Ochre - Knowledge

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rebirth. It also represented the desire for resurrection and the belief in an afterlife. In order to honor the deceased and get them ready for their passage to the afterlife, these pigments, particularly red ochre, were most likely applied to their body or other grave goods as part of the burial rites. “Phoenicians' love of red is highlighted by the great number of powders of this color found in the containers. The powders were probably used to give a hue to cheeks or to lips. Besides these uses as make-up powders, we can also assume a ritual use of ointments and powders containing cinnabar or ochre, applied to the face and the forehead during preparation rituals of the bodies. The discovery of red paint traces on bones and skulls suggests that these practices were common among the Phoenicians as for other populations.” Greater-quality pigments and more intricate applications would typically indicate people of greater rank or particular significance within the community. Moreover, the presence and quality of pigments in a burial site may indicate the identity or social standing of the deceased. In addition to acting as offerings to the gods and protective symbols, pigments were employed to adorn grave goods including pottery, amulets, and other objects, so elevating the spiritual purity of the interment. The visual impact of red ochre could also have been intended to preserve the appearance of the body or make it presentable for mourning ceremonies, ensuring that the deceased was honored appropriately. This vivid color would enhance the overall visual and emotional impact of funerary displays. In essence, the use of red ochre and other pigments in Phoenician funerary contexts highlights their cultural and symbolic importance, reflecting deep-seated beliefs about death, the afterlife, and social hierarchy, thus providing a richer understanding of Phoenician customs and values.

521: 1316:, and he was fascinated by the cliffs of red and yellow clay in the region. He invented a process to make the pigment on a large scale. First the clay was extracted from open pits or mines. The raw clay contained about 10 to 20 percent ochre. Then he washed the clay to separate the grains of sand from the particles of ochre. The remaining mixture was then decanted in large basins, to further separate the ochre from the sand. The water was then drained, and the ochre was dried, cut into bricks, crushed, sifted, and then classified by colour and quality. The best quality was reserved for artists' pigments. 565: 545: 533: 777: 481: 509: 577: 497: 757: 60: 801: 337: 194: 1292:

woman looks...I went in behind with my little knife, prospecting at the scar of this pigment; and in this way, I promise you, I never sampled a more lovely and perfect ochre pigment...And know that this ochre is a common pigment, particularly when working in fresco; that with other mixtures that, as i will explain to you, it is used for flesh colours, for drapery, for coloured mountains and buildings and hair and in general for many things.

835: 996: 898: 1144:(war canoe). Ochre prevented the drying out of the wood in canoes and the carvings of meeting houses; later missionaries estimated that it would last for 30 years. It was also roughly smeared over the face, especially by women, to keep off insects. Solid chunks of ochre were ground on a flat but rough surfaced rock to produce the powder. 603:

Over recent decades, red ochre has played a pivotal role in discussions about the cognitive and cultural evolution of early modern humans during the African Middle Stone Age. In Africa, evidence for the processing and use of red ochre pigments has been dated by archaeologists to around 300,000 years

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This pigment is found in the earth of mountains, where particular seams like sulphur are found. And there, where these seams are, sinopia, green earth and other types of pigment are found...And the abovementioned pigments running through this landscape looked as a scar on the face of a man or of a

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regularly painted their bodies red, dyed their animal skins, coated their weapons, and sprinkled the ground of their dwellings, and that a paste of ochre was used for decorative purposes in every phase of their domestic life. We must assume no less, if we are to account for the veritable mines of

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The use of ochre is particularly intensive: it is not unusual to find a layer of the cave floor impregnated with a purplish red to a depth of eight inches. The size of these ochre deposits raises a problem not yet solved. The colouring is so intense that practically all the loose ground seems to

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Pigments, particularly red ochre, were essential to grave rituals in ancient Phoenician society. They were more than just cosmetics; they also had important symbolic and ritualistic connotations. With its vivid color that was evocative of blood and energy, red ochre represented life, death, and

1382:, in France. Thanks to the process invented by Astier and refined by his successors, ochre pigments from Vaucluse were exported across Europe and around the world. It was not only used for artists paints and house paints; it also became an important ingredient for the early rubber industry. 677:

has an image of a horse coloured with yellow ochre estimated to be 17,300 years old. Neolithic burials may have used red ochre pigments symbolically, either to represent a return to the earth or possibly as a form of ritual rebirth, in which the colour may symbolize blood and a hypothesized

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Ochre was also widely used as medicine and, when ingested, some ochres have an antacid effect on the digestive system while others, which are rich in iron, can assist with lethargy and fatigue. Ochre is also often mixed with plant oils and animal fats to create other medicines.

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fishery. Deposits of ochre are found throughout Newfoundland, notably near Fortune Harbour and at Ochre Pit Cove. While earliest settlers may have used locally collected ochre, people were later able to purchase pre-ground ochre through local merchants, largely imported from

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and can be used to make an oil paint that dries quickly and covers surfaces thoroughly. Modern ochre pigments often are made using synthetic iron oxide. Pigments which use natural ochre pigments indicate it with the name PY-43 (Pigment yellow 43) on the label, following the

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In England, red ochre was also known as "raddle", "reddle", or "ruddle" and was used to mark sheep and can also be used as a waxy waterproof coating on structures. The reddle was sold as a ready-made mixture to farmers and herders by travelling workers called reddlemen.

1393:. Ochre also began to face growing competition from newly synthetic pigment industry. The quarries in Roussillon, Rustrel, the Mines of Bruoux closed one by one. Today, the last quarry in activity is in Gargas (Vaucluse) and belongs to the Société des Ocres de France. 1267:

During the Renaissance, yellow and red ochre pigments were widely used in painting panels and frescoes. The colours vary greatly from region to region, depending upon whether the local clay was richer in yellowish limonite or reddish hematite. The red earth from

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Henshilwood, C. S., d’Errico, F., Yates, R., Jacobs, Z., Tribolo, C., Duller, G. A. T., Mercier, N., Sealy, J. C., Valladas, H., Watts, I. & Wintle, A. G. 2002. Emergence of modern human behavior: Middle Stone Age engravings from South Africa. Science 295:

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for over 40,000 years. Pleistocene burials with red ochre date as early as 40,000 BP and ochre plays a role in expressing symbolic ideologies of the earliest arrivals to the continent. Ochre has been used for millennia by Aboriginal people for body decoration,

1574:, Revised Edition, (1980). "Any of a class of natural earths, mixtures of hydrated oxides of iron and various earthy materials, ranging in colour from pale yellow to orange and red, and used as pigments. A colour ranging from pale yellow to reddish-yellow." 850:, yellow was associated with gold, which was considered to be eternal and indestructible. The skin and bones of the gods were believed to be made of gold. The Egyptians used yellow ochre extensively in tomb painting, though occasionally they used 1195:

were also known to use red ochre as body paint. Researchers diving into dark submerged caves on Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula have found evidence of an ambitious mining operation starting 12,000 years ago and lasting two millennia for red ochre.

