Oseltamivir - Knowledge

909:. The WHO supports its use for severe illness due to confirmed or suspected influenza virus infection in critically ill people who have been hospitalized. Oseltamivir's risk-benefit ratio is controversial. In 2017, it was moved from the core to the complementary list based on its lower cost-effectiveness. The Expert Committee did not recommend the deletion of oseltamivir from the EML and EMLc, recognizing that it is the only medicine included on the Model Lists for critically ill patients with influenza and for influenza pandemic preparedness. However, the Committee noted that, since the inclusion of oseltamivir on the Model List in 2009, new evidence in seasonal and pandemic influenza has lowered earlier estimates of the magnitude of effect of oseltamivir on relevant clinical outcomes. The Committee recommended that the listing of oseltamivir be amended, moving the medicine from the core to the Complementary List, and that its use be restricted to severe illness due to confirmed or suspected influenza virus infection in critically ill hospitalized patients. The Expert Committee noted that WHO guidelines for pharmacological management of pandemic and seasonal influenza would be updated in 2017: unless new information is provided to support the use of oseltamivir in seasonal and pandemic outbreaks, the next Expert Committee might consider oseltamivir for deletion. 4761: 40: 4508: 652: 886: 1675: 894: 955:

this review, clinicians and healthcare policy-makers should urgently revise current recommendations for use of the neuraminidase inhibitors (NIs) for individuals with influenza." That is not utilizing NIs for prevention or treatment "Based on these findings there appears to be no evidence for patients, clinicians or policy-makers to use these drugs to prevent serious outcomes, both in annual influenza and pandemic influenza outbreaks."

1597: 1172: 962:(the originator) reject the conclusions of the Cochrane Review, arguing in part that the analysis inappropriately forms conclusions about outcomes in people who are seriously ill based on results obtained primarily in healthy populations, and that the analysis inappropriately included results from people not infected with influenza. The EMA did not change its labeling of the drug in response to the Cochrane study. 31: 986:. The same review found that oseltamivir did not significantly increase the risk of adverse events. A 2016 systematic review found that oseltamivir slightly reduced the time it takes for the symptoms of influenza to be alleviated, and that it also increased the risk of "nausea, vomiting, psychiatric events in adults and vomiting in children." The decrease in duration of sickness was about 18 hours. 7491: 7479: 1066: 1545:

Three studies have found resistance in 0%, 3.3%, and 18% of subjects. In the study with the 18% resistance rate, the subjects were children, many of whom had not been previously exposed to influenza virus and therefore had a weakened immune response; the results suggest that higher and earlier dosing

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The CDC found sporadic oseltamivir-resistant 2009 H1N1 virus infections had been identified, including with rare episodes of limited transmission, but the public health impact had been limited. Those sporadic cases of resistance were found in immunosuppressed patients during oseltamivir treatment and

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From 2009 to 2014, oseltamivir resistance was very low in seasonal flu. In the 2010–11 flu season, 99.1% of H1N1, 99.8% of H3N, and 100% of Influenza B remained oseltamivir susceptible in the US. In January 2012, the US and European CDCs reported all seasonal flu samples tested since October 2011 to

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The US and EU package inserts for oseltamivir contain a warning of psychiatric effects observed in post-marketing surveillance. The frequency of these appears to be low and a causative role for oseltamivir has not been established. The 2014 Cochrane Review found a dose-response effect on psychiatric

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did not find evidence for benefits in people who are at risk, noting that "the trials were not designed or powered to give results regarding serious complications, hospitalization and mortality", as did a 2014 Cochrane Review. The Cochrane Review further recommended: "On the basis of the findings of

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review concluded that oseltamivir did not affect the need for hospitalizations, and that there is no proof of reduction of complications of influenza (such as pneumonia) because of a lack of diagnostic definitions, or reduction of the spread of the virus. There was also evidence that suggested that

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While there is concern that antiviral resistance may develop in people with haematologic malignancies due to their inability to reduce viral loads and several surveillance studies found oseltamivir-resistant pH1N1 after administration of oseltamivir in those people, as of November 2013, widespread

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was 28 and for vomiting was 22. So, for every 22 adult people on oseltamivir one experienced vomiting. In the treatment of children, oseltamivir also induced vomiting. The number needed to harm was 19. So, for every 19 children on oseltamivir one experienced vomiting. In prevention there were more

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As of 2017, the CDC does not recommend to use oseltamivir generally for prevention due to concerns that widespread use will encourage resistance development. They recommend that it be considered in those at high risk, who have been exposed to influenza within 48 hours and have not received or only

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requested that Congress fund US$ 1 billion for the production and stockpile of oseltamivir, after Congress had already approved $ 1.8 billion for military use of the drug. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, who was a past chairman of Gilead Sciences, recused himself from all government

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In 2007, Japanese investigators detected neuraminidase-resistant influenza B virus strains in individuals not treated with these drugs. The prevalence was 1.7%. According to the CDC, As of 2019, transmission of oseltamivir-resistant influenza B virus strains—from persons treated with the drug—is

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enzyme. A 2011 meta-analysis of 15 studies found a pooled incidence rate for oseltamivir resistance of 2.6%. Subgroup analyses detected higher rates among influenza A patients, especially the H1N1 subtype. It was found that a substantial number of patients might become oseltamivir-resistant as a

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As of 2011, reviews concluded that when oseltamivir is used preventatively it decreases the risk of exposed people developing symptomatic disease. A systematic review of systematic reviews found low to moderate evidence that it decreases the risk of getting symptomatic influenza by 1 to 12% (a

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won a case in India's court system allowing it to manufacture a cheaper generic version of Tamiflu, called Antiflu. In May 2009, Cipla won approval from the World Health Organization (WHO) certifying that its drug Antiflu was as effective as Tamiflu, and Antiflu is included in the WHO list of

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have concluded that benefits in those who are otherwise healthy do not outweigh its risks. They also found little evidence regarding whether treatment changes the risk of hospitalization or death in high risk populations. However, another meta-analysis found that oseltamivir was effective for

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to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) provided Cochrane with reports from 16 Roche oseltamivir trials. In 2012, the Cochrane team published an interim review based on those reports. In 2013, Roche released 74 full clinical study reports of oseltamivir trials after GSK released the data on

1643:(EMA) approved oseltamivir phosphate for prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. In 2003, a pooled analysis of ten randomised clinical trials concluded that oseltamivir reduced the risk of lower respiratory tract infections resulting in antibiotic use and hospital admissions in adults. 1006:, while three other reviews found a decreased risk. Together, published studies suggest that oseltamivir reduces the duration of symptoms by 0.5–1.0 day. Any benefit of treatment must be balanced against side effects, which include psychiatric symptoms and increased rates of vomiting. 1001:

have concluded that benefits in those who are otherwise healthy do not outweigh its risks. When the analysis was restricted to people with confirmed infection, the same 2014 Cochrane Review (see above) found unclear evidence of change in the risk of complications such as

933:(AAP) recommend the use of oseltamivir for people who have complications or are at high risk for complications. This includes those who are hospitalized, young children, those over the age of 65, people with other significant health problems, those who are pregnant, and 823:. Many medical organizations recommend it in people who have complications or are at high risk of complications within 48 hours of first symptoms of infection. They recommend it to prevent infection in those at high risk, but not the general population. The 1833: 1014:

oseltamivir prevented some people from producing sufficient numbers of their own antibodies to fight infection. The authors recommended that guidance should be revised to take account of the evidence of small benefit and increased risk of harms.

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During the 2007–08 flu season, the US CDC found 10.9% of H1N1 samples (n=1,020) to be resistant. In the 2008–09 season, the proportion of resistant H1N1 increased to 99.4%, while no other seasonal strains (H3N2, B) showed resistance.

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C in the United States and category B in Australia, meaning that it has been taken by a small number of women without signs of problems and in animal studies it looks safe. Dose adjustment may be needed in those with kidney problems.

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in Southeast Asia in 2005. In response to the epidemic, various governments – including those of the United Kingdom, Canada, Israel, United States, and Australia – stockpiled quantities of oseltamivir in preparation for a possible

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During 2011, a new influenza A(H1N1)2009 variant with mildly reduced oseltamivir (and zanamivir) sensitivity was detected in more than 10% of community specimens in Singapore and more than 30% of samples from northern Australia.

858:. In the United States it is recommended for influenza infection during pregnancy. It has been taken by a small number of pregnant women without signs of problems. Dose adjustment may be needed in those with kidney problems. 1054:

relative decrease of 64 to 92%). It recommended against its use in healthy, low-risk persons due to cost, the risk of resistance development, and side effects and concluded it might be useful for prevention in unvaccinated

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events. In trials of prevention in adults one person was harmed for every 94 treated. Neither of the two most cited published treatment trials of oseltamivir reported any drug-attributable serious adverse events.

