1826:(ASH) publication policies say, "Non-proprietary (generic/scientific) names should be used and should be lowercase." ... "he first letter of the name of a proprietary drug should be capitalized." ... "If necessary, you may include a proprietary name in parentheses directly following the generic name after its first mention."
345:
of yeast and year of grape harvest, so each product can be subtly different because living organisms are an integral part of production. The WHO MedNet community continually works to augment its system for biopharmaceuticals to ensure continued fulfillment of the goals served by having nonproprietary
318:
the chemical names into fewer syllables. Such contraction was partially, informally, locally standardized, but it was not universally consistent. In the second half of the 20th century, the nomenclatural systems moved away from such contraction toward the present system of stems and affixes that show
182:
Generic names are used for a variety of reasons. They provide a clear and unique identifier for active chemical substances, appearing on all drug labels, advertising, and other information about the substance. Relatedly, they help maintain clear differentiation between proprietary and nonproprietary
131:
A company or person developing a drug can apply for a generic (nonproprietary) name through their national formulary or directly to the WHO INN Programme. In order to minimize confusion, many of the national naming bodies have policies of maintaining harmony between national nonproprietary names and
1229:
If the name of the drug solanezumab were to be broken down, it would be divided into two parts like this: solane-zumab. -Zumab is the suffix for humanized monoclonal antibody. Monoclonal antibodies by definition contain only a single antibody clone and have binding specificity for one particular
494:
antibody, in which the design of the therapeutic antibody incorporates parts of multiple different antibodies, for example, in the case of infliximab, variable (binding) regions from a mouse anti-TNF antibody and constant regions from human antibodies (to reduce the likelihood of the patient
1773:-lowering medication. Many drugs have multiple trade names, reflecting marketing in different countries, manufacture by different companies, or both. Thus the trade names for atorvastatin include not only Lipitor (in the U.S.) but also Atocor (in India).
1724:
give pronunciations of many drugs that are both commonly used and have been commercially available for a decade or more, although many newer drugs or less common drugs are not entered. Pharmacists also have access to pronunciations from various
132:
INNs. The
European Union has mandated this harmonization for all member states In the United States, the developer applies to United States Adopted Name (USAN) Council, and a USAN negotiator applies to the INN on the developer's behalf.
1811:
is disclosed or avoided. The authors reporting on a study are not endorsing any particular brand of drug. They will often state which brand was used, for methodologic validity (fully disclosing all details that might possibly affect
156:. Chemical names are typically very long and too complex to be commonly used in referring to a drug in speech or in prose documents. For example, "1-(isopropylamino)-3-(1-naphthyloxy) propan-2-ol" is a chemical name for
306:(JAN) system. At least several of these national-level Approved Name/Adopted Name/Accepted Name systems were not created until the 1960s, after the INN system already existed. In the 21st century, increasing
239:, a huge profusion of names based on atoms, functional groups, and molecules, was necessary or conceivable. In the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th, city pharmacopoeias were unified into
310:
is encouraging maximal rationalization for new generic names for drugs, and there is an increasing expectation that new USANs, BANs, and JANs will not differ from new INNs without special justification.
2281:
286:(INN) system, which issues INNs in various languages, including Latin, English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, and Arabic. Several countries also have national-level systems for creating
2215:
2160:
365:
may be found in the middle or more often the end of the drug name, and normally suggest the action of the drug. Generic names often have suffixes that define what class the drug is.
1533:
Some of the variation comes from the fact that some stems and affixes have pronunciation variants. For example, the aforementioned third (and least common) pronunciation for
160:. Sometimes, a company that is developing a drug might give the drug a company code, which is used to identify the drug while it is in development. For example, CDP870 was
70:
Drug names are often subject to legal regulation, including approval for new drugs (to avoid confusion with existing drugs) and on packaging to establish clear rules about
2251:
1614:, but familiarity with the typical sounds and spellings of the stems and affixes often points to the widely accepted pronunciation of any given INN. For example,
1375:
in
English. Trade names almost always have one accepted pronunciation, because the sponsoring company who coined the name has an intended pronunciation for it.
