127:
77:
59:
94:
45:
31:
22:
3173:
1416:
119:
3183:
2547:
203:. While the chroma and lightness of an object are its colorfulness and brightness judged in proportion to the same thing ("the brightness of a similarly illuminated area that appears white or highly transmitting"), the saturation of the light coming from that object is in effect the chroma of the object judged in proportion to its lightness. On a
687:
The saturation of a color is determined by a combination of light intensity and how much it is distributed across the spectrum of different wavelengths. The purest (most saturated) color is achieved by using just one wavelength at a high intensity, such as in laser light. If the intensity drops, then
25:
The red stripe exhibits higher brightness and colorfulness in the light than in the shadow, but is seen as having the same object color, including the same chroma, in both areas. Because the brightness increases proportionately to the colorfulness, the stripe also exhibits similar saturation in both
221:
The naïve definition of saturation does not specify its response function. In the CIE XYZ and RGB color spaces, the saturation is defined in terms of additive color mixing, and has the property of being proportional to any scaling centered at white or the white point illuminant. However, both color
34:
7.5PB and 10BG Munsell hue pages of RGB colors, showing lines of uniform saturation (chroma in proportion to lightness) in red. Lines of uniform saturation radiate from near the black point, while lines of uniform chroma are vertical. Also compared to the 10BG colors, the 7.5PB colors attain higher
1063:
The CIE has not formally recommended this equation since CIELAB has no chromaticity diagram, and this definition therefore lacks direct connection with older concepts of saturation. Nevertheless, this equation provides a reasonable predictor of saturation, and demonstrates that adjusting the
478:
The chroma in the CIE LCh(ab) and CIE LCh(uv) coordinates has the advantage of being more psychovisually linear, yet they are non-linear in terms of linear component color mixing. And therefore, chroma in CIE 1976 Lab and LUV color spaces is very much different from the traditional sense of
1644:
149:(CIE) they respectively describe three different aspects of chromatic intensity, but the terms are often used loosely and interchangeably in contexts where these aspects are not clearly distinguished. The precise meanings of the terms vary by what other functions they are dependent on.
198:
As colorfulness, chroma, and saturation are defined as attributes of perception, they can not be physically measured as such, but they can be quantified in relation to psychometric scales intended to be perceptually even—for example, the chroma scales of the
175:
is the "colorfulness of an area judged as a proportion of the brightness of a similarly illuminated area that appears white or highly transmitting". As a result, chroma is mostly only dependent on the spectral properties, and as such is seen to describe the
877:
156:
is the "attribute of a visual perception according to which the perceived color of an area appears to be more or less chromatic (Any color that is absent of white, grey, or black)". The colorfulness evoked by an object depends not only on its spectral
194:", which in effect is the perceived freedom from whitishness of the light coming from the area. An object with a given spectral reflectance exhibits approximately constant saturation for all levels of illumination, unless the brightness is very high.
1079:
But the following verbal definition of
Manfred Richter and the corresponding formula proposed by Eva Lübbe are in agreement with the human perception of saturation: Saturation is the proportion of pure chromatic color in the total color sensation.
1059:
495:
color appearance parameter might (depending on the color appearance model) be intertwined with e.g. the physical brightness of the illumination or the characteristics of the emitting/reflecting surface, which is more sensible psychovisually.
1457:
1190:
473:
2006:
1746:
is the point on the perimeter whose line segment to the white point contains the chromaticity of the stimulus. Different color spaces, such as CIELAB or CIELUV may be used, and will yield different results.
1422:
is the relative distance from the white point. Contours of constant purity can be found by shrinking the spectral locus about the white point. The points along the line segment have the same hue, with p
398:
1407:
a very dark color can be heavily saturated in HSL; whereas in the previous definitions—as well as in the HSV color space—colors approaching white all feature low saturation.