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As of 2013, H274Y and N294S mutations that confer resistance to oseltamivir have been identified in a few H5N1 isolates from infected patients treated with oseltamivir, and have emerged spontaneously in Egypt.

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result of oseltamivir use, and that oseltamivir resistance might be significantly associated with pneumonia. In severely immunocompromised patients there were reports of prolonged shedding of oseltamivir- (or

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The selection and use of essential medicines: report of the WHO Expert Committee, 2017 (including the 20th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and the 6th Model List of Essential Medicines for Children)

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Karpf M, Trussardi R (March 2001). "New, azide-free transformation of epoxides into 1,2-diamino compounds: synthesis of the anti-influenza neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu)".

827:(CDC) recommends that clinicians use their discretion to treat those at lower risk who present within 48 hours of first symptoms of infection. It is taken by mouth, either as a pill or liquid. 4553: 3382:

Burch J, Corbett M, Stock C, Nicholson K, Elliot AJ, Duffy S, et al. (September 2009). "Prescription of anti-influenza drugs for healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

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Yeung YY, Hong S, Corey EJ (May 2006). "A short enantioselective pathway for the synthesis of the anti-influenza neuramidase inhibitor oseltamivir from 1,3-butadiene and acrylic acid".

203: 2667: 1077:(ADRs) associated with oseltamivir therapy (occurring in over 1 percent of people) include nausea and vomiting. In adults, oseltamivir increased the risk of nausea for which the 1663:

In 2006, a Cochrane Review (since withdrawn) raised controversy by concluding that oseltamivir should not be used during routine seasonal influenza because of its low effectiveness.

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In 1999, the FDA approved oseltamivir phosphate for the treatment of influenza in adults based on two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials. In June 2002, the

1112:. Neuropsychiatric symptoms and body pain, followed by skin problems, were identified as the side effects most significantly reducing patient satisfaction on a drug review platform. 311: 6080: 6075: 2965: 2701: 1698:

studies. In 2014, Cochrane published an updated review based solely on full clinical study reports and regulatory documents. In 2016, Roche's oseltamivir patents began to expire.

3789:"Increased detection in Australia and Singapore of a novel influenza A(H1N1)2009 variant with reduced oseltamivir and zanamivir sensitivity due to a S247N neuraminidase mutation" 994:

In those who are otherwise healthy the CDC states that antivirals may be considered within the first 48 hours. A German clinical practice guideline recommends against its use.

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A 2015 systematic review and meta-analysis found oseltamivir effective at treating the symptoms of influenza, reducing the length of hospitalization, and reducing the risk of

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is about 1–3 hours and its active carboxylate metabolite has a half-life of 6–10 hours. More than 90% of the oral dose is eliminated in the urine as the active metabolite.

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Antipov EA, Pokryshevskaya EB (2019). "The effects of adverse drug reactions on patients' satisfaction: evidence from publicly available data on tamiflu (oseltamivir)".

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be oseltamivir susceptible. In the 2013–14 season only 1% of 2009 H1N1 viruses showed oseltamivir resistance. No other influenza viruses were resistant to oseltamivir.

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headaches, kidney, and psychiatric events. Oseltamivir's effect on the heart is unclear: it may reduce cardiac symptoms, but may also induce serious arrhythmias.

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Qiu S, Shen Y, Pan H, Wang J, Zhang Q (2015). "Effectiveness and safety of oseltamivir for treating influenza: an updated meta-analysis of clinical trials".

266: 4345: 2324:"Use of neuraminidase inhibitors for rapid containment of influenza: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual and household transmission studies" 6919: 4946:"The Synthetic Development of the Anti-Influenza Neuraminidase Inhibitor Oseltamivir Phosphate (Tamiflu): A Challenge for Synthesis & Process Research" 4084: 3765: 3573: 1682:

In 2009, a new A/H1N1 influenza virus was discovered to be spreading in North America. In June 2009, the WHO declared the A/H1N1 influenza a pandemic. The

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Dobson J, Whitley RJ, Pocock S, Monto AS (May 2015). "Oseltamivir treatment for influenza in adults: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials".

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Rohloff JC, Kent KM, Postich MJ, Becker MW, Chapman HH, Kelly DE, et al. (1998). "Practical Total Synthesis of the Anti-Influenza Drug GS-4104".

1997: 4323: 2053: 1683: 169: 3890: 3868: 3850: 3421: 2884: 1037:(AAP), and Roche (the originator) rejected the recommendations of the 2014 Cochrane Review to urgently change treatment guidelines and drug labels. 6476: 4543: 3811: 3292:"Oseltamivir and risk of lower respiratory tract complications in patients with flu symptoms: a meta-analysis of eleven randomized clinical trials" 1572:

As of 2013, two of 14 adults infected with A(H7N9) and treated with oseltamivir developed oseltamivir-resistant virus with the Arg292Lys mutation.

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concluded that oseltamivir does not reduce hospitalizations, and that there is no evidence of reduction in complications of influenza. Two

739: 7222: 7177: 7272: 7172: 6669: 5374: 2217:"The value of neuraminidase inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of seasonal influenza: a systematic review of systematic reviews" 1470: 7345: 7292: 7192: 2958: 2689: 7350: 6914: 5297: 4078: 3961: 3908: 3886: 3846: 3761: 2878: 1991: 1948: 1018: 918: 824: 6956: 767:

InChI=1S/C16H28N2O4/c1-5-12(6-2)22-14-9-11(16(20)21-7-3)8-13(17)15(14)18-10(4)19/h9,12-15H,5-8,17H2,1-4H3,(H,18,19)/t13-,14+,15+/m0/s1

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was approved in the US in 2016. In 2020, it was the 178th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 3

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Its oral bioavailability is over 80% and is extensively metabolised to its active form upon first-pass through the liver. It has a

6766: 4617: 2435:"Oseltamivir for influenza in adults and children: systematic review of clinical study reports and summary of regulatory comments" 1689:

From 2010 to 2012, Cochrane requested Roche's full clinical study reports of their trials, which they did not provide. In 2011, a

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on the surface of human cells that helps new virions to exit the cell, preventing new viral particles from being released.

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and there were worldwide shortages of the drug, driven by the high demand for stockpiling. In November 2005, US President

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Agrawal R, Rewatkar PV, Kokil GR, Verma A, Kalra A (July 2010). "Oseltamivir: a first line defense against swine flu".

934: 790: 186: 6869: 6844: 4784:"Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China" 1636:

in 1996. The drug has not been patent-protected in Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia, and several other countries.

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Tse N, Cederbaum S, Glaspy JA (October 1991). "Hyperammonemia following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation".

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Savigny MR, Macintire DK (February 2010). "Use of oseltamivir in the treatment of canine parvoviral enteritis".

3587: 3153:"Neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza: a systematic review and meta-analysis of regulatory and mortality data" 7449: 7412: 6691: 6249: 6147: 6090: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 1690: 1215: 1193: 1034: 930: 3051: 5091: 3500: 971:

recommended that all people admitted to intensive care units during influenza outbreaks with a diagnosis of

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Recommendations regarding oseltamivir are controversial as are criticisms of the recommendations. A 2014

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Marketing display used at festivals features a person living in a hermetically sealed environment

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Jefferson TO, Demicheli V, Di Pietrantonj C, Jones M, Rivetti D (July 2006). Jefferson T (ed.).

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Kmietowicz Z (June 2017). "WHO downgrades oseltamivir on drugs list after reviewing evidence".

1581: 1437: 1427: 1329: 1010: 374: 2789:"Tamiflu- oseltamivir phosphate capsule Tamiflu- oseltamivir phosphate powder, for suspension" 7526: 7516: 6208: 5606: 5601: 5551: 5415: 4837: 4574:

Jefferson T, Doshi P (April 2014). "Multisystem failure: the story of anti-influenza drugs".

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Jackson RJ, Cooper KL, Tappenden P, Rees A, Simpson EL, Read RC, et al. (January 2011).

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There have been reports of oseltamivir reducing disease severity and hospitalization time in

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Hay AJ, Hayden FG (June 2013). "Oseltamivir resistance during treatment of H7N9 infection".

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Michiels B, Van Puyenbroeck K, Verhoeven V, Vermeire E, Coenen S (2013). Jefferson T (ed.).

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Hatakeyama S, Sugaya N, Ito M, Yamazaki M, Ichikawa M, Kimura K, et al. (April 2007).

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Jefferson T, Jones MA, Doshi P, Del Mar CB, Hama R, Thompson MJ, et al. (April 2014).

