:
19974:
19971:
19969:
19966:
19964:
19961:
19960:
19958:
19954:
19948:
19945:
19943:
19940:
19938:
19935:
19933:
19930:
19928:
19925:
19923:
19920:
19918:
19915:
19913:
19910:
19908:
19907:Great Retreat
19905:
19903:
19900:
19898:
19895:
19893:
19890:
19888:
19885:
19883:
19882:
19877:
19875:
19872:
19870:
19867:
19865:
19862:
19861:
19859:
19855:
19849:
19846:
19844:
19841:
19839:
19836:
19834:
19831:
19829:
19826:
19824:
19821:
19819:
19816:
19814:
19811:
19809:
19806:
19804:
19801:
19799:
19796:
19794:
19791:
19789:
19786:
19784:
19781:
19779:
19778:Battle of Cer
19776:
19774:
19771:
19769:
19766:
19765:
19763:
19759:
19753:
19750:
19748:
19745:
19743:
19740:
19736:
19733:
19732:
19731:
19728:
19727:
19725:
19721:
19714:
19711:
19708:
19705:
19702:
19699:
19696:
19695:Agadir Crisis
19693:
19690:
19687:
19684:
19681:
19678:
19675:
19672:
19669:
19666:
19663:
19662:
19660:
19656:
19653:
19651:
19647:
19637:
19634:
19632:
19629:
19627:
19624:
19622:
19619:
19617:
19614:
19612:
19609:
19607:
19604:
19602:
19599:
19598:
19596:
19594:
19590:
19584:
19583:United States
19581:
19577:
19574:
19573:
19572:
19569:
19567:
19564:
19562:
19559:
19555:
19552:
19550:
19547:
19546:
19545:
19542:
19540:
19537:
19535:
19532:
19530:
19527:
19523:
19520:
19519:
19518:
19515:
19513:
19510:
19508:
19505:
19501:
19500:French Empire
19498:
19497:
19496:
19493:
19491:
19488:
19486:
19483:
19481:
19478:
19476:
19473:
19472:
19470:
19468:
19464:
19461:
19453:
19443:
19442:Mediterranean
19440:
19436:
19433:
19432:
19431:
19428:
19427:
19425:
19423:
19422:Naval warfare
19419:
19413:
19410:
19408:
19405:
19403:
19400:
19399:
19397:
19395:
19391:
19385:
19382:
19380:
19377:
19375:
19372:
19370:
19367:
19365:
19362:
19361:
19359:
19357:
19353:
19347:
19344:
19342:
19339:
19337:
19334:
19332:
19329:
19327:
19324:
19322:
19319:
19317:
19314:
19313:
19311:
19309:
19305:
19299:
19298:Italian Front
19296:
19292:
19289:
19288:
19287:
19286:Eastern Front
19284:
19282:
19281:Western Front
19279:
19275:
19272:
19271:
19270:
19267:
19266:
19264:
19262:
19258:
19255:
19251:
19245:
19242:
19240:
19239:Puppet states
19237:
19235:
19232:
19230:
19227:
19225:
19222:
19220:
19217:
19215:
19212:
19210:
19207:
19205:
19202:
19200:
19197:
19195:
19192:
19190:
19187:
19185:
19182:
19181:
19178:
19174:
19167:
19162:
19160:
19155:
19153:
19148:
19147:
19144:
19132:
19129:
19127:
19124:
19122:
19119:
19118:
19116:
19112:
19106:
19103:
19101:
19098:
19096:
19093:
19091:
19088:
19086:
19083:
19081:
19078:
19076:
19075:Bronchiolitis
19073:
19071:
19068:
19067:
19065:
19063:
19062:Complications
19059:
19049:
19048:Fujian (H5N1)
19046:
19044:
19041:
19040:
19038:
19034:
19028:
19025:
19021:
19018:
19017:
19016:
19013:
19011:
19008:
19006:
19003:
19002:
19000:
18996:
18993:
18989:
18979:
18976:
18972:
18969:
18968:
18967:
18964:
18963:
18961:
18959:
18955:
18949:
18946:
18944:
18941:
18939:
18936:
18934:
18931:
18929:
18926:
18924:
18921:
18919:
18916:
18914:
18911:
18910:
18908:
18906:
18902:
18899:
18894:Pandemics and
18891:
18881:
18878:
18876:
18873:
18871:
18868:
18866:
18863:
18862:
18860:
18858:
18854:
18848:
18845:
18843:
18840:
18838:
18832:
18828:
18825:
18823:
18820:
18818:
18815:
18813:
18810:
18809:
18808:
18805:
18801:
18798:
18796:
18793:
18792:
18791:
18788:
18787:
18785:
18783:
18779:
18776:
18774:
18770:
18760:
18757:
18756:
18754:
18750:
18747:
18745:
18741:
18731:
18728:
18726:
18725:Social impact
18723:
18721:
18718:
18714:
18711:
18710:
18709:
18706:
18704:
18703:Global spread
18701:
18699:
18696:
18694:
18691:
18690:
18688:
18684:
18678:
18675:
18673:
18670:
18668:
18665:
18663:
18660:
18658:
18655:
18654:
18652:
18648:
18645:
18643:
18639:
18629:
18626:
18625:
18623:
18619:
18613:
18610:
18608:
18605:
18603:
18600:
18599:
18597:
18595:
18591:
18588:
18586:
18582:
18576:
18573:
18571:
18568:
18566:
18563:
18561:
18558:
18556:
18553:
18551:
18548:
18546:
18543:
18541:
18538:
18536:
18533:
18531:
18528:
18526:
18523:
18521:
18518:
18516:
18513:
18511:
18508:
18506:
18503:
18501:
18498:
18496:
18493:
18491:
18488:
18486:
18483:
18481:
18478:
18476:
18473:
18471:
18468:
18466:
18463:
18461:
18458:
18456:
18453:
18451:
18448:
18447:
18445:
18437:
18431:
18428:
18426:
18423:
18421:
18418:
18416:
18413:
18411:
18408:
18407:
18405:
18401:
18395:
18392:
18390:
18387:
18385:
18382:
18380:
18377:
18375:
18372:
18370:
18367:
18365:
18362:
18361:
18359:
18355:
18351:
18344:
18339:
18337:
18332:
18330:
18325:
18324:
18321:
18314:
18310:
18307:
18306:
18301:
18300:
18292:
18274:
18268:
18264:
18260:
18256:
18252:
18248:
18247:
18243:
18239:
18235:
18231:
18227:
18225:
18221:
18218:
18215:
18211:
18208:
18207:
18196:
18192:
18187:
18182:
18177:
18172:
18168:
18164:
18160:
18156:
18152:
18148:
18143:
18139:
18135:
18131:
18127:
18123:
18119:
18115:
18110:
18106:
18102:
18098:
18094:
18090:
18086:
18082:
18078:
18073:
18069:
18065:
18061:
18057:
18052:
18047:
18043:
18039:
18035:
18030:
18026:
18022:
18017:
18012:
18009:(3): 434–43.
18008:
18004:
18000:
17995:
17991:
17986:
17982:
17978:
17974:
17970:
17965:
17961:
17957:
17952:
17947:
17943:
17939:
17935:
17930:
17926:
17920:
17915:
17914:
17907:
17903:
17899:
17895:
17891:
17886:
17885:10.1038/70913
17881:
17877:
17873:
17869:
17864:
17860:
17856:
17852:
17848:
17844:
17840:
17835:
17831:
17827:
17822:
17817:
17813:
17809:
17805:
17801:
17797:
17792:
17788:
17782:
17778:
17774:
17770:
17766:
17762:
17756:
17752:
17751:
17746:
17742:
17738:
17734:
17731:(2): 216–26.
17730:
17726:
17721:
17717:
17713:
17709:
17704:
17700:
17694:
17690:
17685:
17681:
17675:
17671:
17666:
17654:
17650:
17644:
17640:
17639:
17633:
17621:
17617:
17612:
17608:
17602:
17598:
17593:
17589:
17583:
17579:
17574:
17570:
17566:
17561:
17556:
17553:(3): 408–20.
17552:
17548:
17544:
17539:
17535:
17529:
17525:
17520:
17516:
17510:
17506:
17501:
17498:
17496:9780192843739
17492:
17488:
17487:
17481:
17477:
17471:
17455:
17451:
17447:
17443:
17439:
17435:
17431:
17427:
17426:
17406:
17402:
17398:
17394:
17390:
17386:
17382:
17378:
17373:
17369:
17365:
17361:
17357:
17353:
17349:
17345:
17341:
17336:
17332:
17328:
17323:
17318:
17314:
17310:
17306:
17302:
17298:
17293:
17289:
17285:
17281:
17277:
17272:
17267:
17263:
17259:
17255:
17251:
17247:
17242:
17238:
17234:
17229:
17224:
17220:
17216:
17212:
17208:
17204:
17199:
17195:
17191:
17186:
17181:
17176:
17171:
17168:(8): 651473.
17167:
17163:
17159:
17157:
17150:
17146:
17142:
17141:
17136:
17132:
17125:
17121:
17116:
17111:
17107:
17103:
17099:
17094:
17090:
17086:
17082:
17076:
17072:
17067:
17063:
17059:
17055:
17051:
17047:
17043:
17038:
17033:
17029:
17025:
17020:
17016:
17010:
17006:
17002:
16998:
16994:
16988:
16984:
16983:
16977:
16973:
16967:
16963:
16958:
16946:
16942:
16936:
16932:
16928:
16923:
16919:
16915:
16911:
16907:
16902:
16898:
16892:
16888:
16883:
16879:
16875:
16870:
16865:
16861:
16857:
16853:
16848:
16844:
16840:
16839:Navy Medicine
16836:
16831:
16827:
16823:
16818:
16813:
16809:
16805:
16800:
16795:
16791:
16787:
16783:
16779:
16775:
16770:
16758:
16754:
16753:AIR Worldwide
16747:
16742:
16730:
16726:
16720:
16716:
16715:
16709:
16705:
16701:
16697:
16693:
16688:
16683:
16679:
16675:
16671:
16667:
16663:
16658:
16646:
16642:
16638:
16633:
16629:
16625:
16621:
16617:
16613:
16609:
16605:
16601:
16596:
16592:
16588:
16584:
16580:
16576:
16572:
16567:
16563:
16557:
16553:
16548:
16544:
16540:
16535:
16530:
16526:
16522:
16518:
16514:
16510:
16505:
16501:
16497:
16493:
16489:
16485:
16481:
16477:
16473:
16470:(2): 283–88.
16469:
16465:
16460:
16448:
16444:
16438:
16434:
16433:
16427:
16415:
16411:
16410:
16405:
16401:
16397:
16382:
16375:
16374:
16368:
16356:
16352:
16351:
16346:
16341:
16329:
16325:
16321:
16316:
16304:
16300:
16296:
16291:
16287:
16283:
16278:
16273:
16268:
16263:
16259:
16255:
16252:(8): e69586.
16251:
16247:
16243:
16238:
16234:
16228:
16223:
16222:
16215:
16211:
16207:
16202:
16197:
16193:
16189:
16185:
16181:
16177:
16173:
16169:
16164:
16160:
16156:
16151:
16146:
16142:
16138:
16134:
16129:
16125:
16119:
16115:
16110:
16098:
16094:
16088:
16084:
16083:
16077:
16065:
16061:
16055:
16051:
16050:
16044:
16040:
16034:
16029:
16028:
16021:
16017:
16013:
16009:
16005:
16000:
15995:
15991:
15987:
15983:
15978:
15974:
15970:
15966:
15960:
15956:
15951:
15939:
15935:
15930:
15926:
15920:
15916:
15912:
15908:
15904:
15903:Braithwaite M
15901:Benedict ML,
15899:
15895:
15893:9780192843739
15889:
15885:
15884:
15879:
15875:
15871:
15867:
15862:
15857:
15852:
15847:
15843:
15839:
15835:
15831:
15827:
15823:
15817:
15813:
15812:
15807:
15803:
15791:
15787:
15783:
15778:
15765:
15761:
15757:
15753:
15749:
15745:
15741:
15737:
15733:
15729:
15724:
15720:
15716:
15712:
15708:
15703:
15698:
15694:
15690:
15686:
15682:
15678:
15673:
15672:
15650:
15646:
15642:
15638:
15634:
15630:
15626:
15622:
15618:
15614:
15607:
15591:
15587:
15583:
15579:
15575:
15571:
15567:
15564:(1): e23198.
15563:
15559:
15555:
15551:
15550:Sattenspiel L
15544:
15536:
15532:
15527:
15522:
15518:
15514:
15510:
15506:
15502:
15495:
15479:
15475:
15471:
15467:
15463:
15459:
15455:
15451:
15444:
15428:
15424:
15420:
15414:
15403:
15399:
15395:
15391:
15387:
15380:
15373:
15357:
15353:
15349:
15342:
15335:
15330:
15323:
15318:
15311:
15306:
15298:
15294:
15289:
15284:
15280:
15276:
15272:
15268:
15264:
15260:
15256:
15249:
15242:
15237:
15221:
15217:
15213:
15207:
15200:
15195:
15187:
15183:
15178:
15173:
15169:
15165:
15161:
15157:
15153:
15146:
15131:
15127:
15120:
15104:
15100:
15096:
15089:
15073:
15069:
15065:
15059:
15043:
15039:
15033:
15026:
15021:
15014:
15009:
15002:
14997:
14990:
14985:
14983:
14981:
14973:
14970:
14966:
14962:
14948:
14944:
14940:
14933:
14917:
14913:
14907:
14891:
14887:
14883:
14877:
14861:
14857:
14853:
14847:
14839:
14835:
14830:
14825:
14821:
14817:
14813:
14809:
14805:
14798:
14782:
14778:
14772:
14756:
14752:
14748:
14742:
14734:
14730:
14725:
14720:
14716:
14712:
14709:(6): 830–41.
14708:
14704:
14700:
14693:
14685:
14681:
14676:
14671:
14666:
14661:
14657:
14653:
14652:PLOS Medicine
14649:
14642:
14634:
14630:
14626:
14622:
14619:(9): 687–95.
