135:
348:"The bread I eat in London is a deleterious paste, mixed up with chalk, alum and bone ashes, insipid to the taste and destructive to the constitution. The good people are not ignorant of this adulteration; but they prefer it to wholesome bread, because it is whiter than the meal of corn . Thus they sacrifice their taste and their health. . . to a most absurd gratification of a misjudged eye; and the miller or the baker is obliged to poison them and their families, in order to live by his profession." –
2027:
2038:
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910:
2017:
263:, adulterants were common; for example, cheeses were sometimes colored with lead. Similar adulteration issues were seen in industries in the United States, during the 19th century. There is a dispute over whether these practices declined primarily due to government regulation or to increased public awareness and concern over the practices.
73:
Adulteration is the a practice of secretly mixing a substance with another. The secretly added substance will not normally be present in any specification or declared substances due to accident or negligence rather than intent, and also for the introduction of unwanted substances after the product
1647:
74:
has been made. Adulteration, therefore, implies that the adulterant was introduced deliberately in the initial manufacturing process, or sometimes that it was present in the raw materials and should have been removed, but was not.
1642:
296:, who identified many toxic metal colorings in food and drink. His work antagonized food suppliers, and he was ultimately discredited by a scandal over his alleged mutilation of books in the
2104:
772:
321:
At the turn of the 20th century, industrialization in the United States led to a rise in adulteration, which inspired some protest. Accounts of adulteration led the
1810:
122:. Such adulteration was sometimes deliberately hidden from the population to prevent loss of morale and propaganda reasons. Some goods considered luxurious in the
816:
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rates in the country and prompted a government crackdown. By 2021, the practice had been eradicated in the country, and blood lead levels had dropped.
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For deterioration of the quality of the substance caused by naturally as well as a result of environmental factors such as heat, humidity etc, see
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418:, presumably to produce inflated results from tests for protein content, were discovered in the USA. They were found to have come from China.
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1950:
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Historically, the use of adulterants has been common; sometimes dangerous substances have been used. In the United
Kingdom up to the
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1770:
1632:
1740:
45:, a practice of secretly mixing a substance with another. Typical substances that are adulterated include but are not limited to
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In 2012, a study in India across 29 states and union territories found that milk was adulterated with detergent, fat, and even
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1934:
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285:. The downside of this misuse of the transformer oil is the threat to the health of the consumers, due to the presence of
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1800:
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led a further campaign, leading to another Act of 1875, which forms the basis of the modern legislation and a system of
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to reduce the cost or achieve a desired flavor—this is adulteration if not declared, but may be stated on the label.
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produced from this milk killed at least six children and is believed to have harmed two hundred thousand children.
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confers health benefits, and in modern bread, a little chalk may be included as an additive for this reason.
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In the early 21st century, cases of dangerous adulteration occurred in the People's
Republic of China.
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In wartime, adulterants have been added to make foodstuffs "go further" and prevent shortages. The
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281:. When used for frying, it is reported that transformer oil lasts much longer than regular
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2001:
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612:"A Survey on Occurrence of Melamine and Its Analogues in Tainted Infant Formula in China"
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Li, Xiaoman; Zang, Mingwu; Li, Dan; Zhang, Kaihua; Zhang, Zheqi; Wang, Shouwei (2023).
432:, significant portions of China's milk supply were found to have been adulterated with
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such as coffee were adulterated to make them affordable to the general population.
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to enhance its yellow color, which was largely responsible for consistently high
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862:"Lead poisoning kills millions annually. One country is showing the way forward"
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However, even in the 18th century, people complained about adulteration in food:
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1976:
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817:"Conagra Set to Settle Criminal Charges It Increased Weight and Value of Grain"
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24:
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Wu, Yong-Ning; Zhao, Yun-Feng; Li, Jin-Guang; Melamine
Analysis Group (2009).
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1981:
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512:
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277:, which is then sold to the operators of roadside food stalls to be used for
260:
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jellies, with added colorant and sometimes even specks of wood that simulate
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20:
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In some
African countries, it is not uncommon for thieves to break electric
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1991:
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1327:
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497:: alcohol which is deliberately poisoned to discourage its recreational use
491:: harmful substances which are used as substitutes for alcoholic beverages
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conducted extensive studies in the early 1850s, which were published in
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Past and present examples of adulterated food, some dangerous, include:
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138:"How the microscope reveals adulteration", microscope slide comparing
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Practice of a substance within other substances caused by adulteration
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799:"Juiceless baby juice leads to full-length justice|FDA Consumer"
773:"Weston A.Price: Against the Grain, Section Bread to Feed the Masses"
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Adulterant use was first investigated in 1820 by the German chemist
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and led to the 1860 Food
Adulteration Act and other legislation.