2335: 2228: 2168: 1686:(NICE), the CDC, the WHO, and the ECDC maintained their recommendation to use oseltamivir. 851: 808: 552: 532: 397: 958:

The CDC, ECDC, Public Health England, Infectious Disease Society of America, the AAP, and

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Heneghan CJ, Onakpoya I, Jones MA, Doshi P, Del Mar CB, Hama R, et al. (May 2016).

2339: 2232: 2172: 651: 7387: 6410: 6352: 6099: 5869: 5832: 5596: 5501: 5025: 4877: 4852: 4842: 4808: 4783: 4699: 4599: 4548: 4495: 4456: 4266: 4179: 4131: 4106: 4033:"Emergence of influenza B viruses with reduced sensitivity to neuraminidase inhibitors" 3992:"Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and its potential for use in the event of an influenza pandemic" 3698: 3671: 3552: 3364: 3316: 3291: 3267: 3242: 3177: 3152: 3133: 3025: 3000: 2843: 2593: 2459: 2434: 2407: 2382: 2358: 2323: 2251: 2216: 1906: 1881: 1621: 1432: 1322: 1279: 1120: 1098: 870: 214: 5039: 4167: 3395: 3352: 7551: 6433: 6362: 5920: 5874: 5757: 5017: 4988: 4932: 4882: 4813: 4734: 4730: 4691: 4591: 4500: 4396: 4258: 4217: 4171: 4136: 4054: 4013: 3865:"Influenza (Flu) – Weekly Report: Influenza Summary Update Week 53, 2008-2009 Season" 3703: 3458: 3399: 3356: 3321: 3272: 3223: 3182: 3137: 3125: 3090: 3030: 2934: 2835: 2597: 2585: 2544: 2499: 2464: 2412: 2363: 2304: 2256: 2186: 1911: 1707: 1633: 1509: 1230: 959: 945: 816: 812: 337: 324: 142: 5029: 4944:

Abrecht S, Harrington P, Iding H, Karpf M, Trussardi R, Wirz B, et al. (2004).

4603: 4270: 4183: 3556: 3368: 2847: 2092: 1181: 7407: 6575: 6520: 6510: 6448: 6112: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5915: 5616: 5009: 4980: 4957: 4924: 4903: 4872: 4864: 4803: 4795: 4726: 4703: 4683: 4583: 4529: 4525: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4386: 4248: 4209: 4163: 4126: 4118: 4107:"Influenza neuraminidase inhibitors: antiviral action and mechanisms of resistance" 4044: 4003: 3693: 3683: 3635: 3544: 3448: 3391: 3348: 3311: 3303: 3262: 3254: 3213: 3172: 3164: 3117: 3082: 3020: 3016: 3012: 2924: 2827: 2753: 2635: 2577: 2534: 2491: 2454: 2446: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2353: 2343: 2294: 2246: 2236: 2176: 1901: 1893: 1770: 1349: 1205: 1200: 1055: 668: 356: 279: 57: 4472:"Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in healthy adults" 3483: 3121: 2723: 2025: 885: 492: 7483: 7453: 7397: 6548: 6532: 5137: 5133: 4391: 4374: 2433:

Jefferson T, Jones M, Doshi P, Spencer EA, Onakpoya I, Heneghan CJ (April 2014).

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Wang K, Shun-Shin M, Gill P, Perera R, Harnden A (April 2012). Harnden A (ed.).

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Cohen D (April 2013). "Roche offers researchers access to all Tamiflu trials".

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Malosh RE, Martin ET, Heikkinen T, Brooks WA, Whitley RJ, Monto AS (May 2018).

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receive oseltamivir until the absence of influenza infection is established by

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Oseltamivir was approved for medical use in the US in 1999. It was the first

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Cohen D (9 April 2014). "Oseltamivir: another case of regulatory failure?".

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persons who developed illness while receiving oseltamivir chemoprophylaxis.

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World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019

2589: 2503: 2468: 2416: 2367: 2308: 2260: 2190: 2123: 1915: 983: 274: 6647: 5021: 3218: 3201: 3086: 1986:"CDC Recommendations for Influenza Antiviral Medications Remain Unchanged" 7445: 7392: 6595: 6322: 6305: 6107: 5762: 5736: 5731: 5691: 5686: 5650: 5635: 5625: 5570: 5538: 5476: 5457: 5449: 5307: 5262: 5257: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5168: 5146: 4008: 3991: 3307: 2048: 1897: 1646:

Oseltamivir (as Tamiflu) was widely used during the H5N1 avian influenza

1334: 1299: 1284: 1145: 1090: 136: 2640: 2539: 2214: 512: 6553: 6471: 6347: 6300: 6295: 5899: 5772: 5767: 5701: 5588: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5519: 5511: 5481: 5384: 5379: 5369: 5364: 5344: 5329: 5302: 5292: 5282: 5272: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5183: 5178: 5173: 4838:"Is Bird Flu Drug Really So Vexing? Debating the Difficulty of Tamiflu" 3817:. National collaborating centre for infectious diseases. Archived from 1735: 1484: 1422: 1304: 1274: 1102: 701: 523: 254: 4984: 4928: 4907: 4687: 4587: 4122: 3927:"Main surveillance developments in week 51/2011 (19–25 December 2011)" 3548: 3073:

Musher DM, Thorner AR (October 2014). "Community-acquired pneumonia".

2831: 2581: 2450: 2049:"Amantadine, oseltamivir and zanamivir for the treatment of influenza" 7402: 6605: 6600: 6380: 6339: 6332: 6327: 5855: 5726: 5696: 5566: 5561: 5506: 5492: 5349: 5339: 5277: 5155: 5122: 4782:

Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. (March 2020).

4469: 3168: 1710:

infection. The drug may limit the ability of the virus to invade the

1695: 1493: 1309: 1294: 1242: 1163: 1086: 1003: 902: 820: 478: 448:)-5-amino-4-acetamido-3-(pentan-3-yloxy)-cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylate 410: 122: 4312:"Drug Approval Package: Tamiflu (Oseltamivir Phosphate) NDA# 021087" 3418:"Drug Approval Package: Tamiflu (Oseltamivir Phosphate) NDA# 021087" 3052:"Researchers, regulators and Roche row over stockpiled drug Tamiflu" 2181: 2156: 893: 5267: 4373:

Kaiser L, Wat C, Mills T, Mahoney P, Ward P, Hayden F (July 2003).

4200:

Farina V, Brown JD (November 2006). "Tamiflu: the supply problem".

3722:"Update on oseltamivir resistance to influenza H1N1 (2009) viruses" 1731: 1719: 1652: 1647: 1596: 1367: 950: 855: 847: 843: 580: 572: 503: 181: 2322:

Okoli GN, Otete HE, Beck CR, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS (9 December 2014).

2026:

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2 June 2014).

1046:

recently been vaccinated. They recommended it during outbreaks in

724: 6515: 5721: 5359: 5354: 2553:. WHO technical report series;1006. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. 1496:)-resistant virus, even after oseltamivir treatment was stopped. 1105: 850:, headache, and trouble sleeping. Other side effects may include 4416:"Oseltamivir-resistant H5N1 virus isolated from Vietnamese girl" 3990:

Ward P, Small I, Smith J, Suter P, Dutkowski R (February 2005).

2910: 1483:

The vast majority of mutations conferring resistance are single

839:

prevention of influenza at the individual and household levels.

168: 6385: 5706: 5676: 1620:; shikimic acid was originally available only as an extract of 1089:

and elevated liver enzymes, rash, allergic reactions including

611: 4644: 1524:

transmission of oseltamivir-resistant pH1N1 has not occurred.

87: 66: 30: 6585: 3905:"2011-2012 Influenza Season Week 51 ending December 24, 2011" 3241:

Holzinger F, Beck S, Dini L, Stöter C, Heintze C (May 2014).

1667: 715: 591: 389: 16:

Antiviral medication used against influenza A and influenza B

7490: 5824: 3606:"Tamiflu May Be Linked to Risk for Self-Injury and Delirium" 2321: 1558: 636: 5317: 5248: 5159: 4943: 4030: 3199: 563: 3434: 3381: 3150: 2998: 2432: 1065: 60: 3669: 2873:"Influenza Antiviral Medications: Summary for Clinicians" 2626: 2525: 2481: 81: 75: 4893: 3338: 2644:. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. 901:

Oseltamivir is used for the prevention and treatment of

869:

but was downgraded to "complementary" status in 2017. A

3240: 2380: 907:

World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines

867:

World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines

7432: 3243:"The diagnosis and treatment of acute cough in adults" 2089:"IDSA Continues to Recommend Antivirals for Influenza" 1802: 1632:

Gilead exclusively licensed their relevant patents to

7467: 4372: 3628: 3512: 2956: 1947:. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 1050:

and in those who are significantly immunosuppressed.

63: 4366: 3670:

Thorlund K, Awad T, Boivin G, Thabane L (May 2011).