14618:
14614:
14610:
14603:
14595:
14591:
14586:
14581:
14576:
14571:
14567:
14563:
14560:(8): e21828.
14559:
14555:
14551:
14544:
14528:
14522:
14514:
14510:
14505:
14500:
14496:
14492:
14488:
14484:
14480:
14473:
14465:
14461:
14457:
14453:
14449:
14445:
14442:(3): 175–83.
14441:
14437:
14433:
14426:
14418:
14414:
14410:
14406:
14402:
14398:
14391:
14383:
14382:
14377:
14370:
14362:
14358:
14354:
14350:
14346:
14342:
14339:(1): 105–15.
14338:
14334:
14327:
14319:
14315:
14311:
14307:
14303:
14299:
14295:
14288:
14280:
14276:
14271:
14266:
14262:
14258:
14254:
14250:
14249:
14244:
14237:
14218:
14211:
14205:
14203:
14201:
14199:
14197:
14195:
14193:
14191:
14182:
14178:
14173:
14168:
14164:
14160:
14156:
14152:
14148:
14141:
14133:
14129:
14124:
14119:
14115:
14111:
14107:
14103:
14099:
14095:
14091:
14084:
14076:
14072:
14067:
14062:
14057:
14052:
14048:
14044:
14040:
14033:
14025:
14021:
14017:
14013:
14009:
14005:
14001:
13997:
13990:
13982:
13978:
13974:
13970:
13966:
13962:
13955:
13939:
13938:The Economist
13935:
13929:
13913:
13909:
13905:
13898:
13883:
13882:
13877:
13870:
13855:
13854:
13849:
13842:
13835:
13830:
13815:
13811:
13805:
13803:
13795:
13790:
13784:, p. 38.
13783:
13778:
13771:
13770:Morrisey 1986
13766:
13758:
13756:9780192843739
13752:
13748:
13747:
13739:
13737:
13729:
13724:
13716:
13712:
13708:
13701:
13694:
13689:
13673:
13668:
13663:
13659:
13655:
13648:
13640:
13636:
13632:
13628:
13624:
13620:
13616:
13612:
13605:
13589:
13582:
13566:
13562:
13558:
13554:
13550:
13546:
13542:
13537:
13532:
13528:
13524:
13517:
13501:
13497:
13496:
13491:
13485:
13469:
13465:
13461:
13454:
13447:
13442:
13426:
13422:
13418:
13412:
13405:
13400:
13393:
13388:
13380:
13376:
13372:
13368:
13364:
13360:
13353:
13346:
13341:
13339:
13337:
13335:
13327:
13322:
13320:
13318:
13316:
13314:
13312:
13295:
13291:
13287:
13281:
13274:
13269:
13253:
13246:
13238:
13234:
13227:
13220:
13215:
13213:
13211:
13202:
13195:
13179:
13175:
13171:
13167:
13160:
13144:
13140:
13134:
13130:
13129:
13121:
13119:
13117:
13115:
13113:
13111:
13109:
13107:
13090:
13086:
13085:
13077:
13069:
13065:
13061:
13054:
13038:
13034:
13028:
13025:. Routledge.
13024:
13023:
13015:
12999:
12995:
12989:
12986:. Routledge.
12985:
12984:
12976:
12968:
12961:
12959:
12949:
12941:
12934:
12926:
12922:
12918:
12914:
12909:
12904:
12900:
12896:
12892:
12888:
12884:
12877:
12875:
12866:
12862:
12857:
12852:
12848:
12844:
12840:
12836:
12832:
12825:
12809:
12805:
12801:
12795:
12788:
12783:
12777:, p. 72.
12776:
12771:
12755:
12751:
12747:
12740:
12733:
12721:
12717:
12713:
12707:
12700:
12687:
12683:
12679:
12672:
12665:
12661:
12656:
12640:
12636:
12632:
12625:
12618:
12613:
12611:
12594:
12590:
12584:
12577:
12572:
12556:
12552:
12546:
12539:
12534:
12532:
12530:
12523:, p. 63.
12522:
12517:
12510:
12505:
12497:
12490:
12483:
12478:
12462:
12458:
12454:
12448:
12432:
12428:
12422:
12415:
12410:
12395:on 6 May 2009
12394:
12390:
12384:
12368:
12364:
12363:
12358:
12352:
12336:
12332:
12326:
12319:
12314:
12298:
12294:
12288:
12273:
12272:
12267:
12261:
12245:
12244:
12239:
12233:
12231:
12214:
12210:
12206:
12202:
12198:
12194:
12187:
12179:
12175:
12171:
12165:
12161:
12154:
12138:
12134:
12128:
12112:
12108:
12102:
12100:
12092:
12087:
12071:
12067:
12063:
12056:
12048:
12044:
12040:
12034:
12030:
12023:
12007:
12003:
11999:
11995:
11991:
11985:
11969:
11965:
11961:
11957:
11953:
11949:
11945:
11942:: 2211–2218.
11941:
11937:
11933:
11929:
11922:
11920:
11903:
11899:
11895:
11889:
11873:
11869:
11865:
11858:
11850:
11846:
11842:
11838:
11831:
11824:
11819:
11811:
11807:
11802:
11797:
11793:
11789:
11786:(7265): 852.
11785:
11781:
11777:
11770:
11754:
11750:
11744:
11725:
11721:
11717:
11713:
11709:
11705:
11701:
11694:
11689:and response
11686:
11682:
11678:
11674:
11670:
11666:
11659:
11652:
11647:
11639:
11627:
11623:
11619:
11615:
11611:
11604:
11585:
11581:
11577:
11573:
11569:
11562:
11555:
11549:, p. 17.
11548:
11543:
11537:, p. 19.
11536:
11531:
11525:, p. 70.
11524:
11519:
11513:, p. 69.
11512:
11507:
11501:, p. 92.
11500:
11495:
11493:
11484:
11480:
11476:
11472:
11468:
11464:
11460:
11456:
11449:
11442:
11437:
11430:
11425:
11417:
11413:
11409:
11405:
11400:
11395:
11390:
11385:
11381:
11377:
11373:
11369:
11365:
11358:
11342:
11338:
11332:
11326:, p. 91.
11325:
11320:
11305:
11299:
11295:
11294:
11286:
11279:
11274:
11272:
11270:
11262:
11257:
11255:
11253:
11251:
11242:
11238:
11234:
11227:
11225:
11208:
11204:
11200:
11194:
11178:
11174:
11170:
11163:
11147:
11143:
11139:
11132:
11116:
11112:
11108:
11101:
11093:
11089:
11084:
11079:
11074:
11069:
11065:
11061:
11057:
11053:
11049:
11042:
11034:
11030:
11025:
11020:
11015:
11010:
11006:
11002:
10998:
10994:
10990:
10983:
10975:
10971:
10966:
10961:
10956:
10951:
10947:
10943:
10940:(2): 150633.
10939:
10935:
10931:
10924:
10916:
10912:
10907:
10902:
10898:
10894:
10887:
10879:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10851:
10847:
10843:
10839:
10835:
10828:
10820:
10816:
10811:
10806:
10802:
10798:
10794:
10787:
10779:
10775:
10770:
10765:
10760:
10755:
10751:
10747:
10743:
10736:
10728:
10724:
10719:
10714:
10709:
10704:
10700:
10696:
10692:
10688:
10684:
10677:
10671:, p. 62.
10670:
10665:
10663:
10661:
10644:
10640:
10636:
10630:
10624:, p. 61.
10623:
10618:
10616:
10608:
10603:
10595:
10591:
10586:
10581:
10577:
10573:
10569:
10565:
10561:
10554:
10547:
10542:
10540:
10523:
10519:
10515:
10509:
10501:
10497:
10492:
10487:
10482:
10477:
10473:
10469:
10465:
10458:
10451:
10446:
10444:
10436:
10431:
10429:
10427:
10425:
10423:
10406:
10402:
10398:
10391:
10385:, p. 56.
10384:
10383:Gladwell 1997
10379:
10363:
10359:
10352:
10346:, p. 63.
10345:
10344:Gladwell 1997
10340:
10334:, p. 55.
10333:
10332:Gladwell 1997
10328:
10321:
10316:
10312:
10308:
10301:
10285:
10281:
10277:
10271:
10264:
10259:
10253:, p. 42.
10252:
10247:
10239:
10235:
10230:
10225:
10221:
10217:
10213:
10209:
10205:
10201:
10197:
10190:
10182:
10178:
10173:
10168:
10164:
10160:
10156:
10149:
10133:
10129:
10125:
10118:
10110:
10106:
10101:
10096:
10092:
10088:
10084:
10077:
10075:
10073:
10071:
10062:
10058:
10054:
10050:
10046:
10042:
10035:
10019:
10015:
10009:
10006:. Routledge.
10005:
10004:
9996:
9994:
9986:
9981:
9979:
9962:
9958:
9957:
9952:
9945:
9938:
9933:
9925:
9918:
9916:
9908:
9903:
9901:
9892:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9874:
9870:
9866:
9859:
9857:
9855:
9835:
9831:
9827:
9823:
9819:
9815:
9811:
9804:
9797:
9795:
9778:
9774:
9770:
9763:
9761:
9752:
9748:
9743:
9738:
9734:
9730:
9727:: 1857–1859.
9726:
9725:Royal Society
9722:
9718:
9714:
9710:
9704:
9688:
9684:
9680:
9673:
9671:
9669:
9652:
9648:
9642:
9634:
9630:
9626:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9608:
9604:
9600:
9596:
9592:
9585:
9583:
9575:
9570:
9568:
9559:
9555:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9531:
9527:
9523:
9516:
9514:
9512:
9510:
9501:
9497:
9492:
9487:
9483:
9479:
9475:
9471:
9467:
9460:
9452:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9434:
9430:
9426:
9422:
9418:
9411:
9409:
9407:
9398:
9394:
9389:
9384:
9380:
9376:
9372:
9368:
9364:
9357:
9355:
9346:
9342:
9337:
9332:
9328:
9324:
9320:
9316:
9312:
9305:
9297:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9279:
9275:
9271:
9267:
9260:
9258:
9256:
9247:
9245:9789517467162
9241:
9237:
9230:
9222:
9218:
9214:
9207:
9199:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9181:
9177:
9173:
9169:
9165:
9158:
9150:
9147:(in Korean).
9146:
9142:
9135:
9127:
9123:
9118:
9113:
9109:
9105:
9101:
9097:
9090:
9082:
9078:
9073:
9068:
9064:
9060:
9056:
9052:
9048:
9041:
9033:
9029:
9024:
9019:
9015:
9011:
9008:: 4880–4884.
9007:
9003:
8999:
8992:
8984:
8980:
8976:
8969:
8961:
8954:
8948:
8932:
8928:
8922:
8906:
8902:
8896:
8894:
8877:
8873:
8867:
8865:
8848:
8844:
8838:
8822:
8818:
8812:
8796:
8792:
8786:
8770:
8766:
8760:
8744:
8740:
8734:
8718:
8714:
8708:
8692:
8688:
8682:
8666:
8662:
8656:
8640:
8636:
8630:
8614:
8610:
8603:
8601:
8592:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8574:
8570:
8566:
8562:
8558:
8551:
8549:
8532:
8528:
8522:
8506:
8502:
8496:
8494:
8477:
8473:
8467:
8465:
8448:
8444:
8438:
8422:
8418:
8412:
8396:
8392:
8386:
8370:
8366:
8360:
8344:
8340:
8334:
8318:
8314:
8308:
8300:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8282:
8278:
8274:
8270:
8266:
8262:
8258:
8252:
8236:
8232:
8228:
8221:
8213:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8195:
8191:
8187:
8183:
8179:
8172:
8164:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8146:
8142:
8138:
8134:
8130:
8123:
8121:
8119:
8110:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8092:
8088:
8084:
8078:
8070:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8052:
8048:
8044:
8038:
8030:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8004:
7998:
7990:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7972:
7968:
7964:
7958:
7950:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7932:
7928:
7924:
7920:
7916:
7909:
7901:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7883:
7879:
7875:
7869:
7861:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7843:
7839:
7835:
7828:
7826:
7817:
7810:
7803:
7801:
7799:
7797:
7788:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7770:
7766:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7747:
7745:
7743:
7734:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7716:
7712:
7708:
7704:
7700:
7693:
7685:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7642:
7634:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7609:(3): 99–106.
7608:
7604:
7600:
7593:
7591:
7589:
7587:
7578:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7560:
7556:
7552:
7548:
7544:
7537:
7518:
7514:
7507:
7501:
7493:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7475:
7471:
7467:
7461:
7453:
7449:
7443:
7439:
7438:
7433:
7426:
7424:
7407:
7403:
7402:
7397:
7391:
7383:
7382:
7374:
7372:
7370:
7368:
7366:
7364:
7362:
7353:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7327:
7323:
7319:
7312:
7304:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7278:
7272:
7270:
7261:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7235:
7229:
7221:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7170:
7168:
7159:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7141:
7137:
7133:
7126:
7124:
7122:
7120:
7103:
7099:
7093:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7058:
7057:
7052:
7045:
7039:, p. 42.
7038:
7033:
7027:, p. 41.
7026:
7021:
7005:
7001:
6997:
6990:
6983:
6979:
6977:0-670-89473-7
6973:
6969:
6962:
6956:, p. 40.
6955:
6950:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6920:
6918:
6911:, p. 39.
6910:
6905:
6903:
6894:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6857:
6851:, p. 38.
6850:
6845:
6843:
6834:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6793:
6774:
6770:
6763:
6757:
6755:
6747:
6742:
6740:
6738:
6736:
6734:
6732:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6703:
6702:
6697:
6691:
6685:, p. 37.
6684:
6679:
6677:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6656:
6652:
6645:
6638:
6637:Billings 1997
6633:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6602:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6580:
6574:, p. 36.