1276:
name called the pharmacy equivalent name (PEN). Otherwise the two names are simply both given, joined by hyphens or slashes. For example, suspensions combining
2464:
2248:"Directive 2001/83/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 November 2001 on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use"
58:
and stems that classify the drugs into useful categories while keeping related names distinguishable. A marketed drug might also have a company code or
2274:
2193:
1829:
Valid exceptions to the general pattern occur when a nonproprietary name starts a sentence (and thus takes a capital), when a proprietary name has
78:
is often designated to define drug names (and purity standards) for regulatory purposes. The legally approved names in various countries include:
2595:
2430:
2063:
816:
169:
59:
1666:
1800:
Unbiased mentions of a drug place the nonproprietary name first and follow it with the trade name in parentheses, if relevant (for example, "
1206:
2222:
2152:
2553:
1913:(2R,3S,4R,5R,8R,10R,11R,12S,13S,14R)-13--2-ethyl-3,4,10-trihydroxy-3,5,6,8,10,12,14-heptamethyl-11-oxy]-1-oxa-6-azacyclopentadecan-15-one
2309:
1378:
However, it is also common for a nonproprietary drug name to have two pronunciation variants, or sometimes three. For example, for
901:
153:
39:
2247:
2090:
264:
97:
1253:
1611:
377:
283:
203:. Generic names usually indicate via their stems what drug class the drug belongs to. For example, one can tell that
125:
47:
2585:
2369:
1726:
43:
2590:
2058:
272:
2492:
2406:
1823:
2336:
2216:"The use of stems in the selection of International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for pharmaceutical substances"
1316:
Most commonly, a nonproprietary drug name has one widely agreed pronunciation in each language. For example,
1285:
626:
103:
87:
2422:
2156:
732:
2189:
1713:
1709:
1273:
578:
299:
295:
260:
248:
114:
491:
357:
have no pharmacological significance and are used to separate the drug from others in the same class.
2394:
2305:
1607:
690:
552:
276:
121:
240:
82:
2525:
195:. They are used in scientific descriptions of the chemical, in discussions of the chemical in the
2021:
1132:
531:
1741:
For drugs that make it all the way through development, testing, and regulatory acceptance, the
228:
2557:
2488:
1742:
1246:
1161:
1008:
346:
names. In recent years the development of the
Biological Qualifier system has been an example.
303:
268:
252:
109:
1928:
ethyl 4-(8-chloro-5,6-dihydro-11H-benzocycloheptapyridin-11-ylidene) -1-piperidinecarboxylate
1782:
1269:
1216:
749:
470:
315:
291:
244:
236:
196:
149:
92:
35:
2185:
2008:
1808:
1082:
922:
879:
711:
325:
have posed a challenge in nonproprietary naming because unlike smaller molecules made with
256:
232:
75:
168:; UCB later chose "Cimzia" as its trade name. Many of these codes, although not all, have
8:
2315:
2053:
1837:
are used within nonproprietary names to prevent confusion of similar names (for example,
1308:. The USP ceased maintaining PENs, but the similar "co"-prefixed BANs are still current.
