Color difference - Knowledge

7084: 4274: 6498: 3523: 6460: 7079:{\displaystyle \Delta H^{\prime }=2{\sqrt {C_{1}^{\prime }C_{2}^{\prime }}}\sin(\Delta h^{\prime }/2),\quad {\bar {H}}^{\prime }={\begin{cases}(h_{1}^{\prime }+h_{2}^{\prime })/2&\left|h_{1}^{\prime }-h_{2}^{\prime }\right|\leq 180^{\circ }\\(h_{1}^{\prime }+h_{2}^{\prime }+360^{\circ })/2&\left|h_{1}^{\prime }-h_{2}^{\prime }\right|>180^{\circ },h_{1}^{\prime }+h_{2}^{\prime }<360^{\circ }\\(h_{1}^{\prime }+h_{2}^{\prime }-360^{\circ })/2&\left|h_{1}^{\prime }-h_{2}^{\prime }\right|>180^{\circ },h_{1}^{\prime }+h_{2}^{\prime }\geq 360^{\circ }\end{cases}}} 4269:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Delta L^{*}&=L_{1}^{*}-L_{2}^{*},\\C_{1}^{*}&={\sqrt {{a_{1}^{*}}^{2}+{b_{1}^{*}}^{2}}},\\C_{2}^{*}&={\sqrt {{a_{2}^{*}}^{2}+{b_{2}^{*}}^{2}}},\\\Delta C^{*}&=C_{1}^{*}-C_{2}^{*},\\\Delta H^{*}&={\sqrt {{\Delta E_{ab}^{*}}^{2}-{\Delta L^{*}}^{2}-{\Delta C^{*}}^{2}}}={\sqrt {{\Delta a^{*}}^{2}+{\Delta b^{*}}^{2}-{\Delta C^{*}}^{2}}},\\\Delta a^{*}&=a_{1}^{*}-a_{2}^{*},\\\Delta b^{*}&=b_{1}^{*}-b_{2}^{*},\\S_{L}&=1,\\S_{C}&=1+K_{1}C_{1}^{*},\\S_{H}&=1+K_{2}C_{1}^{*},\\\end{aligned}}} 6040: 9888: 6455:{\displaystyle \Delta h'={\begin{cases}h_{2}^{\prime }-h_{1}^{\prime }&\left|h_{1}^{\prime }-h_{2}^{\prime }\right|\leq 180^{\circ }\\h_{2}^{\prime }-h_{1}^{\prime }+360^{\circ }&\left|h_{1}^{\prime }-h_{2}^{\prime }\right|>180^{\circ },h_{2}^{\prime }\leq h_{1}^{\prime }\\h_{2}^{\prime }-h_{1}^{\prime }-360^{\circ }&\left|h_{1}^{\prime }-h_{2}^{\prime }\right|>180^{\circ },h_{2}^{\prime }>h_{1}^{\prime }\end{cases}}} 7865: 9898: 9262: 5810: 4826: 1547: 5520: 1096:: a color space in which equivalent numerical differences represent equivalent visual differences, regardless of location within the color space. A truly uniform color space has been the goal of color scientists for many years. Most color spaces, though not perfectly uniform, are referred to as uniform color spaces, since they are more nearly uniform when compared to the chromaticity diagram. 5235: 3077: 1061: 2814: 2547: 5526: 5241: 4530: 3514: 606: 7570: 4946: 2820: 7357: 832: 823: 2553: 5988: 2302: 1689:

The CIE 1976 color difference formula is the first formula that related a measured color difference to a known set of CIELAB coordinates. This formula has been succeeded by the 1994 and 2000 formulas because the CIELAB space turned out to be not as perceptually uniform as intended, especially in the

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CIELAB and CIELUV are relatively perceptually-uniform color spaces and they have been used as spaces for Euclidean measures of color difference. The CIELAB version is known as CIE76. However, the non-uniformity of these spaces were later discovered, leading to the creation of more complex formulae.

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There have been many attempts to weigh RGB values to better fit human perception, where the components are commonly weighted (red 30%, green 59%, and blue 11%), however, these are demonstrably worse at color determinations and are properly the contributions to the brightness of these colors, rather

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with the hue represented as a circle, placing the various colors within a three-dimensional space of either a cylinder or cone, but most of these are just modifications of RGB; without accounting for differences in human color perception, they will tend to be on par with a simple Euclidean metric.

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alone) has two parameters: lightness (l) and chroma (c), allowing the users to weight the difference based on the ratio of l:c that is deemed appropriate for the application. Commonly used values are 2:1 for acceptability and 1:1 for the threshold of imperceptibility.

7140: 2049: 7785: 613: 5805:{\displaystyle {\bar {C}}^{\prime }={\frac {C_{1}^{\prime }+C_{2}^{\prime }}{2}}{\mbox{ and }}\Delta {C'}=C'_{2}-C'_{1}\quad {\mbox{where }}C_{1}^{\prime }={\sqrt {a_{1}^{'^{2}}+b_{1}^{*^{2}}}}\quad C_{2}^{\prime }={\sqrt {a_{2}^{'^{2}}+b_{2}^{*^{2}}}}\quad } 5515:{\displaystyle a_{1}^{\prime }=a_{1}^{*}+{\frac {a_{1}^{*}}{2}}\left(1-{\sqrt {\frac {{\bar {C}}^{7}}{{\bar {C}}^{7}+25^{7}}}}\right)\quad a_{2}^{\prime }=a_{2}^{*}+{\frac {a_{2}^{*}}{2}}\left(1-{\sqrt {\frac {{\bar {C}}^{7}}{{\bar {C}}^{7}+25^{7}}}}\right)} 4821:{\displaystyle \Delta E_{00}^{*}={\sqrt {\left({\frac {\Delta L'}{k_{L}S_{L}}}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {\Delta C'}{k_{C}S_{C}}}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {\Delta H'}{k_{H}S_{H}}}\right)^{2}+R_{T}{\frac {\Delta C'}{k_{C}S_{C}}}{\frac {\Delta H'}{k_{H}S_{H}}}}}} 5816: 1531: 1327: 5230:{\displaystyle {\bar {L}}={\frac {L_{1}^{*}+L_{2}^{*}}{2}}\quad {\bar {C}}={\frac {C_{1}^{*}+C_{2}^{*}}{2}}\quad {\mbox{where }}C_{1}^{*}={\sqrt {{a_{1}^{*}}^{2}+{b_{1}^{*}}^{2}}},\quad C_{2}^{*}={\sqrt {{a_{2}^{*}}^{2}+{b_{2}^{*}}^{2}}},\quad } 7885:, then the answer is simply "the set of points whose distance to the reference is less than the just-noticeable-difference (JND) threshold". This requires a perceptually uniform metric in order for the threshold to be constant throughout the 250: 3072:{\displaystyle F={\sqrt {\frac {C_{1}^{*^{4}}}{C_{1}^{*^{4}}+1900}}}\quad T={\begin{cases}0.56+|0.2\cos(h_{1}+168^{\circ })|&164^{\circ }\leq h_{1}\leq 345^{\circ }\\0.36+|0.4\cos(h_{1}+35^{\circ })|&{\mbox{otherwise}}\end{cases}}} 1056:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\bar {r}}&={\frac {1}{2}}(R_{1}+R_{2}),\\\Delta C&={\sqrt {\left(2+{\frac {\bar {r}}{256}}\right)\Delta R^{2}+4\Delta G^{2}+\left(2+{\frac {255-{\bar {r}}}{256}}\right)\Delta B^{2}}}.\end{aligned}}} 403: 2809:{\displaystyle S_{L}={\begin{cases}0.511&L_{1}^{*}<16\\{\frac {0.040975L_{1}^{*}}{1+0.01765L_{1}^{*}}}&L_{1}^{*}\geq 16\end{cases}}\quad S_{C}={\frac {0.0638C_{1}^{*}}{1+0.0131C_{1}^{*}}}+0.638\quad S_{H}=S_{C}(FT+1-F)} 1144:

was introduced, since CIEDE2000 was not adequate for it: CIEDE2000 is not reliable below 1 cd/m and has not been verified above 100 cd/m; in addition, even in BT.709 blue primary CIEDE2000 is underpredicting the error.