939:
327:
1744:
1694:
1337:
927:
730:
650:
1083:
1282:
402:
2084:
1220:
1247:
677:
271:
241:(lightness, chroma, hue) representation of the LAB and LUV color spaces, also denoted as CIE LCh(ab) or CIE LCh for short, and CIE LCh(uv). The transformation of
1386:
606:
563:
520:
1363:
583:
540:
2799:
1639:{\displaystyle p_{e}={\sqrt {\frac {\left(x-x_{n}\right)^{2}+\left(y-y_{n}\right)^{2}}{\left(x_{I}-x_{n}\right)^{2}+\left(y_{I}-y_{n}\right)^{2}}}}}
226:. It is also possible — and sometimes desirable — to define a saturation-like quantity that is linearized in term of the psychovisual perception.
1430:(position of the color on the horseshoe shape in the diagram) or (as at the saturated end of the line shown in the diagram) position on the
332:
1954:
2950:
146:
207:
hue page, lines of uniform saturation thus tend to radiate from near the black point, while lines of uniform chroma are vertical.
2940:
2804:
2169:
1307:
2063:
2000:
1941:
3016:
1940:
Moroney, Nathan; Fairchild, Mark D.; Hunt, Robert W.G.; Li, Changjun; Luo, M. Ronnier; Newman, Todd (November 12, 2002).
487:
Another, psychovisually even more accurate, but also more complex method to obtain or specify the saturation is to use a
2133:
2038:
1962:
2961:
1913:
1862:
3186:
3140:
1403:. However, in the HSL color space saturation exists independently of lightness. That is, both a very light color
276:
2956:
2945:
1699:
1649:
882:
3021:
1888:
1840:
1822:
1771:
2824:
2484:
2258:
3026:
2613:
2162:
611:
2791:
2684:
2342:
3001:
2819:
2469:
2202:
1054:{\displaystyle s_{ab}={\frac {C_{ab}^{*}}{L^{*}}}={\frac {\sqrt {{a^{*}}^{2}+{b^{*}}^{2}}}{L^{*}}}}
3053:
3006:
2996:
2991:
2986:
85:
saturation increased 50%; changing HSL saturation also affects the perceived lightness of a color
1252:
3011:
488:
2125:
2030:
872:{\displaystyle s_{uv}={\frac {C_{uv}^{*}}{L^{*}}}=13{\sqrt {(u'-u'_{n})^{2}+(v'-v'_{n})^{2}}}}
145:
are attributes of perceived color relating to chromatic intensity. As defined formally by the
2935:
2690:
2234:
2155:
2409:
1195:
2908:
2591:
2579:
1803:
1451:
1225:
655:
244:
204:
200:
8:
2723:
2623:
2555:
2089:
1950:
1447:
701:
166:
1368:
588:
545:
502:
3038:
2444:
2352:
2246:
1992:
1348:
568:
525:
230:
161:
but also on the strength of the illumination, and increases with the latter unless the
1939:
1341:
This definition is inspired by experimental work done with the intention of remedying
1185:{\displaystyle S_{ab}={\frac {C_{ab}^{*}}{\sqrt {{C_{ab}^{*}}^{2}+{L^{*}}^{2}}}}100\%}
3148:
3101:
2698:
2513:
2452:
2404:
2337:
2332:
2310:
2239:
2129:
2114:
2059:
2034:
2023:
1996:
1958:
689:
76:
58:
3096:
3091:
3071:
3066:
2829:
2596:
2474:
2424:
2419:
2391:
2357:
2347:
2217:
2094:
468:{\displaystyle h_{ab}=\operatorname {atan2} \left({b^{\star }},{a^{\star }}\right)}
223:
1968:
3126:
3116:
3111:
3076:
2978:
2814:
2761:
2651:
2584:
2399:
2315:
2293:
2079:
Juan, Lu-Yin G.; Luo, Ming R. (June 2002). Robert Chung; Allan
Rodrigues (eds.).