3665: 3663: 3661: 3503:

2006. Adelaide: Australian Medicines Handbook; 2006.

1730:

Oseltamivir has been deemed ineffective at treating

1499: 84: 72: 4234: 4073:"Antiviral Drug Resistance among Influenza Viruses" 3989: 3955:"CDC Influenza Division Key Points, March 28, 2014" 2280: 1945:"Oseltamivir Phosphate Monograph for Professionals" 1512:tested worldwide showed resistance to oseltamivir. 1101:, seizure, confusion, aggravation of diabetes, and 78: 69: 5038: 4999: 4567: 3934:European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 2911:Committee On Infectious Diseases (November 2014). 1624:; but by 2006, 30% of the supply was manufactured 1023:European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 923:European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 905:caused by influenza A and B viruses. It is on the 415:Urine (>90% as oseltamivir carboxylate), faeces 4719:Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 3658: 2054:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 1684:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 7503: 4758:Proceedings of the Western Veterinary Conference 4716: 4195: 4193: 4104: 3983: 2783: 2781: 2779: 491: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2112: 2110: 1487:residue substitutions (His274Tyr in N1) in the 465: 4970: 4914: 4639: 4637: 4610: 4573: 4444: 3289: 3107: 198: 7557:World Health Organization essential medicines 6663: 5840: 5107: 5077:"Tamiflu (oseltamivir phosphate) Information" 4190: 3636:"Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database" 3568: 3566: 3530: 3528: 3072: 3046: 3044: 2776: 2281:Ebell MH, Call M, Shinholser J (April 2013). 2150: 2148: 2146: 1464: 4853:"Avian influenza virus infections in humans" 4098: 3515:International Journal of Medical Informatics 3506: 2975: 2510: 2374: 2107: 1798: 1796: 1771:"Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) Use During Pregnancy" 1608:Oseltamivir was discovered by scientists at 1508:(WHO) reported 314 samples of the prevalent 185: 6677: 4781: 4634: 4479:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4235:Rawat G, Tripathi P, Saxena RK (May 2013). 4199: 3477:"Roche – Doing now what patients need next" 3005:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2428: 2426: 2387:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 989: 6670: 6656: 5847: 5833: 5114: 5100: 4950:CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 4079:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3962:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3909:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3887:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3847:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3762:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3563: 3525: 3493: 3041: 2879:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2817: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2143: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2043: 2041: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 1992:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1738:lacking influenza's neuraminidase enzyme. 1666:In December 2008, the Indian drug company 1471: 1457: 1019:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 919:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 825:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 650: 531: 38: 29: 5036: 4961: 4876: 4807: 4751: 4494: 4390: 4252: 4153: 4130: 4048: 4007: 3996:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 3697: 3687: 3469: 3452: 3375: 3315: 3266: 3217: 3176: 3024: 2928: 2639: 2538: 2458: 2406: 2357: 2347: 2298: 2250: 2240: 2180: 1905: 1886:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1793: 551: 405:1–3 hours, 6–10 hours (active metabolite) 379:42% (parent drug), 3% (active metabolite) 4973:Journal of the American Chemical Society 4850: 3597: 2423: 2197: 2116: 1963: 1673: 1595: 1064: 892: 884: 4835: 4413: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4111:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 3843:"2007–08 U.S. Influenza Season Summary" 3809: 3603: 2957:Public Health England (November 2014). 2854: 2615: 2267: 2074: 2038: 2012: 1922: 1758: 1567: 646: 511: 141: 7504: 4445:Brownlee S, Lenzer J (November 2009). 4241:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2952: 2950: 2948: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2566:"WHO downgrades status of oseltamivir" 2154: 1879: 1838:Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) 1546:may be necessary in such populations. 1504:As of December 15, 2010, the 1127: 343: 318: 159: 6651: 6637:US influenza statistics by flu season 5828: 5095: 4673: 4426:from the original on 14 December 2014 4228: 3768:from the original on 13 February 2014 3616:from the original on 25 November 2011 3574:"Pediatric safety update for Tamiflu" 3534: 3290:Hernán MA, Lipsitch M (August 2011). 2887:from the original on 13 December 2014 2754:"Oseltamivir - Drug Usage Statistics" 2704:from the original on 30 November 2017 2634:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2563: 2533:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2131:from the original on 29 December 2014 1781:from the original on 9 September 2017 1031:Infectious Disease Society of America 939:Infectious Disease Society of America 747:CCC(CC)OC1C=C(CC(C1NC(=O)C)N)C(=O)OCC 619: 599: 331: 193: 176: 127: 7532:Drugs developed by Hoffmann-La Roche 4655:from the original on 21 January 2020 4277: 4105:McKimm-Breschkin JL (January 2013). 3964:(CDC). 28 March 2014. Archived from 3883:"2010-2011 Influenza Season Summary" 3786: 3738:from the original on 27 January 2011 2799:from the original on 28 October 2020 2062:from the original on 18 January 2017 2000:from the original on 18 January 2017 1875: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 941:takes the same position as the CDC. 278: 5436:Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir 4754:"Treatment of Parvoviral Enteritis" 4326:from the original on 9 January 2020 4290:"Avian Flu Drugs: Patent Questions" 3799:from the original on 23 April 2014. 2945: 2899: 2764:from the original on 8 October 2022 1805:"Tamiflu ® (oseltamivir phosphate)" 1722:colonization and toxin production. 1575: 912: 579: 571: 482: 13: 6632:2017–2018 United States flu season 4828: 3247:Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 2734:from the original on 18 March 2020 2670:from the original on 8 August 2016 1844:from the original on 18 March 2023 935:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 14: 7568: 6371:Live attenuated influenza vaccine 5421:Ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir 5069: 4851:Wong SS, Yuen KY (January 2006). 4353:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 3646:from the original on 8 April 2014 3582:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2157:"Tamiflu report comes under fire" 2119:"Tamiflu: Myth and Misconception" 1856: 1701: 1671:prequalified medicinal products. 865:available by mouth. It is on the 305: 225: 7489: 7477: 4917:The Journal of Organic Chemistry 4896:The Journal of Organic Chemistry 4731:10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00404.x 4630:from the original on 2013-10-27. 4544:"Cipla's anti-flu drug gets nod" 3943:from the original on 2012-06-10. 3915:from the original on 2013-05-17. 3893:from the original on 2012-01-25. 3871:from the original on 2011-10-20. 3853:from the original on 2011-10-20. 3424:from the original on 2014-04-16. 3062:from the original on 2015-09-24. 2971:from the original on 2014-12-08. 2034:from the original on 2014-11-02. 1951:from the original on 13 May 2016 1400:2015 United States H5N2 outbreak 1170: 685: 679: 56: 4775: 4764:from the original on 2021-08-28 4745: 4710: 4667: 4556:from the original on 2012-10-23 4536: 4514:from the original on 2021-08-28 4463: 4438: 4407: 4338: 4304: 4147: 4087:from the original on 2014-02-13 4065: 4024: 3947: 3919: 3897: 3875: 3857: 3835: 3803: 3780: 3750: 3428: 3410: 3384:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases 3332: 3283: 3234: 3193: 3144: 3101: 3075:New England Journal of Medicine 3066: 2811: 2746: 2716: 2690:"Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs" 2682: 2648: 2604:from the original on 2023-04-29 2557: 2475: 2315: 2117:Brownlee S (19 February 2013). 1815:from the original on 2023-04-24 1559:H5N1 avian influenza "bird flu" 1531: 1144:enzyme. The enzyme cleaves the 1060: 968:New England Journal of Medicine 772:Key:VSZGPKBBMSAYNT-RRFJBIMHSA-N 5002:American Journal of Hematology 4530:10.1002/14651858.cd001265.pub3 4487:10.1002/14651858.CD001265.pub2 3604:Waknine Y (14 November 2006). 3017:10.1002/14651858.CD008965.pub4 2399:10.1002/14651858.CD002744.pub4 1826: 1809:Australian Product Information 1718:and decrease gastrointestinal 1691:freedom of information request 1660:decisions regarding the drug. 1549: 1085:Postmarketing reports include 1035:American Academy of Pediatrics 931:American Academy of Pediatrics 880: 691: 673: 1: 6429:Russian flu (1889–1890) 5854: 5162:protease inhibitors (–previr) 4836:Pollack A (5 November 2005). 