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allows quantified examination of a notion that formerly could only be described with adjectives. Quantification of these properties is of great importance to those whose work is color-critical. Common definitions make use of the

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This will work in cases when a single color WAS to be compared to a single color and the need is to simply know whether a distance is greater. If these squared color distances are summed, such a metric effectively becomes the

7847:. The maximum discontinuity happens when the hues of two sample colors are about 180° apart, and is usually small relative to ΔE (less than 4%). There is also a negligible amount of discontinuity from hue rollover. 2542:{\displaystyle \Delta E_{CMC}^{*}={\sqrt {\left({\frac {L_{2}^{*}-L_{1}^{*}}{l\times S_{L}}}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {C_{2}^{*}-C_{1}^{*}}{c\times S_{C}}}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {\Delta H_{ab}^{*}}{S_{H}}}\right)^{2}}}} 68:, the standard means of determining distances is the Euclidean distance. If one presently has an RGB (red, green, blue) tuple and wishes to find the color difference, computationally one of the easiest is to consider 1862: 3097:

The CIE 1976 color difference definition was extended to address perceptual non-uniformities, while retaining the CIELAB color space, by the introduction of application-specific parametric weighting factors

3509:{\displaystyle \Delta E_{94}^{*}={\sqrt {\left({\frac {\Delta L^{*}}{k_{L}S_{L}}}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {\Delta C^{*}}{k_{C}S_{C}}}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {\Delta H^{*}}{k_{H}S_{H}}}\right)^{2}}},} 4940: 7576: 1634:

color space have led to the CIE refining their definition over the years, leading to the superior (as recommended by the CIE) 1994 and 2000 formulas. These non-uniformities are important because

3528: 837: 618: 601:{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}{\sqrt {2\Delta R^{2}+4\Delta G^{2}+3\Delta B^{2}}},&{\bar {R}}<128,\\{\sqrt {3\Delta R^{2}+4\Delta G^{2}+2\Delta B^{2}}}&{\text{otherwise}},\end{cases}}} 7565:{\displaystyle S_{L}=1+{\frac {0.015\left({\bar {L}}-50\right)^{2}}{\sqrt {20+{\left({\bar {L}}-50\right)}^{2}}}}\quad S_{C}=1+0.045{\bar {C}}^{\prime }\quad S_{H}=1+0.015{\bar {C}}^{\prime }T} 1855: 1775: 6003:

which usually has a range from −π to π radians; color specifications are given in 0 to 360 degrees, so some adjustment is needed. The inverse tangent is indeterminate if both

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formulae are originally designed to have the difference of 1.0 stand for a JND. This convention is generally followed by other perceptual distance functions such as the aforementioned

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Sharma, Gaurav; Wu, Wencheng; Dalal, Edul N. (February 2005). "The CIEDE2000 color-difference formula: Implementation notes, supplementary test data, and mathematical observations".

7352:{\displaystyle T=1-0.17\cos({\bar {H}}^{\prime }-30^{\circ })+0.24\cos(2{\bar {H}}^{\prime })+0.32\cos(3{\bar {H}}^{\prime }+6^{\circ })-0.20\cos(4{\bar {H}}^{\prime }-63^{\circ })} 259: 4478: 1388: 7817: 818:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Delta R&=R_{1}-R_{2},\\\Delta G&=G_{1}-G_{2},\\\Delta B&=B_{1}-B_{2},\\{\bar {R}}&={\frac {1}{2}}(R_{1}+R_{2}).\end{aligned}}} 7932:

in the automotive industry is rather stringent, often less than 0.5 under D65/10. In printing, the typical limit is 2.0 under D50, though some processes require up to 5.0.

5983:{\displaystyle h_{1}^{\prime }={\text{atan2}}(b_{1}^{*},a_{1}^{\prime })\mod 360^{\circ },\quad h_{2}^{\prime }={\text{atan2}}(b_{2}^{*},a_{2}^{\prime })\mod 360^{\circ }} 8015: 7845: 8047: 4427: 4391: 4355: 2153: 1106:

A uniform color space is supposed to make a simple measure of color difference, usually Euclidean, "just work". Color spaces that improve on this issue include

7919:. Increasing the weighting factor in the aforementioned distance expressions has the effect of increasing the size of the ellipsoid along the respective axis. 8775:

Melgosa, M.; Quesada, J. J.; Hita, E. (December 1994). "Uniformity of some recent color metrics tested with an accurate color-difference tolerance dataset".

7127:(no divide by 2; essentially, if one angle is indeterminate, then use the other angle as the average; relies on indeterminate angle being set to zero). See 8689: 8142: 9514: 416:

than to the degree to which human vision has less tolerance for these colors. The closer approximations would be more properly (for non-linear

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When we wish to calculate distance from the first point to the third point (i.e. changing more than one of the color values), we can do this:

4879: 1638:. CIELAB metric is used to define color tolerance of CMYK solids. A good metric should take this into account in order for the notion of a " 1381:

The Euclidean measure is known to work poorly on large color distances (i.e. more than 10 units in most systems). A hybrid approach where a

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concerns the question "What is a set of colors that are imperceptibly/acceptably close to a given reference?" If the distance measure is

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Li, Changjun; Li, Zhiqiang; Wang, Zhifeng; et al. (December 2017). "Comprehensive color solutions: CAM16, CAT16, and CAM16-UCS".

3147:(1994) is defined in the L*C*h* color space and likewise violates symmetry, therefore defining a quasimetric. Given a reference color 8303: 8165:. BT Series: Broadcasting service (television). International Telecommunication Union. January 2019. Recommendation ITU-R BT.2124-0. 9665: 1582: 7922:

The definition of "acceptably close" also depends on the industrial requirements and practicality. In the automotive industry the

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Abasi, Saeedeh; Amani Tehran, Mohammad; Fairchild, Mark D. (April 2020). "Distance metrics for very large color differences".

8515: 8412: 7131:, eqn. 7 and p. 23 stating most implementations on the internet at the time had "an error in the computation of average hue". 2044:{\displaystyle \Delta E_{ab}^{*}={\sqrt {(L_{2}^{*}-L_{1}^{*})^{2}+(a_{2}^{*}-a_{1}^{*})^{2}+(b_{2}^{*}-b_{1}^{*})^{2}}}.} 254:

When the result should be computationally simple as well, it is often acceptable to remove the square root and simply use

9731: 7946: 7889:(range of colors). Otherwise, the threshold will be a function of the reference color—cumbersome as a practical guide. 1780: 1700: 8533:"The CIEDE2000 color-difference formula: Implementation notes, supplementary test data, and mathematical observations" 8827: 8357: 8343: 8288: 8255: 8222: 3224: 3150: 9676: 1649:

may be insignificant between two colors in one part of the color space while being significant in some other part.

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Sharma, Wu, and Dalal has provided some additional notes on the mathematics and implementation of the formula.

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issue, the CIE refined their definition with the CIEDE2000 formula published in 2001, adding five corrections:

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Colorimetry - Part 4: CIE 1976 L*a*b* Colour Space (Report). Draft Standard. CIE. 2007. CIE DS 014-4.3/E:2007.

8135: 2055: 9736: 7780:{\displaystyle R_{T}=-2{\sqrt {\frac {{\bar {C}}'^{7}}{{\bar {C}}'^{7}+25^{7}}}}\sin \left^{2}\right)\right]} 2231: 2162: 8090: 7904:

denoting the tolerance contours vary in size. It is partly this non-uniformity that led to the creation of

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saturated regions. This means that this formula rates these colors too highly as opposed to other colors.

1635: 1526:{\textstyle \Delta E_{\text{HyAB}}={\sqrt {(a_{2}-a_{1})^{2}+(b_{2}-b_{1})^{2}}}+\left|L_{2}-L_{1}\right|} 9539: 9199: 8973: 8751: 3082: 2113: 1322:{\displaystyle \Delta E_{\text{ITP}}=720{\sqrt {(I_{1}-I_{2})^{2}+(T_{1}-T_{2})^{2}+(P_{1}-P_{2})^{2}}},} 8532: 827:

One of the better low-cost approximations, sometimes called "redmean", combines the two cases smoothly:

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corresponds to the arithmetic mean of the chord lengths of the equal chroma circles of the two colors.

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CIEDE 2000 is not mathematically continuous. The discontinuity stems from calculating the mean hue

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is scaled so that a value of 1 indicates the potential of a just noticeable color difference. The Δ

1141: 245:{\displaystyle {\text{distance}}={\sqrt {(R_{2}-R_{1})^{2}+(G_{2}-G_{1})^{2}+(B_{2}-B_{1})^{2}}}.} 9768: 9721: 9711: 9706: 9701: 7981: 45: 8590: 1669:. However, further experimentation may invalidate this design assumption, the revision of CIE76 1170:, but XYZ is also available in the standard. The formula is a simply scaled Euclidean distance: 9726: 8020: 8212: 9932: 9650: 9405: 8949: 8870: 4489: 1620: 1561: 9124: 8499: 8278: 398:{\displaystyle {\text{distance}}^{2}=(R_{2}-R_{1})^{2}+(G_{2}-G_{1})^{2}+(B_{2}-B_{1})^{2}.} 9922: 9623: 9306: 9294: 8786: 8604: 7893: 7869: 7822: 4405: 4369: 4333: 2131: 7915:

More generally, if the lightness is allowed to vary, then we find the tolerance set to be

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The formulae below should use degrees rather than radians; the issue is significant for

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Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the

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A very simple example can be given between the two colors with RGB values (0, 64, 0) (

9937: 9863: 9816: 9413: 9228: 9167: 9119: 9052: 9047: 9025: 8954: 8823: 8802: 8511: 8353: 8284: 8251: 8218: 8197: 4500:), to deal with the problematic blue region (hue angles in the neighborhood of 275°): 8466: 8391: 7900:, which holds L* (lightness) fixed. As can be observed on the adjacent diagram, the 1065:

There are a number of color distance formulae that attempt to use color spaces like

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Sharma, Gaurav; Wu, Wencheng; Dalal, Edul N.; Celik, Mehmet U. (1 January 2004).