1986:
1431:
688:
as a result the saturation drops. To desaturate a color of given intensity in a
238:
2056:
Colours in the Mind - Colour
Systems in Reality- A formula for colour saturation
2021:
Hunt, Robert
William Gainer (1993). Leslie D. Stroebel, Richard D. Zakia (ed.).
3207:
3176:
3121:
3106:
3086:
3081:
2864:
2678:
2673:
2501:
2479:
2414:
2286:
2251:
2224:
1427:
93:
44:
30:
126:
21:
3201:
3061:
2646:
2532:
2457:
2434:
2374:
2298:
2281:
2187:
1388:
thus the CIECAM02 definition bears some similarity to the CIELUV definition.
216:
2896:
2852:
2658:
2641:
2633:
2574:
2566:
2429:
2273:
3033:
2891:
2668:
2663:
2527:
2496:
2462:
2367:
2263:
2229:
2121:
1443:
1442:(purity for short) of a stimulus is the difference from the illuminant's
1400:
1397:
158:
82:
1905:
1854:
3043:
2886:
2714:
2618:
2606:
2362:
2325:
2320:
2303:
693:
191:
162:
2098:
2903:
2876:
2871:
2380:
1342:
929:
is the chromaticity of the white point, and chroma is defined below.
108:
1415:
3158:
2881:
2489:
1426:
increasing from 0 to 1 between the white point and position on the
1293:
2546:
1884:
118:
2930:
2212:
1836:
1818:
1763:
1446:
to the furthest point on the chromaticity diagram with the same
3153:
2756:
2746:
2147:
933:
716:
122:
Saturation scale (0% at left, corresponding to black and white)
65:
2781:
2776:
2766:
2736:
2207:
2178:
190:
is the "colorfulness of an area judged in proportion to its
2771:
2751:
2731:
2601:
2518:
697:
222:
spaces are non-linear in terms of psychovisually perceived
2847:
2741:
2506:
2111:
237:
is the radial component of the cylindrical coordinate
1702:
1652:
1460:
1371:
1351:
1310:
1255:
1228:
1198:
1086:
942:
885:
733:
658:
614:
591:
571:
548:
528:
505:
405:
335:
279:
247:
2085:
9th
Congress of the International Colour Association
1396:Saturation is also one of three coordinates in the
542:in addition to a naively evaluated color magnitude
130:
Examples of saturation. Original image at top left.
2113:
2022:
1738:
1688:
1638:
1380:
1357:
1331:
1276:
1241:
1214:
1184:
1053:
921:
871:
671:
644:
600:
577:
557:
534:
514:
467:
393:{\displaystyle C_{ab}^{*}={\sqrt {a^{*2}+b^{*2}}}}
392:
321:
265:
2800:Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate
3199:
2078:
2112:Stroebel, Leslie D.; Zakia, Richard D. (1993).
2163:
482:
50:Original image, with relatively muted colors
2081:Magnitude estimation for scaling saturation
1943:IS&T/SID Tenth Color Imaging Conference
1696:is the chromaticity of the white point and
1296:, saturation equals the square root of the
3182:
2170:
2156:
1955:Society for Imaging Science and Technology
1935:
1933:
1931:
522:for example, is computed from a lightness
322:{\displaystyle \left(C_{ab},h_{ab}\right)}
1988:Colorimetry: Understanding the CIE System
1797:
707:Various correlates of saturation follow.
2951:International Commission on Illumination
1739:{\displaystyle \left(x_{I},y_{I}\right)}
1689:{\displaystyle \left(x_{n},y_{n}\right)}
1414:
1332:{\displaystyle s={\sqrt {\frac {M}{Q}}}}
922:{\displaystyle \left(u_{n},v_{n}\right)}
147:International Commission on Illumination
125:
117:
29:
20:
1984:
1949:. The CIECAM02 Color Appearance Model.
1928:
679:is dependent on the viewing condition.
16:Perceived intensity of a specific color
3200:
2941:Color Association of the United States
2009:from the original on January 17, 2017.
