975:
1072:
1029:
of other parameters such as the reflectance of the rear surface. Another way to interpret this is that the reflectance is the fraction of electromagnetic power reflected from a specific sample, while reflectivity is a property of the material itself, which would be measured on a perfect machine if the material filled half of all space.
20:
1028:
reflecting objects. When reflection occurs from thin layers of material, internal reflection effects can cause the reflectance to vary with surface thickness. Reflectivity is the limit value of reflectance as the sample becomes thick; it is the intrinsic reflectance of the surface, hence irrespective
627:
is the incoming radiance averaged over all directions, in other words, the total flux of radiation hitting the surface per unit area, divided by π. This can be greater than 1 for a glossy surface illuminated by a source such as the sun, with the reflectance measured in the direction of maximum
879:
775:
401:
571:
315:
165:
779:
675:
319:
1048:
For specular surfaces, such as glass or polished metal, reflectance is nearly zero at all angles except at the appropriate reflected angle; that is the same angle with respect to the surface normal in the
489:
233:
1148:
102:
607:
This depends on both the reflected direction and the incoming direction. In other words, it has a value for every combination of incoming and outgoing directions. It is related to the
1056:
For diffuse surfaces, such as matte white paint, reflectance is uniform; radiation is reflected in all angles equally or near-equally. Such surfaces are said to be
978:
Fresnel reflection coefficients for a boundary surface between air and a variable material in dependence of the complex refractive index and the angle of incidence.
2188:
1155:
874:{\displaystyle R_{\Omega ,\lambda }={\frac {L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega ,\lambda }^{\mathrm {r} }}{L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega ,\lambda }^{\mathrm {i} }}},}
1928:
608:
2008:
58:. It is the fraction of incident electromagnetic power that is reflected at the boundary. Reflectance is a component of the response of the
770:{\displaystyle R_{\Omega ,\nu }={\frac {L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega ,\nu }^{\mathrm {r} }}{L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega ,\nu }^{\mathrm {i} }}},}
1017:
2218:
396:{\displaystyle R_{\lambda }={\frac {\Phi _{\mathrm {e} ,\lambda }^{\mathrm {r} }}{\Phi _{\mathrm {e} ,\lambda }^{\mathrm {i} }}},}
1053:, but on the opposing side. When the radiation is incident normal to the surface, it is reflected back into the same direction.
1973:
2258:
Light
Reflection from Water Waves: Suitable Setup for a Polarimetric Investigation under Controlled Laboratory Conditions
2280:
566:{\displaystyle R_{\Omega }={\frac {L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega }^{\mathrm {r} }}{L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega }^{\mathrm {i} }}},}
310:{\displaystyle R_{\nu }={\frac {\Phi _{\mathrm {e} ,\nu }^{\mathrm {r} }}{\Phi _{\mathrm {e} ,\nu }^{\mathrm {i} }}},}
2176:
2000:
1141:
2256:
Ottaviani, M. and
Stamnes, K. and Koskulics, J. and Eide, H. and Long, S.R. and Su, W. and Wiscombe, W., 2008: '
2316:
994:
2290:
2306:
993:) materials, reflectivity is the same as reflectance. Reflectivity is the square of the magnitude of the
67:
62:
of the material to the electromagnetic field of light, and is in general a function of the frequency, or
611:
and its upper limit is 1. Another measure of reflectance, depending only on the outgoing direction, is
2129:
160:{\displaystyle R={\frac {\Phi _{\mathrm {e} }^{\mathrm {r} }}{\Phi _{\mathrm {e} }^{\mathrm {i} }}},}
1037:
Given that reflectance is a directional property, most surfaces can be divided into those that give
983:
1958:
1943:
1871:
1836:
1796:
1766:
1482:, divided by the spectral radiance incident onto that surface. This should not be confused with "
2257:
1123:
1057:
990:
1097:
A real water surface may be wavy. Reflectance, which assumes a flat surface as given by the
1063:
Most practical objects exhibit a combination of diffuse and specular reflective properties.