6573:
6568:
6566:
6564:
6556:
6544:
6540:
6534:
6526:
6525:
6520:
6516:
6510:
6503:
6498:
6492:
6488:
6487:
6479:
6472:
6468:
6462:
6458:
6457:
6449:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6419:
6412:
6400:
6396:
6389:
6382:
6377:
6370:
6365:
6363:
6361:
6359:
6357:
6355:
6347:
6343:
6342:
6334:
6327:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6313:
6306:
6299:
6295:
6289:
6286:. JHU Press.
6285:
6284:
6276:
6269:
6265:
6264:
6256:
6240:
6236:
6229:
6213:
6212:
6204:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6173:
6157:
6153:
6152:
6147:
6141:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6111:
6095:
6091:
6085:
6078:
6073:
6066:
6053:
6049:
6043:
6023:
6015:
6007:
6000:
5996:
5990:
5986:
5985:
5977:
5970:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5943:
5936:
5923:
5922:
5917:
5910:
5903:
5891:
5887:
5886:
5881:
5874:
5858:
5854:
5847:
5840:
5835:
5829:, p. 58.
5828:
5823:
5821:
5813:
5801:
5797:
5790:
5788:
5779:
5766:
5763:(in German).
5762:
5758:
5751:
5744:
5742:
5735:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5655:
5647:
5643:
5642:
5637:
5631:
5623:
5617:
5610:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5589:The Economist
5586:
5579:
5572:
5567:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5536:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5514:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5479:
5477:
5469:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5442:
5435:
5423:
5419:
5412:
5396:
5395:
5390:
5384:
5368:
5367:
5362:
5356:
5349:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5324:
5317:
5312:
5306:, p. 51.
5305:
5300:
5293:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5274:
5270:
5269:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5249:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5229:
5222:
5217:
5216:
5208:
5200:
5188:
5184:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5164:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5123:
5121:
5113:
5108:
5102:
5099:. Routledge.
5098:
5097:
5089:
5081:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5054:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5024:
5009:
5008:
5003:
4996:
4988:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4962:
4955:
4951:
4946:
4942:
4937:
4930:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4905:
4898:
4895:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4868:
4860:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4772:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4723:
4721:
4713:
4708:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4667:
4665:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4629:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4598:
4591:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4563:
4557:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4521:
4512:
4506:
4499:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4473:
4466:
4461:
4454:
4442:
4441:hebrewversity
4438:
4432:
4425:
4420:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4361:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4312:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4288:
4282:
4274:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4241:
4233:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4200:
4185:
4181:
4174:
4166:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4107:
4105:
4097:
4092:
4085:
4073:
4069:
4062:
4060:
4051:
4045:
4041:
4040:Penguin Books
4037:
4036:
4031:
4025:
4023:
4007:
4003:
3996:
3981:
3977:
3970:
3954:
3950:
3949:
3943:
3935:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3902:: 2561–2567.
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3841:
3835:
3828:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3752:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3708:
3704:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3640:
3637:
3626:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3598:
3595:
3594:socioeconomic
3591:
3587:
3576:
3573:
3572:comorbidities
3569:
3565:
3560:
3557:
3552:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3495:
3494:nucleoprotein
3491:
3487:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3415:
3409:
3401:
3396:
3386:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3337:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3321:7.75 billion
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:6.85 billion
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:4.21 billion
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:3.53 billion
3205:
3202:
3200:
3199:Hong Kong flu
3197:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:2.90 billion
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3137:
3126:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:1.80 billion
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3032:Emma Donoghue
3029:
3028:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3001:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2959:, New Zealand
2958:
2953:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2902:
2893:
2890:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2798:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2734:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2706:New Caledonia
2697:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2597:
2587:
2578:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2484:Western Samoa
2481:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2435:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2425:John M. Barry
2421:
2419:
2418:
2412:
2402:
2393:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2350:noxious gases
2347:
2343:
2342:paternalistic
2339:
2338:
2333:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2233:
2226:
2212:
2203:
2196:
2177:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2148:
2143:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1960:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1809:
1805:(1890–1918),
1804:
1800:
1793:
1790:(1863–1944),
1789:
1785:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1757:John M. Barry
1755:, and author
1754:
1750:
1743:United States
1740:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1661:Post-pandemic
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1568:
1563:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1451:San Francisco
1448:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1319:South America
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1276:Aix-les-Bains
1273:
1269:
1260:
1258:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1224:Western Front
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1145:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1018:social stigma
1015:
1011:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
986:
985:
980:
979:ethnophaulism
976:
972:
968:
963:
960:
955:
950:
944:
939:
935:
931:
927:
922:
914:Other exonyms
908:
904:
899:
895:
893:
889:
885:
884:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
839:
836:
831:
830:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
808:
799:
798:
792:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
761:
757:
756:
750:
741:
738:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
702:
697:
695:
691:
688:
684:
683:
677:
675:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
645:Outbreaks of
638:
635:
630:
626:
622:
621:interrogative
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
582:
579:
575:
571:
570:
565:
556:
554:
550:
546:
541:
539:
535:
530:
524:
522:
518:
517:neutral Spain
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
467:
463:
459:
447:
442:
440:
435:
433:
428:
427:
425:
424:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
393:
387:
386:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
342:
337:
336:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
300:
297:
292:
291:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
242:
237:
236:
229:
226:
224:
221:
217:
214:
213:
212:
211:2009 pandemic
209:
208:
205:
200:
199:
190:
187:
186:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
168:
165:
164:
163:
160:
159:
156:
151:
150:
146:
142:
141:
138:
135:
134:
127:
123:
119:
113:
109:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
84:
80:
76:
73:
70:
66:
61:
57:
53:
46:
41:
36:
33:
29:
22:
22483:
22360:Uganda Ebola
22079:21st century
22061:Surat plague
22031:NYC smallpox
22000:20th century
21905:19th century
21833:18th century
21754:17th century
21720:(1545, 1576)
21699:16th century
21642:Roman Plague
21611:(165–180 AD)
21605:(429–426 BC)
21552:and notable
21460:
21381:Yellow fever
21371:Tuberculosis
21254:
21247:
21235:
20842: /
20774:
20720:
20609:Conscription
20573:Cryptography
20510:Iraqi Revolt
19937:Siege of Kut
19880:
19458:participants
19407:German Samoa
19341:South Arabia
19105:Strep throat
19085:Otitis media
18662:India (2006)
18601:
18384:Reassortment
18295:
18272:
18245:
18238:the original
18158:
18154:
18121:
18117:
18080:
18076:
18041:
18037:
18006:
18002:
17989:
17972:
17968:
17941:
17937:
17912:
17875:
17871:
17842:
17838:
17803:
17799:
17772:
17749:
17728:
17724:
17715:
17711:
17688:
17669:
17657:. Retrieved
17637:
17624:. Retrieved
17596:
17580:. Atheneum.
17577:
17550:
17546:
17523:
17504:
17485:
17470:cite journal
17458:. Retrieved
17441:
17437:
17409:. Retrieved
17387:(2): 79–84.
17384:
17380:
17343:
17339:
17307:(1): 15–22.
17304:
17300:
17253:
17249:
17210:
17206:
17165:
17161:
17155:
17145:the original
17140:ScienceDaily
17138:
17105:
17101:
17070:
17030:(1): 53–60.
17027:
17023:
17004:
16981:
16961:
16949:. Retrieved
16930:
16909:
16905:
16886:
16859:
16855:
16842:
16838:
16781:
16777:
16761:. Retrieved
16733:. Retrieved
16713:
16669:
16665:
16649:. Retrieved
16640:
16603:
16599:
16577:(1): 55–81.
16574:
16570:
16551:
16516:
16512:
16467:
16463:
16451:. Retrieved
16431:
16418:. Retrieved
16407:
16388:. Retrieved
16372:
16359:. Retrieved
16348:
16332:. Retrieved
16323:
16307:. Retrieved
16298:
16249:
16245:
16220:
16175:
16171:
16140:
16136:
16113:
16101:. Retrieved
16081:
16068:. Retrieved
16048:
16026:
15989:
15985:
15954:
15942:. Retrieved
15938:the original
15910:
15882:
15841:
15837:
15810:
15794:. Retrieved
15785:
15768:. Retrieved
15735:
15731:
15684:
15680:
15668:Bibliography
15653:. Retrieved
15620:
15616:
15606:
15594:. Retrieved
15561:
15557:
15543:
15508:
15504:
15494:
15482:. Retrieved
15457:
15453:
15443:
15431:. Retrieved
15422:
15413:
15402:the original
15389:
15385:
15372:
15360:. Retrieved
15351:
15341:
15329:
15317:
15305:
15262:
15258:
15248:
15236:
15224:. Retrieved
15215:
15206:
15194:
15159:
15155:
15145:
15133:. Retrieved
15129:
15119:
15107:. Retrieved
15098:
15088:
15076:. Retrieved
15067:
15058:
15046:. Retrieved
15032:
15020:
15008:
14996:
14958:
14951:. Retrieved
14942:
14932:
14920:. Retrieved
14906:
14896:26 September
14894:. Retrieved
14890:the original
14885:
14876:
14864:. Retrieved
14846:
14811:
14807:
14797:
14785:. Retrieved
14771:
14759:. Retrieved
14741:
14706:
14703:Epidemiology
14702:
14692:
14655:
14651:
14641:
14616:
14612:
14602:
14557:
14553:
14543:
14531:. Retrieved
14521:
14486:
14482:
14472:
14439:
14435:
14425:
14400:
14396:
14390:
14379:
14369:
14336:
14332:
14326:
14301:
14297:
14287:
14252:
14246:
14236:
14224:. Retrieved
14157:(1): 15–22.
14154:
14150:
14140:
14097:
14093:
14083:
14046:
14042:
14032:
14002:(4): 572–9.
13999:
13995:
13989:
13964:
13960:
13954:
13942:. Retrieved
13937:
13928:
13916:. Retrieved
13908:The Atlantic
13907:
13897:
13885:. Retrieved
13879:
13869:
13857:. Retrieved
13851:
13841:
13829:
13817:. Retrieved
13813:
13789:
13777:
13765:
13745:
13723:
13715:the original
13710:
13700:
13688:
13676:. Retrieved
13657:
13647:
13614:
13610:
13604:
13592:. Retrieved
13581:
13569:. Retrieved
13526:
13516:
13504:. Retrieved
13493:
13484:
13472:. Retrieved
13463:
13453:
13441:
13429:. Retrieved
13420:
13411:
13399:
13387:
13362:
13358:
13352:
13345:Spinney 2018
13326:Spinney 2018
13298:. Retrieved
13289:
13280:
13268:
13256:. Retrieved
13245:
13236:
13232:
13226:
13200:
13194:
13182:. Retrieved
13178:the original
13173:
13169:
13159:
13147:. Retrieved
13127:
13093:. Retrieved
13083:
13076:
13059:
13053:
13041:. Retrieved
13021:
13014:
13002:. Retrieved
12982:
12975:
12966:
12948:
12939:
12933:
12890:
12886:
12841:(1): 81–87.
12838:
12834:
12824:
12812:. Retrieved
12808:the original
12803:
12794:
12782:
12775:Spinney 2018
12770:
12758:. Retrieved
12749:
12739:
12731:
12724:. Retrieved
12715:
12706:
12697:
12690:. Retrieved
12681:
12671:
12664:Afkhami 2012
12660:Afkhami 2003
12655:
12643:. Retrieved
12634:
12624:
12597:. Retrieved
12592:
12583:
12576:Spinney 2018
12571:
12559:. Retrieved
12545:
12538:Spinney 2018
12516:
12504:
12495:
12489:
12477:
12465:. Retrieved
12456:
12447:
12435:. Retrieved
12421:
12409:
12397:. Retrieved
12393:the original
12383:
12371:. Retrieved
12362:Deseret News
12360:
12351:
12339:. Retrieved
12325:
12313:
12301:. Retrieved
12287:
12277:14 September
12275:. Retrieved
12269:
12260:
12250:14 September
12248:. Retrieved
12241:
12217:. Retrieved
12200:
12196:
12186:
12159:
12153:
12141:. Retrieved
12127:
12115:. Retrieved
12086:
12074:. Retrieved
12070:the original
12065:
12055:
12028:
12022:
12010:. Retrieved
11993:
11984:
11974:30 September
11972:. Retrieved
11935:
11931:
11906:. Retrieved
11897:
11888:
11876:. Retrieved
11867:
11857:
11840:
11836:
11830:
11818:
11783:
11779:
11769:
11757:. Retrieved
11753:the original
11743:
11731:. Retrieved
11724:the original
11703:
11699:
11668:
11664:
11658:
11646:
11636:– via
11630:. Retrieved
11613:
11603:
11591:. Retrieved
11571:
11567:
11554:
11542:
11530:
11523:Spinney 2018
11518:
11511:Spinney 2018
11506:
11499:Spinney 2018
11461:(2): 61–68.
11458:
11454:
11448:
11441:Spinney 2018
11436:
11429:Spinney 2018
11424:
11371:
11367:
11357:
11347:23 September
11345:. Retrieved
11340:
11331:
11324:Spinney 2018
11319:
11307:. Retrieved
11292:
11285:
11278:Spinney 2018
11261:Spinney 2018
11236:
11211:. Retrieved
11202:
11193:
11181:. Retrieved
11172:
11162:
11150:. Retrieved
11131:
11119:. Retrieved
11110:
11100:
11055:
11051:
11041:
10996:
10992:
10982:
10937:
10933:
10923:
10896:
10886:
10841:
10837:
10827:
10800:
10796:
10786:
10749:
10745:
10735:
10690:
10686:
10676:
10669:Spinney 2018
10647:. Retrieved
10638:
10629:
10622:Spinney 2018
10602:
10567:
10563:
10553:
10526:. Retrieved
10517:
10508:
10471:
10467:
10457:
10450:Knobler 2005
10435:Spinney 2018
10409:. Retrieved
10405:the original
10400:
10390:
10378:
10366:. Retrieved
10351:
10339:
10327:
10318:
10310:
10300:
10288:. Retrieved
10279:
10270:
10258:
10251:Qureshi 2016
10246:
10203:
10199:
10189:
10162:
10158:
10148:
10136:. Retrieved
10132:the original
10127:
10117:
10090:
10086:
10044:
10040:
10034:
10022:. Retrieved
10002:
9985:Spinney 2018
9965:. Retrieved
9961:the original
9954:
9944:
9932:
9923:
9875:(1): 46–48.