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illegally sprayed water on stored grain to increase its weight.
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101:; this reduces the cost and increases whiteness, but the
160:
Apple jellies (jams), as substitutes for more expensive
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An adulterant is distinct from, for example, permitted
250:
products to inflate crude protein content measurements
1776:
2024 United
Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak
661:"Meat food fraud risk in Chinese markets 2012–2021"
533:"Difference Between Adulteration and Contamination"
23:. For the drug slang of the term adulteration, see
565:"The Customer Wants a Juicy Steak? Just Add Water"
81:. There can be a fine line between adulterant and
2281:
400:by selling flavored sugar water as apple juice.
232:, pork, or other meats to increase their weight
118:is widely recognised for such practices during
836:"70% of milk in Delhi, country is adulterated"
2098:
936:
658:
1951:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition
1766:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak
1665:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal
710:Thieves fry Kenya's power grid for fast food
537:Compare the Difference Between Similar Terms
454:in Europe, horsemeat was passed off as beef.
1889:United Kingdom food information regulations
146:(right) and a mixture of the two (center),
2105:
2091:
943:
929:
1727:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
686:
676:
635:
385:in Spain and 600 people were killed (See
2234:List of medicine contamination incidents
1771:2018 Australian strawberry contamination
1633:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
950:
133:
129:
2113:Combined substance use and adulteration
1741:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
584:"Food tests promise tough task for FDA"
575:
2282:
1756:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning
1333:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
765:
562:
212:roots used as an adulterant for coffee
2086:
924:
859:
833:
724:"The fight against food adulteration"
721:
616:Biomedical and Environmental Sciences
581:
2268:List of reagent testing color charts
2047:
1935:Institute for Food Safety and Health
1675:Australian meat substitution scandal
1643:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959
1419:Arsenic contamination of groundwater
398:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
369:List of food contamination incidents
2067:
1923:Food Information and Control Agency
860:Piper, Kelsey (20 September 2023).
834:Sinha, Kounteya (10 January 2012).
13:
2156:List of polysubstance combinations
876:
582:Weise, Elizabeth (24 April 2007).
337:She shipped it off to Packingtown,
14:
2331:
1940:International Food Safety Network
1864:International Food Safety Network
1585:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
1535:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
1262:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic
902:
355:The Expedition of Humphry Clinker
2209:Counterfeit illegal drug selling
2066:
2056:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2025:
2015:
1945:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
1781:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal
1712:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
1707:ICA meat repackaging controversy
908:
823:. Bloomberg News. 20 March 1997.
563:Burros, Marian (9 August 2006).
457:In 2019, it was discovered that
1884:Quality Assurance International
1791:Food safety incidents in Taiwan
1761:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat
1655:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
1570:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
853:
827:
809:
791:
396:was fined for violating the US
1913:European Food Safety Authority
1786:Food safety incidents in China
1623:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
1590:Water fluoridation controversy
748:
715:
712:, Al Jazeera, 28 December 2014
703:
652:
603:
556:
543:
525:
452:2013 meat adulteration scandal
339:And now it's labeled chicken.
1:
637:10.1016/S0895-3988(09)60028-3
518:
215:Water, for diluting milk and
147:
68:
1918:Food and Drug Administration
1600:Food contamination incidents
732:. Vol. 42, no. 2.
722:Coley, Noel (1 March 2005).
422:Chinese protein adulteration
362:
7:
1972:Food and drink prohibitions
1746:Bihar school meal poisoning
1670:United Kingdom BSE outbreak
1628:1900 English beer poisoning
982:Antibiotic use in livestock
477:
335:And when she saw it sicken,
318:who test for adulteration.