1305:
964:
769:
31:
314:
During the first half of the 20th century, generic names for drugs were often coined by
1834:
1721:
1477:
510:
192:
165:
145:
373:
More comprehensive lists can be found in
Appendix VII of the USP Dictionary or in the
2402:
322:
2043:
1790:
1673:
1623:
1574:
1548:
1483:
1432:
1385:
1325:
1281:
1186:
1115:
342:
1264:
For combination drug products—those with two or more drugs combined into a single
2458:
2454:
2098:
1978:
1891:
1813:
1136:
326:
267:, and the National Formulary of India). International pharmacopeias, such as the
231:, such as the London, Edinburgh, Dublin, Hamburg, and Berlin Pharmacopoeias. The
224:
152:
and thus various chemical names for any one substance. The most important is the
141:
1776:
2278:
1094:
854:
669:
648:
402:
208:
200:
727:
2579:
2399:
Taber's
Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary/medical Terminology: A Systems Approach
2094:
2048:
1993:
1885:
1230:
epitope. In the case of solanezumab, the antibody is designed to bond to the
1055:
948:
833:
436:
427:
330:
307:
161:
849:
744:
664:
1916:
1842:
1785:, there is a set of strong conventions for drug nomenclature regarding the
1766:
1277:
1231:
1199:
1076:
952:
931:
927:
737:
287:
183:
aspects of reality, which people trying to sell proprietary things have an
23:
2018:
4,5α-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6-one tartrate (1:1) hydrate (2:5)
1797:
Nonproprietary names begin in lowercase; trade names begin with a capital.
1181:
1156:
1127:
1003:
917:
874:
761:
547:
418:
1957:
1880:
1801:
1786:
1770:
1535:
1379:
1318:
1301:
1297:
1265:
1195:
1191:
1103:
1099:
1017:
1013:
973:
943:
821:
796:
778:
774:
766:
720:
678:
562:
519:
515:
475:
411:
334:
188:
157:
2361:
1750:
1110:
959:
938:
807:
785:
706:
685:
643:
621:
595:
573:
505:
486:
2038:
1931:
1838:
1816:), but they do so in a way that makes clear the absence of endorsement.
1289:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1120:
1064:
1060:
992:
910:
867:
863:
858:
838:
800:
754:
716:
699:
636:
614:
610:
584:
566:
540:
498:
479:
432:
423:
71:
54:. Under the INN system, generic names for drugs are constructed out of
1046:
980:
896:
828:
526:
2498:
2365:
1921:
1901:
1830:
1754:
1616:
996:
906:
889:
695:
674:
657:
632:
588:
536:
458:
440:
407:
362:
204:
184:
1089:
1071:
465:
447:
397:
2515:
1983:
1730:
1051:
1035:
1029:
969:
885:
842:
812:
790:
653:
354:
495:
developing their own antibodies against the therapeutic antibody)
2340:
1944:
1758:
1293:
1238:
1234:
1039:
251:, Pharmacopoeia Germanica (PhG or PG), Italian Pharmacopeia, and
34:. In the majority of circumstances, drugs have 3 types of names:
1749:, which is a standard term in the pharmaceutical industry for a
1268:—single nonproprietary names beginning with "co-" exist in both
1998:
1906:
1807:
This pattern is important for the scientific literature, where
1762:
1599:
1541:
1242:
452:
358:
350:
1586:
1441:
1406:
1394:
1777:
Publication policies for nonproprietary and proprietary names
1352:
1211:
294:(BAN) system, the Australian Approved Name (AAN) system, the
55:
51:
1577:
1459:
1453:
1444:
1412:
1397:
1343:
1024:
986:
604:
600:
556:
338:
27:
1990:
3--6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2,4-dimethyl-phenol hydrochloride
1519:
1465:
1418:
1334:
1697:
1691:
1682:
1653:
1647:
1638:
1626:
1560:
1554:
1513:
1504:
1498:
1489:
1364:
1358:
374:
233:
fundamental advances in chemistry during the 19th century
2519:
337:
between products from different manufacturers. Just as
235:
made that era the first time in which what we now call
2556:. American Society of Hematology. 2014. Archived from
2483:
2481:
2304:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1644:
1641:
1635:
1583:
1557:
1501:
1492:
1450:
1435:
1403:
1388:
1367:
1361:
1340:
1337:
1328:
1700:
1656:
1629:
1589:
1563:
1522:
1510:
1495:
1486:
1468:
1456:
1438:
1421:
1409:
1391:
1355:
1349:
1331:
1694:
1676:
1650:
1632:
1580:
1551:
1516:
1507:
1462:
1447:
1415:
1400:
1346:
1224:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2478:
1254:Time release technology > List of abbreviations
74:and fraudulent or misleading labeling. A national
175:
2577:
2554:"Information for Late-Breaking Abstract Authors"
2539:
2487:
2221:. The World Health Organization. Archived from
2153:"United States Adopted Names naming guidelines"
2064:List of pharmaceutical compound number prefixes
1898:(RS)-2-(4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl)propanoic acid
1610:does not give suggested pronunciations for its
298:(USAN) system (which is mostly the same as the
2449:
2447:
2423:"Antibody Production (Immunogen Preparation)"
2300:
2298:
2392:
1259:
368:
170:prefixes that correspond to the company name
2510:
2508:
2453:
2275:"Overview of Generic Drugs and Drug Naming"
1212:Antibiotic produced by Streptomyces strains
817:serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
2444:
2295:
2180:
2178:
1833:(for example, GoLYTELY, MiraLAX), or when
148:of the drug. There are various systems of
2497:, Oxford University Press, archived from
2272:
1720:, which is published in annual editions.