9872:
9868:
9841:. Retrieved
9834:the original
9813:
9809:
9781:. Retrieved
9777:the original
9773:The Guardian
9772:
9720:
9716:
9703:
9691:. Retrieved
9655:. Retrieved
9650:
9641:
9601:(1): 18–25.
9598:
9594:
9529:
9525:
9482:10665/261795
9473:
9469:
9459:
9424:
9420:
9370:
9366:
9318:
9314:
9304:
9269:
9235:
9229:
9220:
9216:
9206:
9171:
9167:
9157:
9148:
9144:
9134:
9099:
9089:
9057:(2): 81–89.
9054:
9050:
9040:
9005:
9001:
8991:
8982:
8978:
8968:
8959:
8947:
8935:. Retrieved
8930:
8921:
8909:. Retrieved
8904:
8880:. Retrieved
8875:
8851:. Retrieved
8846:
8837:
8825:. Retrieved
8820:
8811:
8799:. Retrieved
8794:
8785:
8773:. Retrieved
8768:
8759:
8747:. Retrieved
8742:
8733:
8721:. Retrieved
8716:
8707:
8695:. Retrieved
8690:
8681:
8669:. Retrieved
8664:
8655:
8643:. Retrieved
8638:
8629:
8617:. Retrieved
8564:
8560:
8535:. Retrieved
8530:
8521:
8509:. Retrieved
8504:
8480:. Retrieved
8475:
8451:. Retrieved
8446:
8437:
8425:. Retrieved
8420:
8411:
8399:. Retrieved
8394:
8385:
8373:. Retrieved
8368:
8359:
8347:. Retrieved
8342:
8333:
8321:. Retrieved
8316:
8307:
8264:
8260:
8251:
8239:. Retrieved
8220:
8185:
8181:
8171:
8136:
8132:
8090:
8086:
8077:
8050:
8046:
8037:
8010:
8006:
7997:
7970:
7966:
7957:
7922:
7918:
7908:
7881:
7877:
7868:
7841:
7837:
7815:
7760:
7756:
7706:
7702:
7692:
7658:(371): 371.
7655:
7651:
7641:
7606:
7602:
7553:(2): 89–98.
7550:
7546:
7536:
7524:. Retrieved
7500:
7473:
7469:
7460:
7435:
7410:. Retrieved
7399:
7390:
7380:
7325:
7321:
7311:
7284:
7280:
7241:
7237:
7228:
7183:
7179:
7139:
7135:
7106:. Retrieved
7092:
7080:. Retrieved
7055:
7044:
7037:Spinney 2018
7032:
7025:Spinney 2018
7020:
7008:. Retrieved
6999:
6989:
6981:
6967:
6961:
6954:Spinney 2018
6949:
6937:. Retrieved
6928:
6909:Spinney 2018
6866:
6856:
6849:Spinney 2018
6809:(2): 81–89.
6806:
6802:
6792:
6780:. Retrieved
6718:. Retrieved
6699:
6690:
6683:Spinney 2018
6653:: 12. 2011.
6650:
6644:
6632:
6620:. Retrieved
6611:
6601:
6593:the original
6588:
6579:
6572:Spinney 2018
6553:
6546:. Retrieved
6542:
6533:
6522:
6509:
6500:
6489:. Springer.
6485:
6478:
6470:
6455:
6448:
6436:. Retrieved
6428:
6418:
6409:
6402:. Retrieved
6398:
6388:
6381:Spinney 2018
6376:
6345:
6340:
6333:
6324:
6311:
6305:
6297:
6282:
6275:
6267:
6262:
6255:
6243:. Retrieved
6238:
6228:
6216:. Retrieved
6210:
6203:
6191:. Retrieved
6182:
6172:
6160:. Retrieved
6149:
6140:
6128:. Retrieved
6124:the original
6119:
6110:
6098:. Retrieved
6096:. 8 May 2015
6093:
6084:
6072:
6063:
6056:. Retrieved
6054:. 6 May 2020
6051:
6042:
6026:. Retrieved
6021:
6006:
5998:
5983:
5976:
5967:
5960:. Retrieved
5952:
5942:
5933:
5926:. Retrieved
5919:
5909:
5900:
5893:. Retrieved
5883:
5873:
5861:. Retrieved
5846:
5834:
5827:Spinney 2018
5810:
5803:. Retrieved
5776:
5769:. Retrieved
5760:
5750:
5740:
5737:
5707:
5703:
5680:
5668:
5664:
5654:
5645:
5639:
5630:
5607:
5600:. Retrieved
5588:
5578:
5566:
5554:. Retrieved
5535:
5527:the original
5522:
5513:
5488:
5484:
5467:
5460:. Retrieved
5452:NIMR History
5451:
5441:
5432:
5425:. Retrieved
5421:
5411:
5399:. Retrieved
5392:
5383:
5371:. Retrieved
5364:
5355:
5348:character...
5346:
5339:. Retrieved
5332:
5323:
5311:
5299:
5290:
5267:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5228:
5219:
5214:
5207:
5198:
5191:. Retrieved
5186:
5136:
5132:
5110:
5095:
5088:
5078:
5071:. Retrieved
5066:
5062:
5053:
5041:. Retrieved
5033:
5023:
5011:. Retrieved
5005:
4995:
4986:
4979:. Retrieved
4971:
4961:
4953:
4949:
4944:
4936:
4927:
4920:. Retrieved
4913:
4904:
4893:
4891:
4884:. Retrieved
4877:
4867:
4832:
4828:
4818:
4809:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4736:
4732:
4710:
4680:
4676:
4635:
4628:
4611:
4607:
4597:
4588:
4576:
4572:
4562:
4534:
4530:
4520:
4510:
4505:
4496:
4489:, retrieved
4479:
4472:
4465:Spinney 2018
4460:
4452:
4445:. Retrieved
4440:
4431:
4419:
4407:. Retrieved
4374:
4370:
4360:
4325:
4321:
4311:
4293:
4281:
4254:
4250:
4240:
4213:
4209:
4199:
4187:. Retrieved
4183:
4173:
4120:
4116:
4091:
4082:
4075:. Retrieved
4071:
4034:
4011:17 September
4009:. Retrieved
4005:
3995:
3985:19 September
3983:. Retrieved
3979:
3969:
3957:. Retrieved
3946:
3934:
3895:
3891:
3860:. Retrieved
3846:
3834:
3774:
3770:
3725:
3716:
3707:
3604:
3590:Newfoundland
3582:
3561:
3556:Tuberculosis
3548:
3535:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3514:
3499:
3483:
3476:
3474:
3463:
3455:Johan Hultin
3429:
3410:
3406:
3384:
3370:
3362:
3265:0.7 million
3104:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3006:
2989:
2985:
2977:yellow fever
2973:
2962:
2942:
2929:
2925:
2923:
2914:
2910:
2886:
2881:
2871:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2841:tuberculosis
2837:stay at home
2834:
2819:
2815:
2803:
2786:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2718:Saint Helena
2703:
2682:
2675:
2664:
2641:German Samoa
2623:
2616:
2610:
2600:
2596:steam shovel
2592:
2567:
2548:
2545:
2538:
2518:Four Corners
2515:
2506:
2495:
2488:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2455:
2444:
2431:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2407:
2335:
2329:
2312:bloodletting
2265:
2256:
2242:many lives.
2240:
2232:inoculations
2152:
2115:dengue fever
2108:
2100:
2098:
2095:Misdiagnosis
2070:
2048:
2041:
2000:
1997:
1981:
1969:
1938:
1936:
1919:
1904:
1885:
1872:
1870:
1854:
1852:
1833:
1814:
1806:
1803:Egon Schiele
1791:
1788:Edvard Munch
1765:
1746:
1734:
1705:
1680:
1668:
1664:
1649:
1634:
1630:seasonal flu
1622:
1614:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1571:
1566:
1544:
1533:
1514:
1498:
1482:
1478:
1459:
1435:
1427:
1420:
1391:
1352:
1344:Pennsylvania
1340:Philadelphia
1303:Sierra Leone
1292:
1253:
1205:
1196:
1189:Loring Miner
1177:Camp Funston
1174:
1137:
1108:
1095:maladie onze
1090:World War II
1083:
1031:
1012:
975:South Africa
964:
917:
887:
881:
879:
875:Alfonso XIII
840:
832:announced, "
827:
823:
819:
805:
803:
795:
765:
753:
698:
680:
678:
644:
608:
593:historicises
586:
567:
542:
525:
494:
468:
461:
457:
455:
307:
125:
78:Virus strain
52:Camp Funston
32:
22550:(2023–2024)
22544:(2022–2023)
22528:(2009–2010)
22516:(1977–1979)
22510:(1968–1970)
22504:(1961–1975)
22498:(1957–1958)
22492:(1919–1930)
22486:(1918–1920)
22484:Spanish flu
22480:(1899–1923)
22474:(1889–1890)
22472:Russian flu
22468:(1881–1896)
22462:(1863–1879)
22456:(1855–1860)
22450:(1852–1860)
22444:(1829–1851)
22438:(1816–1826)
22432:(1557–1559)
22362:(2022–2023)
22350:(2019–2020)
22344:(2019–2020)
22342:DRC measles
22296:(2018–2020)
22264:(2016–2022)
22252:(2015–2016)
22208:(2013–2016)
22202:(2013–2014)
22200:Chikungunya
22166:(2010–2019)
22160:(2009–2010)
22142:(2008–2017)
22136:(2008–2009)
22100:(2003–2005)
22088:(2002–2004)
22070:(1998–1999)
22051:(1972–1973)
22015:(1910–1911)
22009:(1900–1904)
21974:(1862–1863)
21944:(1847–1848)
21938:(1837–1838)
21920:(1813–1814)
21914:(1812–1819)
21884:(1793–1798)
21878:(1780–1782)
21866:(1770–1772)
21854:(1720–1722)
21848:(1710–1712)
21842:(1707–1708)
21818:(1675–1676)
21811:(1665–1666)
21793:(1647–1652)
21787:(1633–1644)
21775:(1629–1631)
21744:(1592–1593)
21738:(1592–1593)
21732:(1563–1564)
21726:(1557–1559)
21680:(1485–1551)
21674:(1346–1353)
21672:Black Death
21597: 1330
21463:(1918–1920)
21461:Spanish flu
21457:(1346–1353)
21455:Black Death
21412:Robert Koch
21315:History of
20872:Netherlands
20849:Switzerland
20730:Occupations
20721:Spanish flu
20498:(1919–1922)
20492:(1918–1921)
20486:(1918–1923)
20475:(1919–1921)
20469:(1919–1921)
20463:(1919–1920)
20439:(1918–1920)
20433:(1918–1920)
20427:(1918–1920)
20409:(1918–1920)
20391:(1918–1920)
20385:(1917–1921)
20379:(1917–1921)
20326:(1916-1918)
20324:Arab Revolt
20315:(1915–1917)
20309:(1915–1917)
20297:(1914-1917)
20291:(1914–1917)
20285:(1914–1921)
20279:(1913–1920)
20267:(1910–1920)
20261:(1900–1920)
20234: [
19752:July Crisis
19673:(1880–1914)
19336:Mesopotamia
19214:Home fronts
19173:World War I
19090:Pharyngitis
19036:Non-mammals
18817:Laninamivir
18812:Oseltamivir
18800:Rimantadine
18628:2009 A/H1N1
18430:Influenza D
18425:Influenza C
18420:Influenza B
18415:Influenza A
18145:Tumpey TM,
17777:Dear Canada
17718:(2): 31–52.
17411:22 November
16912:(1): 4–21.
16845:(3): 11–17.
16390:22 November
16309:2 September
15782:"Influenza"
15655:10 December
15596:10 December
15548:Paskoff T,
15484:10 December
15334:Madhav 2013
15322:Crosby 1976
15048:2 September
14922:22 November
13834:Crosby 2003
13794:Crosby 2003
13711:MarketWatch
13458:Lindley R.
13446:Garret 2007
12637:(152): 23.
12617:Denoon 2004
11843:: 181–200.
11309:1 September
11183:29 November
11152:29 November
11121:29 November
11083:10174/25640
10290:20 February
10122:Vergano D.
9574:Crosby 2003
8527:"INFLUENZA"
7807:Shanks GD.
6369:Barry 2004b
6094:www.who.int
6052:Japan Today
5902:pandemic...
5316:Galvin 2007
5187:Der Freitag
5038:León, Spain
3781:: 177–188.
3564:Black Death
3342:million – 1
3335:1.19–1.37)
3318:Every year
3296:1.30–1.70)
3218:1.56–1.85)
3173:1.53–1.70)
3124:1.47–2.27)
3105:Spanish flu
3053:The recent
3048:Black Death
2868:World War I
2710:quarantines
2700:Other areas
2635:(16%), and
2602:Bristol Bay
2563:Addis Ababa
2332:World War I
2296:epsom salts
2272:antibiotics
2202:New Zealand
2075:, a common
1976:World War I
1824:John Oxford
1808:Die Familie
1697:reassortant
1672:Netherlands
1578:Rupert Blue
1529:New Zealand
1474:Switzerland
1439:Los Angeles
1395:Netherlands
1355:Arkhangelsk
1315:Fort Devens
1257:World War I
1210:, to other
1086:World War I
1080:Other names
1042:'Malibuzwe'
1028:Local names
926:battlefield
903:Rupert Blue
851:belligerent
627:in ancient
559:Etymologies
555:pandemics.
505:belligerent
497:World War I
469:Spanish flu
273:Rimantadine
263:Oseltamivir
258:Laninamivir
81:Strains of
38:Spanish flu
22610:Categories
22294:Kivu Ebola
22049:London flu
21422:Jonas Salk
21089:Agreements
20889:War crimes
20765:Luxembourg
20658:Casualties
19529:Montenegro
19364:South West
19244:Technology
19234:Propaganda
19224:Opposition
18842:Umifenovir
18834:Peramivir
18795:Amantadine
18773:Treatments
18394:Flu season
18265:. Via the
17533:0814799248
17089:1090305029
16951:9 November
16735:29 October
16400:Gladwell M
16103:9 November
15986:Demography
15973:1231722653
15433:8 December
15386:The Lancet
15362:5 December
14953:26 October
14866:25 January
14049:(1): 480.