4414:Heiberg M (14 October 2005). 4379:Archives of Internal Medicine 4168:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61209-X 3501:Australian Medicines Handbook 3396:10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70199-9 3353:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62449-1 3122:10.3109/23744235.2015.1067369 1751: 1155: 1040: 7537:Drugs developed by Genentech 5083:Food and Drug Administration 5059:Food and Drug Administration 5040:"The race to develop GS4104" 4392:10.1001/archinte.163.14.1667 4318:Food and Drug Administration 4296:. April 2006. Archived from 3296:Clinical Infectious Diseases 3206:Clinical Infectious Diseases 3157:Health Technology Assessment 2696:Food and Drug Administration 2662:Food and Drug Administration 2349:10.1371/journal.pone.0113633 2242:10.1371/journal.pone.0060348 1803:Roche Products Pty Limited. 973:community-acquired pneumonia 842:Common side effects include 803:, sold under the brand name 392:, to oseltamivir carboxylate 7: 5037:Schneider RU (April 2001). 4346:"OseltamivirMedical Review" 3810:Downing M (November 2013). 2496:10.2174/1573406411006040247 1747:Oseltamivir total synthesis 1741: 1725: 1255:Seasonal flu vaccine brands 10: 7573: 7443: 6204:Transmission and infection 4963:10.2533/000942904777677605 4447:"Does the Vaccine Matter?" 3454:10.1016/j.jinf.2010.10.003 1591: 1390:2007 Bernard Matthews H5N1 1095:toxic epidermal necrolysis 897:Oseltamivir dry syrup type 811:used to treat and prevent 663:Chemical and physical data 7441: 7378: 7311: 7248: 7163: 6975: 6785: 6707: 6698: 6685: 6619: 6566: 6541: 6503: 6496: 6484:Central Luzon H5N6 (2017) 6462: 6424:Influenza pandemic (1557) 6419:Influenza pandemic (1510) 6409: 6398: 6361: 6286: 6277: 6257: 6248: 6191: 6155: 6146: 6126: 6098: 6089: 5944: 5908: 5862: 5785: 5750: 5669: 5615: 5587: 5580: 5490: 5466: 5448: 5398: 5316: 5247: 5154: 5145: 4254:10.1007/s00253-013-4840-y 3731:(WHO). 15 December 2010. 3729:World Health Organization 3259:10.3238/arztebl.2014.0356 2628:World Health Organization 2527:World Health Organization 1641:European Medicines Agency 1602:François-Pierre Chaumeton 1506:World Health Organization 1048:long term care facilities 780: 755: 735: 713: 700: 667: 662: 630: 610: 590: 562: 542: 522: 502: 477: 456: 424: 419: 409: 396: 383: 373: 363: 355: 295: 290: 265: 253: 239: 213: 149: 135: 117: 109: 99: 51: 46: 37: 28: 7547:Neuraminidase inhibitors 6526:2007 Australian outbreak 5548:neuraminidase inhibitors 5411:Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir 4050:10.1001/jama.297.13.1435 3689:10.1186/1471-2334-11-134 3441:The Journal of Infection 1880:Davies BE (April 2010). 1616:as a starting point for 1604:'s 1833 "Flore Medicale" 1110:Stevens–Johnson syndrome 990:Otherwise healthy people 6679:2009 swine flu pandemic 6313:Neuraminidase inhibitor 4869:10.1378/chest.129.1.156 4420:University of Minnesota 3787:Hurt AC (9 June 2011). 3676:BMC Infectious Diseases 2155:Butler D (April 2014). 1540: 1500:H1N1 flu or "swine flu" 1405:2020–2022 H5N8 outbreak 1134:neuraminidase inhibitor 944:A systematic review of 877:million prescriptions. 863:neuraminidase inhibitor 260:Neuraminidase inhibitor 7458:Influenza-like illness 7000:Bosnia and Herzegovina 6627:Influenza-like illness 6296:Adamantane derivatives 5751:Multiple/Unknown/Other 5520:adamantane derivatives 5431:Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir 5426:Sofosbuvir/daclatasvir 5014:10.1002/ajh.2830380213 4800:10.1001/jama.2020.1585 4214:10.1002/anie.200602623 3936:(ECDC). January 2012. 2930:10.1542/peds.2014-2413 2564:Ebell MH (July 2017). 1734:, consistent with the 1679: 1605: 1582:volume of distribution 1510:2009 pandemic H1N1 flu 1443:Vaccine reformulations 1438:Influenza-like illness 1385:2007 Australian equine 1099:abnormal heart rhythms 1075:adverse drug reactions 1070: 1011:Cochrane Collaboration 898: 890: 889:An oseltamivir capsule 6477:1989–1990 UK outbreak 6439:Asian flu (1957-1958) 5619:inhibitors (–trelvir) 5607:Peginterferon alfa-2b 5602:Peginterferon alfa-2a 5416:Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir 4752:Macintire DK (2006). 4524:(Retracted, see 3640:Australian Government 3087:10.1056/NEJMra1312885 2724:"The Top 300 of 2020" 2300:10.1093/fampra/cms059 1892:(Suppl 2): ii5–ii10. 1677: 1599: 1584:of 23–26 litres. Its 1330:1889-1890 Russian flu 1138:competitive inhibitor 1079:number needed to harm 1069:A package of capsules 1068: 1027:Public Health England 965:A 2014 review in the 927:Public Health England 896: 888: 819:, viruses that cause 6957:United Arab Emirates 6444:Hong Kong flu (1968) 6236:Pandemic preparation 5406:Elbasvir/grazoprevir 5045:Neue Zürcher Zeitung 4322:. 24 December 1999. 2795:. 15 November 2019. 2058:. 25 February 2009. 1568:H7N9 avian influenza 852:psychiatric symptoms 809:antiviral medication 7423:2009 A/H1N1 vaccine 7228:Trinidad and Tobago 5323:inhibitors (–buvir) 5251:inhibitors (–asvir) 4582:(apr10 14): g2263. 4002:(Suppl 1): i5–i21. 3219:10.1093/cid/cix1040 3110:Infectious Diseases 2883:. 3 December 2014. 2484:Medicinal Chemistry 2340:2014PLoSO...9k3633O 2233:2013PLoSO...860348M 2173:2014Natur.508..439B 1840:. 5 December 2022. 1428:Influenza evolution 1340:1957-1958 Asian flu 1128:Mechanism of action 327:(Prescription only) 314:(Prescription only) 25: 7433:Tamiflu resistance 7388:Influenza pandemic 7198:Dominican Republic 6434:Spanish flu (1918) 6353:Baloxavir marboxil 6178:West Bengal (2008) 6113:1977 (Russian flu) 6108:1918 (Spanish flu) 5812:Never to phase III 5670:RNA pol inhibitors 5597:Interferon alfa 2b 5502:Baloxavir marboxil 5087:. 3 November 2018. 4843:The New York Times 4682:(apr04 3): f2157. 4645:"Tamiflu campaign" 4549:The Times of India 4117:(Suppl 1): 25–36. 4009:10.1093/jac/dki018 3543:(apr09 8): g2591. 3308:10.1093/cid/cir400 1898:10.1093/jac/dkq015 1680: 1622:Chinese star anise 1606: 1433:Influenza research 1345:1968 Hong Kong flu 1280:Baloxavir marboxil 1148:which is found on 1121:pregnancy category 1087:liver inflammation 1071: 1056:high risk persons. 946:systematic reviews 937:among others. The 899: 891: 105:Tamiflu, Ebilfumin 21: 7465: 7464: 7428:Actions with pigs 7374: 7373: 6688:Outbreak timeline 6645: 6644: 6562: 6561: 6492: 6491: 6472:Fujian flu (H3N2) 6394: 6393: 6273: 6272: 6244: 6243: 6199:Genetic structure 6142: 6141: 5946:Influenza A virus 5885:Genome sequencing 5822: 5821: 5781: 5780: 5444: 5443: 5399:Combination drugs 5063:. 31 August 2011. 4985:10.1021/ja0616433 4929:10.1021/jo005702l 4908:10.1021/jo980330q 4902:(13): 4545–4550. 4794:(11): 1061–1069. 4688:10.1136/bmj.f2157 4588:10.1136/bmj.g2263 4202:Angewandte Chemie 4123:10.1111/irv.12047 3549:10.1136/bmj.g2591 3499:Rossi S, editor. 3420:. 30 March 2001. 3347:(9979): 1729–37. 3212:(10): 1492–1500. 2832:10.1136/bmj.j2841 2666:. 4 August 2016. 2582:10.1136/bmj.j3266 2451:10.1136/bmj.g2545 1996:. 10 April 2014. 1708:canine parvovirus 1481: 1480: 1132:Oseltamivir is a 798: 797: 726:Interactive image 632:CompTox Dashboard 347: 335: 322: 309: 229: 196: 179: 162: 7564: 7494: 7493: 7482: 7481: 7480: 7473: 7346:Papua New Guinea 6705: 6704: 6672: 6665: 6658: 6649: 6648: 6576:Acute bronchitis 6501: 6500: 6454:Swine flu (2009) 6449:1977 Russian flu 6407: 6406: 6343: 6284: 6283: 6255: 6254: 6153: 6152: 6118:2009 (Swine flu) 6096: 6095: 5916:Orthomyxoviridae 5849: 5842: 5835: 5826: 5825: 5585: 5584: 5581:Multiple/general 5152: 5151: 5116: 5109: 5102: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5064: 5048: 5042: 5033: 4996: 4967: 4965: 4940: 4911: 4890: 4880: 4847: 4822: 4821: 4811: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4769: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4641: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4622: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4561: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4522: 4520: 4519: 4513: 4498: 4476: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4455:. Archived from 4442: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4394: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4355:. Archived from 4350: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4286: 4275: 4274: 4256: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4197: 4188: 4187: 4162:(9885): 2230–2. 4151: 4145: 4144: 4134: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4092: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4052: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4011: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3970: 3959: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3931: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3829: 3823: 3816: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3793:Eurosurveillance 3784: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3737: 3726: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3701: 3691: 3667: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3642:. 3 March 2014. 