2104:
59:
52:
8:
2311:
2083:"Hazy Blue Worlds: A Holistic Aerosol Model for Uranus and Neptune, Including Dark Spots"
1968:
1114:
1080:
1038:
2109:
1432:, divided by the radiance incident onto that surface. This should not be confused with "
2222:
2152:
2139:
2094:
2082:
2057:
2030:
2001:"Thermal insulation — Heat transfer by radiation — Physical quantities and definitions"
1090:. Fresnel reflection is directional and therefore does not contribute significantly to
1050:
1042:
2172:
2157:
2144:
2062:
1098:
1087:
2198:
2202:
2193:
2134:
2124:
2114:
2052:
2044:
2035:
1006:
974:
2284:
2048:
629:
1002:
998:
55:
1397:, divided by that received by that surface. This should not be confused with "
1357:, divided by that received by that surface. This should not be confused with "
2300:
2197:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
1948:
1723:
1692:
1656:
1630:
2206:
2148:
2066:
448:
417:
175:
19:
2119:
1933:
1441:
1406:
1366:
1336:
1010:
2242:
1938:
1483:
1433:
1398:
1358:
1286:
1251:
1215:
1189:
1118:
63:
1071:
24:
466:
is the spectral radiant flux in wavelength received by that surface.
2099:
2029:
Cuzzi, Jeffrey; Chambers, Lindsey; Hendrix, Amanda (Oct 21, 2016).
1953:
1102:
1075:
Reflectance of smooth water at 20 °C (refractive index 1.333).
932:
897:
586:
435:
is the spectral radiant flux in frequency received by that surface;
48:
1009:
for a single layer, whereas the reflectance is always a positive
952:
is the spectral radiance in wavelength received by that surface.
1963:
1091:
36:
28:
1086:
Specular reflection from a body of water is calculated by the
70:. The dependence of reflectance on the wavelength is called a
1001:; as such the reflection coefficient can be expressed as a
1083:
into a second medium with a different index of refraction.
982:"Reflectivity" redirects here. For the EM formulation, see
32:
1916:
per unit length, divided by that received by that volume.
1866:
per unit length, divided by that received by that volume.
1831:
per unit length, divided by that received by that volume.
1791:
per unit length, divided by that received by that volume.
1079:
Reflection occurs when light moves from a medium with one
1024:
by the fact that reflectivity is a value that applies to
2171:
E. Hecht (2001). Optics (4th ed.). Pearson
Education.
782:
678:
492:
322:
236:
195:
105:
2028:
635:
623:is the radiance reflected in a given direction and
997:, which is the ratio of the reflected to incident
917:is the spectral radiance received by that surface;
873:
769:
565:
395:
309:
159:
2261:. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,
1130:
2298:
2031:"Rough Surfaces: is the dark stuff just shadow?"
206:spectral hemispherical reflectance in wavelength
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1929:Bidirectional reflectance distribution function
1016:For layered and finite media, according to the
609:bidirectional reflectance distribution function
202:spectral hemispherical reflectance in frequency
1797:Spectral hemispherical attenuation coefficient
646:spectral directional reflectance in wavelength
1149:
642:spectral directional reflectance in frequency
1986:
1872:Spectral directional attenuation coefficient
1761:, divided by that received by that surface.
1718:, divided by that received by that surface.
1687:, divided by that received by that surface.
1651:, divided by that received by that surface.
1625:, divided by that received by that surface.
1579:, divided by that received by that surface.
1548:, divided by that received by that surface.
1512:, divided by that received by that surface.
86:
2080:
81:
1156:
1142:
470:
66:, of the light, its polarization, and the
2156:
2138:
2130:1983/65ee78f0-1d28-4017-bbd9-1b49b24700d7
2128:
2118:
2108:
2098:
2081:P.G.J Irwin; et al. (Jan 12, 2022).
2056:
1331:at the same temperature as that surface.
1281:at the same temperature as that surface.
1246:at the same temperature as that surface.
1210:at the same temperature as that surface.
603:is the radiance received by that surface.
2087:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
1070:
973:
18:
2219:"CIE International Lighting Vocabulary"
2182:
1113:The generalization of reflectance to a
989:For homogeneous and semi-infinite (see
2299:
956:Again, one can also define a value of
16:Capacity of an object to reflect light
1767:Hemispherical attenuation coefficient
1108:
1094:which primarily diffuses reflection.
1020:, reflectivity is distinguished from
2250:
2236:
1657:Spectral hemispherical transmittance
1066:
966:(see above) for a given wavelength.