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painted their faces red, perhaps to imitate the red-painted flesh of statues of the Gods. The Romans used yellow ochre in their paintings to represent gold and skin tones, and as a background colour. It is found frequently in the murals of

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and varying amounts of clay and sand. It ranges in colour from yellow to deep orange or brown. It is also the name of the colours produced by this pigment, especially a light brownish-yellow. A variant of ochre containing a large amount of

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Ochre has uses other than as paint: "tribal peoples alive today . . . use either as a way to treat animal skins or else as an insect repellent, to staunch bleeding, or as protection from the sun. Ochre may have been the first medicament."

520: 1331:. It became an important product for the British fishing industry, where it was combined with oil and used to coat sails to protect them from seawater, giving them a reddish colour. The ochre was boiled in great caldrons, together with 1681:

Dapschauskas, R., Göden, M. B, Sommer, C. and Kandel, A. W., 2022. The Emergence of Habitual Ochre Use in Africa and its Significance for the Development of Ritual Behavior During the Middle Stone Age. Journal of World Prehistory

1343:, the last ingredient giving the name of barking yards to the places where the hot mixture was painted on to the sails, which were then hung up to dry. In 1894, a theft case provided insights into the use of the pigment as a 1243:

Variations in local recipes, shades of ore, and type of oil used resulted in regional variations in colour. Because of this, it is difficult to pinpoint an exact shade or hue of red that would be considered the traditional

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When natural sienna and umber pigments are heated, they are dehydrated and some of the limonite is transformed into hematite, giving them more reddish colours, called burnt sienna and burnt umber. Ochres are

544: 1160:, whose use of red ochre led them to be referred to as "Red Indians" by the first Europeans to Newfoundland. The Beothuk may have also used yellow ochre to colour their hair. It was also used by the 1606: 1970:

Karmous, Tijani; Ayed, Naceur; Fantar, Mohammed H.; Wouters, Jan (1996). "Analysis of Punic natural dyes: purple earth from Zembra and cosmetic make-up from Carthage (Carthago, Tunisia)".

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from its coating of red ochre has been dated to around 33,000 years before present. Paintings of animals made with red and yellow ochre pigments have been found in paleolithic sites at

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of New Zealand were found to be making extensive use of mineral ochre mixed with fish oil. Ochre was the predominant colouring agent used by Maori, and was used to paint their large

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As noted above, the industrial process for making ochre pigment was developed by the French scientist Jean-Étienne Astier in the 1780s, using the ochre mines and quarries in

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use a mix of ochre and animal fat for body decoration, to achieve a reddish skin colour. The ochre mixture is also applied to their hair after braiding. Men and women of the

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is a rare variant identical to red ochre chemically but of a different hue caused by different light diffraction properties associated with a greater average particle size.

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would risk having their clothes stained with the paint. This prevented them from wearing these clothes in public again, as failure to attend the Assembly incurred a fine.

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Bowler JM, Johnston H, Olley JM, Prescott JR, Roberts RG, Shawcross W, Spooner NA (2003). "New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia".

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Bowler JM, Johnston H, Olley JM, Prescott JR, Roberts RG, Shawcross W, Spooner NA (2003). "New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia".

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ochre and 45% cooked liquid bitumen to create a mouldable putty that hardened into handles. Earlier excavations at Le Moustier prevent conclusive identification of the

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Evidence of ochre's use in Australia is more recent, dated to 50,000 years ago, while new research has uncovered evidence in Asia that is dated to 40,000 years ago.

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Archaeology and fertility cult in the ancient Mediterranean: papers presented at the First International Conference on Archaeology of the Ancient Mediterranean

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Ancient carpenters' tools illustrated and explained, together with the implements of the lumberman, joiner, and cabinet-maker in use in the eighteenth century

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is located. It was carefully regulated, expensive and marked by a special seal, and this colour was called sealed Sinope. Later the Latin and Italian name

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Ochre is a family of earth pigments, which includes yellow ochre, red ochre, purple ochre, sienna, and umber. The major ingredient of all the ochres is

1240:. Red ochre paint was sometimes prepared months in advance and allowed to sit, and the smell of ochre paint being prepared is still remembered today. 756: 3108: 1054:

This ochre was mined by Aboriginal people in pits and quarries across Australia; there are over 400 recorded sites, and many of these (including the

532: 3688: 1043:, burial sites have been excavated and burial materials, including ochre-painted bones, have been dated to the arrival of people in Australia; " 2833: 2619: 2525: 1820:

Mcbrearty, Sally; Brooks, Alison S. (2000-11-01). "The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior".

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Burnt and raw sienna. When limonite is roasted, it turns partially to the more reddish hematite and becomes red ochre or burnt sienna.

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The Emergence of Habitual Ochre Use in Africa and its Significance for The Development of Ritual Behavior During The Middle Stone Age

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The industrial process for making ochre pigment was developed by the French scientist Jean-Étienne Astier in the 1780s. He was from

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The dry ingredient, ochre, was mixed with some type of liquid raw material to create a rough paint. The liquid material was usually

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Helwig, K. Iron Oxide Pigments, in Artists’ Pigments, Berrie, B.H., Ed., National Gallery of Art Washington, 2007, pp. 38–109.

1165: 1059: 4049: 2641: 2470: 59: 4486: 1035:, mortuary practices, cave painting, bark painting and other artwork, and the preservation of animal skins, among other uses. At 2588: 2663: 2170: 2930: 2769: 2758: 2693: 2132: 2059: 1784: 1184: 2704: 1912:

Baraldi, Cecilia; Tori, Maria Pamela; Van Elslande, Elsa; Walter, Phillipe; Gamberini, Maria Cristina (December 23, 2019).

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Red ochre in Ancient Egypt was used as a rouge, or lip gloss for women. Ochre-coloured lines were also discovered on the

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Dapschauskas, R., Göden, M. B, Sommer, C. and Kandel, A. W., 2022. The Emergence of Habitual Ochre Use in Africa and its

1914:"Phoenicians Preferred Red Pigments: Chemical Compositions of Make-Up Powders Found in Archaeological Sites from Sicily" 2025: 1998: 1385:

Ochre from Vaucluse was an important French export until the mid-20th century, when major markets were lost due to the

2739: 2368: 1796: 227: 2251: 2049: 639:, between 60,000 and 35,000 years before present. It is the earliest evidence of compound adhesive use in Europe. 5106:

A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.