8245: 7897: 1107: 9891: 9836: 9821: 9801: 9796: 9579: 9393: 9388: 9216: 9194: 9129: 9001: 8966: 8939: 8777: 1604: 9916: 9776: 9361: 9247: 9172: 9149: 9089: 9013: 8996: 8902: 2128:(i.e. it violates symmetry: parameter T is based on the hue of the reference 20: 4503:

Compensation for neutral colors (the primed values in the L*C*h differences)

9611: 9574: 9567: 9373: 9356: 9348: 9289: 9281: 9144: 8988: 8806: 8767: 1624: 1608: 36: 9748: 9606: 9383: 9378: 9242: 9211: 9177: 9082: 8978: 8944: 8798: 8627:"Mathematical Discontinuities in CIEDE2000 Color Difference Computations" 7975: 7971: 5999:

The inverse tangent (tan) can be computed using a common library routine

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is zero, then Δh′ is irrelevant and may be set to zero. See

8752:"Historical development of CIE recommended color difference equations" 8674: 8555: 8189: 8121: 9618: 9591: 9586: 9095: 8856: 8349: 7916: 7864: 4292:

are usually both set to unity, and the parametric weighting factors

9873: 9596: 9204: 409: 9261: 9645: 8927: 7901: 1619:; German for "sensation". Use of this term can be traced back to 1546: 9868: 9471: 9461: 8862: 7909: 7905: 2120:. Named after the developing committee, their metric is called 1631: 64:

As most definitions of color difference are distances within a

95:): their distance is 255. Going from there to (255, 64, 128) ( 9496: 9491: 9481: 9451: 8922: 8893: 7886: 6027:

The example above expects the parameter order of atan2 to be

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the human eye is more sensitive to certain colors than others

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color difference metric is derived from display referenced

594: 417: 8175: 9562: 9456: 9221: 7896:, for example, the tolerance contours are defined by the 4488:

Since the 1994 definition did not adequately resolve the

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derived from an automotive paint test's tolerance data.

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as much to the difference (or, identically, is allowed

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is zero); in that case, set the hue angle to zero. See

7825: 7795: 5648: 5595: 5067: 4935:{\displaystyle \Delta L^{\prime }=L_{2}^{*}-L_{1}^{*}} 3056: 2234: 2165: 2058: 1783: 1703: 1391: 8531:

Sharma, Gaurav; Wu, Wencheng; Dalal, Edul N. (2005).

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Color Vision: Perspectives from Different Disciplines

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Fraser, Bruce; Bunting, Fred; Murphy, Chris (2004).

8210: 1857:, the CIE76 color difference formula is defined as: 1385:

is used between the lightness and the chroma plane,

8722:"Tips for Defining a Realistic Pass/Fail Tolerance" 8276: 8774: 8624: 8041: 8009: 7839: 7811: 7779: 7564: 7351: 7078: 6454: 6011:are zero (which also means that the corresponding 5982: 5804: 5514: 5229: 4934: 4820: 4472: 4421: 4385: 4349: 4268: 3508: 3287: 3213: 3071: 2808: 2541: 2289: 2220: 2147: 2088: 2043: 1850:{\textstyle ({L_{2}^{*}},{a_{2}^{*}},{b_{2}^{*}})} 1849: 1770:{\textstyle ({L_{1}^{*}},{a_{1}^{*}},{b_{1}^{*}})} 1769: 1558:about acceptability difference values in industry. 1525: 1321: 1055: 817: 600: 397: 244: 9515:Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate 2108:In 1984, the Colour Measurement Committee of the 9914: 8211:Backhaus, W.; Kliegl, R.; Werner, J. S. (1998). 1376: 8304:Evaluation of the CIE Color Difference Formulas 3288:{\displaystyle (L_{2}^{*},a_{2}^{*},b_{2}^{*})} 3214:{\displaystyle (L_{1}^{*},a_{1}^{*},b_{1}^{*})} 1331:where the components of this "ITP" is given by 2116:color model, an alternative representation of 1642:" (JND) to have meaning. Otherwise, a certain 1630:Perceptual non-uniformities in the underlying 1125: 8878: 8845:Bruce Lindbloom's color difference calculator 8660: 8690:"A guide to Understanding Color Tolerancing" 8687: 8467:"Colour Difference Software by David Heggie" 8337: 8335: 8313: 8311: 8002: 7990: 80:linear dimensions defining the color space. 8857:Explore the Spectrum with Colors in Between 8656: 8654: 9897: 8885: 8871: 8107: 2112:defined a difference measure based on the 8847:. Uses all CIELAB metrics defined herein. 8749: 8642: 8332: 8308: 5969: 5968: 5887: 5886: 2089:{\textstyle \Delta E_{ab}^{*}\approx 2.3} 9666:International Commission on Illumination 8813: 8651: 8605:"The CIEDE2000 Color-Difference Formula" 7970:Called such because the operator is not 7863: 2290:{\textstyle (L_{1}^{*},C_{1}^{*},h_{1})} 2221:{\textstyle (L_{2}^{*},C_{2}^{*},h_{2})} 1583:International Commission on Illumination 16:Metric for difference between two colors 8426:(13). 1–15 October 1996. Archived from 8372:Meaning that the lightness contributes 8243: 1077: 420:, using a color range of 0–255): 9915: 9656:Color Association of the United States 8851:The CIEDE2000 Color-Difference Formula 8530: 8341: 8237: 7128: 6486: 6016: 8866: 8681: 8568: 8497: 8443: 8389: 8204: 8067: 8065: 1611:often used to denote difference, and 1533:, is shown to work better on CIELAB. 3081:CMC l:c is designed to be used with 1540: 8283:(2nd ed.). Pearson Education. 13: 9520:Blue–green distinction in language 8742: 8602: 8217:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 188. 8062: 7947:Color coding in data visualization 7826: 7804: 7796: 7554: 7512: 7328: 7275: 7235: 7182: 7051: 7033: 6997: 6979: 6933: 6915: 6880: 6862: 6826: 6808: 6762: 6744: 6704: 6686: 6653: 6635: 6606: 6572: 6564: 6548: 6533: 6510: 6502: 6440: 6422: 6386: 6368: 6333: 6315: 6296: 6278: 6242: 6224: 6189: 6171: 6134: 6116: 6094: 6076: 6044: 5956: 5912: 5874: 5830: 5738: 5664: 5601: 5583: 5565: 5544: 5389: 5255: 4891: 4883: 4780: 4741: 4679: 4622: 4565: 4534: 4449: 4069: 4009: 3980: 3955: 3930: 3901: 3876: 3843: 3819: 3759: 3531: 3453: 3394: 3335: 3304: 2493: 2306: 2059: 1866: 1585:(CIE) calls their distance metric 1392: 1179: 1031: 972: 953: 905: 707: 664: 621: 566: 547: 528: 478: 459: 440: 14: 9949: 8838: 8128: 4849:The parametric weighting factors 4473:{\displaystyle \Delta H_{ab}^{*}} 2103: 9896: 9887: 9886: 9677:International Colour Association 9260: 8892: 8814:McDonald, Roderick, ed. (1997). 8756:Color Research & Application 8719: 8688:Susan Hughes (14 January 1998). 8663:Color Research & Application 8540:Color Research & Application 8178:Color Research & Application 8148:from the original on 2016-05-08. 8110:Color Research & Application 1545: 8820:Society of Dyers and Colourists 8713: 8618: 8607:. "Excel spreadsheet" hyperlink 8596: 8591:The "Blue Turns Purple" Problem 8584: 8562: 8524: 8491: 8480: 8459: 8437: 8405: 8383: 8366: 8319:"Delta E: The Color Difference" 8297: 8136:"What Is ICtCp – Introduction?" 7964: 7812:{\textstyle \Delta H^{\prime }} 7517: 7475: 6591: 5964: 5901: 5882: 5801: 5727: 5646: 5378: 5226: 5149: 5065: 5007: 2888: 2758: 2688: 2110:Society of Dyers and Colourists 96: 90: 84: 9672:International Color Consortium 9661:International Colour Authority 8644:10.2352/CIC.2004.12.1.art00058 8498:Klein, Georg A. (2010-05-18). 8345:Digital Color Imaging Handbook 8270: 8169: 8152: 8101: 8083: 7721: 7634: 7609: 7547: 7505: 7448: 7404: 7346: 7321: 7308: 7293: 7268: 7255: 7240: 7228: 7215: 7200: 7175: 7165: 6951: 6902: 6780: 6731: 6658: 6622: 6599: 6585: 6561: 5961: 5925: 5879: 5843: 5537: 5478: 5458: 5344: 5324: 5014: 4956: 3282: 3228: 3208: 3154: 3049: 3045: 3019: 3006: 2953: 2949: 2923: 2910: 2803: 2782: 2284: 2235: 2215: 2166: 2100:(just noticeable difference). 2027: 1990: 1978: 1941: 1929: 1892: 1844: 1784: 1764: 1704: 1476: 1449: 1437: 1410: 1305: 1278: 1266: 1239: 1227: 1200: 1087: 1014: 938: 895: 869: 846: 805: 779: 756: 504: 383: 356: 344: 317: 305: 278: 228: 201: 189: 162: 150: 123: 31:is the separation between two 1: 9737:List of Crayola crayon colors 8056: 4506:Compensation for lightness (S 1681:JND to 2.3 being an example. 1536: 1377:Other geometric constructions 8631:Color and Imaging Conference 8380:the tolerance) as the chroma 7952: 7853: 4483: 4442:Geometrically, the quantity 54: 7: 9540:Traditional colors of Japan 9317:Achromatic colors (Neutral) 9200:Multi-primary color display 8974:Spectral power distribution 8816:Colour Physics for Industry 8750:Robertson, Alan R. (1990). 8280:Real World Color Management 8010:{\displaystyle S_{\{C,H\}}} 7935: 4317: 4313:depend on the application: 1136:In 2019 a new standard for 10: 9954: 8469:. Colorpro.com. 1995-12-19 7857: 4513:Compensation for chroma (S 3087:CIE Supplementary Observer 1640:just noticeable difference 1592:(also inaccurately called 1085: 9882: 9854: 9767: 9692: 9685: 9636: 9555: 9505: 9437: 9428: 9400:Color realism (art style) 9347: 9280: 9269: 9258: 9158: 9105: 9058:Evolution of color vision 8987: 8910: 8901: 8569:Lindbloom, Bruce Justin. 8444:Lindbloom, Bruce Justin. 8390:Lindbloom, Bruce Justin. 8042:{\displaystyle C_{1}^{*}} 7868:A MacAdam diagram in the 4870:are usually set to unity. 9717:List of colors (compact) 9535:Color in Chinese culture 9185:Digital image processing 8918:Electromagnetic spectrum 8502:Industrial Color Physics 7957: 3092: 2159:The distance of a color 1684: 412:of the color distances. 101:) is a distance of 128. 9722:List of colors by shade 8342:Sharma, Gaurav (2003). 7819:and the hue difference 6031:. See implementation in 4520:Compensation for hue (S 1126:Rec. ITU-R BT.2124 or Δ 59: 9727:List of color palettes 8768:10.1002/col.5080150308 8250:. Wiley. p. 278. 8141:. Dolby. Version 7.1. 8043: 8011: 7873: 7841: 7840:{\textstyle \Delta h'} 7813: 7781: 7566: 7353: 7080: 6456: 5984: 5806: 5516: 5231: 4936: 4822: 4496:A hue rotation term (R 4474: 4423: 4387: 4351: 4270: 3510: 3289: 3215: 3143:As with the CMC I:c, Δ 3073: 2810: 2543: 2291: 2222: 2149: 2090: 2045: 1851: 1771: 1603:, or "Delta E") where 1556:is missing information 1527: 1323: 1104: 1057: 819: 602: 399: 246: 9651:Color Marketing Group 9406:On Vision and Colours 9339:Tinctures in heraldry 8950:Structural coloration 8044: 8012: 7867: 7842: 7814: 7782: 7567: 7354: 7081: 6457: 5985: 5807: 5517: 5232: 4937: 4823: 4490:perceptual uniformity 4475: 4424: 4422:{\displaystyle K_{2}} 4388: 4386:{\displaystyle K_{1}} 4352: 4350:{\displaystyle k_{L}} 4271: 3511: 3290: 3216: 3074: 2811: 2544: 2292: 2223: 2150: 2148:{\displaystyle h_{1}} 2091: 2046: 1852: 1772: 1621:Hermann von Helmholtz 1528: 1324: 1091: 1058: 820: 603: 400: 247: 9732:List of color spaces 9624:Tint, shade and tone 9507:Cultural differences 9322:Polychromatic colors 9307:Complementary colors 9295:Monochromatic colors 8859:, by Bettie M. Cobb. 8799:10.1364/AO.33.008069 8573:. Brucelindbloom.com 8571:"Delta E (CIE 2000)" 8506:. Springer. p. 8448:. Brucelindbloom.com 8446:"Delta E (CIE 1994)" 8394:. Brucelindbloom.com 8244:Valberg, A. (2005). 8021: 7982: 7894:CIE 1931 color space 7882:perceptually uniform 7870:CIE 1931 color space 7823: 7793: 7577: 7364: 7141: 6499: 6041: 5817: 5527: 5242: 4947: 4880: 4531: 4446: 4406: 4370: 4334: 3524: 3301: 3295:, the difference is 3225: 3151: 2821: 2554: 2303: 2232: 2163: 2132: 2056: 1863: 1781: 1701: 1693:Given two colors in 1389: 1176: 1078:Uniform color spaces 833: 614: 424: 260: 110: 89:) and (255, 64, 0) ( 9712:List of colors: N–Z 9707:List of colors: G–M 9702:List of colors: A–F 8791:1994ApOpt..33.8069M 8038: 7860:Uniform color space 7055: 7037: 7001: 6983: 6937: 6919: 6884: 6866: 6830: 6812: 6766: 6748: 6708: 6690: 6657: 6639: 6552: 6537: 6444: 6426: 6390: 6372: 6337: 6319: 6300: 6282: 6246: 6228: 6193: 6175: 6138: 6120: 6098: 6080: 5960: 5942: 5916: 5878: 5860: 5834: 5798: 5773: 5742: 5724: 5699: 5668: 5645: 5629: 5587: 5569: 5431: 5411: 5393: 5297: 5277: 5259: 5213: 5186: 5164: 5136: 5109: 5087: 5058: 5040: 5000: 4982: 4931: 4913: 4551: 4469: 4258: 4203: 4121: 4103: 4061: 4043: 3863: 3811: 3793: 3742: 3715: 3689: 3658: 3631: 3605: 3583: 3565: 3321: 3281: 3263: 3245: 3207: 3189: 3171: 2877: 2854: 2748: 2722: 2674: 2654: 2628: 2597: 2513: 2450: 2432: 2375: 2357: 2329: 2270: 2252: 2201: 2183: 2079: 2025: 2007: 1976: 1958: 1927: 1909: 1886: 1842: 1822: 1802: 1762: 1742: 1722: 1094:Uniform color space 9759:List of web colors 9754:List of RAL colors 9160:Color reproduction 9125:Lüscher color test 8962:Color of chemicals 8702:on 10 October 2015 8548:Wiley Interscience 8348:(1.7.2 ed.). 