585:parameter exists alongside the chroma
2151:
2116:The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography
2053:
2025:The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography
2093:. Vol. 4421. pp. 575–578.
2020:
1900:
1898:
1891:from the original on April 10, 2017.
1843:from the original on April 10, 2017.
1825:from the original on April 10, 2017.
1793:
1791:
1789:
1410:
710:
35:saturation as well as higher chroma.
1916:from the original on March 30, 2017
1865:from the original on March 30, 2017
1774:from the original on August 6, 2017
184:such an object color appears to be.
13:
2805:Blue–green distinction in language
1179:
1076:fixed does affect the saturation.
1064:lightness in CIELAB while holding
180:. It is how different from a grey
14:
3219:
1895:
1786:
475:and analogously for CIE LCh(uv).
231:CIE 1976 LAB and LUV color spaces
99:CIELAB lightness preserved, with
3181:
3172:
3171:
2962:International Colour Association
2545:
2177:
645:{\displaystyle M=CF_{B}^{0.25},}
92:
75:
57:
43:
2105:
2072:
2047:
2014:
2957:International Color Consortium
2946:International Colour Authority
1978:
1877:
1847:
1829:
1811:
1756:
1391:
1365:is proportional to the chroma
858:
830:
818:
790:
260:
248:
1:
3022:List of Crayola crayon colors
1750:
719:, saturation is equal to the
696:), one can add white, black,
682:
1284:is the chroma of the color.
565:In addition, a colorfulness
7:
2825:Traditional colors of Japan
2602:Achromatic colors (Neutral)
2485:Multi-primary color display
2259:Spectral power distribution
1287:
10:
3224:
1906:"The Dimensions of Colour"
1855:"The Dimensions of Colour"
1277:{\displaystyle C_{ab}^{*}}
483:In color appearance models
214:
3167:
3139:
3052:
2977:
2970:
2921:
2840:
2790:
2722:
2713:
2685:Color realism (art style)
2632:
2565:
2554:
2543:
2443:
2390:
2343:Evolution of color vision
2272:
2195:
2186:
491:like CIECAM02. Here, the
210:
3002:List of colors (compact)
2820:Color in Chinese culture
2470:Digital image processing
2203:Electromagnetic spectrum
1798:Fairchild, Mark (2013).
3007:List of colors by shade
2029:. Focal Press. p.
1985:Schanda, János (2007).
1800:Color Appearance Models
3012:List of color palettes
1910:www.huevaluechroma.com
1859:www.huevaluechroma.com
1764:"colourfulness | eilv"
1740:
1690:
1640:
1435:
1382:
1359:
1333:
1278:
1243:
1216:
1215:{\displaystyle S_{ab}}
1186:
1055:
923:
873:
673:
646:
602:
579:
559:
536:
516:
489:color appearance model
469:
394:
323:
267:
131:
123:
107:* stripped, to make a
68:) chroma increased 50%
36:
27:
2936:Color Marketing Group
2691:On Vision and Colours
2624:Tinctures in heraldry
2235:Structural coloration
1804:John Wiley & Sons
1741:
1691:
1641:
1418:
1383:
1360:
1345:'s poor performance.
1334:
1279:
1244:
1242:{\displaystyle L^{*}}
1217:
1187:
1056:
924:
874:
674:
672:{\displaystyle F_{L}}
647:
603:
580:
560:
537:
517:
470:
395:
324:
268:
266:{\displaystyle (a,b)}
182:of the same lightness
129:
121:
33:
24:
3017:List of color spaces
2909:Tint, shade and tone
2792:Cultural differences
2607:Polychromatic colors
2592:Complementary colors
2580:Monochromatic colors
1700:
1650:
1458:
1452:CIE 1931 color space
1369:
1349:
1308:
1253:
1226:
1196:
1084:
940:
883:
731:
656:
612:
589:
569:
546:
526:
503:
499:The CIECAM02 chroma
403:
333:
277:
245:
2997:List of colors: N–Z
2992:List of colors: G–M
2987:List of colors: A–F
2090:Proceedings of SPIE
2054:Lübbe, Eva (2010).