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A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.

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A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.

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A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.

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A broad range of colours can be created with naturally-occurring or human-blended mixtures of these minerals.

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Daniel V. Thompson (1956), The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting, Dover Publications, New York.

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Watts, I. 2002. Ochre in the Middle Stone Age of southern Africa: Ritualised display or hide preservative?

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as evidenced by its discovery in the graves of over 100 individuals during an archaeological excavation at

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regions, and occur in many archaeological sites. The practice of ochre painting has been prevalent among

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area one man maintained that seal oil mixed with the ochre gave the sails a purer red colour, while

1047:" (LM3) was buried sprinkled with red ochre at least 30,000 BP, and possibly as early as 60,000 BP. 858:. In tomb paintings, men were always shown with brown faces, women with yellow ochre or gold faces. 5123: 2887: 1454: 679: 333:, which gives them a yellow colour. A range of other minerals may also be included in the mixture: 3861: 3821: 3732: 2830: 2818: 2611: 2536: 4525: 3678: 3604: 3044: 2823: 2322:

Dieffenbach cited in Wells, B., 1878. The history of Taranaki. Edmondson and Avery, New Plymouth.

1913: 1209: 937: 650:" (LM3) in Australia was buried sprinkled with red ochre around 40,000 years ago. In Wales, the 4148: 3737: 3599: 3594: 3569: 5138: 4472: 4311: 4286: 3915: 3777: 3762: 2813: 2396: 1425: 1418: 1406: 1027: 1000: 628: 236: 31: 4609: 4550: 3459: 3360: 698: 309:

The word ochre also describes clays coloured with iron oxide derived during the extraction of

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Watts, I. 1999. The origin of symbolic culture. In R. Dunbar, C. Knight and C. Power (eds),

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Red ochre has been used as a colouring agent in Africa for over 200,000 years. Women of the

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and age, but the European Mousterian style of these tools suggests they are associated with

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Wreschner, Ernst E. (October 1980) "Red Ochre and Human Evolution: A Case for Discussion."

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David Bomford and Ashoka Roy (2009), A Closer Look- Colour, The National Gallery, London,

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Hematite is a more reddish variety of iron oxide, and is the main ingredient of red ochre.

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pigments contain a larger proportion of manganese (5-20%), which makes them a dark brown.

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Pieces of ochre engraved with abstract designs have been found at the site of the

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Significance for the Development of Ritual Behavior During the Middle Stone Age.

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Giulia Battiti Sorlini, "The Megalithic Temples of Malta", Por Anthony Bonanno,

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contained manganese, making it a darker reddish brown called terra di siena, or

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In early modern Malta, red ochre paint was commonly used on public buildings.

854:, which made a brilliant colour, but was highly toxic, since it was made with 5117: 4629: 4495: 4400: 4296: 4281: 4276: 4222: 4202: 4064: 4044: 4019: 3910: 3851: 3816: 3653: 3648: 3574: 3469: 3439: 3380: 3276: 3197: 3138: 3039: 3019: 2940: 2862: 2786: 2118: 1925: 1683: 1320: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1229: 1188: 976: 964: 877: 847: 839: 823: 735: 441: 3029: 2699:

Philip Ball, Histoire vivante des couleurs (2001), Hazan Publishers, Paris,

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was called, a contingent of public slaves would sweep the open space of the

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containing iron hydroxide, is the main ingredient of all the ochre pigments.

37:"Red ocher" redirects here. For the indigenous people of North America, see 5061: 4977: 4942: 4316: 4301: 4271: 4232: 4192: 4143: 4133: 4113: 3846: 3683: 3355: 3271: 3222: 3128: 2960: 2381: 2224: 1841: 1833: 1749: 1517: 1449: 1364: 1360: 1348: 1225: 902: 815: 804: 763: 643: 570:

Three shades of ochre; naturally-occurring ochre is often a mix of minerals

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Traces of an Ancient Human Culture From 40,000 Years Ago Unearthedin China

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has a large collection of ochre samples from many sites across Australia.

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Fuller, Carl; "Natural Colored Iron Oxide Pigments", pp. 281–6. In:

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described the uses of ochre pigments in his famous treatise on painting.

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ago, the climax of the practice coinciding broadly with the emergence of

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have been an important source of ochre pigment since the 18th century.

5056: 4530: 3609: 2751:: a New English Translation and Commentary with Italian Transcription 2513:: a New English Translation and Commentary with Italian transcription 2449:"Prehistoric ochre mining operation found in submerged Mexican caves" 1584: 1140: 1044: 1032: 960: 647: 336: 266: 249: 193: 141: 2150:"Wiradjuri artist's painting depicts journey of healing at hospital" 1176:

complex refers to a specific archaeological period in the Woodlands

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This article is about a colour and its pigment. For other uses, see

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Ochre was the most commonly used pigment for painting walls in the

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National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands

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Ochre pigments are plentiful across Australia, especially the

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production whereby the accused apprentice was taught to soak

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Raw umber; the higher manganese oxide content makes it darker

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Krivovichev V. G. Mineralogical glossary. Scientific editor

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A reddleman named Diggory Venn was prominently described in

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in Kenya and Tanzania have also used ochre in the same way.

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was given to wide range of dark red ochre pigments. Roman

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were said to paint themselves "Iron Red" according to the

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stone tools that were attached to grips made of ochre and

4861: 1340: 1332: 1213: 310: 149: 111: 84: 1969: 298:, or dehydrated iron oxide, has a reddish tint known as 2612:"Flag of the Northern Territory | Australian flag" 959:, the finest red ochre came from a Greek colony on the 2469:

Jarvis, Dale Gilbert; Barrett, Terra M. (March 2019).