8247:Light Vision Color 8039: 8024: 8007: 7974:. This makes it a 7874: 7837: 7809: 7777: 7562: 7349: 7076: 7071: 7041: 7023: 6987: 6969: 6923: 6905: 6870: 6852: 6816: 6798: 6752: 6734: 6694: 6676: 6643: 6625: 6538: 6523: 6452: 6447: 6430: 6412: 6376: 6358: 6323: 6305: 6286: 6268: 6232: 6214: 6179: 6161: 6124: 6106: 6084: 6066: 6001:atan2(b, a′) 5980: 5946: 5928: 5902: 5864: 5846: 5820: 5802: 5777: 5748: 5728: 5703: 5674: 5654: 5652: 5633: 5617: 5599: 5573: 5555: 5512: 5417: 5397: 5379: 5283: 5263: 5245: 5227: 5199: 5172: 5150: 5122: 5095: 5073: 5071: 5044: 5026: 4986: 4968: 4932: 4917: 4899: 4818: 4537: 4470: 4452: 4419: 4383: 4347: 4266: 4264: 4244: 4189: 4107: 4089: 4047: 4029: 3846: 3797: 3779: 3728: 3701: 3675: 3644: 3617: 3591: 3569: 3551: 3506: 3307: 3285: 3267: 3249: 3231: 3221:and another color 3211: 3193: 3175: 3157: 3069: 3064: 3060: 2856: 2833: 2806: 2734: 2708: 2683: 2660: 2640: 2614: 2583: 2539: 2496: 2436: 2418: 2361: 2343: 2309: 2287: 2256: 2238: 2218: 2187: 2169: 2145: 2118:L*a*b* coordinates 2086: 2062: 2041: 2011: 1993: 1962: 1944: 1913: 1895: 1869: 1847: 1828: 1808: 1788: 1767: 1748: 1728: 1708: 1695:CIELAB color space 1523: 1319: 1110:, CAM16-UCS, and J 1053: 1051: 815: 813: 598: 593: 395: 242: 46:device-independent 42:Euclidean distance 9928:Visual perception 9910: 9909: 9850: 9849: 9632: 9631: 9424: 9423: 9414:Theory of Colours 9256: 9255: 9168:Color photography 9120:Color preferences 9063:Impossible colors 9053:Color vision test 9048:Color temperature 9026:Color calibration 8955:Animal coloration 8675:10.1002/col.20070 8593:, Bruce Lindbloom 8556:10.1002/col.20070 8517:978-1-4419-1196-4 8190:10.1002/col.22451 8122:10.1002/col.22131 7755: 7724: 7666: 7665: 7637: 7612: 7550: 7508: 7473: 7472: 7451: 7407: 7324: 7271: 7231: 7178: 7132: 6602: 6553: 6490: 6032: 6020: 5923: 5841: 5799: 5725: 5651: 5598: 5592: 5540: 5505: 5504: 5481: 5461: 5435: 5371: 5370: 5347: 5327: 5301: 5221: 5144: 5070: 5063: 5017: 5005: 4959: 4871: 4845: 4816: 4814: 4775: 4713: 4656: 4599: 4438: 4437: 4000: 3921: 3750: 3666: 3501: 3489: 3430: 3371: 3059: 2886: 2885: 2750: 2656: 2537: 2525: 2470: 2395: 2096:corresponds to a 2036: 1579: 1578: 1485: 1402: 1314: 1189: 1044: 1024: 1017: 946: 941: 867: 849: 777: 759: 586: 579: 507: 491: 267: 237: 116: 9945: 9900: 9899: 9890: 9889: 9690: 9689: 9556:Color dimensions 9545:Human skin color 9435: 9434: 9312:Analogous colors 9278: 9277: 9264: 9190:Color management 9107:Color psychology 9073:Opponent process 8989:Color perception 8908: 8907: 8887: 8880: 8873: 8864: 8863: 8833: 8818:(2nd ed.). 8810: 8771: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8732: 8717: 8711: 8710: 8708: 8707: 8701: 8695:. Archived from 8694: 8685: 8679: 8678: 8658: 8649: 8648: 8646: 8622: 8616: 8615: 8613: 8612: 8603:Sharma, Gaurav. 8600: 8594: 8588: 8582: 8581: 8579: 8578: 8566: 8560: 8559: 8537: 8528: 8522: 8521: 8505: 8495: 8489: 8488: 8484: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8474: 8463: 8457: 8456: 8454: 8453: 8441: 8435: 8434: 8432: 8420:Insight on Color 8417: 8409: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8399: 8387: 8381: 8370: 8364: 8363: 8339: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8326: 8315: 8306: 8301: 8295: 8294: 8274: 8268: 8267: 8265: 8264: 8241: 8235: 8234: 8232: 8231: 8208: 8202: 8201: 8173: 8167: 8166: 8164: 8156: 8150: 8149: 8147: 8140: 8132: 8126: 8125: 8105: 8099: 8098: 8091:"Color Glossary" 8087: 8081: 8080: 8069: 8050: 8048: 8046: 8045: 8040: 8037: 8032: 8016: 8014: 8013: 8008: 8006: 8005: 7978:. Specifically, 7968: 7931: 7846: 7844: 7843: 7838: 7836: 7818: 7816: 7815: 7810: 7808: 7807: 7786: 7784: 7783: 7778: 7776: 7772: 7771: 7767: 7766: 7765: 7760: 7756: 7754: 7753: 7744: 7743: 7742: 7730: 7726: 7725: 7717: 7712: 7688: 7687: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7662: 7650: 7649: 7648: 7639: 7638: 7630: 7625: 7624: 7623: 7614: 7613: 7605: 7601: 7600: 7589: 7588: 7571: 7569: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7557: 7552: 7551: 7543: 7527: 7526: 7516: 7515: 7510: 7509: 7501: 7485: 7484: 7474: 7471: 7470: 7465: 7464: 7460: 7453: 7452: 7444: 7428: 7427: 7426: 7425: 7420: 7416: 7409: 7408: 7400: 7387: 7376: 7375: 7358: 7356: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7344: 7332: 7331: 7326: 7325: 7317: 7292: 7291: 7279: 7278: 7273: 7272: 7264: 7239: 7238: 7233: 7232: 7224: 7199: 7198: 7186: 7185: 7180: 7179: 7171: 7112: 7091: 7085: 7083: 7082: 7077: 7075: 7074: 7068: 7067: 7054: 7049: 7036: 7031: 7019: 7018: 7006: 7002: 7000: 6995: 6982: 6977: 6958: 6950: 6949: 6936: 6931: 6918: 6913: 6897: 6896: 6883: 6878: 6865: 6860: 6848: 6847: 6835: 6831: 6829: 6824: 6811: 6806: 6787: 6779: 6778: 6765: 6760: 6747: 6742: 6726: 6725: 6713: 6709: 6707: 6702: 6689: 6684: 6665: 6656: 6651: 6638: 6633: 6610: 6609: 6604: 6603: 6595: 6581: 6576: 6575: 6554: 6551: 6546: 6536: 6531: 6522: 6514: 6513: 6467: 6461: 6459: 6458: 6453: 6451: 6450: 6443: 6438: 6425: 6420: 6408: 6407: 6395: 6391: 6389: 6384: 6371: 6366: 6350: 6349: 6336: 6331: 6318: 6313: 6299: 6294: 6281: 6276: 6264: 6263: 6251: 6247: 6245: 6240: 6227: 6222: 6206: 6205: 6192: 6187: 6174: 6169: 6156: 6155: 6143: 6139: 6137: 6132: 6119: 6114: 6097: 6092: 6079: 6074: 6054: 6030: 6023: 6002: 5995: 5989: 5987: 5986: 5981: 5979: 5978: 5959: 5954: 5941: 5936: 5924: 5921: 5915: 5910: 5897: 5896: 5877: 5872: 5859: 5854: 5842: 5839: 5833: 5828: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5785: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5769: 5756: 5747: 5741: 5736: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5721: 5711: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5695: 5682: 5673: 5667: 5662: 5653: 5649: 5641: 5625: 5613: 5612: 5600: 5596: 5593: 5588: 5586: 5581: 5568: 5563: 5553: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5541: 5533: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5511: 5507: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5489: 5488: 5483: 5482: 5474: 5469: 5468: 5463: 5462: 5454: 5450: 5449: 5436: 5430: 5425: 5416: 5410: 5405: 5392: 5387: 5377: 5373: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5355: 5354: 5349: 5348: 5340: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5328: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5302: 5296: 5291: 5282: 5276: 5271: 5258: 5253: 5236: 5234: 5233: 5228: 5222: 5220: 5219: 5214: 5212: 5207: 5193: 5192: 5187: 5185: 5180: 5169: 5163: 5158: 5145: 5143: 5142: 5137: 5135: 5130: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5108: 5103: 5092: 5086: 5081: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5059: 5057: 5052: 5039: 5034: 5024: 5019: 5018: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4999: 4994: 4981: 4976: 4966: 4961: 4960: 4952: 4941: 4939: 4938: 4933: 4930: 4925: 4912: 4907: 4895: 4894: 4848: 4833: 4827: 4825: 4824: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4812: 4811: 4802: 4801: 4791: 4790: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4772: 4763: 4762: 4752: 4751: 4739: 4737: 4736: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4714: 4712: 4711: 4710: 4701: 4700: 4690: 4689: 4677: 4667: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4655: 4654: 4653: 4644: 4643: 4633: 4632: 4620: 4610: 4609: 4604: 4600: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4587: 4586: 4576: 4575: 4563: 4556: 4550: 4545: 4479: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4468: 4463: 4428: 4426: 4425: 4420: 4418: 4417: 4392: 4390: 4389: 4384: 4382: 4381: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4346: 4345: 4318: 4275: 4273: 4272: 4267: 4265: 4257: 4252: 4243: 4242: 4220: 4219: 4202: 4197: 4188: 4187: 4165: 4164: 4138: 4137: 4120: 4115: 4102: 4097: 4081: 4080: 4060: 4055: 4042: 4037: 4021: 4020: 4001: 3999: 3998: 3993: 3992: 3991: 3974: 3973: 3968: 3967: 3966: 3949: 3948: 3943: 3942: 3941: 3927: 3922: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3913: 3912: 3895: 3894: 3889: 3888: 3887: 3870: 3869: 3864: 3862: 3857: 3840: 3831: 3830: 3810: 3805: 3792: 3787: 3771: 3770: 3751: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3741: 3736: 3722: 3721: 3716: 3714: 3709: 3698: 3688: 3683: 3667: 3665: 3664: 3659: 3657: 3652: 3638: 3637: 3632: 3630: 3625: 3614: 3604: 3599: 3582: 3577: 3564: 3559: 3543: 3542: 3515: 3513: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3500: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3488: 3487: 3486: 3477: 3476: 3466: 3465: 3464: 3451: 3441: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3429: 3428: 3427: 3418: 3417: 3407: 3406: 3405: 3392: 3382: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3370: 3369: 3368: 3359: 3358: 3348: 3347: 3346: 3333: 3326: 3320: 3315: 3294: 3292: 3291: 3286: 3280: 3275: 3262: 3257: 3244: 3239: 3220: 3218: 3217: 3212: 3206: 3201: 3188: 3183: 3170: 3165: 3119:, and functions 3078: 3076: 3075: 3070: 3068: 3067: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3044: 3043: 3031: 3030: 3009: 2994: 2993: 2981: 2980: 2968: 2967: 2956: 2948: 2947: 2935: 2934: 2913: 2887: 2884: 2876: 2875: 2874: 2864: 2853: 2852: 2851: 2841: 2832: 2831: 2815: 2813: 2812: 2807: 2781: 2780: 2768: 2767: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2742: 2723: 2721: 2716: 2703: 2698: 2697: 2687: 2686: 2673: 2668: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2648: 2629: 2627: 2622: 2609: 2596: 2591: 2566: 2565: 2548: 2546: 2545: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2524: 2523: 2514: 2512: 2507: 2491: 2481: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2469: 2468: 2467: 2451: 2449: 2444: 2431: 2426: 2416: 2406: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2394: 2393: 2392: 2376: 2374: 2369: 2356: 2351: 2341: 2334: 2328: 2323: 2296: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2282: 2269: 2264: 2251: 2246: 2227: 2225: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2213: 2200: 2195: 2182: 2177: 2154: 2152: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2143: 2095: 2093: 2092: 2087: 2078: 2073: 2050: 2048: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2035: 2034: 2024: 