3632: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3586:. Archived from 3578: 3570: 3561: 3560: 3532: 3523: 3522: 3510: 3504: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3482:. Archived from 3481: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3456: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3319: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3270: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3221: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3180: 3169:10.3310/hta20420 3148: 3142: 3141: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3058:. 9 April 2014. 3048: 3039: 3038: 3028: 2996: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2963: 2954: 2943: 2942: 2932: 2908: 2897: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2869: 2852: 2851: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2785: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2624: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2609: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2542: 2523: 2508: 2507: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2462: 2430: 2421: 2420: 2410: 2378: 2372: 2371: 2361: 2351: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2302: 2278: 2265: 2264: 2254: 2244: 2212: 2195: 2194: 2184: 2167:(7497): 439–40. 2152: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2114: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2095:on 24 April 2014 2091:. Archived from 2085: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2045: 2036: 2035: 2023: 2010: 2009: 2007: 2005: 1982: 1961: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1941: 1920: 1919: 1909: 1877: 1854: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1830: 1824: 1823: 1821: 1820: 1800: 1791: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1767: 1736:SARS-CoV-2 virus 1576:Pharmacokinetics 1473: 1466: 1459: 1395:2008 West Bengal 1350:1977 Russian flu 1335:1918 Spanish flu 1174: 1160: 1159: 913:High-risk people 876: 794: 793: 786: 728: 708: 693: 687: 681: 675: 655: 654: 640: 638: 623: 603: 583: 575: 555: 535: 515: 495: 485: 484: 469: 401: 345: 342: 333: 330: 320: 317: 307: 304: 282: 227: 224: 206: 195: 192: 189: 178: 175: 172: 161: 158: 145: 131: 94: 93: 90: 89: 86: 83: 80: 77: 74: 71: 68: 65: 62: 42: 33: 26: 24: 20: 7572: 7571: 7567: 7566: 7565: 7563: 7562: 7561: 7542:Gilead Sciences 7502: 7501: 7500: 7488: 7478: 7476: 7468: 7466: 7461: 7460: 7437: 7398:Swine influenza 7370: 7351:Solomon Islands 7307: 7244: 7159: 6971: 6781: 6694: 6692:Pandemic tables 6681: 6676: 6646: 6641: 6615: 6558: 6537: 6488: 6458: 6403: 6401: 6390: 6357: 6341: 6288:Antiviral drugs 6269: 6240: 6226:Human mortality 6219:clinical trials 6187: 6138: 6122: 6085: 5949: 5947: 5940: 5904: 5858: 5853: 5823: 5818: 5817: 5802:Clinical trials 5777: 5746: 5665: 5611: 5576: 5486: 5462: 5440: 5394: 5312: 5243: 5141: 5120: 5075: 5072: 5067: 5051: 4831: 4829:Further reading 4826: 4825: 4780: 4776: 4767: 4765: 4750: 4746: 4715: 4711: 4672: 4668: 4658: 4656: 4643: 4642: 4635: 4627: 4620: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4572: 4568: 4559: 4557: 4542: 4541: 4537: 4523: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4481:(3): CD001265. 4474: 4468: 4464: 4443: 4439: 4429: 4427: 4412: 4408: 4385:(14): 1667–72. 4371: 4367: 4359: 4348: 4344: 4343: 4339: 4329: 4327: 4310: 4309: 4305: 4288: 4287: 4278: 4247:(10): 4277–87. 4233: 4229: 4198: 4191: 4152: 4148: 4103: 4099: 4090: 4088: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4043:(13): 1435–42. 4029: 4025: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3971:on 2 April 2014 3968: 3957: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3940: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3881: 3880: 3876: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3814: 3808: 3804: 3785: 3781: 3771: 3769: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3668: 3659: 3649: 3647: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3619: 3617: 3602: 3598: 3590: 3576: 3572: 3571: 3564: 3533: 3526: 3511: 3507: 3498: 3494: 3486: 3479: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3433: 3429: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3380: 3376: 3337: 3333: 3288: 3284: 3239: 3235: 3198: 3194: 3149: 3145: 3116:(11): 808–819. 3106: 3102: 3081:(17): 1619–28. 3071: 3067: 3050: 3049: 3042: 3011:(4): CD008965. 2997: 2976: 2968: 2961: 2955: 2946: 2923:(5): e1503-19. 2909: 2900: 2890: 2888: 2871: 2870: 2855: 2816: 2812: 2802: 2800: 2787: 2786: 2777: 2767: 2765: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2737: 2735: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2707: 2705: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2673: 2671: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2625: 2616: 2607: 2605: 2562: 2558: 2551: 2524: 2511: 2480: 2476: 2431: 2424: 2393:(4): CD002744. 2379: 2375: 2334:(12): e113633. 2320: 2316: 2287:Family Practice 2279: 2268: 2213: 2198: 2182:10.1038/508439a 2153: 2144: 2134: 2132: 2115: 2108: 2098: 2096: 2087: 2086: 2075: 2065: 2063: 2047: 2046: 2039: 2024: 2013: 2003: 2001: 1984: 1983: 1964: 1954: 1952: 1943: 1942: 1923: 1878: 1857: 1847: 1845: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1818: 1816: 1801: 1794: 1784: 1782: 1769: 1768: 1759: 1754: 1744: 1728: 1716:small intestine 1704: 1610:Gilead Sciences 1594: 1578: 1570: 1561: 1552: 1543: 1534: 1502: 1477: 1448: 1447: 1418: 1410: 1409: 1380:2006 H5N1 India 1370: 1360: 1359: 1325: 1315: 1314: 1270: 1260: 1259: 1250:Live attenuated 1233: 1223: 1222: 1184: 1164:Influenza (flu) 1158: 1140:of influenza's 1130: 1063: 1043: 992: 915: 883: 874: 871:generic version 832:Cochrane Review 789: 787: 784:(what is this?) 781: 776: 773: 768: 763: 762: 751: 748: 743: 742: 731: 706: 696: 690: 684: 678: 658: 634: 626: 606: 586: 558: 538: 518: 498: 481: 473: 452: 449: 432: 431: 399: 375:Protein binding 365:Bioavailability 357:Pharmacokinetic 351: 286: 242: 235: 216: 209: 59: 55: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7570: 7560: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7499: 7498: 7486: 7463: 7462: 7442: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7384: 7382: 7376: 7375: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7317: 7315: 7309: 7308: 7306: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7254: 7252: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7242: 7241: 7240: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7169: 7167: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7157: 7155:United Kingdom 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6981: 6979: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6923: 6922: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6791: 6789: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6713: 6711: 6702: 6696: 6695: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6675: 6674: 6667: 6660: 6652: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6623: 6621: 6620:Related topics 6617: 6616: 6614: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6572: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6556: 6551: 6545: 6543: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6535: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6518: 6513: 6507: 6505: 6498: 6494: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6486: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6468: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6415: 6413: 6404: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6367: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6342:(experimental) 6337: 6336: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6303: 6292: 6290: 6281: 6275: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6261: 6259: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6222: 6221: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6195: 6193: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6185: 6183:2020s outbreak 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6163:Croatia (2005) 6159: 6157: 6150: 6144: 6143: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6136: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6104: 6102: 6093: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5952: 5950: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5912: 5910: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5902: 5897: 5895:Superinfection 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5866: 5864: 5863:General topics 5860: 5859: 5852: 5851: 5844: 5837: 5829: 5820: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5813: 5810: 5799: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5744: 5742:Valopicitabine 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5663: 5653: 5648: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5622: 5620: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5593: 5591: 5582: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5574: 5564: 5559: 5543: 5542: 5536: 5531: 5515: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5498: 5496: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5484: 5472: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5460: 5454: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5326: 5324: 5321:RNA polymerase 5314: 5313: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5254: 5252: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5165: 5163: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5119: 5118: 5111: 5104: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5071: 5070:External links 5068: 5066: 5065: 5049: 5034: 4997: 4979:(19): 6310–1. 