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near Naples was a salmon pink, while the pigment from

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Provincial Archaeology Office 2008 Archaeology Review

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outbuildings and work buildings associated with the

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in South Africa, dated to around 75,000 years ago. "

587: 2484:. Heritage Foundation of Newfoundland and Labrador. 2273: 2271: 611:A re-examination of artifacts uncovered in 1908 at 210: 2335:. Fisheriesheritage.ca. 2006-09-24. Archived from 1672:Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 113-46. 1417:, while (yellow) ochre appears in the arms of the 901:Yellow ochre was often used for wall paintings in 726:. Frequent references in Irish myth to "red men" ( 2731::631–644. (Comments by various authors included.) 2496:The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting 2051:The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting 1774:, University of Malta, 2–5 September 1985, p.145. 1208:, red ochre was the pigment of choice for use in 872:, marking work sites. Ochre clays were also used 454:(less than 5%), which makes it darker than ochre. 5115: 2268: 782:Image of a human hand created with red ochre in 1819: 876:in Ancient Egypt: such use is described in the 2464: 2462: 2427:, Megalithic Portal, editor A. Burnham (2008)" 2360:The Beothuk of Newfoundland: A Vanished People 1791:(Pbk. ed.). London: Phoenix. p. 38. 1396: 703:The Art of Prehistoric Man in Western Europe. 440:), is a partly hydrated iron oxide. Simiarly, 4480: 3989: 3534: 2895: 2468: 2303:"Ochre samples, National Museum of Australia" 1783: 599:Blombos Cave § Ochre processing workshop 450:contains both limonite and a small amount of 2853:Use of ochres in traditional Aboriginal art. 2589:"Armoria academica - University of Transkei" 1713: 1256:would give a "foxy" colour, browner in hue. 623:. The grips were formulated with 55% ground 420:, takes its reddish colour from the mineral 2459: 2246: 2244: 2242: 1628:R. A. Lidin, L. L. Andreeva, V. A. Molochko 1147: 687:consist of ochre. One can imagine that the 4487: 4473: 3996: 3982: 3541: 3527: 2902: 2888: 1900:Ancient Egypt: The Kingdom of the Pharaohs 1684:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10963-022-09170-2 1156:its use is most often associated with the 892: 662:in France (ca. 25,000 years old), and the 2096:. Aboriginalartonline.com. Archived from 1933: 1789:Ideas : a history from fire to Freud 1638: 1636: 1199: 1168:. Its use was widespread at times in the 2721:, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1980. 2421:The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map. 2356: 2239: 2047: 1172:cultural area of Canada and the US; the 1113:; which refers to white/yellow ochre as 1060:Tjoritja / West MacDonnell National Park 994: 896: 838:Ochre paintings in the Tomb of Nakht in 833: 799: 335: 192: 2684:Isabelle Roelofs and Fabien Petillion, 2656:"Anangu traditional owners (Australia)" 2586: 2394: 2147: 2117: 1878:"Pigments through the Ages - Antiquity" 1642: 615:rock shelters in France has identified 14: 5116: 2446: 2013: 1988: 1633: 1401:Ochre, both red and yellow, appear as 27:Earth pigment of characteristic colour 4468: 3977: 3522: 2883: 2794:South African Archaeological Bulletin 2173:. Personal.une.edu.au. Archived from 2076:"The Roman Triumph | David Frum" 1875: 1443: 880:from Egypt, dating to about 1550 BC. 4003: 3548: 2638:Taungurung Land & Waters Council 1232:in Newfoundland and Labrador, while 883: 692:ochre on which some of them lived... 2909: 2054:. Courier Corporation. p. 98. 1864:The Place of Stunted Ironwood Trees 1599: 1572:The Random House College Dictionary 1090:; which calls red and yellow ochre 742:being particularly abundant in the 705:London: Thames & Hudson, p. 40. 24: 2666:from the original on Feb 17, 2023. 2535:. 28 December 2012. Archived from 2395:Gilbert, William (February 2009). 2048:Thompson, Daniel V. (2012-05-11). 1888:from the original on Dec 15, 2023. 1424:Ochre is also used as a symbol of 1069:There are many words for ochre in 999:Multicoloured ochre rocks used in 25: 5160: 4494: 2800: 2686:La couleur expliquée aux artistes 2644:from the original on Dec 2, 2023. 2622:from the original on Jul 9, 2023. 2609: 2017:Shepherds' Huts & Living Vans 1645:La couleur expliquée aux artistes 1621: 1560:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 1299: 1080:; which refers to white ochre as 1073:throughout Australia, including: 588:Historical use in art and culture 320: 2124:Archaeology of Ancient Australia 1562:(2002), Oxford University Press. 829: 775: 755: 575: 563: 543: 531: 519: 507: 495: 479: 206: 58: 2648: 2626: 2603: 2580: 2559: 2546: 2518: 2501: 2488: 2440: 2414: 2388: 2363:. Breakwater Books. p. 5. 2350: 2325: 2316: 2295: 2188: 2163: 2141: 2111: 2086: 2068: 2041: 2020:. Amberley Publishing Limited. 2007: 1982: 1972:Dyes in History and Archaeology 1963: 1905: 1892: 1869: 1856: 1813: 1777: 1764: 1703: 1688: 1675: 1071:Australian Aboriginal languages 928:: "red-haired" or "ruddy"). In 920:, red ochre was called μίλτος, 762:Image of a horse coloured with 64: Color coordinates 2148:Rurenga, Declan (2017-08-09). 1662: 1612: 1577: 1565: 1553: 1535: 1430:Flag of the Northern Territory 1262: 1129: 865:at the northern region of the 13: 1: 2688:, Editions Eyrolles, (2012), 2567:"South Africa – Coat of Arms" 2478:Heritage NL Fieldnotes Series 1700:, Live Science, March 3, 2022 1523: 1236:recipes sometimes called for 1177: 667: 592: 2859:Collection of ochre samples. 2857:National Museum of Australia 2447:Dunham, Will (3 July 2020). 1547:American Heritage Dictionary 1528: 1413:, adopted in 2000, includes 1374:, Rustrel, or Gargas in the 1064:National Museum of Australia 990: 7: 2784:Journal of World Prehistory 2753:, Archetype, London, 2015, 2634:"Taungurung Sovereign Flag" 2357:Marshall, Ingeborg (1989). 2333:"Red ochre in Newfoundland" 1862:Crandall, David P. (2000). 1461: 1397:In heraldry and vexillology 914:ancient Mediterranean world 809:a traditional ochre pigment 10: 5165: 2674: 2127:. Routledge. p. 125. 1822:Journal of Human Evolution 1643:Roelofs, Isabelle (2012). 