2019: 2006: 2001: 1986: 1985: 1975: 1970: 1957: 1952: 1937: 1936: 1926: 1921: 1908: 1903: 1891: 1885: 1880: 1856: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1836: 1823: 1821: 1816: 1803: 1801: 1796: 1776: 1774: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1761: 1756: 1743: 1741: 1736: 1723: 1721: 1716: 1680: 1668: 1658: 1648: 1602: 1598: 1591: 1574: 1571: 1565: 1549: 1541: 1532: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1516: 1504: 1503: 1486: 1484: 1483: 1474: 1473: 1461: 1460: 1445: 1444: 1435: 1434: 1422: 1421: 1409: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1383:taxicab distance 1328: 1326: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1312: 1303: 1302: 1290: 1289: 1274: 1273: 1264: 1263: 1251: 1250: 1235: 1234: 1225: 1224: 1212: 1211: 1199: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1102: 1088:§ Tolerance 1062: 1060: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1045: 1043: 1042: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1010: 1000: 984: 983: 965: 964: 952: 948: 947: 942: 934: 932: 919: 894: 893: 881: 880: 868: 860: 851: 850: 842: 824: 822: 821: 816: 814: 804: 803: 791: 790: 778: 770: 761: 760: 752: 742: 741: 729: 728: 699: 698: 686: 685: 656: 655: 643: 642: 607: 605: 604: 599: 597: 596: 587: 584: 580: 578: 577: 559: 558: 540: 539: 524: 509: 508: 500: 492: 490: 489: 471: 470: 452: 451: 436: 404: 402: 401: 396: 391: 390: 381: 380: 368: 367: 352: 351: 342: 341: 329: 328: 313: 312: 303: 302: 290: 289: 274: 273: 268: 265: 251: 249: 248: 243: 238: 236: 235: 226: 225: 213: 212: 197: 196: 187: 186: 174: 173: 158: 157: 148: 147: 135: 134: 122: 117: 114: 100: 99: 94: 93: 88: 87: 25:color difference 9953: 9952: 9948: 9947: 9946: 9944: 9943: 9942: 9913: 9912: 9911: 9906: 9878: 9846: 9763: 9681: 9638: 9628: 9551: 9530:Blue in culture 9501: 9420: 9367:Secondary color 9343: 9300:black-and-white 9272: 9265: 9252: 9154: 9140:National colors 9135:Political color 9115:Color symbolism 9101: 9031:Color constancy 9009:Color blindness 8983: 8940:Spectral colors 8897: 8891: 8841: 8836: 8830: 8785:(34): 8069–77. 8745: 8743:Further reading 8740: 8730: 8728: 8718: 8714: 8705: 8703: 8699: 8692: 8686: 8682: 8659: 8652: 8623: 8619: 8610: 8608: 8601: 8597: 8589: 8585: 8576: 8574: 8567: 8563: 8535: 8529: 8525: 8518: 8496: 8492: 8486: 8485: 8481: 8472: 8470: 8465: 8464: 8460: 8451: 8449: 8442: 8438: 8430: 8415: 8411: 8410: 8406: 8397: 8395: 8392:"Delta E (CMC)" 8388: 8384: 8371: 8367: 8360: 8340: 8333: 8324: 8322: 8321:. Colorwiki.com 8317: 8316: 8309: 8302: 8298: 8291: 8275: 8271: 8262: 8260: 8258: 8242: 8238: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8209: 8205: 8174: 8170: 8162: 8158: 8157: 8153: 8145: 8138: 8134: 8133: 8129: 8106: 8102: 8089: 8088: 8084: 8073:"Colour metric" 8071: 8070: 8063: 8059: 8054: 8053: 8033: 8028: 8022: 8019: 8018: 8017:both depend on 7989: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7979: 7969: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7938: 7930: 7923: 7898:MacAdam ellipse 7862: 7856: 7829: 7824: 7821: 7820: 7803: 7799: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7761: 7749: 7745: 7738: 7734: 7716: 7715: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7707: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7683: 7679: 7678: 7674: 7658: 7654: 7644: 7640: 7629: 7628: 7627: 7626: 7619: 7615: 7604: 7603: 7602: 7599: 7584: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7553: 7542: 7541: 7540: 7522: 7518: 7511: 7500: 7499: 7498: 7480: 7476: 7466: 7443: 7442: 7441: 7437: 7436: 7435: 7421: 7399: 7398: 7397: 7393: 7392: 7388: 7386: 7371: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7340: 7336: 7327: 7316: 7315: 7314: 7287: 7283: 7274: 7263: 7262: 7261: 7234: 7223: 7222: 7221: 7194: 7190: 7181: 7170: 7169: 7168: 7142: 7139: 7138: 7126: 7119: 7110: 7108: 7101: 7070: 7069: 7063: 7059: 7050: 7045: 7032: 7027: 7014: 7010: 6996: 6991: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6964: 6962: 6954: 6945: 6941: 6932: 6927: 6914: 6909: 6899: 6898: 6892: 6888: 6879: 6874: 6861: 6856: 6843: 6839: 6825: 6820: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6793: 6791: 6783: 6774: 6770: 6761: 6756: 6743: 6738: 6728: 6727: 6721: 6717: 6703: 6698: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6671: 6669: 6661: 6652: 6647: 6634: 6629: 6615: 6614: 6605: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6577: 6571: 6567: 6547: 6542: 6532: 6527: 6521: 6509: 6505: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6484: 6477: 6446: 6445: 6439: 6434: 6421: 6416: 6403: 6399: 6385: 6380: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6353: 6351: 6345: 6341: 6332: 6327: 6314: 6309: 6302: 6301: 6295: 6290: 6277: 6272: 6259: 6255: 6241: 6236: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6209: 6207: 6201: 6197: 6188: 6183: 6170: 6165: 6158: 6157: 6151: 6147: 6133: 6128: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6101: 6099: 6093: 6088: 6075: 6070: 6059: 6058: 6047: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6028: 6000: 5974: 5970: 5955: 5950: 5937: 5932: 5920: 5911: 5906: 5892: 5888: 5873: 5868: 5855: 5850: 5838: 5829: 5824: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5791: 5787: 5786: 5781: 5765: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5746: 5737: 5732: 5717: 5713: 5712: 5707: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5678: 5672: 5663: 5658: 5647: 5637: 5621: 5605: 5604: 5597: and 5594: 5582: 5577: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5552: 5543: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5497: 5493: 5484: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5464: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5448: 5441: 5437: 5426: 5421: 5415: 5406: 5401: 5388: 5383: 5363: 5359: 5350: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5336: 5330: 5319: 5318: 5317: 5314: 5307: 5303: 5292: 5287: 5281: 5272: 5267: 5254: 5249: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5215: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5197: 5188: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5159: 5154: 5138: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5120: 5111: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5082: 5077: 5066: 5053: 5048: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5023: 5009: 5008: 4995: 4990: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4965: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4926: 4921: 4908: 4903: 4890: 4886: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4868: 4861: 4854: 4842: 4807: 4803: 4797: 4793: 4792: 4783: 4779: 4777: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4744: 4740: 4738: 4732: 4728: 4719: 4706: 4702: 4696: 4692: 4691: 4682: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4671: 4662: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4635: 4634: 4625: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4614: 4605: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4578: 4577: 4568: 4564: 4562: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4546: 4541: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4516: 4509: 4499: 4486: 4464: 4456: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4413: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4377: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4341: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4312: 4305: 4297: 4290: 4283: 4263: 4262: 4253: 4248: 4238: 4234: 4221: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4207: 4198: 4193: 4183: 4179: 4166: 4160: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4139: 4133: 4129: 4126: 4125: 4116: 4111: 4098: 4093: 4082: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4056: 4051: 4038: 4033: 4022: 4016: 4012: 4006: 4005: 3994: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3978: 3969: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3944: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3915: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3899: 3890: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3874: 3865: 3858: 3850: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3832: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3806: 3801: 3788: 3783: 3772: 3766: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3744: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3726: 3717: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3690: 3684: 3679: 3672: 3671: 3660: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3642: 3633: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3606: 3600: 3595: 3588: 3587: 3578: 3573: 3560: 3555: 3544: 3538: 3534: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3495: 3482: 3478: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3436: 3423: 3419: 3413: 3409: 3408: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3391: 3387: 3386: 3377: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3350: 3349: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3316: 3311: 3302: 3299: 3298: 3276: 3271: 3258: 3253: 3240: 3235: 3226: 3223: 3222: 3202: 3197: 3184: 3179: 3166: 3161: 3152: 3149: 3148: 3138: 3131: 3124: 3117: 3110: 3103: 3095: 3063: 3062: 3055: 3053: 3048: 3039: 3035: 3026: 3022: 3005: 2996: 2995: 2989: 2985: 2976: 2972: 2963: 2959: 2957: 2952: 2943: 2939: 2930: 2926: 2909: 2896: 2895: 2870: 2866: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2842: 2837: 2830: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2776: 2772: 2763: 2759: 2743: 2738: 2724: 2717: 2712: 2704: 2702: 2693: 2689: 2682: 2681: 2669: 2664: 2658: 2649: 2644: 2630: 2623: 2618: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2604: 2592: 2587: 2581: 2571: 2570: 2561: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2531: 2519: 2515: 2508: 2500: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2485: 