13918:6 February
13536:2207.11636
13273:Barry 2004
13149:9 November
13043:9 November
13004:9 November
12437:22 January
12117:2 November
11614:StatPearls
10607:Barry 2004
10320:happening.
10263:Ewald 1994
10024:9 November
9967:4 November
7077:Transcript
6939:2 November
5839:Davis 2013
5761:www.fes.de
5571:Barry 2004
5287:1034984776
5043:21 October
4945:El Liberal
4941:Davis 2013
4655:1006711971
4531:The Lancet
4424:Davis 2013
3742:References
3575:pandemic.
3459:permafrost
3338:5–15% (340
3331:1.28 (IQR,
3292:1.46 (IQR,
3214:1.80 (IQR,
3169:1.65 (IQR,
3120:1.80 (IQR,
2981:diphtheria
2969:Guy Beiner
2510:Aboriginal
2457:The Lancet
2380:See also:
2310:, such as
2300:castor oil
2292:strychnine
2248:face masks
2058:hemorrhage
2012:ice hockey
1993:Copenhagen
1915:St. John's
1836:poison gas
1821:virologist
1540:Montevideo
1517:Madagascar
1501:Queensland
1338:, held in
1220:East Coast
1062:Otjiherero
992:disease).
847:censorship
699:In 1918, '
690:bronchitis
682:The Lancet
671:heliotrope
396:Flu season
278:Umifenovir
248:Amantadine
56:Fort Riley
22621:Pandemics
22526:Swine flu
22496:Asian flu
22414:(541–767)
22383:Argentina
21668:(735–737)
21662:(664–689)
21656:(638–639)
21650:(627–628)
21638:(541–542)
21628:classical
21617:(250–266)
21550:epidemics
21546:Pandemics
21432:John Snow
20986:Diplomacy
20693:Olympians
20616:Australia
20583:Logistics
20516:Vlora War
20445:(1918–19)
20421:(1918–19)
20415:(1918–19)
20403:(1918–19)
20350:(1916–17)
20332:(1916–17)
20283:Zaian War
20273:(1914–15)
19993:first day
19881:Lusitania
19709:(1912–13)
19703:(1911–12)
19691:(1908–09)
19685:(1905–06)
19667:(1870–71)
19456:Principal
19316:Gallipoli
19219:Memorials
19204:Geography
19194:Aftermath
19100:Sinusitis
19095:Pneumonia
18991:Non-human
18958:Epidemics
18905:Pandemics
18896:epidemics
18875:Pandemrix
18827:Zanamivir
18822:Peramivir
18759:2020–2022
18752:Outbreaks
18667:UK (2007)
18650:Outbreaks
18594:Pandemics
18374:Treatment
18350:Influenza
18298:(Q178275)
18025:228999483
17569:228988279
17032:CiteSeerX
16808:2471-1403
16778:GeoHealth
16651:20 August
16591:159563767
16492:1874-1738
16361:2 October
16159:230561266
15796:3 October
15770:3 October
15226:14 August
15216:USA Today
14489:: b5213.
13631:0022-3808
13594:17 August
13590:. Reuters
13561:216202133
13553:1556-5068
13431:11 August
13258:17 August
12482:Hays 1998
12178:960210402
12091:Kohn 2007
12002:1456-8055
11237:USA Today
11213:5 October
10401:Sportsnet
9709:Oxford JS
9532:(4): 66.
9526:Pathogens
8619:13 August
7158:228988279
6710:0362-4331
6667:1937-5239
6622:8 October
6548:10 August
6245:13 August
6218:13 August
5921:CBC Radio
5863:16 August
5616:cite news
5597:0013-0613
5556:2 October
5427:12 August
5401:11 August
5394:The Times
5366:The Times
5334:The Times
4882:. Opinion
4551:0140-6736
4491:11 August
4447:11 August
4147:2471-1403
4117:GeoHealth
3862:21 August
3747:Citations
3699:Footnotes
3549:The high
3354:<0.1%
3235:<0.2%
3225:million)
3190:<0.2%
3180:million)
3154:Asian flu
3135:billion)
2878:morbidity
2781:influenza
2686:Kimberley
2575:civil war
2524:. Entire
2476:Indonesia
2376:Mortality
2288:digitalis
2180:Responses
1829:Aldershot
1521:Hong Kong
1485:Melbourne
1455:St. Louis
1447:Nashville
1212:U.S. Army
1131:apheresis
1106:, true).
1007:Sumo Kaze
967:Bolshevik
824:The Times
820:The Times
807:The Times
797:The Times
755:The Times
720:la grippe
712:influenza
704:influenza
663:Aldershot
625:Exodus 16
605:influenza
589:etymology
341:Outbreaks
296:Pandemics
283:Zanamivir
268:Peramivir
241:Treatment
216:Pandemrix
92:Worldwide
72:Influenza
22588:Medicine
22532:COVID-19
22520:HIV/AIDS
22098:Bird flu
21366:Syphilis
21361:Smallpox
21336:HIV/AIDS
21274:Category
20861:Refugees
20827:Italians
20816:Germans
20776:Ober Ost
20556:Aviation
19650:Timeline
19621:Bulgaria
19402:Tsingtao
19379:Togoland
19326:Caucasus
19261:European
19253:Theatres
18857:Vaccines
18442:subtypes
18364:Research
18195:12368467
18138:40267904
18105:17446914
18068:26392163
18060:11576290
17960:15202430
17894:10581070
17859:11901642
17830:19530360
17771:(2007).
17769:Little J
17747:(1999).
17745:Kolata G
17653:Archived
17620:Archived
17454:Archived
17432:(2006).
17430:Beiner G
17405:Archived
17401:17675021
17368:18353690
17331:16494711
17280:16208372
17237:11779381
17194:33987194
17124:19788357
17054:30114117
17003:(2005).
16945:Archived
16878:20233050
16826:33005839
16757:Archived
16729:Archived
16696:17230189
16645:Archived
16628:22974230
16620:11875246
16543:23843396
16447:Archived
16420:16 March
16414:Archived
16381:Archived
16355:Archived
16328:Archived
16303:Archived
16286:23940526
16246:PLOS ONE
16210:19787384
16097:Archived
16064:Archived
16016:39247719
16008:22661303
15905:(2000).
15878:Beiner G
15870:14733617
15844:(1): 3.
15830:Barry JM
15808:(2004).
15806:Barry JM
15790:Archived
15764:Archived
15760:37523219
15752:12955964
15711:16641950
15649:Archived
15645:11033776
15637:25820782
15590:Archived
15586:54122685
15578:30488509
15535:19530360
15478:Archived
15474:19280673
15427:Archived
15356:Archived
15310:Fox 2010
15297:18716625
15241:Fox 2008
15220:Archived
15186:22967978
15109:23 March
15103:Archived
15078:23 March
15072:Archived
15042:Archived
14947:Archived
14916:Archived
14860:Archived
14838:29206909
14787:10 March
14755:Archived
14733:24045719
14684:21713000
14633:22738893
14594:21850217
14554:PLOS ONE
14513:20007665
14464:20496301
14456:19543913
14361:22974230
14353:11875246
14318:17330793
14279:30202996
14217:Archived
14181:16494711
14132:15602562
14075:25186370
14024:26392163
14016:11576290
13981:12163258
13912:Archived
13672:Archived
13658:nber.org
13639:20055129
13571:14 April
13565:Archived
13500:Archived
13474:4 August
13468:Archived
13425:Archived
13379:16084634
13300:30 April
13294:Archived
13143:Archived
13095:11 April
13089:Archived
13068:46987588
13037:Archived
12998:Archived
12925:23794327
12917:22564320
12865:16494722
12754:Archived
12720:Archived
12686:Archived
12645:3 August
12639:Archived
12599:12 April
12561:30 April
12555:Archived
12467:26 April
12461:Archived
12457:BBC News
12431:Archived
12367:Archived
12341:15 April
12335:Archived
12297:Archived
12219:23 April
12213:Archived
12209:23155616
12137:Archived
12111:Archived
12076:28 March
12047:22451542
12006:Archived
11968:Archived
11964:22787011
11956:17189032
11940:Elsevier
11938:(9554).
11902:Archived
11872:Archived
11810:11021855
11759:29 March
11733:12 March
11720:30824908
11685:30824934
11632:11 March
11626:Archived
11622:30020613
11593:11 March
11584:Archived
11580:16372665
11483:21694687
11475:29764189
11416:11280273
11408:17416677
11241:Archived
11207:Archived
11177:Archived
11146:Archived
11115:Archived
11092:29371471
11033:23145046
10993:PLOS ONE
10974:26998334
10915:19683658
10878:27402752
10819:19081209
10778:24789791
10727:25561542
10643:Archived
10594:18710327
10528:17 April
10522:Archived
10500:28690590
10474:: 1041.
10411:23 March
10362:Archived
10315:Archived
10284:Archived
10238:15602562
10181:17379558
10109:17379558
10018:Archived
9891:26542935
9843:12 March
9830:15603896
9751:11779384
9723:(1416).
9693:13 April
9687:Archived
9633:67863937
9625:30805187
9558:27929449
9451:26286690
9397:19618626
9345:19564629
9296:20568566
9198:19861055
9126:21757099
9081:20167048
9032:29021518
8937:12 April
8911:12 April
8882:12 April
8853:12 April
8827:12 April
8801:12 April
8775:12 April
8749:12 April
8723:12 April
8697:12 April
8671:12 April
8645:12 April
8613:Archived
8591:19215637
8537:17 March
8511:17 March
8482:17 March
8453:17 March
8427:12 April
8401:12 April
8375:12 April
8349:12 April
8323:12 April
8299:19314682
8241:23 April
8235:Archived
8212:30422393
8163:25341056
8109:19314682
8069:19314684
8029:19314680
7989:19314671
7949:19903207
7900:19314683
7860:17136138
7787:36046217
7733:30099487
7684:24996457
7633:19453486
7577:21306572
7517:Archived
7492:19314657
7452:Archived
7406:Archived
7352:33566641
7303:19314646
7260:19314645
7220:17416677
7102:Archived
7073:Archived
7004:Archived
6933:Archived
6893:20568570
6833:20167048
6773:Archived
6714:Archived
6616:Archived
6515:March PC
6438:9 August
6404:9 August
6323:. 1919.
6193:20 March
6187:Archived
6162:20 March
6156:Archived
6130:20 March
6100:4 August
6058:8 August
6028:8 August
5962:8 August
5928:1 August
5895:1 August
5857:Archived
5805:7 August
5734:32633114
5677:23050410
5602:3 August
5550:Archived
5505:18652556
5462:9 August
5456:Archived
5163:30252513
5112:disease.
4976:A Coruña
4922:7 August
4886:7 August
4859:22118532
4806:49709093
4798:29976462
4763:91189842
4755:30938298
4707:31121112
4590:correct.
4585:23050410
4403:Archived
4399:27656702
4391:19541030
4352:20496301
4344:19543913
4300:Archived
4273:17330793
4232:18008258
4189:26 March
4165:33005839
4032:(2021).
4030:Barry JM
3959:11 April
3953:Archived
3926:30202996
3853:Archived
3805:24299150
3682:Pandemic
3622:See also
3389:Research
3346:billion)
3281:2009–10
3248:1977–79
3232:million
3203:1968–69
3187:million
3158:1957–58
3142:million
3127:33% (500
3109:1918–20
3080:Subtype
2965:bird flu
2957:Auckland
2930:in utero
2896:Economic
2777:Shanghai
2773:Calcutta
2768:colonial
2760:Shanghai
2649:Governor
2617:Several
2491:Istanbul
2364:, or by
2316:ayurveda
2284:arsenics
2054:delirium
2016:Joe Hall
1725:pandemic
1708:pandemic
1676:Helsinki
1509:Tasmania
1431:Michigan
1369:and the
1299:Freetown
1155:Timeline
1133:'Enza':
1121:for the
1119:metaphor
1034:endonyms
954:zarzuela
780:epithets
701:epidemic
687:purulent
674:cyanosis
617:biblical
613:Freetown
583:is sick"
581:the King
551:and the
466:misnomer
390:See also
204:Vaccines
89:Location
22600:Viruses
22576:Biology
22562:Portals
21582:Ancient
21346:Malaria
21341:Leprosy
21331:Cholera
21012:Germany
20912:Germany
20840:Germany
20760:Belgium
20745:Albania
20704:Disease
20684:Sports
20636:Ireland
20549:Warfare
20542:Aspects
19730:Origins
19723:Prelude
19626:Senussi
19606:Germany
19601:Leaders
19539:Romania
19480:Belgium
19475:Leaders
19374:Kamerun
19356:African
19291:Romania
19269:Balkans
19184:Outline
18998:Mammals
18708:Vaccine
18686:Science
18621:Science
18403:Viruses
18369:Vaccine
18291:Scholia
18163:Bibcode
17902:5065916
17821:2740912
17348:Bibcode
17322:3291398
17288:4405787
17258:Bibcode
17228:1088558
17185:8110722
17062:9652423
17001:Rice GW
16918:2021692
16817:7513628
16786:Bibcode
16704:4431644
16674:Bibcode
16534:3730600
16500:2010776
16472:Bibcode
16334:30 June
16324:Reuters
16299:Reuters
16277:3734171
16254:Bibcode
16225:. OUP.