2521:Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
2505:
2388:
2386:
1712:gives suggested pronunciations for most
1300:(acetaminophen), and co-triamterzide is
1272:(BAN) form and in a formerly maintained
2329:
2175:
902:Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor
2596:Pharmacological classification systems
2578:
2337:"Health products policy and standards"
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2005:(3R,5R)-7--3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid
333:, there is less assurance of complete
227:of generic names for drugs began with
2383:
2240:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
38:, the most important of which is the
2514:
2460:Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary
2354:
2266:
2184:
1954:3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propane-1,2-diol
1789:and placement of nonproprietary and
2163:from the original on 19 August 2023
265:Australian Pharmaceutical Formulary
65:
50:(INNs); and trade names, which are
13:
2208:
2112:
2076:
1217:vancomycin, streptomycin, Neomycin
48:international nonproprietary names
46:, the most important of which are
14:
2607:
2254:from the original on 25 July 2019
1975:-dimethylethylamine hydrochloride
1727:clinical decision support systems
284:International Nonproprietary Name
279:(WHO), have been the next level.
135:
126:international nonproprietary name
16:Pharmacological drug nomenclature
2196:from the original on 1 June 2023
1672:
1622:
1573:
1547:
1482:
1431:
1384:
1324:
1311:
1225:Example breakdown of a drug name
2528:from the original on 2014-01-11
2467:from the original on 2020-10-10
2433:from the original on 2013-10-17
2415:
2401:. Medicus Media. p. 2371.
2372:from the original on 2023-08-22
2284:from the original on 2013-01-01
2059:Regulation of therapeutic goods
1854:Sample of different drug names
44:generic or nonproprietary names
2022:hydrocodone with acetaminophen
1824:American Society of Hematology
1736:
1539:reflects the treatment of the
1288:or co-trimoxazole. Similarly,
176:Nonproprietary (generic) names
98:Dénomination Commune Française
1:
2393:Gylys BA, Wedding ME (2005).
2190:"Experimental Compound Codes"
2069:
1664:, because for INNs ending in
1286:trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
923:Quinolone-derived antibiotics
627:Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
211:because its name ends in the
104:Denominazione Comune Italiana
88:Brazilian Nonproprietary Name
2273:Silverman, HM (2007-04-01).
2157:American Medical Association
2097:. 2011-12-09. Archived from
282:In 1953 the WHO created the
7:
2250:. The European Parliament.
2032:
1852:
1848:
733:HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
382:
273:International Pharmacopoeia
140:The chemical names are the
10:
2614:
2494:Oxford Dictionaries Online
1710:United States Pharmacopeia
1256:for formulation suffixes.