1837:Directional attenuation coefficient
449:spectral radiant flux in wavelength
13:
2211:
2194:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
1724:Spectral directional transmittance
1518:Spectral hemispherical reflectance
1367:Spectral hemispherical absorptance
860:
848:
841:
829:
817:
810:
788:
756:
744:
737:
725:
713:
706:
684:
552:
546:
539:
527:
521:
514:
498:
418:spectral radiant flux in frequency
382:
369:
364:
357:
344:
339:
296:
283:
278:
271:
258:
253:
196:Spectral hemispherical reflectance
146:
139:
134:
127:
120:
115:
14:
2328:
2273:
1216:Spectral hemispherical emissivity
1101:, can be adjusted to account for
1749:
1706:
1675:
1639:
1613:
1585:Spectral directional reflectance
1567:
1536:
1500:
1470:
1442:Spectral directional absorptance
1420:
1385:
1345:
1315:
1265:
1234:
1198:
636:Spectral directional reflectance
23:Spectral reflectance curves for
1287:Spectral directional emissivity
1277:, divided by that emitted by a
1032:
969:
933:spectral radiance in wavelength
2165:
2073:
2022:
1182:
1131:Other radiometric coefficients
995:Fresnel reflection coefficient
898:spectral radiance in frequency
1:
1979:
1974:Lyddane–Sachs–Teller relation
672:respectively, are defined as
230:respectively, are defined as
2049:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.10.018
7:
1922:
1631:Hemispherical transmittance
1117:, which disperses light by
10:
2333:
981:
76:spectral reflectance curve
1693:Directional transmittance
1492:Hemispherical reflectance
1337:Hemispherical absorptance
1173:
1170:
1167:
93:hemispherical reflectance
87:Hemispherical reflectance
1190:Hemispherical emissivity
984:Fresnel power reflection
82:Mathematical definitions
51:is its effectiveness in
2279:Reflectivity of metals
2207:10.1351/goldbook.R05235
1959:Light Reflectance Value
1554:Directional reflectance
1407:Directional absorptance
1327:, divided by that of a
1242:, divided by that of a
1238:Spectral exitance of a
1206:, divided by that of a
1137:Radiometry coefficients
477:directional reflectance
471:Directional reflectance
1819:Spectral radiant flux
1252:Directional emissivity
1202:Radiant exitance of a
1124:diffraction efficiency
1076:
979:
875:
771:
648:of a surface, denoted
567:
479:of a surface, denoted
397:
311:
208:of a surface, denoted
161:
95:of a surface, denoted
40:
2317:Dimensionless numbers
2245:The Art of Radiometry
1074:
1005:as determined by the
977:
876:
772:
568:
398:
312:
162:
22:
2120:10.1029/2022JE007189
2093:(6): e2022JE007189.
1944:Lambert's cosine law
1041:and those that give
780:
676:
490:
320:
234:
188:is the radiant flux
181:by that surface and
103:
72:reflectance spectrum
60:electronic structure
47:of the surface of a
39:at normal incidence.
2307:Physical quantities
2110:2022JGRE..12707189I
1969:Reststrahlen effect
1484:spectral absorbance
1399:spectral absorbance
1164:
1115:diffraction grating
1081:index of refraction
1039:specular reflection
865:
834:
761:
730:
628:radiance (see also
557:
532:
387:
362:
301:
276:
151:
132:
2283:2016-03-04 at the
2243:Palmer and Grant,
1904:Spectral radiance
1753:Spectral radiance
1617:Spectral radiance
1474:Spectral radiance
1319:Spectral radiance
1135:
1109:Grating efficiency
1077:
1051:plane of incidence
1043:diffuse reflection
980:
871:
835:
804:
767:
731:
700:
563:
533:
508:
393:
363:
338:
307:
277:
252:
157:
133:
114:
68:angle of incidence
41:
1920:
1919:
1099:Fresnel equations
1088:Fresnel equations
1067:Water reflectance
1007:Fresnel equations
866:
762:
558:
388:
302:
192:by that surface.