1592:Collier's New Encyclopedia 1508:List of inorganic pigments 1478:Female cosmetic coalitions 1363:to give the appearance of 596: 472:Colour Index International 259: 242: 36: 29: 5104: 4504: 4455: 4013: 3964: 3558: 3509: 2919: 2808:Pigments through the ages 2556:, 5 February 1894; pg. 14 2256:Bangarra Knowledge Ground 1989:Mercer, Henry C. (2000). 1670:The Evolution of Culture. 1283:The 15th-century painter 963:where the modern city of 795: 673:–15,000 BC). The cave of 327:iron(III) oxide-hydroxide 182: 172: 162: 132: 105: 78: 68: 56: 51: 46: 2593:geocities.com/wapenskild 2283:www.macdonnellranges.com 1926:10.1177/0003702819895313 1455:The Return of the Native 1432:and on the flags of the 1148:Indigenous North America 1100:; which calls red ochre 1062:) are still in use. The 2515:, Archetype 2015, p. 71 2252:"Ochre is of the earth" 2152:. Central Western Daily 1876:Douma, Michael (2008). 1452:'s 1878 novel entitled 893:Ancient Greece and Rome 701:Leroi-Gourhan, A. 1968. 376:(limonite) also called 302:(or, in some dialects, 186:: Normalized to (byte) 2014:Morris, David (2013). 1951:Cite journal requires 1902:. Parragon Inc. p. 62. 1834:10.1006/jhev.2000.0435 1618:CRC Handbook, any year 1595:. Vol. VII. 1921. 1426:Indigenous Australians 1419:University of Transkei 1407:South African heraldry 1294: 1200:Colonial North America 1125:(when used in ritual). 1028:Aboriginal Australians 1011: 1003:ceremony and artwork. 909: 843: 811: 712: 629:archaeological culture 514:Pure manganese dioxide 345: 198: 32:Ochre (disambiguation) 4536:Bright pink (Crayola) 2844:Aboriginal Art Online 2719:Colors From the Earth 1468:Banded Iron Formation 1428:, and appears on the 1411:national coat of arms 1323:, ochre was mined at 1289: 998: 940:with ropes dipped in 900: 837: 803: 684: 339: 196: 4376:Stil de grain yellow 2840:for red ochre paint. 2726:Current Anthropology 2494:Daniel V. Thompson, 1898:Hamilton R. (2007). 1513:Red Lady of Paviland 1183:–400 BC. California 656:Red Lady of Paviland 552:Roussillon, Vaucluse 5144:Iron oxide pigments 5037:Syracuse red-orange 4526:Bittersweet shimmer 3664:Desert sand (color) 2717:Thomas, Anne Wall. 2423:"C. Michael Hogan, 2217:10.1038/nature01383 2209:2003Natur.421..837B 1742:10.1038/nature01383 1734:2003Natur.421..837B 1694:Lanese, Nicoletta, 1647:. Groupe Eyrolles. 1007:, Namatjira Drive, 957:Classical antiquity 807:woman covered with 744:midlands of Ireland 174:ISCC–NBS descriptor 3689:Golden Gate Bridge 3669:Engineering orange 2849:2011-04-22 at the 2836:2004-12-08 at the 2749:Il Libro dell'Arte 2747:Cennino Cennini's 2660:Flags of the World 2526:"Auberge D'Aragon" 2511:Il Libro dell'Arte 2509:Cennino Cennini's 2429:. Megalithic.co.uk 1444:In popular culture 1387:Russian Revolution 1098:Wiradjuri language 1012: 1009:Northern Territory 910: 863:Unfinished obelisk 844: 842:(15th century BC). 812: 654:burial called the 637:Middle Paleolithic 550:The clay hills of 346: 287:clay earth pigment 199: 5111: 5110: 5099: 5098: 4462: 4461: 4450: 4449: 4366:School bus yellow 3971: 3970: 3959: 3958: 3659:Dark orange (web) 3610:Champagne (color) 3516: 3515: 3504: 3503: 2770:978-1-85709-442-8 2759:978-1-909492-28-8 2694:978-2-212-13486-5 2425:Los Osos Back Bay 2134:978-1-134-30440-0 2061:978-0-486-14203-6 1391:Spanish Civil War 1367:for the filling. 1170:Eastern Woodlands 884:Ancient Phoenicia 766:(17,300 BC) from 191: 190: 167:colorxs.com/color 16:(Redirected from 5156: 5134:Shades of yellow 5129:Shades of orange 4610:Chocolate cosmos 4551:Cantaloupe melon 4507: 4506: 4498: 4489: 4482: 4475: 4466: 4465: 4371:Selective yellow 4016: 4015: 4007: 4006:Shades of yellow 3998: 3991: 3984: 3975: 3974: 3837:Princeton orange 3758:Orange (Pantone) 3753:Orange (Crayola) 3585:Atomic tangerine 3565:Aerospace orange 3561: 3560: 3552: 3551:Shades of orange 3543: 3536: 3529: 3520: 3519: 3371:Satin sheen gold 2922: 2921: 2913: 2904: 2897: 2890: 2881: 2880: 2712:Pigment Handbook 2705:978-2-754105-033 2668: 2667: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2640:. May 14, 2021. 2630: 2624: 2623: 2610:Smith, Whitney. 2607: 2601: 2600: 2599:on June 3, 2004. 2595:. Archived from 2584: 2578: 2577: 2575: 2574: 2563: 2557: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2542:on 3 March 2016. 2541: 2530: 2522: 2516: 2505: 2499: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2475: 2466: 2457: 2456: 2444: 2438: 2437: 2435: 2434: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2401: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2379: 2377: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2345: 2344: 2329: 2323: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2311: 2310: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2289: 2275: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2262: 2248: 2237: 2236: 2203:(6295): 837–40. 2192: 2186: 2185: 2183: 2182: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2157: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2105: 2100:on 22 April 2011 2090: 2084: 2083: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2011: 2005: 2004: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1954: 1949: 1947: 1939: 1937: 1909: 1903: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1873: 1867: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1817: 1811: 1810: 1781: 1775: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1728:(6925): 837–40. 1717: 1711: 1707: 1701: 1692: 1686: 1679: 1673: 1666: 1660: 1658: 1654:978-2-212-134865 1640: 1631: 1625: 1619: 1616: 1610: 1603: 1597: 1596: 1588: 1581: 1575: 1569: 1563: 1557: 1551: 1550: 1539: 1185:Native Americans 1182: 1179: 1174:Red Ocher people 1162:Maritime Archaic 1088:Noongar language 818:ethnic group in 790:era, 25,000 BC). 