691:Tyrosine-kinase inhibitors
579:hedgehog signaling pathway
300:United States Pharmacopeia
296:United States Adopted Name
261:British National Formulary
249:United States Pharmacopeia
218:
115:United States Adopted Name
2306:World Health Organization
1608:World Health Organization
1260:Combination drug products
553:Cyclin-dependent kinase 4
391:
388:
385:
369:List of stems and affixes
277:World Health Organization
122:World Health Organization
319:chemical relationships.
193:compare apples to apples
83:Australian Approved Name
2586:Pharmaceutical industry
1708:sound is familiar. The
1597:(both are accepted for
1133:Calcium channel blocker
989:with vasodilator action
532:Angiogenesis inhibitors
302:(USP) system), and the
241:national pharmacopoeias
2591:Pharmaceuticals policy
1822:For example, the 2015
1745:then gives the drug a
1743:pharmaceutical company
1162:H2 receptor antagonist
1009:Prostaglandin analogue
304:Japanese Accepted Name
269:European Pharmacopoeia
253:Japanese Pharmacopoeia
223:The earliest roots of
110:Japanese Accepted Name
2091:"How drugs are named"
1941:2-acetoxybenzoic acid
1783:scientific literature
1270:British Approved Name
793:aggregation inhibitor
750:Proton-pump inhibitor
712:proteasome inhibitors
471:Monoclonal antibodies
292:British Approved Name
290:names, including the
245:British Pharmacopoeia
237:chemical nomenclature
197:scientific literature
150:chemical nomenclature
106:(Italy, generic name)
93:British Approved Name
2009:atorvastatin calcium
1967:2-(diphenylmethoxy)-
1945:acetylsalicylic acid
1809:conflict of interest
1722:Medical dictionaries
1476:are common, and one
1083:Alipogene tiparvovec
880:Angiotensin receptor
770:receptor antagonists
257:national formularies
199:and descriptions of
164:'s company code for
32:pharmaceutical drugs
2560:on 24 November 2015
2489:Oxford Dictionaries
2463:, Merriam-Webster,
2318:on October 15, 2013
2311:INN and Biologicals
2188:(23 October 2006).
2054:Pharmaceutical code
1865:Example Brand Name
1855:
1793:names, as follows:
1757:name. For example,
1306:hydrochlorothiazide
1247:Alzheimer's disease
965:Direct Xa inhibitor
229:city pharmacopoeias
191:; they help people
146:molecular structure
1853:
1765:'s trade name for
1478:medical dictionary
1284:are called either
511:humanized antibody
323:Biopharmaceuticals
166:certolizumab pegol
2427:www.piercenet.com
2030:
2029:
1222:
1221:
1032:and organic bases
455:-type antibiotics
24:systematic naming
20:Drug nomenclature
2603:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2550:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2512:
2503:
2502:
2501:on May 16, 2001.
2485:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2390:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2314:, archived from
2302:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2220:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2149:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2087:
2044:Drug development
1856:
1835:tall-man letters
1804:(Adriamycin)").
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1322:is consistently
1282:sulfamethoxazole
1187:5-HT3 antagonist
1116:local anesthetic
383:
142:scientific names
124:administers the
66:Legal regulation
2613:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2552:
2551:
2540:
2531:
2529:
2513:
2506:
2486:
2479:
2470:
2468:
2455:Merriam-Webster
2452:
2445:
2436:
2434:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2391:
2384:
2375:
2373:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2346:
2344:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2321:
2319:
2303:
2296:
2287:
2285:
2279:Merck & Co.
2271:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2229:
2228:on 4 April 2023
2225:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2183:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2151:
2150:
2113:
2104:
2102:
2089:
2088:
2077:
2072:
2035:
1979:diphenhydramine
1884:
1851:
1814:reproducibility
1779:
1739:
1675:
1671:
1625:
1621:
1620:is predictably
1576:
1572:
1550:
1546:
1485:
1481:
1434:
1430:
1387:
1383:
1327:
1323:
1314:
1262:
1245:of people with
1239:protein plaques
1227:
1137:dihydropyridine
670:BRAF inhibitors
371:
327:total synthesis
225:standardization
221:
201:clinical trials
178:
144:, based on the
138:
68:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2611:
2610:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2572:
2571:
2538:
2504:
2477:
2443:
2414:
2407:
2382:
2368:. 2010-12-15.