152:
2324:
2291:Reflectance Data
2267:
2254:
2248:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2221:. Archived from
2215:
2209:
2186:
2180:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2142:
2132:
2122:
2112:
2102:
2079:See for example
2077:
2071:
2070:
2060:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
1997:
1898:
1886:
1848:
1813:
1806:
1773:
1747:
1735:
1704:
1673:
1666:
1637:
1611:
1599:
1565:
1534:
1527:
1498:
1468:
1456:
1418:
1383:
1376:
1343:
1313:
1301:
1263:
1232:
1225:
1196:
1184:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1134:
965:
951:
938:by that surface;
930:
916:
903:by that surface;
895:
880:
878:
877:
872:
867:
864:
863:
857:
844:
833:
832:
826:
813:
803:
798:
797:
776:
774:
773:
768:
763:
760:
759:
753:
740:
729:
728:
722:
709:
699:
694:
693:
671:
659:
602:
592:by that surface;
584:
572:
570:
569:
564:
559:
556:
555:
549:
542:
531:
530:
524:
517:
507:
502:
501:
486:, is defined as
465:
454:by that surface;
446:
434:
423:by that surface;
415:
402:
400:
399:
394:
389:
386:
385:
379:
372:
361:
360:
354:
347:
337:
332:
331:
316:
314:
313:
308:
303:
300:
299:
293:
286:
275:
274:
268:
261:
251:
246:
245:
229:
218:
187:
173:
166:
164:
163:
158:
153:
150:
149:
143:
142:
131:
130:
124:
123:
113:
99:, is defined as
98:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2297:
2296:
2285:Wayback Machine
2276:
2271:
2270:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2237:
2228:
2226:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2187:
2183:
2170:
2166:
2078:
2074:
2027:
2023:
2014:
2012:
2011:catalogue. 1989
1999:
1998:
1987:
1982:
1925:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1876:
1847:
1841:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1771:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1728:
1703:
1697:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1635:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1589:
1564:
1558:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1496:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1446:
1417:
1411:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1341:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1291:
1262:
1256:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1194:
1163:
1162:
1133:
1111:
1069:
1035:
987:
972:
957:
950:
941:
929:
920:
915:
906:
894:
885:
859:
858:
840:
839:
828:
827:
809:
808:
802:
787:
783:
781:
778:
777:
755:
754:
736:
735:
724:
723:
705:
704:
698:
683:
679:
677:
674:
673:
670:
661:
658:
649:
638:
630:Seeliger effect
601:
595:
583:
577:
551:
550:
538:
537:
526:
525:
513:
512:
506:
497:
493:
491:
488:
487:
485:
473:
464:
457:
445:
438:
433:
426:
414:
407:
381:
380:
368:
367:
356:
355:
343:
342:
336:
327:
323:
321:
318:
317:
295:
294:
282:
281:
270:
269:
257:
256:
250:
241:
237:
235:
232:
231:
228:
220:
217:
209:
198:
186:
182:
172:
168:
145:
144:
138:
137:
126:
125:
119:
118:
112:
104:
101:
100:
96:
89:
84:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2330:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2295:
2294:
2288:
2275:
2274:External links
2272:
2269:
2268:
2249:
2235:
2210:
2181:
2164:
2072:
2021:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1902:
1899:
1892:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1777:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1751:
1748:
1741:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1679:Spectral flux
1677:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1615:
1612:
1605:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1540:Spectral flux
1538:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1502:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1472:
1469:
1462:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1389:Spectral flux
1387:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1317:
1314:
1307:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1110:
1107:
1068:
1065:
1034:
1031:
1003:complex number
999:electric field
971:
968:
954:
953:
945:
939:
924:
918:
910:
904:
889:
870:
862:
856:
853:
850:
847:
843:
838:
831:
825:
822:
819:
816:
812:
807:
801:
796:
793:
790:
786:
766:
758:
752:
749:
746:
743:
739:
734:
727:
721:
718:
715:
712:
708:
703:
697:
692:
689:
686:
682:
665:
653:
637:
634:
605:
604:
599:
593:
581:
562:
554:
548:
545:
541:
536:
529:
523:
520:
516:
511:
505:
500:
496:
483:
472:
469:
468:
467:
459:
455:
440:
436:
428:
424:
409:
392:
384:
378:
375:
371:
366:
359:
353:
350:
346:
341:
335:
330:
326:
306:
298:
292:
289:
285:
280:
273:
267:
264:
260:
255:
249:
244:
240:
224:
213:
197:
194:
184:
170:
156:
148:
141:
136:
129:
122:
117:
111:
108:
88:
85:
83:
80:
56:radiant energy
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2329:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2266:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2239:
2225:on 2016-06-16