16201:2772961
16180:Bibcode
15719:4382489
15689:Bibcode
15526:2740912
15288:2848880
15267:Bibcode
15177:3448162
15135:22 June
14829:5934309
14761:12 June
14724:3809029
14675:3119689
14585:3151238
14562:Bibcode
14504:2791802
14417:5578560
14270:7314216
14226:1 March
14172:3291398
14123:7095078
14102:Bibcode
14066:4169819
13961:Vaccine
13944:31 July
13859:11 June
13678:18 June
13506:8 April
13184:29 July
12908:9152047
12856:3291414
12726:14 June
12692:14 June
12593:nps.gov
12143:19 June
12012:24 June
11801:1118673
11399:1849868
11376:Bibcode
11060:Bibcode
11052:Science
11024:3492218
11001:Bibcode
10965:4785985
10942:Bibcode
10897:Vaccine
10869:4968739
10846:Bibcode
10769:4097773
10718:4311828
10695:Bibcode
10649:21 July
10585:2599911
10491:5481322
10229:7095078
10208:Bibcode
10138:5 March
10061:3401475
9810:Vaccine
9742:1088561
9657:29 July
9616:6381288
9549:5198166
9491:2395678
9442:4542197
9388:2720801
9336:2749954
9287:2862331
9189:2866376
9117:3144394
9100:Vaccine
9072:5779284
9023:5649514
8582:2704924
8531:The Age
8395:The Sun
8290:1996932
8281:4575271
8203:6468140
8154:4214284
8100:1996932
8060:1996931
8020:1996928
7980:1996920
7940:4941390
7891:1996930
7778:9383459
7724:7314274
7675:4094406
7624:4634693
7568:4954464
7483:1996943
7343:7893337
7294:1999845
7251:1999834
7211:1849868
7188:Bibcode
6884:2862337
6824:5779284
6720:22 June
6317:Chicago
5969:Poland.
5885:El País
5771:31 July
5725:7528412
5373:29 July
5341:29 July
5245:: 217.
5193:31 July
5154:6187801
5073:29 July
5013:29 July
4981:29 July
4850:5779808
4698:6773402
4620:5334191
4556:Alt URL
4409:5 April
4156:7513628
4125:Bibcode
4077:30 July
3917:7314216
3796:4082668
3608:Halifax
3488:of the
3288:H1N1/09
2863:Effects
2807:infants
2744:British
2678:Ireland
2470:In the
2370:U-boats
2358:aspirin
2330:Due to
2280:quinine
2276:aspirin
2119:cholera
2014:player
1848:mutated
1844:poultry
1840:piggery
1817:Étaples
1609:Oakland
1470:Finland
1443:Memphis
1387:Nairobi
1375:Mashhad
1357:by the
1332:Zambezi
1240:Germany
1228:Wrocław
1216:Midwest
1169:Seattle
1150:History
1129:to the
1127:clipped
1088:before
1070:Persian
1046:Swahili
996:blamed
971:Kirghiz
934:Senegal
930:Belgium
905:, U.S.
835:Ispánka
768:exonyms
726:in the
708:Italian
667:England
651:Étaples
603:caused
601:viruses
534:hygiene
503:in the
501:censors
68:Disease
22426:(1510)
22404:Global
22385:(2024)
22368:(2023)
22356:(2020)
22338:(2019)
22332:(2019)
22326:(2019)
22320:(2019)
22314:(2019)
22308:(2019)
22302:(2018)
22290:(2018)
22284:(2018)
22277:(2018)
22270:(2017)
22258:(2016)
22246:(2015)
22240:(2015)
22234:(2014)
22228:(2014)
22222:(2014)
22215:(2014)
22196:(2013)
22190:(2013)
22184:(2012)
22178:(2012)
22172:(2011)
22154:(2009)
22148:(2009)
22130:(2007)
22124:(2006)
22118:(2006)
22112:(2006)
22106:(2005)
22094:(2003)
22063:(1994)
22057:(1974)
22045:(1972)
22039:(1963)
22033:(1947)
22027:(1937)
22021:(1924)
21992:(1894)
21986:(1871)
21980:(1870)
21968:(1856)
21962:(1854)
21956:(1853)
21950:(1853)
21942:Typhus
21932:(1829)
21926:(1813)
21897:Modern
21872:(1772)
21860:(1738)
21825:(1679)
21805:(1656)
21799:(1655)
21781:(1633)
21769:(1623)
21763:(1603)
21714:(1520)
21708:(1510)
21691:modern
21390:People
21351:Plague
21032:Russia
21007:France
20835:Canada
20750:Serbia
20621:Canada
20578:Horses
20530:(1921)
20524:(1920)
20518:(1920)
20512:(1920)
20504:(1920)
20457:(1919)
20451:(1919)
20397:(1918)
20362:(1918)
20356:(1917)
20344:(1916)
20338:(1916)
20303:(1915)
19715:(1913)
19697:(1911)
19679:(1905)
19636:Darfur
19561:Serbia
19544:Russia
19507:Greece
19495:France
19485:Brazil
19331:Persia
19274:Serbia
19015:Equine
19010:Feline
19005:Canine
18880:Audenz
18870:Brands
18255:silent
18224:C-SPAN
18204:Videos
18193:
18186:129786
18183:
18136:
18103:
18097:132645
18095:
18066:
18058:
18023:
17958:
17921:
17900:
17892:
17857:
17828:
17818:
17783:
17757:
17695:
17676:
17645:
17626:28 May
17603:
17584:
17567:
17530:
17511:
17493:
17460:29 May
17399:
17366:
17329:
17319:
17286:
17278:
17250:Nature
17235:
17225:
17192:
17182:
17122:
17087:
17077:
17060:
17052:
17034:
17011:
16989:
16968:
16937:
16916:
16893:
16876:
16824:
16814:
16806:
16721:
16702:
16694:
16666:Nature
16626:
16618:
16589:
16558:
16541:
16531:
16498:
16490:
16439:
16284:
16274:
16229:
16208:
16198:
16157:
16120:
16089:
16056:
16035:
16014:
16006:
15971:
15961:
15921:
15890:
15868:
15861:340389
15858:
15818:
15758:
15750:
15717:
15709:
15681:Nature
15643:
15635:
15584:
15576:
15533:
15523:
15472:
15295:
15285:
15259:Nature
15184:
15174:
14972:2005).
14836:
14826:
14731:
14721:
14682:
14672:
14631:
14592:
14582:
14533:7 July
14511:
14501:
14462:
14454:
14415:
14359:
14351:
14316:
14277:
14267:
14179:
14169:
14130:
14120:
14094:Nature
14073:
14063:
14022:
14014:
13979:
13887:6 June
13819:6 June
13753:
13637:
13629:
13559:
13551:
13464:hnn.us
13377:
13254:. NCBI
13135:
13066:
13029:
12990:
12923:
12915:
12905:
12863:
12853:
12814:14 May
12760:26 May
12373:7 July
12303:22 May
12207:
12176:
12166:
12045:
12035:
12000:
11962:
11954:
11932:Lancet
11908:7 June
11878:7 June
11808:
11798:
11718:
11683:
11620:
11578:
11481:
11473:
11414:
11406:
11396:
11341:silive
11300:
11090:
11031:
11021:
10972:
10962:
10913:
10876:
10866:
10817:
10776:
10766:
10725:
10715:
10592:
10582:
10498:
10488:
10368:19 May
10236:
10226:
10200:Nature
10179:
10107:
10059:
10010:
9889:
9828:
9749:
9739:
9631:
9623:
9613:
9556:
9546:
9500:310732
9498:
9488:
9449:
9439:
9395:
9385:
9343:
9333:
9294:
9284:
9242:
9196:
9186:
9124:
9114:
9079:
9069:
9030:
9020:
8589:
8579:
8297:
8287:
8279:
8210:
8200:
8161:
8151:
8107:
8097:
8067:
8057:
8027:
8017:
7987:
7977:
7947:
7937:
7898:
7888:
7858:
7785:
7775:
7731:
7721:
7682:
7672:
7631:
7621:
7575:
7565:
7526:11 May
7490:
7480:
7444:
7412:10 May
7350:
7340:
7301:
7291:
7258:
7248:
7218:
7208:
7156:
7108:4 July
7082:27 May
7010:9 July
6974:
6891:
6881:
6831:
6821:
6782:29 May
6708:
6665:
6493:
6463:
6290:
6183:PopSci
5991:
5890:Madrid
5732:
5722:
5675:
5595:
5503:
5285:
5275:
5161:
5151:
5103:
4950:El Sol
4857:
4847:
4804:
4796:
4778:Lancet
4761:
4753:
4705:
4695:
4653:
4643:
4618:
4583:
4549:
4397:
4389:
4371:Lancet
4350:
4342:
4271:
4230:
4163:
4153:
4145:
4046:
3924:
3914:
3898:(12).
3803:
3793:
3722:Madrid
3537:Lancet
3438:, the
3432:strain
3414:clades
3344:
3340:
3333:
3328:, ...
3305:0.01%
3294:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3140:
3138:17–100
3133:
3129:
3122:
3074:World
2947:Legacy
2882:Lancet
2756:Harbin
2752:Peking
2748:Canton
2714:Marajó
2624:Talune
2570:Russia
2534:Alaska
2498:Pākehā
2480:Tahiti
2318:, and
2304:iodine
2302:, and
2123:typhus
2111:plague
1989:immune
1925:, see
1900:Allied
1892:Boston
1794:(1919)
1779:Europe
1753:Kansas
1695:, the
1655:Taiwan
1625:Warsaw
1551:Mexico
1547:Serbia
1472:, and
1466:Norway
1453:, and
1399:Bombay
1295:Boston
1232:Odessa
1201:Queens
1181:Kansas
1100:pseudo
1002:Taiwan
988:(lit.
938:Brazil
871:freely
867:morale
829:Pravda
816:Madrid
812:London
760:London
724:Kansas
716:French
694:A/H1N1
655:France
634:Man hu
629:Hebrew
574:Madrid
569:El Sol
509:morale
485:Kansas
179:Equine
174:Canine
116:Deaths
83:A/H1N1
60:Kansas
21689:Early
21644:(590)
21626:Post-
21574:Local
21487:Other
21356:Polio
21229:Other
21022:Japan
21017:Italy
20844:camps
20688:Rugby
20238:]
19517:Japan
19512:Italy
19490:China
19384:North
19080:Croup
19043:Avian
19027:Swine
18575:H11N9
18570:H11N2
18565:H10N8
18560:H10N7
18555:H10N3
18134:JSTOR
18093:JSTOR
18064:S2CID
18021:S2CID
17898:S2CID
17659:3 May
17565:S2CID
17284:S2CID
17050:JSTOR
16763:5 May
16749:(PDF)
16700:S2CID
16624:S2CID
16587:S2CID
16496:S2CID
16453:3 May
16384:(PDF)
16377:(PDF)
16155:S2CID
16070:3 May
16012:S2CID
15944:1 May
15756:S2CID
15715:S2CID
15641:S2CID
15582:S2CID
15405:(PDF)
15382:(PDF)
15162:(5).
14460:S2CID
14357:S2CID
14220:(PDF)
14213:(PDF)
14020:S2CID
13635:S2CID
13557:S2CID
13531:arXiv
13235:[
12921:S2CID
12399:4 May
11960:S2CID
11727:(PDF)
11696:(PDF)
11587:(PDF)
11564:(PDF)
11479:S2CID
11412:S2CID
10057:JSTOR
9837:(PDF)
9806:(PDF)
9783:9 May
9629:S2CID
9427:(4).
8956:(PDF)
8277:JSTOR
7812:(PDF)
7520:(PDF)
7509:(PDF)
7154:S2CID
6776:(PDF)
6765:(PDF)
6326:same.
6020:[
6018:=毎日新聞
5065:[
4802:S2CID
4759:S2CID
4395:S2CID
4348:S2CID
4303:(PDF)
4290:(PDF)
3856:(PDF)
3843:(PDF)
3777:(2).
3588:. In
3566:, or
3363:Notes
3071:Date
3068:Name
2852:et al
2848:et al
2633:Nauru
2629:Tonga
2551:Ghana
2526:Inuit
2508:some
2502:Māori
2474:(now
2447:India
2396:line)
2368:from
2362:Bayer
2320:kampo
2169:ANZAC
2131:Chile
2129:. In
2117:, or
2085:edema
2060:from
1896:Brest
1882:China
1651:Korea
1536:Chile
1307:Brest
1249:China
994:Japan
990:negro
892:Corfu
843:below
732:Spain
623:from
597:later
184:Swine
162:Avian
155:Types
22250:Zika
22182:MERS
22086:SARS
20809:POWs
20128:1918
20030:1917
19956:1916
19857:1915
19761:1914
19566:Siam
19369:East
18744:H5N8
18642:H5N1
18585:H1N1
18550:H9N2
18545:H7N9
18540:H7N7
18535:H7N4
18530:H7N3
18525:H7N2
18520:H7N1
18515:H6N1
18510:H5N9
18505:H5N8
18500:H5N6
18495:H5N3
18490:H5N2
18485:H5N1
18480:H3N8
18475:H3N2
18470:H3N1
18465:H2N3
18460:H2N2
18455:H1N2
18450:H1N1
18191:PMID
18101:PMID
18056:PMID
17956:PMID
17919:ISBN
17890:PMID
17855:PMID
17826:PMID
17781:ISBN
17755:ISBN
17693:ISBN
17674:ISBN
17661:2020
17643:ISBN
17628:2019
17601:ISBN
17582:ISBN
17528:ISBN
17509:ISBN
17491:ISBN
17476:link
17462:2020
17413:2016
17397:PMID
17364:PMID
17327:PMID
17276:PMID
17233:PMID
17190:PMID
17120:PMID
17085:OCLC
17075:ISBN
17058:PMID
17009:ISBN
16987:ISBN
16966:ISBN
16953:2020
16935:ISBN
16914:PMID
16891:ISBN
16874:PMID
16822:PMID
16804:ISSN
16765:2020
16737:2015
16719:ISBN
16692:PMID
16653:2019
16616:PMID
16556:ISBN
16539:PMID
16488:ISSN
16455:2020
16437:ISBN
16422:2020
16392:2016
16363:2011
16336:2017
16311:2009
16282:PMID
16227:ISBN
16206:PMID
16118:ISBN
16105:2020
16087:ISBN
16072:2020
16054:ISBN
16033:ISBN
16004:PMID
15969:OCLC
15959:ISBN
15946:2009
15919:ISBN
15888:ISBN
15866:PMID
15816:ISBN
15798:2017
15772:2017
15748:PMID
15707:PMID
15657:2020
15633:PMID
15598:2020
15574:PMID
15531:PMID
15486:2020
15470:PMID
15435:2018
15364:2018
15352:Stat
15293:PMID
15228:2008
15182:PMID
15156:mBio
15137:2024
15111:2020
15080:2020
15050:2009
14965:H3N2
14963:and
14961:H2N2
14955:2007
14924:2016
14898:2009
14868:2020
14834:PMID
14789:2020
14763:2009
14729:PMID
14680:PMID
14629:PMID
14590:PMID
14535:2012
14509:PMID
14452:PMID
14413:PMID
14349:PMID
14314:PMID
14275:PMID
14228:2015
14177:PMID
14128:PMID
14071:PMID
14012:PMID
13977:PMID
13946:2023
13920:2018
13889:2023
13861:2023
13821:2023
13751:ISBN
13680:2018
13627:ISSN
13596:2021
13573:2020
13549:ISSN
13508:2020
13476:2014
13433:2020
13375:PMID
13302:2009
13260:2021
13186:2021
13151:2020
13133:ISBN
13097:2020
13064:OCLC
13045:2020
13027:ISBN
13006:2020
12988:ISBN
12913:PMID
12861:PMID
12816:2009
12762:2020
12728:2020
12699:War.