1974:on October 2, 2011.
1951:Scottsdale, Arizona
1885:"CIE e-ILV 17-1136"
1448:dominant wavelength
1273:
1249:the lightness and
1222:is the saturation,
1143:
1122:
978:
856:
816:
769:
638:
353:
233:, the unnormalized
3044:List of web colors
3039:List of RAL colors
2445:Color reproduction
2410:Lüscher color test
2247:Color of chemicals
2140:excitation purity.
1993:Wiley Interscience
1837:"CIE e-ILV 17-831"
1819:"CIE e-ILV 17-139"
1736:
1686:
1636:
1436:
1381:{\displaystyle C,}
1378:
1355:
1329:
1274:
1256:
1239:
1212:
1182:
1126:
1105:
1051:
961:
936:this would yield:
919:
869:
844:
804:
752:
723:normalized by the
669:
642:
624:
601:{\displaystyle C.}
598:
575:
558:{\displaystyle t.}
555:
532:
515:{\displaystyle C,}
512:
465:
390:
336:
319:
263:
132:
124:
37:
28:
3195:
3194:
3135:
3134:
2917:
2916:
2709:
2708:
2699:Theory of Colours
2541:
2540:
2453:Color photography
2405:Color preferences
2348:Impossible colors
2338:Color vision test
2333:Color temperature
2311:Color calibration
2240:Animal coloration
2099:10.1117/12.464511
2065:978-3-7881-4057-1
2002:978-0-470-04904-4
1634:
1633:
1440:excitation purity
1420:Excitation purity
1411:Excitation purity
1358:{\displaystyle M}
1327:
1326:
1174:
1173:
1049:
1038:
989:
867:
780:
711:CIELUV and CIELAB
608:It is defined as
578:{\displaystyle M}
535:{\displaystyle J}
388:
224:color differences
3215:
3185:
3184:
3175:
3174:
2975:
2974:
2841:Color dimensions
2830:Human skin color
2720:
2719:
2597:Analogous colors
2563:
2562:
2549:
2475:Color management
2392:Color psychology
2358:Opponent process
2274:Color perception
2193:
2192:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2119:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2028:
2018:
2012:
2010:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1967:. Archived from
1948:
1937:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1795:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1760:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1717:
1716:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1667:
1666:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1607:
1606:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1564:
1563:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1137:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1075:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1007:
996:
995:
990:
988:
987:
977:
972:
960:
955:
954:
928:
926:
925:
920:
918:
914:
913:
912:
900:
899:
878:
876:
875:
870:
868:
866:
865:
852:
840:
826:
825:
812:
800:
789:
781:
779:
778:
768:
763:
751:
746:
745:
692:system (such as
678:
676:
675:
670:
668:
667:
651:
649:
648:
643:
637:
632:
607:
605:
604:
599:
584:
582:
581:
576:
564:
562:
561:
556:
541:
539:
538:
533:
521:
519:
518:
513:
474:
472:
471:
466:
464:
460:
459:
458:
457:
444:
443:
442:
418:
417:
399:
397:
396:
391:
389:
387:
386:
371:
370:
358:
352:
347:
328:
326:
325:
320:
318:
314:
313:
312:
297:
296:
272:
270:
269:
264:
96:
79:
61:
47:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3163:
3131:
3048:
2966:
2923:
2913:
2836:
2815:Blue in culture
2786:
2705:
2652:Secondary color
2628:
2585:black-and-white
2557:
2550:
2537:
2439:
2425:National colors
2420:Political color
2400:Color symbolism
2386:
2316:Color constancy
2294:Color blindness
2268:
2225:Spectral colors
2182:
2176:
2146:
2136:
2120:(3E ed.).