4968: 4956:(9): 621–629. 4941: 4923:(6): 2044–51. 4912: 4891: 4848: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4774: 4744: 4709: 4666: 4633: 4609: 4566: 4552:. 2009-05-14. 4535: 4462: 4459:on 2010-01-04. 4437: 4406: 4365: 4362:on 2014-04-16. 4337: 4303: 4300:on 2009-12-08. 4276: 4227: 4208:(44): 7330–4. 4189: 4146: 4097: 4083:. 2019-04-17. 4064: 4023: 3982: 3946: 3918: 3896: 3874: 3856: 3834: 3802: 3779: 3749: 3713: 3657: 3627: 3596: 3593:on 2007-09-27. 3562: 3524: 3505: 3492: 3489:on 2005-11-03. 3468: 3427: 3409: 3374: 3331: 3282: 3253:(20): 356–63. 3233: 3192: 3143: 3100: 3065: 3040: 2974: 2944: 2898: 2853: 2810: 2775: 2745: 2715: 2681: 2647: 2614: 2556: 2549: 2509: 2490:(4): 247–251. 2474: 2422: 2373: 2314: 2266: 2196: 2142: 2106: 2073: 2037: 2011: 1962: 1921: 1855: 1825: 1792: 1756: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1743: 1740: 1727: 1724: 1703: 1702:Veterinary use 1700: 1657:George W. Bush 1593: 1590: 1577: 1574: 1569: 1566: 1560: 1557: 1551: 1548: 1542: 1539: 1533: 1530: 1501: 1498: 1479: 1478: 1476: 1475: 1468: 1461: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1375:1976 swine flu 1371: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1355:2009 swine flu 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1326: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1271: 1266: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1246: 1245: 1234: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1216:A/H1N1 subtype 1208: 1203: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1194:A/H5N1 subtype 1185: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1167: 1166: 1157: 1154: 1129: 1126: 1062: 1059: 1042: 1039: 991: 988: 914: 911: 882: 879: 796: 795: 778: 777: 775: 774: 771: 769: 766: 758: 757: 756: 753: 752: 750: 749: 746: 738: 737: 736: 733: 732: 730: 729: 721: 719: 711: 710: 704: 698: 697: 694: 688: 682: 676: 671: 665: 664: 660: 659: 657: 656: 643: 641: 628: 627: 625: 624: 616: 614: 608: 607: 605: 604: 596: 594: 588: 587: 585: 584: 578:as salt: 576: 568: 566: 560: 559: 557: 556: 548: 546: 540: 539: 537: 536: 528: 526: 520: 519: 517: 516: 508: 506: 500: 499: 497: 496: 488: 486: 475: 474: 472: 471: 462: 460: 454: 453: 451: 450: 435: 427: 426: 425: 422: 421: 417: 416: 413: 407: 406: 403: 394: 393: 387: 381: 380: 377: 371: 370: 367: 361: 360: 353: 352: 350: 349: 340: 328: 315: 301: 299: 293: 292: 288: 287: 285: 284: 271: 269: 263: 262: 257: 251: 250: 245: 243:administration 237: 236: 234: 233: 231: 221: 219: 211: 210: 208: 207: 190: 173: 155: 153: 147: 146: 139: 133: 132: 125: 115: 114: 111: 107: 106: 103: 97: 96: 53: 49: 48: 44: 43: 35: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7569: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7509: 7507: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7485: 7475: 7474: 7471: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7440: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7381: 7377: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7314: 7310: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7250:South America 7247: 7239: 7236: 7235: 7234: 7233:United States 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7170: 7168: 7166: 7165:North America 7162: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6974: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6921: 6918: 6917: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6784: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6684: 6680: 6673: 6668: 6666: 6661: 6659: 6654: 6653: 6650: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6618: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6581:Bronchiolitis 6579: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6568:Complications 6565: 6555: 6554:Fujian (H5N1) 6552: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6540: 6534: 6531: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6502: 6499: 6495: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6461: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6408: 6405: 6400:Pandemics and 6397: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6360: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6314: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6276: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6247: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6231:Social impact 6229: 6227: 6224: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6209:Global spread 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6190: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6088: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5943: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5907: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5850: 5845: 5843: 5838: 5836: 5831: 5830: 5827: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5784: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5668: 5661: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5614: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5583: 5579: 5572: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5553: 5552:release phase 5549: 5545: 5544: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5525: 5524:M2 inhibitors 5521: 5517: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5489: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5465: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5447: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5335:Bemnifosbuvir 5333: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5124: 5117: 5112: 5110: 5105: 5103: 5098: 5097: 5094: 5086: 5084: 5078: 5074: 5073: 5062: 5060: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5041: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4863:(1): 156–68. 4862: 4858: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4833: 4819: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4748: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4725:(1): 132–42. 4724: 4720: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4638: 4626: 4619: 4613: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4545: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4473: 4466: 4458: 4454: 4453: 4448: 4441: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4410: 4402: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4369: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4341: 4325: 4321: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4196: 4194: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4150: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4086: 4082: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4027: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3986: 3967: 3963: 3956: 3950: 3939: 3935: 3928: 3922: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3824:on 2014-04-19 3820: 3813: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3783: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3734: 3730: 3723: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3631: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3589: 3585: 3583: 3575: 3569: 3567: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3531: 3529: 3520: 3516: 3509: 3502: 3496: 3485: 3478: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3390:(9): 537–45. 3389: 3385: 3378: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3286: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3163:(42): 1–242. 3162: 3158: 3154: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3104: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3069: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3047: 3045: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2967: 2960: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2886: 2882: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2814: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2749: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2703: 2699: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2669: 2665: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2560: 2552: 2550:9789241210157 2546: 2541: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2429: 2427: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2293:(2): 125–33. 2292: 2288: 2284: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2227:(4): e60348. 