2224:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2178:
2177:0-8053-8566-5
2174:
2168:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2025:
2010:
2006:
2005:ISO 9288:1989
2002:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1949:Transmittance
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1779:Radiant flux
1778:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1740:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1643:Radiant flux
1642:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1504:Radiant flux
1503:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1461:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1349:Radiant flux
1348:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1306:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1166:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
985:
976:
967:
964:
960:
949:
944:
940:
937:
934:
928:
923:
919:
914:
909:
905:
902:
899:
893:
888:
884:
883:
882:
868:
854:
851:
845:
836:
823:
820:
814:
805:
799:
794:
791:
784:
764:
750:
747:
741:
732:
719:
716:
710:
701:
695:
690:
687:
680:
669:
664:
657:
652:
647:
643:
633:
631:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
598:
594:
591:
588:
580:
576:
575:
574:
560:
543:
534:
518:
509:
503:
494:
482:
478:
463:
456:
453:
450:
444:
437:
432:
425:
422:
419:
413:
406:
405:
404:
390:
376:
373:
351:
348:
333:
328:
324:
304:
290:
287:
265:
262:
247:
242:
238:
227:
223:
216:
212:
207:
203:
193:
191:
180:
177:
154:
109:
106:
94:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:
50:
46:
38:
34:
30:
26:
21:
2262:
2260:
2252:
2244:
2238:
2227:. Retrieved
2223:the original
2213:
2192:
2184:
2167:
2090:
2086:
2075:
2040:
2034:
2024:
2013:. Retrieved
2004:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1877:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1842:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1758:
1754:
1743:
1738:
1729:
1715:
1711:
1698:
1684:
1680:
1648:
1644:
1622:
1618:
1607:
1602:
1595:
1590:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1559:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1491:
1479:
1475:
1464:
1459:
1452:
1447:
1429:
1425:
1412:
1394:
1390:
1354:
1350:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1309:
1304:
1297:
1292:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1257:
1243:
1239:
1207:
1203:
1122:
1121:, is called
1112:
1096:
1085:
1078:
1062:
1055:
1047:
1036:
1033:Surface type
1025:
1021:
1015:
988:
970:Reflectivity
962:
958:
955:
947:
942:
935:
926:
921:
912:
907:
900:
891:
886:
667:
662:
655:
650:
645:
641:
639:
624:
620:
616:
612:
606:
596:
589:
578:
480:
476:
474:
461:
451:
442:
430:
420:
411:
225:
221:
214:
210:
205:
201:
199:
189:
178:
176:radiant flux
92:
90:
75:
71:
44:
42:
2265:, 715--728.
2199:Reflectance
2043:: 281–294.
1934:Colorimetry
1755:transmitted
1712:transmitted
1681:transmitted
1645:transmitted
1022:reflectance
1011:real number
45:reflectance
35:(Au) metal
2312:Radiometry
2301:Categories
2229:2010-12-04
2100:2201.04516
2015:2015-03-15
1980:References
1939:Emissivity
1434:absorbance
1359:absorbance
1329:black body
1279:black body
1244:black body
1208:black body
1119:wavelength
1058:Lambertian
64:wavelength
53:reflecting
31:(Ag), and
2158:245877540
1910:scattered
1860:scattered
1854:Radiance
1825:scattered
1785:scattered
1710:Radiance
1619:reflected
1573:reflected
1571:Radiance
1542:reflected
1506:reflected
1424:Radiance
1269:Radiance
1171:SI units
1168:Quantity
991:halfspace
936:reflected
901:reflected
855:λ
849:Ω
824:λ
818:Ω
795:λ
789:Ω
751:ν
745:Ω
720:ν
714:Ω
691:ν
685:Ω
590:reflected
547:Ω
522:Ω
499:Ω
452:reflected
421:reflected
377:λ
365:Φ
352:λ
340:Φ
329:λ
291:ν
279:Φ
266:ν
254:Φ
243:ν
179:reflected
135:Φ
116:Φ
25:aluminium
2281:Archived
2149:35865671
2067:31708591
1954:Sun path
1923:See also
1906:absorbed
1856:absorbed
1821:absorbed
1781:absorbed
1476:absorbed
1426:absorbed
1391:absorbed
1351:absorbed
1103:waviness
619:, where
587:radiance
190:received
49:material
2140:9286428
2105:Bibcode
2058:6839776
1759:surface
1716:surface
1685:surface
1649:surface
1623:surface
1577:surface
1546:surface
1510:surface
1480:surface
1430:surface
1395:surface
1355:surface
1325:surface
1321:emitted
1275:surface
1271:emitted
1240:surface
1204:surface
931:is the
896:is the
585:is the
447:is the
416:is the
174:is the
37:mirrors
2263:25 (5)
2175:
2155:
2147:
2137:
2065:
2055:
2036:Icarus
1964:Albedo
1914:volume
1864:volume
1829:volume
1789:volume
1174:Notes
1092:albedo
881:where
573:where
403:where
167:where
29:silver
27:(Al),
2189:IUPAC
2153:S2CID
2095:arXiv
1912:by a
1862:by a
1827:by a
1787:by a
1757:by a
1714:by a
1683:by a
1647:by a
1621:by a
1575:by a
1544:by a
1508:by a
1478:by a
1428:by a
1393:by a
1353:by a
1323:by a
1273:by a
1179:Name
1026:thick
2173:ISBN
2145:PMID
2063:PMID
1908:and
1858:and
1823:and
1783:and
1183:Sym.