2110:
2106:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2019:
2015:
2003:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1965:
1946:
1938:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1796:
1787:
1777:
1775:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1725:
1721:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1675:
1671:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1626:
1615:
1611:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1583:
1572:
1568:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1541:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1505:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1432:line of purples
1425:
1413:
1394:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1317:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1300:divided by the
1290:
1268:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1167:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1145:
1138:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1109:
1103:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1065:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1010:
1003:
999:
998:
997:
994:
983:
979:
973:
965:
959:
947:
943:
941:
938:
937:
932:By analogy, in
908:
904:
895:
891:
890:
886:
884:
881:
880:
861:
857:
848:
833:
821:
817:
808:
793:
788:
774:
770:
764:
756:
750:
738:
734:
732:
729:
728:
713:
700:, or the hue's
685:
663:
659:
657:
654:
653:
633:
628:
613:
610:
609:
590:
587:
586:
570:
567:
566:
547:
544:
543:
527:
524:
523:
504:
501:
500:
485:
453:
449:
448:
438:
434:
433:
432:
428:
410:
406:
404:
401:
400:
379:
375:
363:
359:
357:
348:
340:
334:
331:
330:
305:
301:
289:
285:
284:
280:
278:
275:
274:
246:
243:
242:
219:
213:
116:
115:
114:
113:
112:
97:
88:
87:
86:
80:
71:
70:
69:
62:
53:
52:
51:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3221:
3211:
3210:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3179:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2811:Color history
2809:
2808:
2807:
2796:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2695:
2694:(Schopenhauer)
2687:
2682:
2679:Color analysis
2676:
2674:Color triangle
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2571:
2569:
2560:
2552:
2551:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2480:Color printing
2477:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2449:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2415:Kruithof curve
2412:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2287:Sonochromatism
2278:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2199:
2197:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2152:
2145:
2144:
2134:
2104:
2071:
2064:
2046:
2039:
2013:
2001:
1977:
1963:
1927:
1894:
1876:
1846:
1828:
1810:
1785:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1734:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1428:spectral locus
1423:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1393:
1390:
1377:
1374:
1354:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1289:
1286:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1236:
1232:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1181:
1178:
1170:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1148:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1013:
1006:
1002:
993:
986:
982:
976:
971:
968:
964:
958:
953:
950:
946:
917:
911:
907:
903:
898:
894:
889:
864:
860:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
836:
832:
829:
824:
820:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
796:
792:
787:
784:
777:
773:
767:
762:
759:
755:
749:
744:
741:
737:
712:
709:
684:
681:
666:
662:
641:
636:
631:
627:
623:
620:
617:
597:
594:
574:
554:
551:
531:
511:
508:
484:
481:
479:"saturation".
463:
456:
452:
447:
441:
437:
431:
427:
424:
421:
416:
413:
409:
385:
382:
378:
374:
369:
366:
362:
356:
351:
346:
343:
339:
317:
311:
308:
304:
300:
295:
292:
288:
283:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
212:
209:
201:Munsell system
196:
195:
185:
170:
165:is very high (
98:
91:
90:
89:
81:
74:
73:
72:
63:
56:
55:
54:
49:
42:
41:
40:
39:
38:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3220:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3188:
3180:
3178:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:organizations
2920:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2865:Pastel colors
2863:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2647:Primary color
2645:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2614:Light-on-dark
2612:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2553:
2548:
2534:
2533:Color mapping
2531:
2529:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2458:Color balance
2456:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2435:Chromotherapy
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2376:
2375:Tetrachromacy
2373:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2299:Achromatopsia
2297:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2282:Chromesthesia
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:Color physics
2194:
2191:
2189:
2188:Color science
2185:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2141:
2137:
2135:0-240-51417-3
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2042:
2040:0-240-51417-3
2036:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2017:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1970:
1966:
1964:0-89208-241-0
1960:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1944:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1682:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1389:
1375:
1372:
1352:
1344:
1339:
1323:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1269:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1234:
1230:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1176:
1168:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1146:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1011:
1004:
1000:
991:
984:
980:
974:
969:
966:
962:
956:
951:
948:
944:
935:
930:
915:
909:
905:
901:
896:
892:
887:
862:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
834:
827:
822:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
794:
785:
782:
775:
771:
765:
760:
757:
753:
747:
742:
739:
735:
726:
722:
718:
708:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
680:
664:
660:
639:
634:
629:
625:
621:
618:
615:
595:
592:
572:
552:
549:
529:
509:
506:
497:
494:
490:
480:
476:
461:
454:
450:
445:
439:
435:
429:
425:
422:
419:
414:
411:
407:
383:
380:
376:
372:
367:
364:
360:
354:
349:
344:
341:
337:
329:is given by:
315:
309:
306:
302:
298:
293:
290:
286:
281:
257:
254:
251:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
218:
217:Psychophysics
208:
206:
202:
193:
189:
186:
183:
179:
174:
171:
168:
164:
160:
155:
152:
151:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
128:
120:
110:
106:
102:
95:
84:
78:
67:
60:
46:
32:
23:
19:
2897:Fluorescence
2860:Colorfulness
2859:
2853:Dichromatism
2697:
2689:
2659:Chromaticity
2642:Color mixing
2634:Color theory
2567:Color scheme
2430:Chromophobia
2379:
2139:
2115:
2107:
2088:
2080:
2074:
2055:
2049:
2024:
2016:
1987:
1980:
1969:the original
1942:
1918:. Retrieved
1909:
1879:
1867:. Retrieved
1858:
1849:
1831:
1813:
1799:
1778:December 20,
1776:. Retrieved
1767:
1758:
1450:; using the
1439:
1437:
1419:
1401:color spaces
1395:
1340:
1301:
1298:colorfulness
1297:
1291:
1078:
1071:
1067:
1062:
931:
724:
720:
714:
706:
686:
498:
492:
486:
477:
234:
228:
220:
197:
187:
181:
178:object color
177:
172:
154:Colorfulness
153:
142:
138:
135:Colorfulness
134:
133:
104:
100:
18:
3034:Color chart
2892:Iridescence
2724:Basic terms
2715:Color terms
2669:Color wheel
2664:Color solid
2528:Color space
2514:subtractive
2497:Color model
2368:Unique hues
2264:Colorimetry
2230:Chromophore
2122:Focal Press
1444:white point
1398:HSL and HSV
1392:HSL and HSV
690:subtractive
167:Hunt effect
159:reflectance
3054:Shades of:
2887:Brightness
2619:Web colors
2575:Color tool
2558:philosophy
2463:Color cast
2363:Afterimage
2353:Metamerism
2326:Color code
2321:Color task
2304:Dichromacy
2124:. p.
2011:, page 88.
1808:, page 87.
1751:References
1302:brightness
702:complement
694:watercolor
683:Saturation
215:See also:
192:brightness
188:Saturation
163:brightness
143:saturation
2904:Grayscale
2877:Lightness
2872:Luminance
2681:(fashion)
2381:The dress
1920:April 10,
1869:April 10,
1609:−
1566:−
1524:−
1488:−
1343:CIECAM97s
1270:∗
1235:∗
1180:%
1162:∗
1140:∗
1119:∗
1045:∗
1027:∗
1005:∗
985:∗
975:∗
842:−
802:−
776:∗
766:∗
725:lightness
455:⋆
440:⋆
426:
381:∗
365:∗
350:∗
109:grayscale
3202:Category
3177:Category
3159:Lighting
2882:Darkness
2702:(Goethe)
2502:additive
2490:Quattron
2007:Archived
1914:Archived
1889:Archived
1863:Archived
1841:Archived
1823:Archived
1772:Archived
1294:CIECAM02
1288:CIECAM02
854:′
838:′
814:′
798:′
3141:Related
3102:Magenta
3027:history
2931:Pantone
2218:Visible
2213:Rainbow
239:CIE LCh
229:In the
205:Munsell
64:L*C*h (
3154:Qualia
3149:Vision
3097:Purple
3092:Violet
3072:Yellow
3067:Orange
2762:Orange
2757:Purple
2747:Yellow
2181:topics
2132:
2062:
2037:
1999:
1961:
1953:: The
1646:where
1192:where
934:CIELAB
879:where
721:chroma
717:CIELUV
652:where
493:chroma
235:chroma
211:Chroma
173:Chroma
139:chroma
103:* and
66:CIELAB
26:areas.