2226: 2222: 2218: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2120: 2113: 2111: 2094: 2090: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2061: 2057: 2055: 2050: 2044: 2042: 2033: 2029: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 1999: 1995: 1993: 1987: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1950: 1946: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1829: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1799: 1797: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1757: 1749: 1748: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1714:cells of the 1713: 1709: 1699: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1626:recombinantly 1623: 1619: 1615: 1614:shikimic acid 1611: 1603: 1598: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1573: 1565: 1556: 1547: 1538: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1497: 1495: 1490: 1489:neuraminidase 1486: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1462: 1460: 1455: 1454: 1452: 1451: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1414: 1413: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1364: 1363: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1319: 1318: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1264: 1263: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1238:2009 pandemic 1236: 1235: 1232: 1227: 1226: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1178: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1153: 1151: 1150:glycoproteins 1147: 1143: 1142:neuraminidase 1139: 1135: 1125: 1122: 1117: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1080: 1076: 1067: 1058: 1057: 1051: 1049: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1000: 999:meta-analyses 995: 987: 985: 980: 978: 974: 970: 969: 963: 961: 956: 953: 952: 947: 942: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 910: 908: 904: 895: 887: 878: 872: 868: 864: 859: 857: 853: 849: 845: 840: 837: 836:meta-analyses 833: 828: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 792: 785: 779: 770: 765: 764: 761: 754: 745: 744: 741: 734: 727: 723: 722: 720: 717: 712: 705: 703: 699: 672: 670: 666: 661: 653: 649: 648:DTXSID9044291 645: 644: 642: 633: 629: 622: 618: 617: 615: 613: 609: 602: 598: 597: 595: 593: 589: 582: 577: 574: 570: 569: 567: 565: 561: 554: 550: 549: 547: 545: 541: 534: 530: 529: 527: 525: 521: 514: 510: 509: 507: 505: 501: 494: 490: 489: 487: 480: 476: 468: 464: 463: 461: 459: 455: 447: 443: 439: 434: 433: 430: 423: 418: 414: 412: 408: 404: 402: 395: 391: 388: 386: 382: 378: 376: 372: 368: 366: 362: 358: 354: 348: Rx-only 341: 339: 329: 326: 316: 313: 303: 302: 300: 298: 294: 289: 281: 276: 273: 272: 270: 268: 264: 261: 258: 256: 252: 249: 246: 244: 238: 232: 223: 222: 220: 218: 212: 205: 201: 191: 188: 183: 174: 171: 166: 157: 156: 154: 152: 148: 144: 140: 138: 134: 130: 126: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 102: 98: 92: 54: 52:Pronunciation 50: 47:Clinical data 45: 41: 36: 32: 27: 19: 7527:Ethyl esters 7517:Cyclohexenes 6927:Saudi Arabia 6767:South Africa 6611:Strep throat 6591:Otitis media 6317: 6168:India (2006) 5890:Reassortment 5717:Molnupiravir 5712:Mericitabine 5682:Deuremidevir 5656:Simnotrelvir 5641:Nirmatrelvir 5631:Ibuzatrelvir 5617:3CL protease 5556: 5546: 5518: 5475: 5468:Picornavirus 5390:Uprifosbuvir 5288:Pibrentasvir 5239:Voxilaprevir 5209:Paritaprevir 5080: 5056: 5047:(in German). 5044: 5008:(2): 140–1. 5005: 5001: 4976: 4972: 4953: 4949: 4920: 4916: 4899: 4895: 4860: 4856: 4841: 4791: 4787: 4777: 4766:. Retrieved 4757: 4747: 4722: 4718: 4712: 4679: 4675: 4669: 4657:. Retrieved 4648: 4612: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4558:. Retrieved 4547: 4538: 4516:. Retrieved 4478: 4465: 4457:the original 4452:The Atlantic 4450: 4440: 4428:. Retrieved 4419: 4409: 4382: 4378: 4368: 4357:the original 4352: 4340: 4328:. Retrieved 4315: 4306: 4298:the original 4293: 4244: 4240: 4230: 4205: 4201: 4159: 4155: 4149: 4114: 4110: 4100: 4089:. Retrieved 4076: 4067: 4040: 4036: 4026: 3999: 3995: 3985: 3973:. Retrieved 3966:the original 3949: 3921: 3899: 3877: 3859: 3837: 3826:. Retrieved 3819:the original 3805: 3792: 3782: 3770:. Retrieved 3752: 3740:. Retrieved 3716: 3679: 3675: 3648:. Retrieved 3639: 3630: 3618:. Retrieved 3609: 3599: 3588:the original 3580: 3540: 3536: 3518: 3514: 3508: 3495: 3484:the original 3471: 3447:(1): 14–25. 3444: 3440: 3430: 3412: 3387: 3383: 3377: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3302:(3): 277–9. 3299: 3295: 3285: 3250: 3246: 3236: 3209: 3205: 3195: 3160: 3156: 3146: 3113: 3109: 3103: 3078: 3074: 3068: 3055: 3008: 3004: 2920: 2916: 2889:. Retrieved 2876: 2823: 2819: 2813: 2801:. Retrieved 2792: 2766:. Retrieved 2757: 2748: 2736:. Retrieved 2727: 2718: 2706:. Retrieved 2693: 2684: 2672:. Retrieved 2659: 2650: 2641:10665/325771 2631: 2606:. Retrieved 2573: 2569: 2559: 2540:10665/259481 2530: 2487: 2483: 2477: 2442: 2438: 2390: 2386: 2376: 2331: 2327: 2317: 2290: 2286: 2224: 2220: 2164: 2160: 2133:. Retrieved 2124:The Atlantic 2122: 2097:. Retrieved 2093:the original 2064:. Retrieved 2052: 2002:. Retrieved 1989: 1953:. Retrieved 1889: 1885: 1846:. Retrieved 1837: 1828: 1817:. Retrieved 1808: 1783:. Retrieved 1774: 1745: 1729: 1705: 1688: 1681: 1665: 1662: 1645: 1638: 1629: 1607: 1579: 1571: 1562: 1553: 1544: 1535: 1532:Seasonal flu 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1503: 1482: 1289: 1131: 1118: 1114: 1103:haemorrhagic 1084: 1072: 1061:Side effects 1052: 1044: 1033:(IDSA), the 1025:(ECDC), the 1016: 1008: 996: 993: 984:otitis media 981: 966: 964: 957: 949: 943: 916: 900: 860: 841: 829: 804: 800: 799: 788: 782: 445: 441: 437: 398:Elimination 297:Legal status 291:Legal status 151:License data 18: 7522:Dermatoxins 7446:Spanish flu 7418:2009 A/H1N1 7408:Influenza A 7393:Spanish flu 7336:New Zealand 7140:Switzerland 7090:Netherlands 6942:South Korea 6915:Philippines 6905:North Korea 6596:Pharyngitis 6542:Non-mammals 6323:Laninamivir 6318:Oseltamivir 6306:Rimantadine 6134:2009 A/H1N1 5936:Influenza D 5931:Influenza C 5926:Influenza B 5921:Influenza A 5798:from market 5763:Merimepodib 5737:Triazavirin 5732:Taribavirin 5692:Galidesivir 5687:Favipiravir 5651:Rupintrivir 5636:Lufotrelvir 5626:Ensitrelvir 5571:Laninamivir 5557:Oseltamivir 5539:Rimantadine 5477:viral entry 5458:Bulevirtide 5450:Hepatitis D 5308:Velpatasvir 5263:Daclatasvir 5258:Coblopasvir 5234:Vedroprevir 5204:Narlaprevir 5199:Grazoprevir 5194:Glecaprevir 5189:Faldaprevir 5169:Asunaprevir 5147:Hepatitis C 5128:(primarily 3742:30 December 1600:Plate from 1550:Influenza B 1300:Rimantadine 1290:Oseltamivir 1285:Laninamivir 1146:sialic acid 1091:anaphylaxis 1029:(PHE), the 1021:(CDC), the 881:Medical use 817:influenza B 813:influenza A 801:Oseltamivir 709: g·mol 470:204255-11-8 467:196618-13-0 420:Identifiers 204:Oseltamivir 187:Oseltamivir 137:MedlinePlus 110:Other names 101:Trade names 23:Oseltamivir 7512:Acetamides 7506:Categories 7444:See also: 7188:Costa Rica 7085:Montenegro 7075:Luxembourg 6962:Uzbekistan 6860:Kazakhstan 6805:Bangladesh 6795:Azerbaijan 6348:Umifenovir 6340:Peramivir 6301:Amantadine 6279:Treatments 5900:Flu season 5773:Presatovir 5768:Moroxydine 5702:Remdesivir 5660:+ritonavir 5645:+ritonavir 5589:Interferon 5534:Amantadine 5529:Adapromine 5512:Umifenovir 5482:Pleconaril 5385:Radalbuvir 5380:TMC-647055 5370:Sofosbuvir 5365:Setrobuvir 5345:Deleobuvir 5330:Beclabuvir 5303:Samatasvir 5293:Ravidasvir 5283:Ombitasvir 5273:Ledipasvir 5229:Vaniprevir 5224:Telaprevir 5219:Sovaprevir 5214:Simeprevir 5184:Danoprevir 5179:Ciluprevir 5174:Boceprevir 5126:antivirals 4768:2007-06-09 4659:21 January 4560:2009-07-29 4518:2019-09-24 4430:7 December 4091:2020-01-29 3828:2014-04-18 3682:(1): 134. 2917:Pediatrics 2891:9 December 2803:30 January 2608:2020-08-31 2135:7 December 2066:16 January 2004:16 January 1819:2023-01-09 1785:16 January 1752:References 1485:amino acid 1423:Flu season 1305:Umifenovir 1275:Amantadine 1156:Resistance 1041:Prevention 714:3D model ( 702:Molar mass 621:ChEMBL1229 601:CHEBI:7798 553:20O93L6F9H 524:ChemSpider 458:CAS Number 429:IUPAC name 385:Metabolism 255:Drug class 7403:Influenza 7321:Australia 7303:Venezuela 7258:Argentina 7203:Guatemala 7080:Macedonia 7070:Lithuania 6937:Sri Lanka 6932:Singapore 6920:by region 6840:Indonesia 6830:Hong Kong 6606:Sinusitis 6601:Pneumonia 6497:Non-human 6464:Epidemics 6411:Pandemics 6402:epidemics 6381:Pandemrix 6333:Zanamivir 6328:Peramivir 6265:2020–2022 6258:Outbreaks 6173:UK (2007) 6156:Outbreaks 6100:Pandemics 5880:Treatment 5856:Influenza 5808:Phase III 5796:Withdrawn 5727:Ribavirin 5697:GS-441524 5567:Peramivir 5562:Zanamivir 5507:Pimodivir 5493:influenza 5375:Tegobuvir 5350:Filibuvir 5340:Dasabuvir 5278:Odalasvir 5123:RNA virus 4330:9 January 3138:207746253 2826:: j2841. 2768:7 October 2738:7 October 2708:9 January 2598:206916214 2576:: j3266. 2445:: g2545. 1955:8 January 1775:Drugs.com 1720:bacterial 1696:zanamivir 1618:synthesis 1586:half-life 1494:zanamivir 1368:Outbreaks 1323:Pandemics 1310:Zanamivir 1295:Peramivir 1268:Treatment 1243:Pandemrix 1009:The 2014 1004:pneumonia 997:Two 2013 979:testing. 903:influenza 411:Excretion 400:half-life 241:Routes of 215:Pregnancy 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