2476: 2463: 2459: 2452: 2445: 2440: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2401: 2388: 2384: 2377: 2370: 2365: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2335: 2333: 2324: 2313: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2278: 2274: 2265: 2260: 2247: 2242: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2228:to a reference 2209: 2205: 2196: 2191: 2178: 2173: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2139: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2106: 2074: 2066: 2057: 2054: 2053: 2030: 2026: 2020: 2015: 2002: 1997: 1981: 1977: 1971: 1966: 1953: 1948: 1932: 1928: 1922: 1917: 1904: 1899: 1890: 1881: 1873: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1687: 1679: 1670: 1667: 1660: 1653: 1643: 1600: 1593: 1586: 1575: 1569: 1566: 1559: 1550: 1539: 1512: 1508: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1490: 1479: 1475: 1469: 1465: 1456: 1452: 1440: 1436: 1430: 1426: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1379: 1371: 1356: 1308: 1304: 1298: 1294: 1285: 1281: 1269: 1265: 1259: 1255: 1246: 1242: 1230: 1226: 1220: 1216: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1158: 1151: 1134: 1132: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1103: 1101:X-rite glossary 1100: 1090: 1080: 1050: 1049: 1038: 1034: 1009: 1008: 1001: 999: 992: 988: 979: 975: 960: 956: 933: 931: 924: 920: 918: 911: 902: 901: 889: 885: 876: 872: 859: 852: 841: 840: 836: 834: 831: 830: 812: 811: 799: 795: 786: 782: 769: 762: 751: 750: 747: 746: 737: 733: 724: 720: 713: 704: 703: 694: 690: 681: 677: 670: 661: 660: 651: 647: 638: 634: 627: 617: 615: 612: 611: 592: 591: 583: 581: 573: 569: 554: 550: 535: 531: 523: 520: 519: 499: 498: 496: 485: 481: 466: 462: 447: 443: 435: 428: 427: 425: 422: 421: 386: 382: 376: 372: 363: 359: 347: 343: 337: 333: 324: 320: 308: 304: 298: 294: 285: 281: 269: 264: 263: 261: 258: 257: 231: 227: 221: 217: 208: 204: 192: 188: 182: 178: 169: 165: 153: 149: 143: 139: 130: 126: 121: 113: 111: 108: 107: 97: 91: 85: 62: 57: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9951: 9941: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9908: 9907: 9905: 9904: 9894: 9883: 9880: 9879: 9877: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9860: 9858: 9852: 9851: 9848: 9847: 9845: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9773: 9771: 9765: 9764: 9762: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9745: 9744: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9698: 9696: 9687: 9683: 9682: 9680: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9642: 9640: 9634: 9633: 9630: 9629: 9627: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9615: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9584: 9583: 9582: 9572: 9571: 9570: 9559: 9557: 9553: 9552: 9550: 9549: 9548: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9526:Color history 9524: 9523: 9522: 9511: 9509: 9503: 9502: 9500: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9443: 9441: 9432: 9426: 9425: 9422: 9421: 9419: 9418: 9410: 9409:(Schopenhauer) 9402: 9397: 9394:Color analysis 9391: 9389:Color triangle 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9370: 9369: 9364: 9353: 9351: 9345: 9344: 9342: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9325: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9303: 9302: 9286: 9284: 9275: 9267: 9266: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9253: 9251: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9239: 9238: 9237: 9236: 9226: 9225: 9224: 9209: 9208: 9207: 9202: 9195:Color printing 9192: 9187: 9182: 9181: 9180: 9175: 9164: 9162: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9130:Kruithof curve 9127: 9122: 9117: 9111: 9109: 9103: 9102: 9100: 9099: 9092: 9087: 9086: 9085: 9080: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9044: 9043: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9022: 9021: 9016: 9006: 9005: 9004: 9002:Sonochromatism 8993: 8991: 8985: 8984: 8982: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8970: 8969: 8959: 8958: 8957: 8952: 8942: 8937: 8936: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8914: 8912: 8905: 8899: 8898: 8890: 8889: 8882: 8875: 8867: 8861: 8860: 8854: 8848: 8840: 8839:External links 8837: 8835: 8834: 8828: 8811: 8778:Applied Optics 8772: 8762:(3): 167–170. 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8738: 8712: 8680: 8650: 8637:(1): 334–339. 8617: 8595: 8583: 8561: 8523: 8516: 8490: 8479: 8458: 8436: 8433:on 2006-03-12. 8404: 8382: 8365: 8358: 8331: 8307: 8296: 8289: 8269: 8256: 8236: 8223: 8203: 8184:(2): 208–223. 8168: 8151: 8127: 8116:(6): 703–718. 8100: 8082: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8052: 8051: 8036: 8031: 8027: 8004: 8001: 7998: 7995: 7992: 7988: 7962: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7950: 7949: 7944: 7937: 7934: 7928: 7855: 7852: 7835: 7832: 7828: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7775: 7770: 7764: 7759: 7752: 7748: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7723: 7720: 7710: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7694: 7691: 7686: 7682: 7677: 7673: 7670: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7647: 7643: 7636: 7633: 7622: 7618: 7611: 7608: 7598: 7595: 7592: 7587: 7583: 7561: 7556: 7549: 7546: 7539: 7536: 7533: 7530: 7525: 7521: 7514: 7507: 7504: 7497: 7494: 7491: 7488: 7483: 7479: 7469: 7463: 7459: 7456: 7450: 7447: 7440: 7434: 7431: 7424: 7419: 7415: 7412: 7406: 7403: 7396: 7391: 7385: 7382: 7379: 7374: 7370: 7348: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7330: 7323: 7320: 7313: 7310: 7307: 7304: 7301: 7298: 7295: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7277: 7270: 7267: 7260: 7257: 7254: 7251: 7248: 7245: 7242: 7237: 7230: 7227: 7220: 7217: 7214: 7211: 7208: 7205: 7202: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7184: 7177: 7174: 7167: 7164: 7161: 7158: 7155: 7152: 7149: 7146: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7133: 7124: 7117: 7109:is zero, then 7106: 7099: 7073: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 6999: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6972: 6967: 6963: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6828: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6801: 6796: 6792: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6730: 6729: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6706: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6679: 6674: 6670: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6601: 6598: 6590: 6587: 6584: 6580: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6563: 6560: 6557: 6550: 6545: 6541: 6535: 6530: 6526: 6520: 6517: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6494: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6482: 6475: 6449: 6442: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6388: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6361: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6244: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6217: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6159: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6136: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6109: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6057: 6053: 6050: 6046: 6036: 6035: 6034: 6033: 6021: 5977: 5973: 5967: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5891: 5885: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5823: 5794: 5790: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5755: 5751: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5731: 5720: 5716: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5681: 5677: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5657: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5611: 5608: 5603: 5591: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5558: 5551: 5546: 5539: 5536: 5510: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5487: 5480: 5477: 5467: 5460: 5457: 5447: 5444: 5440: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5420: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5382: 5376: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5353: 5346: 5343: 5333: 5326: 5323: 5313: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5248: 5225: 5218: 5211: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5191: 5184: 5179: 5175: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5153: 5148: 5141: 5134: 5129: 5125: 5119: 5114: 5107: 5102: 5098: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5076: 5062: 5056: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5022: 5016: 5013: 5004: 4998: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4964: 4958: 4955: 4929: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4875: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4866: 4859: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4810: 4806: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4786: 4782: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4747: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4695: 4688: 4685: 4681: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4652: 4648: 4642: 4638: 4631: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4585: 4581: 4574: 4571: 4567: 4561: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4518: 4514: 4511: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4485: 4482: 4467: 4462: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4440: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4416: 4412: 4400: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4380: 4376: 4364: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4344: 4340: 4328: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4310: 4303: 4295: 4288: 