2353:
2328:
2294:
2265:
2239:
2207:
2174:
2111:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1878:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1850:
1847:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1798:
1778:
1775:
1738:
1735:
1718:USP Dictionary
1313:
1310:
1261:
1258:
1237:which make up
1226:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1189:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1139:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1097:
1095:Anti-asthmatic
1092:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1058:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1011:
1006:
1000:
999:
990:
983:
977:
976:
967:
962:
956:
955:
946:
941:
935:
934:
925:
920:
914:
913:
904:
899:
893:
892:
883:
877:
871:
870:
861:
855:Antidepressant
852:
846:
845:
836:
831:
825:
824:
819:
810:
804:
803:
794:
788:
782:
781:
772:
764:
758:
757:
752:
747:
741:
740:
735:
730:
724:
723:
714:
709:
703:
702:
693:
688:
682:
681:
672:
667:
661:
660:
651:
649:PARP inhibitor
646:
640:
639:
630:
624:
618:
617:
608:
598:
592:
591:
582:
576:
570:
569:
560:
550:
544:
543:
534:
529:
523:
522:
513:
508:
502:
501:
496:
489:
483:
482:
473:
468:
462:
461:
456:
450:
444:
443:
430:
421:
415:
414:
405:
403:Antiviral drug
400:
394:
393:
390:
387:
370:
367:
220:
217:
209:antiviral drug
177:
174:
137:
136:Chemical names
134:
118:
117:
112:
107:
101:
95:
90:
85:
67:
64:
36:chemical names
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2609:
2608:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2410:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2387:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2224:
2217:
2211:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2101:on 2013-05-31
2100:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2075:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2049:Generic brand
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1994:oxymetazoline
1992:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1886:acetaminophen
1882:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1859:Chemical Name
1858:
1857:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1568:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1531:
1527:
1479:
1473:
1426:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1321:
1320:
1312:Pronunciation
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:derived from
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1056:glycopeptides
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
994:
991:
988:
985:Inhibitor of
984:
982:
979:
978:
975:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
957:
954:
950:
949:phenobarbital
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
933:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
915:
912:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
891:
887:
884:
881:
878:
876:
873:
872:
869:
865:
862:
860:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
844:
840:
837:
835:
834:Beta-blockers
832:
830:
827:
826:
823:
820:
818:
814:
811:
809:
806:
805:
802:
798:
795:
792:
789:
787:
784:
783:
780:
776:
773:
771:
768:
765:
763:
760:
759:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
742:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
725:
722:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
704:
701:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
683:
680:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
659:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
638:
634:
631:
628:
625:
623:
620:
619:
616:
612:
609:
606:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
590:
586:
583:
580:
577:
575:
572:
571:
568:
564:
561:
558:
554:
551:
549:
546:
545:
542:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
524:
521:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
503:
500:
497:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
481:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
449:
446:
445:
442:
438:
437:carbenicillin
434:
431:
429:
425:
422:
420:
417:
416:
413:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
395:
384:
381:
379:
376:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:semisynthesis
328:
324:
320:
317:
312:
309:
308:globalization
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
259:(such as the
258:
254:
250:
246:
243:(such as the
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
180:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
133:
129:
127:
123:
116:
113:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
80:
79:
77:
73:
63:
61:
60:compound code
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
30:, especially
29:
25:
21:
2562:. Retrieved
2558:the original
2530:, retrieved
2524:, Elsevier,
2520:
2499:the original
2493:
2469:, retrieved
2459:
2435:. Retrieved
2426:
2417:
2398:
2374:. Retrieved
2362:"Penicillin"
2356:
2345:. Retrieved
2343:. 2024-06-06
2331:
2320:, retrieved
2316:the original
2310:
2286:. Retrieved
2268:
2256:. Retrieved
2242:
2230:. Retrieved
2223:the original
2210:
2198:. Retrieved
2165:. Retrieved
2103:. Retrieved
2099:the original
1972:
1968:
1917:azithromycin
1877:-aminophenol
1874:
1870:
1862:Generic Name
1843:predniSOLONE
1831:intercapping
1828:
1821:
1780:
1767:atorvastatin
1746:
1740:
1717:
1665:
1615:
1605:
1598:
1571:rather than
1540:
1534:
1532:
1377:
1317:
1315:
1278:trimethoprim
1263:
1251:
1228:
1200:palonosetron
1077:Gene therapy
953:secobarbital
944:Barbiturates
932:moxifloxacin
928:levofloxacin
738:atorvastatin
372:
348:
341:may vary by
321:
313:
288:generic drug
281:
222:
212:
181:
179:
139:
130:
119:
69:
19:
18:
2564:23 November
2232:28 November
2200:20 November
2192:. Science.