779: 759: 710: 709: 672: 669: 664:cave of Altamira 635:during the late 579: 567: 547: 535: 523: 511: 499: 483: 419: 417: 416: 404: 403: 395: 394: 368: 366: 365: 283:American English 270: 263: 253: 246: 231: 226: 225: 222: 221: 218: 215: 212: 158: 153: 128: 123: 101: 96: 63: 62: 44: 43: 39:Red Ocher people 21: 5164: 5163: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5124:Shades of brown 5114: 5113: 5112: 5107: 5100: 4873: 4699:Fire engine red 4546:Candy apple red 4511:Amaranth purple 4500: 4496: 4493: 4463: 4458: 4451: 4149:Gold (metallic) 4009: 4005: 4002: 3972: 3967: 3960: 3832:Portland orange 3554: 3550: 3547: 3517: 3512: 3505: 3139:Drab dark brown 2915: 2912:Shades of brown 2911: 2908: 2851:Wayback Machine 2838:Wayback Machine 2803: 2775: 2677: 2672: 2671: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2608: 2604: 2585: 2581: 2572: 2570: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2551: 2547: 2539: 2528: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2506: 2502: 2493: 2489: 2473: 2467: 2460: 2445: 2441: 2432: 2430: 2419: 2415: 2399: 2393: 2389: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2355: 2351: 2342: 2340: 2331: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2317: 2308: 2306: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2287: 2285: 2277: 2276: 2269: 2260: 2258: 2250: 2249: 2240: 2193: 2189: 2180: 2178: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2155: 2153: 2146: 2142: 2135: 2116: 2112: 2103: 2101: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2062: 2046: 2042: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2012: 2008: 2001: 1987: 1983: 1968: 1964: 1952: 1950: 1941: 1940: 1910: 1906: 1897: 1893: 1874: 1870: 1861: 1857: 1818: 1814: 1799: 1782: 1778: 1769: 1765: 1718: 1714: 1708: 1704: 1693: 1689: 1680: 1676: 1667: 1663: 1655: 1641: 1634: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1604: 1600: 1583: 1582: 1578: 1570: 1566: 1558: 1554: 1541: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1498:Iron(III) oxide 1464: 1446: 1399: 1345:food adulterant 1302: 1285:Cennino Cennini 1265: 1259: 1202: 1180: 1150: 1132: 1111:Yawuru language 1078:Yolŋu languages 1041:New South Wales 993: 987: 895: 886: 832: 798: 791: 780: 771: 760: 711: 697: 696: 670: 601: 595: 590: 583: 580: 571: 568: 559: 548: 539: 536: 527: 524: 515: 512: 503: 500: 491: 484: 452:manganese oxide 436:also FeO(OH), ( 415: 412: 411: 410: 402: 399: 398: 397: 393: 390: 389: 388: 386: 364: 361: 360: 359: 353: 323: 289:, a mixture of 285:, is a natural 273: 'pale'), 229: 209: 205: 187: 156: 138: 133: 127:(30°, 83%, 80%) 126: 106: 99: 79: 57: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5162: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5109: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5042:Tea rose (red) 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5013: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4897: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4811: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4727: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4492: 4491: 4484: 4477: 4469: 4460: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4236: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4124:Dark goldenrod 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4068: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4030:Arylide yellow 4027: 4022: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4001: 4000: 3993: 3986: 3978: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3934: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3864: 3862:Spanish orange 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3822:Persian orange 3819: 3813: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3781: 3780: 3775: 3773:Orange (wheel) 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3733:Hunyadi yellow 3729: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3613: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3546: 3545: 3538: 3531: 3523: 3514: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3473: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3394: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3310: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3226: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3058: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3006: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2907: 2906: 2899: 2892: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2875:Earth Pigments 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2841: 2828: 2827: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2802: 2801:External links 2799: 2798: 2797: 2780: 2779: 2774: 2773: 2762: 2745:Lara Broecke, 2743: 2732: 2722: 2715: 2708: 2697: 2682: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2662:. 2016-02-27. 2647: 2625: 2602: 2579: 2569:. Crwflags.com 2558: 2545: 2517: 2507:Lara Broecke, 2500: 2487: 2458: 2439: 2413: 2387: 2369: 2349: 2324: 2315: 2294: 2267: 2238: 2187: 2171:"Lake Mungo 3" 2162: 2140: 2133: 2121:(2007-12-12). 2119:Hiscock, Peter 2110: 2085: 2067: 2060: 2040: 2027:978-1445621418 2026: 2006: 2000:978-0486320212 1999: 1981: 1962: 1953:|journal= 1920:(3): 295–304. 1904: 1891: 1868: 1855: 1828:(5): 453–563. 1812: 1797: 1776: 1763: 1712: 1702: 1687: 1674: 1661: 1653: 1632: 1620: 1611: 1598: 1576: 1564: 1552: 1533: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1503:List of colors 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1463: 1460: 1445: 1442: 1398: 1395: 1378:department of 1355:in red ochre, 1312:department of 1301: 1300:Modern history 1298: 1264: 1261: 1201: 1198: 1149: 1146: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1108: 1095: 1085: 1033:sun protection 1016:Western Desert 992: 989: 930:ancient Athens 918:Ancient Greece 894: 891: 885: 882: 831: 828: 797: 794: 793: 792: 786:cave, France ( 781: 774: 772: 761: 754: 694: 594: 591: 589: 586: 585: 584: 581: 574: 572: 569: 562: 560: 549: 542: 540: 537: 530: 528: 525: 518: 516: 513: 506: 504: 501: 494: 492: 485: 478: 462: 461: 455: 445: 431: 425: 413: 400: 391: 380: 374:iron hydroxide 362: 340:Yellow ochre ( 322: 321:Earth pigments 319: 189: 188: 180: 179: 176: 170: 169: 164: 160: 159: 154: 136: 130: 129: 124: 103: 102: 100:(204, 119, 34) 97: 76: 75: 72: 66: 65: 54: 53: 49: 48: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5161: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5139:Shades of red 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5103: 5094: 5091: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4895: 4894:Red (Pantone) 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4884:Red (Munsell) 4882: 4880: 4879:Red (Crayola) 4877: 4875: 4874:(pigment red) 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4793:Off-red (RGB) 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4497:Shades of red 4490: 4485: 4483: 4478: 4476: 4471: 4470: 4467: 4454: 4445: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4297:Naples