12694:2020
12647:2018
12601:2022
12563:2009
12469:2009
12439:2014
12401:2009
12375:2012
12343:2020
12305:2020
12279:2022
12252:2022
12221:2020
12205:PMID
12174:OCLC
12164:ISBN
12145:2019
12119:2020
12078:2017
12043:OCLC
12033:ISBN
12014:2020
11998:ISSN
11976:2020
11952:PMID
11910:2020
11880:2020
11868:mint
11806:PMID
11761:2013
11735:2020
11716:PMID
11681:PMID
11638:NCBI
11634:2020
11618:PMID
11595:2020
11576:PMID
11471:PMID
11404:PMID
11349:2021
11311:2024
11298:ISBN
11215:2020
11185:2020
11154:2020
11123:2020
11088:PMID
11029:PMID
10970:PMID
10911:PMID
10874:PMID
10815:PMID
10774:PMID
10723:PMID
10651:2020
10590:PMID
10530:2016
10496:PMID
10413:2023
10370:2012
10292:2021
10234:PMID
10177:PMID
10140:2020
10105:PMID
10026:2020
10008:ISBN
9969:2016
9887:PMID
9845:2020
9826:PMID
9785:2009
9747:PMID
9695:2020
9659:2021
9621:PMID
9599:2019
9554:PMID
9496:PMID
9447:PMID
9421:mBio
9393:PMID
9341:PMID
9292:PMID
9240:ISBN
9194:PMID
9122:PMID
9077:PMID
9028:PMID
8939:2022
8913:2022
8884:2022
8855:2022
8829:2022
8803:2022
8777:2022
8751:2022
8725:2022
8699:2022
8673:2022
8647:2022
8621:2020
8587:PMID
8539:2023
8513:2023
8484:2023
8455:2023
8429:2022
8403:2022
8377:2022
8351:2022
8325:2022
8295:PMID
8243:2020
8208:PMID
8159:PMID
8105:PMID
8065:PMID
8025:PMID
7985:PMID
7945:PMID
7896:PMID
7856:PMID
7783:PMID
7729:PMID
7680:PMID
7629:PMID
7573:PMID
7528:2020
7488:PMID
7442:ISBN
7414:2020
7348:PMID
7299:PMID
7256:PMID
7216:PMID
7110:2020
7084:2020
7069:WGBH
7012:2020
6972:ISBN
6941:2020
6889:PMID
6829:PMID
6784:2020
6722:2020
6706:ISSN
6663:ISSN
6624:2020
6550:2021
6543:Time
6491:ISBN
6461:ISBN
6440:2021
6406:2021
6288:ISBN
6247:2021
6220:2021
6195:2020
6164:2020
6132:2020
6102:2021
6060:2021
6030:2021
5989:ISBN
5964:2021
5930:2021
5897:2021
5865:2020
5807:2021
5773:2021
5765:Bonn
5730:PMID
5673:PMID
5622:link
5604:2021
5593:ISSN
5558:2011
5501:PMID
5464:2021
5429:2021
5403:2021
5375:2021
5343:2021
5283:OCLC
5273:ISBN
5195:2021
5159:PMID
5101:ISBN
5075:2021
5045:2018
5015:2021
4983:2021
4952:and
4924:2021
4888:2021
4855:PMID
4794:PMID
4751:PMID
4703:PMID
4651:OCLC
4641:ISBN
4616:PMID
4581:PMID
4547:ISSN
4498:it?'
4493:2021
4449:2021
4411:2021
4387:PMID
4340:PMID
4269:PMID
4228:PMID
4191:2024
4161:PMID
4143:ISSN
4079:2021
4044:ISBN
4013:2024
3987:2022
3961:2020
3922:PMID
3864:2021
3801:PMID
3440:USDA
3255:H1N1
3210:H3N2
3165:H2N2
3116:H1N1
3076:pop.
2822:Oslo
2758:and
2667:Iran
2637:Fiji
2528:and
1970:The
1842:and
1713:H3N2
1693:H2N2
1653:and
1641:Lima
1637:Peru
1491:and
1385:and
1383:Lima
1363:Asia
1230:and
1104:vera
998:sumo
728:U.S.
578:H.M.
477:H1N1
456:The
97:Date
21599:BC)
18214:NIH
18181:PMC
18171:doi
18126:doi
18085:doi
18046:doi
18011:doi
17977:doi
17946:doi
17880:doi
17847:doi
17816:PMC
17808:doi
17733:doi
17555:doi
17446:doi
17389:doi
17356:doi
17317:PMC
17309:doi
17266:doi
17254:437
17223:PMC
17215:doi
17211:356
17180:PMC
17170:doi
17156:via
17110:doi
17042:doi
17028:178
16864:doi
16812:PMC
16794:doi
16682:doi
16670:445
16608:doi
16579:doi
16529:PMC
16521:doi
16517:280
16480:doi
16272:PMC
16262:doi
16196:PMC
16188:doi
16145:doi
15994:doi
15856:PMC
15846:doi
15740:doi
15697:doi
15685:440
15625:doi
15566:doi
15521:PMC
15513:doi
15462:doi
15458:139
15394:doi
15390:190
15283:PMC
15275:doi
15263:455
15172:PMC
15164:doi
14969:RNA
14824:PMC
14816:doi
14719:PMC
14711:doi
14670:PMC
14660:doi
14621:doi
14580:PMC
14570:doi
14499:PMC
14491:doi
14487:339
14483:BMJ
14444:doi
14440:198
14405:doi
14401:127
14341:doi
14306:doi
14302:195
14265:PMC
14257:doi
14253:187
14167:PMC
14159:doi
14118:PMC
14110:doi
14098:432
14061:PMC
14051:doi
14004:doi
13969:doi
13881:NPR
13853:NPR
13662:doi
13619:doi
13615:114
13541:doi
13367:doi
12903:PMC
12895:doi
12891:141
12851:PMC
12843:doi
11944:doi
11936:368
11845:doi
11796:PMC
11788:doi
11784:321
11780:BMJ
11708:doi
11704:188
11673:doi
11669:188
11463:doi
11394:PMC
11384:doi
11372:104
11142:CNN
11078:hdl
11068:doi
11056:359
11019:PMC
11009:doi
10960:PMC
10950:doi
10901:doi
10864:PMC
10854:doi
10842:113
10805:doi
10801:136
10764:PMC
10754:doi
10713:PMC
10703:doi
10691:112
10580:PMC
10572:doi
10568:198
10486:PMC
10476:doi
10311:Vox
10224:PMC
10216:doi
10204:432
10167:doi
10095:doi
10049:doi
9877:doi
9818:doi
9737:PMC
9729:doi
9721:356
9611:PMC
9603:doi
9544:PMC
9534:doi
9486:PMC
9478:hdl
9437:PMC
9429:doi
9383:PMC
9375:doi
9331:PMC
9323:doi
9319:361
9282:PMC
9274:doi
9184:PMC
9176:doi
9112:PMC
9104:doi
9067:PMC
9059:doi
9018:PMC
9010:doi
8577:PMC
8569:doi
8565:137
8285:PMC
8269:doi
8198:PMC
8190:doi
8149:PMC
8141:doi
8095:PMC
8055:PMC
8015:PMC
7975:PMC
7935:PMC
7927:doi
7886:PMC
7846:doi
7773:PMC
7765:doi
7719:PMC
7711:doi
7707:187
7670:PMC
7660:doi
7619:PMC
7611:doi
7563:PMC
7555:doi
7478:PMC
7338:PMC
7330:doi
7326:111
7289:PMC
7246:PMC
7206:PMC
7196:doi
7184:104
7144:doi
7065:PBS
6879:PMC
6871:doi
6819:PMC
6811:doi
6655:doi
6555:it.
6032:.
5720:PMC
5712:doi
5493:doi
5149:PMC
5141:doi
5137:108
4954:ABC
4845:PMC
4837:doi
4786:doi
4782:391
4741:doi
4693:PMC
4685:doi
4539:doi
4535:190
4379:doi
4375:373
4330:doi
4326:198
4259:doi
4255:195
4218:doi
4214:196
4151:PMC
4133:doi
3912:PMC
3904:doi
3896:187
3791:PMC
3783:doi
3612:war
3443:ARS
3425:CDC
3228:1–4
3183:1–4
2676:In
2665:In
2549:In
2489:In
1913:in
1645:Ica
1179:in
1054:Yao
928:in
849:in
810:of
740:).
706:' (
661:at
54:in
22612::
21594:c.
21548:,
20236:It
18315:).
18232:.
18222:,
18212:–
18189:.
18179:.
18169:.
18159:99
18157:.
18153:.
18132:.
18122:30
18120:.
18116:.
18099:.
18091:.
18081:46
18079:.
18062:.
18054:.
18042:91
18040:.
18036:.
18019:.
18007:15
18005:.
18001:.
17973:27
17971:.
17954:.
17942:21
17940:.
17936:.
17896:.
17888:.
17874:.
17870:.
17853:.
17841:.
17824:.
17814:.
17804:26
17802:.
17798:.
17775:.
17729:83
17727:.
17714:.
17710:.
17651:.
17563:.
17551:15
17549:.
17545:.
17472:}}
17468:{{
17440:.
17436:.
17403:.
17395:.
17385:37
17383:.
17379:.
17362:.
17354:.
17344:47
17342:.
17325:.
17315:.
17305:12
17303:.
17299:.
17282:.
17274:.
17264:.
17252:.
17248:.
17231:.
17221:.
17209:.
17205:.
17188:.
17178:.
17166:50
17164:.
17160:.
17137:.
17118:.
17106:49
17104:.
17100:.
17083:.
17056:.
17048:.
17040:.
17026:.
16943:.
16929:.
16910:65
16908:.
16872:.
16860:50
16858:.
16854:.
16843:77
16841:.
16837:.
16820:.
16810:.
16802:.
16792:.
16780:.
16776:.
16755:.
16751:.
16727:.
16698:.
16690:.
16680:.
16668:.
16664:.
16639:.
16622:.
16614:.
16604:76
16602:.
16585:.
16575:21
16573:.
16537:.
16527:.
16515:.
16511:.
16494:.
16486:.
16478:.
16466:.
16445:.
16412:.
16406:.
16379:.
16353:.
16347:.
16326:.
16322:.
16301:.
16297:.
16280:.
16270:.
16260:.
16248:.
16244:.
16204:.
16194:.
16186:.
16176:69
16174:.
16170:.
16153:.
16141:74
16139:.
16135:.
16095:.
16062:.
16010:.
16002:.
15990:49
15988:.
15984:.
15967:.
15917:.
15915:38
15909:.
15864:.
15854:.
15840:.
15836:.
15762:.
15754:.
15746:.
15736:77
15734:.
15730:.
15713:.
15705:.
15695:.
15683:.
15679:.
15647:.
15639:.
15631:.
15621:27
15619:.
15615:.
15588:.
15580:.
15572:.
15562:31
15560:.
15556:.
15529:.
15519:.
15509:26
15507:.
15503:.
15476:.
15468:.
15456:.
15452:.
15421:.
15388:.
15384:.
15354:.
15350:.
15291:.
15281:.
15273:.
15261:.
15257:.
15218:.
15214:.
15180:.
15170:.
15158:.
15154:.
15128:.
15101:.
15097:.
15070:.
15066:.
14979:^
14957:.
14941:.
14914:.
14884:.
14854:.
14832:.
14822:.
14812:66
14810:.
14806:.
14779:.
14749:.
14727:.
14717:.
14707:24
14705:.
14701:.
14678:.
14668:.
14654:.
14650:.
14627:.
14617:12
14615:.
14611:.
14588:.
14578:.
14568:.
14556:.
14552:.
14507:.
14497:.
14485:.
14481:.
14458:.
14450:.
14438:.
14434:.
14411:.
14399:.
14378:.
14355:.
14347:.
14337:76
14335:.
14312:.
14300:.
14296:.
14273:.
14263:.
14251:.
14245:.
14189:^
14175:.
14165:.
14155:12
14153:.
14149:.
14126:.
14116:.
14108:.
14096:.
14092:.
14069:.
14059:.
14047:14
14045:.
14041:.
14018:.
14010:.
14000:91
13998:.
13975:.
13965:20
13963:.
13936:.
13910:.
13906:.
13878:.
13850:.
13812:.
13801:^
13735:^
13709:.
13670:.
13656:.
13633:.
13625:.
13613:.
13563:.
13555:.
13547:.
13539:.
13529:.
13525:.
13492:.
13466:.
13462:.
13419:.
13373:.
13363:62
13361:.
13333:^
13310:^
13292:.
13288:.
13209:^
13174:31
13172:.
13168:.
13141:.
13105:^
13062:.
13035:.
12996:.
12957:^
12919:.