2186:Lowe, Derek
1958:guaifenesin
1881:paracetamol
1802:doxorubicin
1791:proprietary
1787:letter case
1771:cholesterol
1737:Drug brands
1536:paracetamol
1380:paracetamol
1319:doxorubicin
1302:triamterene
1298:paracetamol
1266:dosage form
1196:granisetron
1192:ondansetron
1104:seratrodast
1100:zafirlukast
1018:unoprostone
1014:latanoprost
974:rivaroxaban
882:antagonists
857:related to
822:venlafaxine
797:clopidogrel
779:montelukast
775:zafirlukast
767:Leukotriene
721:carfilzomib
679:vemurafenib
563:palbociclib
520:bevacizumab
516:natalizumab
476:trastuzumab
428:antibiotics
412:oseltamivir
389:Drug class
335:fungibility
316:contracting
158:propranolol
72:adulterants
52:brand names
2580:Categories
2532:2015-01-27
2471:2015-01-27
2437:2013-10-17
2408:0803613245
2376:2013-01-01
2347:2014-06-06
2322:2016-06-16
2288:2013-01-01
2258:23 January
2167:22 January
2105:2013-01-01
2070:References
2039:Drug class
1932:loratadine
1839:predniSONE
1751:brand name
1747:trade name
1290:co-codamol
1175:famotidine
1171:ranitidine
1167:cimetidine
1150:felodipine
1146:nifedipine
1142:amlodipine
1121:benzocaine
1065:octreotide
1061:nesiritide
993:sildenafil
911:lisinopril
868:reboxetine
864:duloxetine
859:fluoxetine
839:metoprolol
801:ticagrelor
755:omeprazole
717:bortezomib
700:crizotinib
637:buparlisib
629:inhibitors
615:ivosidenib
611:enasidenib
607:inhibitors
585:vismodegib
581:inhibitors
567:ribociclib
559:inhibitors
541:vandetanib
499:infliximab
480:ipilimumab
433:penicillin
424:Penicillin
380:stembook.
355:interfixes
154:IUPAC name
40:IUPAC name
2366:Drugs.com
1936:Claritin
1922:Zithromax
1902:ibuprofen
1755:trademark
1617:abciximab
1545:affix as
1252:See also
1232:amyloid-β
1030:Alkaloids
997:tadalafil
907:captopril
890:valsartan
728:-vastatin
696:erlotinib
675:sorafenib
658:veliparib
633:alpelisib
589:sonidegib
537:pazopanib
459:cefazolin
441:oxacillin
426:-derived
408:aciclovir
205:aciclovir
189:obfuscate
185:incentive
76:formulary
2526:archived
2516:Elsevier
2465:archived
2431:Archived
2395:"-zumab"
2370:Archived
2282:Archived
2252:Archived
2194:Archived
2161:Archived
2033:See also
2026:Vicodin
2013:Lipitor
1984:Benadryl
1962:Mucinex
1949:Aspirin
1888:(US, JP)
1873:-acetyl-
1849:Examples
1731:Lexicomp
1729:such as
1667:-ciximab
1235:peptides
1052:Peptides
1036:atropine
970:apixaban
886:losartan
850:-oxetine
843:atenolol
813:Dopamine
791:Platelet
745:-prazole
665:-rafenib
654:olaparib
492:Chimeric
392:Example
359:Suffixes
351:prefixes
275:of the
271:and the
215:suffix.