3208:Color
3187:Index
3127:Black
3117:White
3112:Brown
3077:Green
2979:Lists
2971:Names
2953:(CIE)
2922:Color
2782:Brown
2777:White
2767:Black
2737:Green
2556:Color
2252:Water
2208:Light
2179:Color
1972:(PDF)
1947:(PDF)
423:atan2
111:image
3122:Gray
3107:Pink
3087:Blue
3082:Cyan
2772:Gray
2752:Pink
2732:Blue
2519:CMYK
2130:ISBN
2060:ISBN
2058:. .
2035:ISBN
1997:ISBN
1959:ISBN
1922:2017
1871:2017
1780:2017
1768:eilv
1438:The
698:gray
635:0.25
141:and
3062:Red
2848:Hue
2742:Red
2507:RGB
2126:121
2095:doi
2031:124
1405:and
1292:In
1177:100
1070:*,
715:In
273:to
83:HSL
3204::
2138:.
2128:.
2087:.
2083:.
2033:.
2005:.
1995:.
1991:.
1957:.
1930:^
1912:.
1908:.
1897:^
1887:.
1861:.
1857:.
1839:.
1821:.
1802:.
1788:^
1770:.
1766:.
1454::
1304::
1074:*)
786:13
727::
704:.
169:).
137:,
2171:e
2164:t
2157:v
2101:.
2097::
2068:.
2043:.
1924:.
1873:.
1806:.
1782:.
1733:)
1727:I
1723:y
1719:,
1714:I
1710:x
1705:(
1683:)
1677:n
1673:y
1669:,
1664:n
1660:x
1655:(
1628:2
1623:)
1617:n
1613:y
1604:I
1600:y
1595:(
1590:+
1585:2
1580:)
1574:n
1570:x
1561:I
1557:x
1552:(
1543:2
1538:)
1532:n
1528:y
1521:y
1517:(
1512:+
1507:2
1502:)
1496:n
1492:x
1485:x
1481:(
1472:=
1467:e
1463:p
1434:.
1424:e
1376:,
1373:C
1353:M
1324:Q
1321:M
1315:=
1312:s
1265:b
1262:a
1258:C
1231:L
1208:b
1205:a
1201:S
1169:2
1158:L
1152:+
1147:2
1135:b
1132:a
1128:C
1114:b
1111:a
1107:C
1101:=
1096:b
1093:a
1089:S
1072:b
1068:a
1066:(
1041:L
1034:2
1023:b
1017:+
1012:2
1001:a
992:=
981:L
970:b
967:a
963:C
957:=
952:b
949:a
945:s
916:)
910:n
906:v
902:,
897:n
893:u
888:(
863:2
859:)
850:n
846:v
835:v
831:(
828:+
823:2
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810:n
806:u
795:u
791:(
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772:L
761:v
758:u
754:C
748:=
743:v
740:u
736:s
665:L
661:F
640:,
630:B
626:F
622:C
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616:M
596:.
593:C
573:M
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550:t
530:J
510:,
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462:)
451:a
446:,
436:b
430:(
420:=
415:b
412:a
408:h
384:2
377:b
373:+
368:2
361:a
355:=
345:b
342:a
338:C
316:)
310:b
307:a
303:h
299:,
294:b
291:a
287:C
282:(
261:)
258:b
255:,
252:a
249:(
105:b
101:a
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