yellow 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4282:Mikado yellow 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4223:Lemon chiffon 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4066: 4065:Chrome yellow 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4012: 4008: 3999: 3994: 3992: 3987: 3985: 3980: 3979: 3976: 3963: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3852:Safety orange 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3679:Giants orange 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3649:Chrome Orange 3647: 3646: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3605:Carrot orange 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3544: 3539: 3537: 3532: 3530: 3525: 3524: 3521: 3508: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3045:Caput mortuum 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3007: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2905: 2900: 2898: 2893: 2891: 2886: 2885: 2882: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2811: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2804: 2795: 2791: 2790: 2789: 2788: 2785: 2777: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2741: 2740:0-486-20327-1 2737: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2723: 2720: 2716: 2713: 2709: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2680: 2679: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2651: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2587:Mike Oettle. 2583: 2568: 2562: 2555: 2549: 2538: 2534: 2527: 2521: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2497: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2472: 2465: 2463: 2454: 2450: 2443: 2428: 2426: 2417: 2409: 2405: 2398: 2391: 2383: 2372: 2370:9780920911181 2366: 2362: 2361: 2353: 2339:on 2016-08-22 2338: 2334: 2328: 2319: 2304: 2298: 2284: 2280: 2274: 2272: 2257: 2253: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2191: 2177:on 2014-01-26 2176: 2172: 2166: 2151: 2144: 2136: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2120: 2114: 2099: 2095: 2089: 2081: 2080:davidfrum.com 2077: 2071: 2063: 2057: 2053: 2052: 2044: 2029: 2023: 2019: 2018: 2010: 2002: 1996: 1992: 1985: 1977: 1973: 1966: 1958: 1945: 1936: 1935:11380/1202446 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1908: 1901: 1895: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1872: 1865: 1859: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1816: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1798:0-7538-2089-7 1794: 1790: 1786: 1785:Watson, Peter 1780: 1773: 1767: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1716: 1706: 1699: 1698: 1691: 1685: 1678: 1671: 1665: 1656: 1650: 1646: 1639: 1637: 1629: 1624: 1615: 1608: 1602: 1594: 1593: 1587: 1586:"Ochre" 1580: 1573: 1568: 1561: 1556: 1548: 1544: 1538: 1534: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1459: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1254:cod liver oil 1251: 1250:Bonavista Bay 1248:red". In the 1247: 1246:fishing stage 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1230:cod liver oil 1227: 1222: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1166:Port au Choix 1163: 1159: 1155: 1145: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1039:, in Western 1038: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1010: 1006: 1002: 997: 988: 985: 983: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 953: 949: 947: 946:Assembly area 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 907: 904: 903:Ancient Roman 899: 890: 881: 879: 878:Ebers Papyrus 875: 871: 868: 864: 859: 857: 853: 849: 848:Ancient Egypt 841: 840:Ancient Egypt 836: 830:Ancient Egypt 827: 825: 824:Maasai people 821: 817: 810: 806: 802: 789: 785: 778: 773: 770:cave, France. 769: 765: 758: 753: 752: 751: 747: 745: 741: 737: 736:British Isles 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 708: 707: 704: 700: 693: 690: 683: 681: 680:Great Goddess 676: 671: 16,500 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 640: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 609: 607: 606:Homo sapiens. 600: 578: 573: 566: 561: 557: 553: 546: 541: 534: 529: 522: 517: 510: 505: 498: 493: 489: 482: 477: 476: 475: 473: 468: 459: 456: 453: 449: 446: 443: 442:lepidocrocite 439: 435: 434:Brown ochre, 432: 429: 426: 423: 408: 384: 381: 379: 375: 372: 357: 351: 348: 347: 343: 338: 334: 332: 328: 318: 316: 312: 307: 305: 301: 297: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 269: 262: 258: 255: 252: 245: 241: 238: 237:Ancient Greek 234: 233: 224: 203: 197:Ochre pigment 195: 185: 181: 177: 175: 171: 168: 165: 161: 157:(58, 87, 37°) 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 131: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 104: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 77: 73: 71: 67: 61: 55: 50: 45: 40: 33: 19: 4714:Imperial red 4317:Peach-yellow 4302:Navajo white 4233:Light yellow 4193:Harvest gold 4114:Cosmic latte 3768:Orange (web) 3738:Light orange 3600:Butterscotch 3595:Burnt orange 3570:Alloy orange 3460:Walnut brown 3291: 3223:Harvest gold 3213:Golden brown 3183:Earth yellow 3030:Burnt sienna 2863:Yellow ochre 2819:Yellow ochre 2807: 2793: 2783: 2781: 2750: 2746: 2728: 2725: 2718: 2711: 2685: 2659: 2650: 2637: 2628: 2615: 2605: 2597:the original 2592: 2582: 2571:. Retrieved 2561: 2553: 2548: 2537:the original 2532: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2495: 2490: 2481: 2477: 2452: 2442: 2431:. Retrieved 2424: 2416: 2407: 2403: 2390: 2382:Google Books 2380:– via 2374:. Retrieved 2359: 2352: 2341:. Retrieved 2337:the original 2327: 2318: 2307:. Retrieved 2305:. Nma.gov.au 2297: 2286:. Retrieved 2282: 2259:. Retrieved 2255: 2200: 2196: 2190: 2179:. Retrieved 2175:the original 2165: 2154:. Retrieved 2143: 2123: 2113: 2102:. Retrieved 2098:the original 2088: 2079: 2070: 2050: 2043: 2031:. Retrieved 2016: 2009: 1990: 1984: 1975: 1971: 1965: 1944:cite journal 1917: 1907: 1899: 1894: 1881: 1871: 1863: 1858: 1825: 1821: 1815: 1788: 1779: 1771: 1766: 1725: 1721: 1715: 1705: 1695: 1690: 1677: 1669: 1664: 1644: 1627: 1623: 1614: 1607:A. G. Bulakh 1601: 1590: 1579: 1571: 1567: 1559: 1555: 1542: 1537: 1518:Red pigments 1453: 1450:Thomas Hardy 1447: 1423: 1414: 1400: 1384: 1369: 1365:beef sausage 1349:sausage roll 1318: 