100:(France)
2341:who.int
1892:Tylenol
1841:versus
1781:In the
1759:Lipitor
1716:in its
1382:, both
1294:codeine
1243:neurons
1241:on the
1182:-setron
1157:-tidine
1128:-dipine
1079:vectors
1040:quinine
1004:-prost-
918:-oxacin
875:-sartan
762:-lukast
548:-ciclib
419:-cillin
219:History
56:affixes
22:is the
2405:
1999:Visine
1907:Motrin
1763:Pfizer
1670:, the
1600:acetyl
1480:gives
1207:-mycin
1111:-caine
960:-xaban
939:-barb-
808:-axine
786:-grel-
707:-zomib
686:-tinib
644:-parib
622:-lisib
596:-denib
574:-degib
506:-zumab
487:-ximab
453:Cephem
343:strain
263:, the
255:) and
207:is an
128:list.
2226:(PDF)
2219:(PDF)
1714:USANs
1047:-tide
981:-afil
897:-pril
829:-olol
527:-anib
386:Stem
363:stems
28:drugs
2566:2015
2403:ISBN
2260:2021
2234:2023
2202:2015
2169:2021
1769:, a
1612:INNs
1606:The
1542:acet
1429:and
1280:and
1090:-ast
1072:-vec
1054:and
1025:-ine
987:PDE5
815:and
605:IDH2
603:and
601:IDH1
557:CDK6
466:-mab
448:cef-
398:-vir
353:and
349:The
339:wine
213:-vir
120:The
2095:UCB
1845:).
1761:is
1753:or
1603:).
1292:is
1274:USP
378:INN
375:WHO
361:or
329:or
187:to
162:UCB
26:of
2582::
2541:^
2518:,
2507:^
2491:,
2480:^
2457:,
2446:^
2429:.
2425:.
2397:.
2385:^
2364:.
2339:.
2308:,
2297:^
2277:.
2177:^
2159:.
2155:.
2114:^
2093:.
2078:^
1733:.
1587:iː
1530:.
1442:ær
1407:iː
1395:ær
1353:uː
1344:oʊ
1249:.
1198:,
1194:,
1173:,
1169:,
1148:,
1144:,
1102:,
1063:,
1038:,
1016:,
995:,
972:,
951:,
930:,
909:,
888:,
866:,
841:,
799:,
777:,
719:,
698:,
677:,
656:,
635:,
613:,
587:,
565:,
539:,
518:,
478:,
439:,
435:,
410:,
247:,
172:.
62:.
42:;
2568:.
2535:.
2474:.
2440:.
2411:.
2379:.
2350:.
2325:.
2291:.
2262:.
2236:.
2204:.
2171:.
2108:.
1973:N
1971:,
1969:N
1883:,
1875:p
1871:N
1704:/
1701:b
1698:æ
1695:m
1692:ɪ
1689:s
1686:k
1683:ɪ
1680:s
1677:ˈ
1674:/
1660:/
1657:b
1654:æ
1651:m
1648:ɪ
1645:s
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1636:s
1633:ˈ
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1593:/
1590:t
1584:s
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1499:æ
1496:r
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1487:p
1484:/
1472:/
1469:l
1466:ɒ
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1389:ˌ
1386:/
1371:/
1368:n
1365:ɪ
1362:s
1359:ɪ
1356:b
1350:r
1347:ˈ
1341:s
1338:k
1335:ɒ
1332:d
1329:ˌ
1326:/
1304:-
1296:-
555:/
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