946:e,Ω,
925:e,Ω,
911:e,Ω,
890:e,Ω,
660:and
644:and
640:The
475:The
219:and
204:and
200:The
91:The
43:The
33:gold
2203:doi
2201:".
2135:PMC
2125:hdl
2115:doi
2091:127
2053:PMC
2045:doi
2041:289
2009:ISO
1733:Ω,ν
1486:".
1436:".
1401:".
1361:".
1018:CIE
632:).
600:e,Ω
582:e,Ω
74:or
2303::
2191:,
2151:.
2143:.
2133:.
2123:.
2113:.
2103:.
2089:.
2085:.
2061:.
2051:.
2039:.
2033:.
2007:.
2003:.
1988:^
1901:m
1893:Ω,
1881:Ω,
1851:m
1816:m
1776:m
1750:—
1742:Ω,
1707:—
1676:—
1640:—
1614:—
1606:Ω,
1594:Ω,
1568:—
1537:—
1501:—
1471:—
1463:Ω,
1451:Ω,
1421:—
1386:—
1346:—
1316:—
1308:Ω,
1296:Ω,
1266:—
1235:—
1199:—
1127:.
1105:.
1060:.
1045:.
1013:.
666:Ω,
654:Ω,
460:e,
441:e,
429:e,
410:e,
78:.
2293:.
2287:.
2232:.
2205::
2179:.
2161:.
2127::
2117::
2107::
2097::
2069:.
2047::
2018:.
1895:λ
1890:μ
1883:ν
1878:μ
1846:Ω
1843:μ
1811:λ
1809:μ
1804:ν
1802:μ
1772:μ
1744:λ
1739:T
1730:T
1702:Ω
1699:T
1671:λ
1669:T
1664:ν
1662:T
1636:T
1608:λ
1603:R
1596:ν
1591:R
1563:Ω
1560:R
1532:λ
1530:R
1525:ν
1523:R
1497:R
1465:λ
1460:A
1453:ν
1448:A
1416:Ω
1413:A
1381:λ
1379:A
1374:ν
1372:A
1342:A
1310:λ
1305:ε
1298:ν
1293:ε
1261:Ω
1258:ε
1230:λ
1228:ε
1223:ν
1221:ε
1195:ε
1157:e
1150:t
1143:v
986:.
963:F
961:/
959:I
948:λ
943:L
927:λ
922:L
913:ν
908:L
892:ν
887:L
869:,
861:i
852:,
846:,
842:e
837:L
830:r
821:,
815:,
811:e
806:L
800:=
792:,
785:R
765:,
757:i
748:,
742:,
738:e
733:L
726:r
717:,
711:,
707:e
702:L
696:=
688:,
681:R
668:λ
663:R
656:ν
651:R
625:F
621:I
617:F
615:/
613:I
597:L
579:L
561:,
553:i
544:,
540:e
535:L
528:r
519:,
515:e
510:L
504:=
495:R
484:Ω
481:R
462:λ
458:Φ
443:λ
439:Φ
431:ν
427:Φ
412:ν
408:Φ
391:,
383:i
374:,
370:e
358:r
349:,
345:e
334:=
325:R
305:,
297:i
288:,
284:e
272:r
263:,
259:e
248:=
239:R
226:λ
222:R
215:ν
211:R
185:e
183:Φ
171:e
169:Φ
155:,
147:i
140:e
128:r
121:e
110:=
107:R
97:R
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