12911:.
12901:.
12889:.
12885:.
12873:^
12859:.
12849:.
12839:12
12837:.
12833:.
12802:.
12752:.
12748:.
12730:.
12718:.
12714:.
12696:.
12684:.
12680:.
12662:;
12633:.
12609:^
12591:.
12528:^
12455:.
12359:.
12333:.
12268:.
12240:.
12229:^
12211:.
12201:69
12199:.
12195:.
12172:.
12135:.
12098:^
12064:.
12041:.
12004:.
11996:.
11992:.
11966:.
11958:.
11950:.
11934:.
11930:.
11918:^
11896:.
11870:.
11866:.
11841:29
11839:.
11804:.
11794:.
11782:.
11778:.
11714:.
11702:.
11698:.
11679:.
11667:.
11624:.
11612:.
11582:.
11572:80
11570:.
11566:.
11491:^
11477:.
11469:.
11459:34
11457:.
11410:.
11402:.
11392:.
11382:.
11370:.
11366:.
11339:.
11268:^
11249:^
11239:.
11235:.
11223:^
11201:.
11175:.
11171:.
11144:.
11140:.
11113:.
11109:.
11086:.
11076:.
11066:.
11054:.
11050:.
11027:.
11017:.
11007:.
10995:.
10991:.
10968:.
10958:.
10948:.
10936:.
10932:.
10909:.
10895:.
10872:.
10862:.
10852:.
10840:.
10836:.
10813:.
10799:.
10795:.
10772:.
10762:.
10750:88
10748:.
10744:.
10721:.
10711:.
10701:.
10689:.
10685:.
10659:^
10641:.
10637:.
10614:^
10588:.
10578:.
10566:.
10562:.
10538:^
10516:.
10494:.
10484:.
10470:.
10466:.
10442:^
10421:^
10399:.
10313:.
10309:.
10282:.
10278:.
10232:.
10222:.
10214:.
10202:.
10198:.
10175:.
10163:11
10161:.
10157:.
10126:.
10103:.
10091:11
10089:.
10085:.
10069:^
10055:.
10045:31
10043:.
10016:.
9992:^
9977:^
9953:.
9914:^
9899:^
9885:.
9873:79
9871:.
9867:.
9853:^
9824:.
9814:23
9812:.
9808:.
9793:^
9771:.
9759:^
9745:.
9735:.
9719:.
9715:.
9685:.
9681:.
9667:^
9627:.
9619:.
9609:.
9597:.
9593:.
9581:^
9566:^
9552:.
9542:.
9528:.
9524:.
9508:^
9494:.
9484:.
9474:56
9472:.
9468:.
9445:.
9435:.
9423:.
9419:.
9405:^
9391:.
9381:.
9371:28
9369:.
9365:.
9353:^
9339:.
9329:.
9317:.
9313:.
9290:.
9280:.
9268:.
9254:^
9221:21
9219:.
9215:.
9192:.
9182:.
9172:15
9170:.
9166:.
9149:74
9143:.
9120:.
9110:.
9098:.
9075:.
9065:.
9053:.
9049:.
9026:.
9016:.
9006:23
9004:.
9000:.
8983:33
8981:.
8977:.
8958:.
8929:.
8903:.
8892:^
8874:.
8863:^
8845:.
8819:.
8793:.
8767:.
8741:.
8715:.
8689:.
8663:.
8637:.
8599:^
8585:.
8575:.
8563:.
8559:.
8547:^
8529:.
8503:.
8492:^
8474:.
8463:^
8445:.
8419:.
8393:.
8367:.
8341:.
8315:.
8293:.
8283:.
8275:.
8265:34
8263:.
8259:.
8233:.
8229:.
8206:.
8196:.
8186:13
8184:.
8180:.
8157:.
8147:.
8137:20
8135:.
8131:.
8117:^
8103:.
8091:34
8089:.
8085:.
8063:.
8051:34
8049:.
8045:.
8023:.
8011:34
8009:.
8005:.
7983:.
7971:34
7969:.
7965:.
7943:.
7933:.
7921:.
7917:.
7894:.
7882:34
7880:.
7876:.
7854:.
7842:17
7840:.
7836:.
7824:^
7814:.
7795:^
7781:.
7771:.
7761:35
7759:.
7755:.
7741:^
7727:.
7717:.
7705:.
7701:.
7678:.
7668:.
7656:14
7654:.
7650:.
7627:.
7617:.
7605:.
7601:.
7585:^
7571:.
7561:.
7549:.
7545:.
7511:.
7486:.
7474:34
7472:.
7468:.
7450:.
7440:.
7434:.
7422:^
7398:.
7360:^
7346:.
7336:.
7324:.
7320:.
7297:.
7285:33
7283:.
7279:.
7268:^
7254:.
7242:33
7240:.
7236:.
7214:.
7204:.
7194:.
7182:.
7178:.
7166:^
7152:.
7140:15
7138:.
7134:.
7118:^
7071:.
7067:.
7063:.
7059:.
7053:.
7002:.
6998:.
6980:.
6927:.
6916:^
6901:^
6887:.
6877:.
6865:.
6841:^
6827:.
6817:.
6805:.
6801:.
6767:.
6753:^
6730:^
6712:.
6698:.
6675:^
6661:.
6614:.
6610:.
6587:.
6562:^
6552:.
6541:.
6521:.
6499:.
6469:.
6431:.
6427:.
6408:.
6397:.
6353:^
6319::
6296:.
6237:.
6185:.
6181:.
6148:.
6118:.
6092:.
6062:.
6050:.
5997:.
5966:.
5955:.
5951:.
5932:.
5918:.
5899:.
5882:.
5819:^
5809:.
5786:^
5775:.
5736:.
5728:.
5718:.
5708:33
5706:.
5702:.
5688:^
5679:.
5669:69
5667:.
5663:.
5646:71
5644:.
5638:.
5618:}}
5614:{{
5606:.
5587:.
5548:.
5544:.
5521:.
5499:.
5489:47
5487:.
5475:^
5454:.
5450:.
5431:.
5420:.
5391:.
5363:.
5345:.
5331:.
5289:.
5281:.
5255:^
5243:50
5241:.
5237:.
5197:.
5171:^
5157:.
5147:.
5135:.
5131:.
5119:^
5109:.
5077:.
5061:.
5004:.
4985:.
4912:.
4890:.
4876:.
4853:.
4843:.
4831:.
4827:.
4808:.
4800:.
4792:.
4780:.
4757:.
4749:.
4737:19
4735:.
4731:.
4719:^
4709:.
4701:.
4691:.
4681:15
4679:.
4675:.
4663:^
4649:.
4610:.
4606:.
4587:.
4577:69
4575:.
4571:.
4545:.
4533:.
4529:.
4483:,
4451:.
4439:.
4401:.
4393:.
4385:.
4373:.
4369:.
4346:.
4338:.
4324:.
4320:.
4292:.
4267:.
4253:.
4249:.
4226:.
4212:.
4208:.
4182:.
4159:.
4149:.
4141:.
4131:.
4119:.
4115:.
4103:^
4081:.
4070:.
4058:^
4038:.
4021:^
4004:.
3978:.
3951:.
3945:.
3920:.
3910:.
3894:.
3890:.
3872:^
3845:.
3813:^
3799:.
3789:.
3773:.
3769:.
3755:^
3357:1
3308:1
3271:?
3268:?
3262:?
3259:?
3238:2
3193:2
3148:5
3038:.
2979:,
2754:,
2750:,
2557:,
2543:.
2439:c.
2372:.
2314:,
2298:,
2294:,
2290:,
2286:,
2282:,
2278:,
2149:"
2113:,
2026:.
1549:,
1527:.
1468:,
1449:,
1445:,
1342:,
1301:,
1218:,
1109:A
1072::
1064::
1056::
1048::
1040::
718::
710::
665:,
653:,
492:.
58:,
22564::
22538:)
22536:*
21592:(
21538:e
21531:t
21524:v
21479:)
21477:*
21308:e
21301:t
21294:v
20660:/
19165:e
19158:t
19151:v
18342:e
18335:t
18328:v
18302:.
18269:.
18253:(
18197:.
18173::
18165::
18140:.
18128::
18107:.
18087::
18070:.
18048::
18027:.
18013::
17983:.
17979::
17962:.
17948::
17927:.
17904:.
17882::
17876:5
17861:.
17849::
17843:2
17832:.
17810::
17789:.
17763:.
17739:.
17735::
17716:4
17701:.
17682:.
17663:.
17630:.
17609:.
17590:.
17571:.
17557::
17536:.
17517:.
17478:)
17464:.
17448::
17442:3
17415:.
17391::
17370:.
17358::
17350::
17333:.
17311::
17290:.
17268::
17260::
17239:.
17217::
17196:.
17172::
17126:.
17112::
17091:.
17064:.
17044::
17017:.
16974:.
16920:.
16899:.
16880:.
16866::
16828:.
16796::
16788::
16782:4
16767:.
16706:.
16684::
16676::
16655:.
16630:.
16610::
16593:.
16581::
16564:.
16545:.
16523::
16502:.
16482::
16474::
16468:4
16424:.
16394:.
16365:.
16338:.
16313:.
16288:.
16264::
16256::
16250:8
16235:.
16212:.
16190::
16182::
16161:.
16147::
16126:.
16041:.
16018:.
15996::
15975:.
15948:.
15927:.
15896:.
15872:.
15848::
15842:2
15824:.
15800:.
15774:.
15742::
15721:.
15699::
15691::
15659:.
15627::
15600:.
15568::
15537:.
15515::
15488:.
15464::
15437:.
15396::
15366:.
15336:.
15312:.
15299:.
15277::
15269::
15243:.
15230:.
15201:.
15188:.
15166::
15160:3
15139:.
15113:.
15082:.
15052:.
15027:.
15015:.
15003:.
14991:.
14926:.
14900:.
14870:.
14840:.
14818::
14791:.
14765:.
14735:.
14713::
14686:.
14662::
14656:8
14635:.
14623::
14596:.
14572::
14564::
14558:6
14537:.
14515:.
14493::
14466:.
14446::
14419:.
14407::
14384:.
14363:.
14343::
14320:.
14308::
14281:.
14259::
14230:.
14183:.
14161::
14134:.
14112::
14104::
14077:.
14053::
14026:.
14006::
13983:.
13971::
13948:.
13922:.
13891:.
13863:.
13823:.
13772:.
13759:.
13730:.
13695:.
13682:.
13664::
13641:.
13621::
13598:.
13575:.
13543::
13533::
13510:.
13478:.
13448:.
13435:.
13406:.
13394:.
13381:.
13369::
13304:.
13262:.
13221:.
13203:.
13188:.
13153:.
13099:.
13070:.
13047:.
13008:.
12927:.
12897::
12867:.
12845::
12818:.
12764:.
12666:.
12649:.
12619:.
12603:.
12565:.
12484:.
12471:.
12441:.
12403:.
12377:.
12345:.
12307:.
12281:.
12254:.
12223:.
12180:.
12147:.
12121:.
12093:.
12080:.
12049:.
12016:.
11978:.
11946::
11912:.
11882:.
11851:.
11847::
11825:.
11812:.
11790::
11763:.
11737:.
11710::
11687:.
11675::
11653:.
11640:.
11597:.
11485:.
11465::
11418:.
11386::
11378::
11351:.
11313:.
11217:.
11187:.
11156:.
11125:.
11094:.
11080::
11070::
11062::
11035:.
11011::
11003::
10997:7
10976:.
10952::
10944::
10938:3
10917:.
10903::
10880:.
10856::
10848::
10821:.
10807::
10780:.
10756::
10729:.
10705::
10697::
10653:.
10609:.
10596:.
10574::
10532:.
10502:.
10478::
10472:8
10452:.
10415:.
10372:.
10294:.
10265:.
10240:.
10218::
10210::
10183:.
10169::
10142:.
10111:.
10097::
10063:.
10051::
10028:.
9971:.
9939:.
9909:.
9893:.
9879::
9847:.
9820::
9787:.
9753:.
9731::
9697:.
9661:.
9635:.
9605::
9576:.
9560:.
9536::
9530:5
9502:.
9480::
9453:.
9431::
9425:6
9399:.
9377::
9347:.
9325::
9298:.
9276::
9248:.
9200:.
9178::
9128:.
9106::
9083:.
9061::
9055:4
9034:.
9012::
8941:.
8915:.
8886:.
8857:.
8831:.
8805:.
8779:.
8753:.
8727:.
8701:.
8675:.
8649:.
8623:.
8593:.
8571::
8541:.
8515:.
8486:.
8457:.
8431:.
8405:.
8379:.
8353:.
8327:.
8301:.
8271::
8245:.
8214:.
8192::
8165:.
8143::
8111:.
8071:.
8031:.
7991:.
7951:.
7929::
7923:3
7902:.
7862:.
7848::
7818:.
7789:.
7767::
7735:.
7713::
7686:.
7662::
7635:.
7613::
7607:3
7579:.
7557::
7551:5
7530:.
7494:.
7416:.
7354:.
7332::
7305:.
7262:.
7222:.
7198::
7190::
7160:.
7146::
7112:.
7086:.
7014:.
6943:.
6895:.
6873::
6835:.
6813::
6807:4
6786:.
6748:.
6724:.
6669:.
6657::
6639:.
6626:.
6442:.
6371:.
6249:.
6222:.
6197:.
6166:.
6134:.
6104:.
5867:.
5714::
5624:)
5560:.
5507:.
5495::
5405:.
5377:.
5318:.
5165:.
5143::
5047:.
5017:.
4861:.
4839::
4833:6
4788::
4765:.
4743::
4687::
4657:.
4622:.
4612:8
4553:.
4541::
4413:.
4381::
4354:.
4332::
4275:.
4261::
4234:.
4220::
4193:.
4167:.
4135::
4127::
4121:4
4052:.
4015:.
3989:.
3963:.
3928:.
3906::
3866:.
3829:.
3807:.
3785::
3775:8
3728:(
3724:,
3326:B
890:(
758:(
611:(
572:(
445:e
438:t
431:v
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.