10:
2336:
2141:Combined drug intoxication
1967:Curing (food preservation)
1040:Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
734:Royal Society of Chemistry
678:10.1038/s41538-023-00189-z
366:
254:
192:to give the appearance of
182:, used to adulterate honey
29:
18:
2249:
2191:
2118:
2010:
1997:Genetically modified food
1959:
1897:
1849:Food labeling regulations
1821:
1717:2008 Chinese milk scandal
1598:
1520:
1467:
1396:
1346:
1318:
1280:
1169:
1077:
1025:
958:
553:, 5 February 1894; pg. 14
430:2008 Chinese milk scandal
2173:Polysubstance dependence
1859:Food safety in Australia
1055:High-fructose corn syrup
176:High fructose corn syrup
41:is caused by the act of
30:Not to be confused with
2229:Counterfeit medications
1839:Acceptable daily intake
1751:2013 horse meat scandal
1192:Clostridium perfringens
333:Mary had a little lamb,
300:library. The physician
2119:Combined substance use
1907:Centre for Food Safety
1722:2008 Irish pork crisis
1424:Benzene in soft drinks
729:Education in Chemistry
360:
342:
204:Olive oil adulteration
153:
2214:Clandestine chemistry
1929:Food Standards Agency
1879:Organic certification
1874:Nutrition facts label
1618:Esing Bakery incident
1406:environment pollution
756:Food in World History
346:
330:
242:and other nonprotein
137:
130:In food and beverages
1698:2006 North American
1356:Acesulfame potassium
1185:Campylobacter jejuni
1079:Intestinal parasites
952:Consumer food safety
917:at Wikimedia Commons
805:on 10 December 2007.
754:Jeffrey M. Pilcher,
484:Anthropogenic hazard
461:was widely added to
410:In 2007, samples of
2002:Conspiracy theories
1555:Heterocyclic amines
1459:Shellfish poisoning
665:npj Science of Food
628:2009BioES..22...95W
302:Arthur Hill Hassall
217:alcoholic beverages
97:was often added to
1660:Toxic oil syndrome
1613:Swill milk scandal
1439:Diethylstilbestrol
1111:Diphyllobothriasis
840:The Times of India
821:The New York Times
569:The New York Times
387:Toxic oil syndrome
246:sources, added to
154:
79:food preservatives
2277:
2276:
2151:Polysubstance use
2126:Active metabolite
2080:
2079:
1987:Food preservation
1796:Foodborne illness
1348:Sugar substitutes
1101:Cryptosporidiosis
1083:parasitic disease
997:HGH controversies
964:food contaminants
913:Media related to
892:Project Gutenberg
779:on 20 August 2010
495:Denatured alcohol
489:Surrogate alcohol
298:Royal Institution
2327:
2320:Pejorative terms
2146:Drug interaction
2136:Combination drug
2107:
2100:
2093:
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2032:Drink portal
2030:
2029:
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2020:
2019:
1931:(United Kingdom)
1680:Jack in the Box
1651:
1638:Minamata disease
1550:Food irradiation
1530:4-Hydroxynonenal
1378:Sodium cyclamate
1221:Escherichia coli
1213:Escherichia coli
945:
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806:
801:. Archived from
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784:
775:. Archived from
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763:
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746:
745:
743:
741:
736:. pp. 46–49
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89:may be added to
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2295:Doping in sport
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2264:Reagent testing
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2024:
2022:Food portal
2014:
2006:
1955:
1893:
1854:Food libel laws
1817:
1645:
1594:
1560:Modified starch
1522:Food processing
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1392:
1342:
1338:Sodium benzoate
1314:
1276:
1271:Vibrio cholerae
1165:
1136:Gnathostomiasis
1121:Fasciolopsiasis
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1021:
1012:Mercury in fish
954:
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897:Friedrich Accum
884:
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877:Further reading
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539:. 16 July 2014.
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480:
371:
365:
350:Tobias Smollett
341:
338:
336:
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316:public analysts
294:Frederick Accum
275:transformer oil
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150:
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55:pharmaceuticals
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1960:Related topics
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22:
21:Contamination
2300:Drug culture
2290:Adulteration
2193:Adulteration
2163:Polypharmacy
1992:Food quality
1899:Institutions
1733:
1699:
1690:
1681:
1565:Nitrosamines
1328:Benzoic acid
1290:Chlorpyrifos
1269:
1263:
1254:
1237:
1220:
1212:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1161:Trichuriasis
1146:Toxocariasis
1116:Enterobiasis
992:Formaldehyde
959:
915:Adulteration
885:
865:
855:
843:. Retrieved
839:
829:
820:
811:
803:the original
793:
781:. Retrieved
777:the original
767:
755:
750:
738:. Retrieved
727:
717:
705:
668:
664:
654:
622:(2): 95–99.