1303: 1295: 1290: 1282: 1266: 1258: 1242: 1234:Scandinavian 1223: 1206:Newfoundland 1203: 1187:such as the 1154:Newfoundland 1151: 1139: 1136:Māori people 1133: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1105: 1101: 1091: 1081: 1068: 1053: 1049: 1013: 986: 977:triumphators 954: 950: 941: 921: 911: 887: 870:Stone Quarry 860: 845: 813: 764:yellow ochre 748: 714:The Ancient 713: 706: 702: 699: 689:Aurignacians 685: 644:Blombos Cave 641: 633:Neanderthals 610: 605: 602: 486:Limonite, a 463: 433: 428:Purple ochre 427: 406: 382: 377: 355: 350:Yellow ochre 349: 341: 324: 308: 303: 299: 291:ferric oxide 278: 274: 267: 264: 257: 250: 247: 240: 201: 200: 183: 5027:Salmon pink 4847:Persian red 4763:Light coral 4640:Cornell red 4521:Bittersweet 4312:Papaya whip 3916:Tiger’s Eye 3778:Papaya whip 3763:Orange peel 3366:Sandy brown 3134:Desert sand 3109:Cocoa Brown 3035:Burnt umber 3015:Brown sugar 2956:Black olive 2871:, Colourlex 2865:, Colourlex 2824:Brown ochre 2552:The Times, 2033:24 November 1882:WebExhibits 1483:Attic ochre 1353:brown bread 1263:Renaissance 1238:linseed oil 1181: 1000 1130:New Zealand 1024:Arnhem Land 874:medicinally 652:paleolithic 613:Le Moustier 378:gold ochre. 329:, known as 256:, from 235:; from 178:Deep orange 74:#CC7722 70:Hex triplet 5118:Categories 5052:Turkey red 4973:Rosy brown 4958:Rose taupe 4948:Rose ebony 4872:Red (CMYK) 4803:OU crimson 4788:Misty rose 4719:Indian red 4694:Fire brick 4630:Coral pink 4625:Coquelicot 4228:Lemon-lime 4060:Chartreuse 3921:Titian Red 3445:Titian Red 3376:Seal brown 3203:Field drab 2951:Black bean 2796:57: 15–30. 2616:Britannica 2573:2009-04-16 2433:2012-12-27 2343:2012-12-27 2309:2012-12-27 2288:2024-05-23 2261:2024-05-23 2181:2012-12-27 2156:2018-05-13 2104:2012-12-27 1710:1278-1280. 1524:References 1493:Lead ochre 1488:Iron ochre 1434:Taungurung 1372:Roussillon 1306:Roussillon 1210:vernacular 1123:duguldugul 1056:Ochre Pits 1037:Lake Mungo 1005:Ochre Pits 1001:Aboriginal 908:and towns. 788:Gravettian 784:Pech Merle 722:historian 666:in Spain ( 660:Pech Merle 617:Mousterian 597:See also: 593:Prehistory 488:mineraloid 275:iron ochre 5149:Iron ores 5057:Vermilion 5017:Rusty red 4963:Rose vale 4889:Red (NCS) 4867:Red-brown 4768:Light red 4605:Chili red 4531:Blood red 4188:Goldenrod 4055:Champagne 3926:UT orange 3906:Tangerine 3827:Persimmon 3694:Goldenrod 3302:Red-brown 3297:Raw umber 3218:Goldenrod 3099:Chocolate 3055:Chamoisee 2869:Red ochre 2814:Red Ochre 2376:24 August 1529:Citations 1415:red ochre 1403:tinctures 1141:waka taua 1117:white as 1115:gumbarri, 1045:Mungo Man 1020:Kimberley 991:Australia 961:Black Sea 926:Miltiades 648:Mungo Man 467:non-toxic 383:Red ochre 344:) pigment 342:Goldochre 300:red ochre 18:Red ochre 4968:Rosewood 4953:Rose red 4808:Penn red 4798:Old rose 4778:Mahogany 4689:Falu red 4684:Dark red 4635:Cordovan 4615:Cinnabar 4556:Cardinal 4541:Burgundy 4516:Barn red 4307:Old gold 4198:Icterine 4035:Aureolin 3931:Xanthous 3743:Mahogany 3455:Van Dyke 3282:Mahogany 3124:Cordovan 3094:Chestnut 3025:Burgundy 2847:Archived 2834:Archived 2831:A recipe 2664:Archived 2642:Archived 2620:Archived 2410:: 58–66. 2225:12594511 1886:Archived 1850:42968840 1842:11102266 1807:65468616 1787:(2006). 1750:12594511 1473:Falu red 1462:See also 1440:people. 1389:and the 1380:Provence 1376:Vaucluse 1341:oak bark 1314:Provence 1310:Vaucluse 1270:Pozzuoli 1226:seal oil 1121:and red 934:Assembly 852:orpiment 740:bog iron 724:Jordanes 695:— 625:goethite 556:Provence 474:system. 438:goethite 422:hematite 371:hydrated 354:FeO(OH)· 331:limonite 296:hematite 5032:Scarlet 4933:Redwood 4679:Crimson 4595:Carmine 4396:Vanilla 4386:Sunglow 4361:Saffron 4292:Mustard 4287:Mindaro 4213:Jonquil 4208:Jasmine 4139:Gamboge 4109:Citrine 4025:Apricot 3901:Tangelo 3857:Saffron 3842:Pumpkin 3580:Apricot 3391:Sinopia 3307:Redwood 3267:Kobicha 3208:Fulvous 3050:Caramel 2675:Sources 2498:, p. 99 2453:Reuters 2233:4365526 2205:Bibcode 1758:4365526 1730:Bibcode 1549:. 1969. 1329:England 1325:Brixham 1321:Britain 1308:in the 1280:earth. 1274:Tuscany 1219:England 1193:Chumash 1158:Beothuk 1058:in the 982:Pompeii 973:sinopia 924:(hence 856:arsenic 820:Namibia 768:Lascaux 734:of the 675:Lascaux 621:bitumen 369:, is a 5095: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5071: 5068: 5047:Tomato 5022:Salmon 5011: 5008: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4909: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4783:Maroon 4773:Madder 4757: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4724:Jasper 4709:Garnet 4673: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4620:Claret 4600:Cerise 4589: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4446: 4440:Yellow 4434: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4391:Sunset 4350: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4104:Citron 4098: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4050:Canary 3955: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3386:Sienna 3351:Russet 3346:Rufous 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3287:Maroon 3256: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3193:Fallow 3172: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3129:Coyote 3119:Copper 3114:Coffee 3104:Citron 3088: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2971:Bronze 2946:Bistre 2936:Beaver 2931:Almond 2926:Auburn 2768: 2757: 2738: 2703: 2692: 2554:Police 2367: 2231: 2223: 2197:Nature 2131: 2058: 2024: 1997: 1978:(3–8). 1848: 1840: 1805: 1795: 1756: 1748: 1722:Nature 1651: 1438:Aṉangu 1409:; the 1361:pepper 1359:, and 1337:tallow 1278:sienna 1189:Tongva 1106:gidyi. 1102:gubarr 1092:wilgee 969:Turkey 942:miltos 922:míltos 906:villas 796:Africa 728:Gaelic 720:Gothic 448:Sienna 315:copper 304:ruddle 268:ōkhrós 163:Source 135:CIELCh 52: 4857:Poppy 4704:Folly 4401:Wheat 4381:Straw 4277:Maize 4218:Khaki 4203:Ivory 4119:Cream 4040:Beige 4020:Amber 3911:Tawny 3817:Peach 3748:Melon 3674:Flame 3654:Coral 3590:Brown 3575:Amber 3470:Wheat 3465:Wenge 3450:Umber 3440:Tawny 3435:Taupe 3381:Sepia 3292:Ochre 3277:Liver 3262:Khaki 3040:Camel 3010:Brown 2941:Beige 2540:(PDF) 2529:(PDF) 2474:(PDF) 2400:(PDF) 2229:S2CID 1846:S2CID 1754:S2CID 1659:p. 30 1543:ocher 1119:larli 1082:gapan 965:Sinop 938:Agora 932:when 916:. 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