619:
615:
605:
593:. Retrieved
587:
577:
568:
558:
550:
545:
536:
527:
419:
412:wheat gluten
353:
347:
343:
332:
325:Evening Post
324:
320:
305:
291:
271:transformers
268:
265:
258:
198:sausage roll
194:beef sausage
155:
120:World War II
113:
107:
76:
72:
43:adulteration
42:
38:
36:
2315:Food safety
2072:WikiProject
1909:(Hong Kong)
1646: [
1608:Devon colic
1482:Breast milk
1454:Nonylphenol
1429:Bisphenol A
1366:controversy
1233:Hepatitis E
1228:Hepatitis A
1206:Enterovirus
1199:Cronobacter
1156:Trichinosis
1126:Fasciolosis
1096:Anisakiasis
1067:controversy
960:Adulterants
845:23 February
549:The Times,
414:mixed with
376:denaturated
328:to parody:
283:cooking oil
279:deep frying
190:brown bread
151: 1909
142:(left) and
140:rice starch
124:Soviet Bloc
99:bread flour
61:, or other
2284:Categories
2225:Medicines
2201:Drug fraud
1823:Regulation
1806:death toll
1575:Shortening
1540:Acrylamide
1469:Food fraud
1449:Mycotoxins
1282:Pesticides
1256:Salmonella
1131:Giardiasis
1091:Amoebiasis
1035:Flavorings
895:(1820) by
758:New York:
671:(12): 12.
519:References
467:Bangladesh
367:See also:
307:The Lancet
180:cane sugar
170:strawberry
69:Definition
39:adulterant
1869:ISO 22000
1831:watchdogs
1827:standards
1801:outbreaks
1702:outbreaks
1580:Trans fat
1492:Olive oil
1414:Aflatoxin
1388:Sucralose
1373:Saccharin
1361:Aspartame
1305:Malathion
1250:Rotavirus
1245:Norovirus
760:Routledge
589:USA Today
508:Fake food
403:In 1997,
394:Beech-Nut
392:In 1987,
383:Olive oil
379:Colza oil
374:In 1981,
363:Incidents
323:New York
273:to steal
221:Water or
186:Red ochre
166:raspberry
144:arrowroot
63:chemicals
51:cosmetics
2241:Impurity
2168:Polypill
2062:Cookbook
2042:Category
1844:E number
1736:outbreak
1693:outbreak
1684:outbreak
1434:Dieldrin
1383:Sorbitol
1239:Listeria
1179:Botulism
1007:Melamine
977:Aldicarb
783:16 March
697:37012259
688:10070328
646:19618684
595:29 April
503:Impurity
478:See also
465:sold in
463:turmeric
434:melamine
416:melamine
244:nitrogen
240:melamine
226:injected
208:Roasted
200:filling.
188:–soaked
83:additive
32:Adultery
2183:Synergy
2178:Prodrug
2052:Commons
1925:(Spain)
1734:E. coli
1700:E. coli
1691:E. coli
1682:E. coli
1502:Seafood
1402:poisons
1300:Lindane
1264:E. coli
1223:O157:H7
1215:O104:H4
1017:Sudan I
987:Cyanide
740:19 June
624:Bibcode
450:In the
428:In the
255:History
248:protein
230:chicken
210:chicory
103:calcium
87:chicory
2219:Lacing
2131:Codrug
1507:Shrimp
1444:Dioxin
1398:Toxins
972:3-MCPD
695:
685:
644:
551:Police
420:(See:
358:(1771)
115:ersatz
110:German
91:coffee
1650:]
1497:Prawn
1477:Bread
1050:Sugar
228:into
223:brine
172:seeds
162:fruit
112:word
95:Chalk
1045:Salt
847:2014
785:2011
742:2018
693:PMID
642:PMID
597:2007
445:urea
287:PCBs
236:Urea
196:for
59:fuel
47:food
1512:Tea
1487:Egg
1295:DDT
890:at
866:Vox
683:PMC
673:doi
632:doi
178:or
168:or
37:An
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