4281: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4209: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4127: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4068: 4067: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4025: 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3205: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3136: 3129: 3122: 3115: 3108: 3101: 3094: 3091: 3066: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2894: 2891: 2883: 2880: 2873: 2869: 2863: 2859: 2850: 2846: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2826: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2754: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2685: 2680: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2534: 2529: 2522: 2518: 2511: 2506: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2455: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2421: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2380: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2339: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2142: 2138: 2105: 2104:CMC l:c (1984) 2102: 2085: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2040: 2033: 2029: 2023: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1940: 1935: 1931: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1846: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1766: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1686: 1683: 1675: 1665: 1577: 1576: 1553: 1551: 1544: 1538: 1535: 1521: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1489: 1482: 1478: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1448: 1443: 1439: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1398: 1394: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1367: 1358: 1352: 1343: 1318: 1311: 1307: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1272: 1268: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1194: 1185: 1181: 1166: 1162: 1156: 1149: 1133: 1130: 1124: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1098: 1079: 1076: 1048: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1023: 1016: 1013: 1007: 1004: 998: 995: 991: 987: 982: 978: 974: 971: 968: 963: 959: 955: 951: 945: 940: 937: 930: 927: 923: 917: 914: 912: 910: 907: 904: 903: 900: 897: 892: 888: 884: 879: 875: 871: 866: 863: 858: 855: 853: 848: 845: 839: 838: 810: 807: 802: 798: 794: 789: 785: 781: 776: 773: 768: 765: 763: 758: 755: 749: 748: 745: 740: 736: 732: 727: 723: 719: 716: 714: 712: 709: 706: 705: 702: 697: 693: 689: 684: 680: 676: 673: 671: 669: 666: 663: 662: 659: 654: 650: 646: 641: 637: 633: 630: 628: 626: 623: 620: 619: 595: 590: 582: 576: 572: 568: 565: 562: 557: 553: 549: 546: 543: 538: 534: 530: 527: 522: 521: 518: 515: 512: 506: 503: 497: 495: 488: 484: 480: 477: 474: 469: 465: 461: 458: 455: 450: 446: 442: 439: 434: 433: 431: 394: 389: 385: 379: 375: 371: 366: 362: 358: 355: 350: 346: 340: 336: 332: 327: 323: 319: 316: 311: 307: 301: 297: 293: 288: 284: 280: 277: 272: 241: 234: 230: 224: 220: 216: 211: 207: 203: 200: 195: 191: 185: 181: 177: 172: 168: 164: 161: 156: 152: 146: 142: 138: 133: 129: 125: 120: 61: 58: 56: 53: 29:color distance 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9950: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9920: 9918: 9903: 9895: 9893: 9885: 9884: 9881: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9861: 9859: 9857: 9853: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9774: 9772: 9770: 9766: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9743: 9740: 9739: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9699: 9697: 9695: 9691: 9688: 9684: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9643: 9641: 9639:organizations 9635: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9589: 9588: 9585: 9581: 9580:Pastel colors 9578: 9577: 9576: 9573: 9569: 9566: 9565: 9564: 9561: 9560: 9558: 9554: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9527: 9525: 9521: 9518: 9517: 9516: 9513: 9512: 9510: 9508: 9504: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9444: 9442: 9440: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9427: 9416: 9415: 9411: 9408: 9407: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9362:Primary color 9360: 9359: 9358: 9355: 9354: 9352: 9350: 9346: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9329:Light-on-dark 9327: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9301: 9298: 9297: 9296: 9293: 9292: 9291: 9288: 9287: 9285: 9283: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9268: 9263: 9249: 9248:Color mapping 9246: 9244: 9241: 9235: 9232: 9231: 9230: 9227: 9223: 9220: 9219: 9218: 9215: 9214: 9213: 9210: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9197: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9173:Color balance 9171: 9170: 9169: 9166: 9165: 9163: 9161: 9157: 9151: 9150:Chromotherapy 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9112: 9110: 9108: 9104: 9098: 9097: 9093: 9091: 9090:Tetrachromacy 9088: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9075: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9042: 9039: 9038: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9014:Achromatopsia 9012: 9011: 9010: 9007: 9003: 9000: 8999: 8998: 8997:Chromesthesia 8995: 8994: 8992: 8990: 8986: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8968: 8965: 8964: 8963: 8960: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8947: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8920: 8919: 8916: 8915: 8913: 8911:Color physics 8909: 8906: 8904: 8903:Color science 8900: 8895: 8888: 8883: 8881: 8876: 8874: 8869: 8868: 8865: 8858: 8855: 8852: 8849: 8846: 8843: 8842: 8831: 8829:0-901956-70-8 8825: 8821: 8817: 8812: 8808: 8804: 8800: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8779: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8748: 8747: 8727: 8723: 8716: 8698: 8691: 8684: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8657: 8655: 8645: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8621: 8606: 8599: 8592: 8587: 8572: 8565: 8557: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8534: 8527: 8519: 8513: 8509: 8504: 8503: 8494: 8483: 8468: 8462: 8447: 8440: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8414: 8408: 8393: 8386: 8379: 8375: 8369: 8361: 8359:0-8493-0900-X 8355: 8351: 8347: 8346: 8338: 8336: 8320: 8314: 8312: 8305: 8300: 8292: 8290:9780132777957 8286: 8282: 8281: 8273: 8259: 8257:9780470849026 8253: 8249: 8248: 8240: 8226: 8224:9783110154313 8220: 8216: 8215: 8207: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8172: 8161: 8155: 8144: 8137: 8131: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8104: 8096: 8092: 8086: 8078: 8074: 8068: 8066: 8061: 8034: 8029: 8025: 7999: 7996: 7993: 7986: 7977: 7973: 7967: 7963: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7939: 7933: 7927: 7920: 7918: 7913: 7911: 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1967: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1938: 1933: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1858: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1758: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1718: 1713: 1709: 1696: 1691: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1664: 1657: 1650: 1647: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1596: 1590: 1584: 1573: 1563: 1557: 1554:This section 1552: 1548: 1543: 1542: 1534: 1519: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1480: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1453: 1446: 1441: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1414: 1405: 1396: 1384: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1316: 1309: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1282: 1275: 1270: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1236: 1231: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1204: 1195: 1192: 1183: 1171: 1169: 1155: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1129: 1123: 1109: 1097: 1095: 1089: 1084: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1046: 1039: 1035: 1027: 1021: 1011: 1005: 1002: 996: 993: 989: 985: 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8815: 8782: 8776: 8759: 8755: 8731:13 September 8729:. Retrieved 8725: 8720:Huda, Mike. 8715: 8704:. Retrieved 8697:the original 8683: 8669:(1): 21–30. 8666: 8662: 8634: 8630: 8620: 8609:. Retrieved 8598: 8586: 8575:. Retrieved 8564: 8543: 8539: 8526: 8501: 8493: 8482: 8471:. Retrieved 8461: 8450:. Retrieved 8439: 8428:the original 8423: 8419: 8407: 8396:. Retrieved 8385: 8377: 8373: 8368: 8344: 8323:. Retrieved 8299: 8279: 8272: 8261:. Retrieved 8246: 8239: 8228:. Retrieved 8213: 8206: 8181: 8177: 8171: 8154: 8130: 8113: 8109: 8103: 8094: 8085: 8076: 7966: 7925: 7921: 7914: 7891: 7881: 7880: 7876: 7875: 7849: 7788: 7573: 7360: 7137: 7121: 7114: 7103: 7096: 7095:When either 7092: 6495: 6479: 6472: 6471:When either 6468: 6037: 6024: 6012: 6008: 6004: 5996: 5813: 5523: 5238: 4943: 4876: 4864: 4857: 4850: 4838: 4834: 4527: 4487: 4441: 4307: 4300: 4293: 4286: 4279: 4277: 3520: 3517: 3297: 3144: 3142: 3134: 3127: 3120: 3113: 3106: 3099: 3096: 3080: 2817: 2550: 2299: 2158: 2121: 2107: 2052: 1859: 1692: 1688: 1676: 1672: 1662: 1655: 1651: 1645: 1629: 1625:Ewald Hering 1616: 1612: 1609:Greek letter 1594: 1588: 1580: 1567: 1555: 1380: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1172: 1153: 1146: 1135: 1127: 1105: 1092: 1081: 1064: 829: 826: 609: 414: 406: 256: 253: 106: 103: 82: 77: 73: 69: 63: 28: 24: 18: 9923:Color space 9749:Color chart 9607:Iridescence 9439:Basic terms 9430:Color terms 9384:Color wheel 9379:Color solid 9243:Color space 9229:subtractive 9212:Color model 9083:Unique hues 8979:Colorimetry 8945:Chromophore 8077:Compu Phase 7976:quasimetric 7972:commutative 7917:ellipsoidal 7877:Tolerancing 7129:Sharma 2005 7113:′ is 6487:Sharma 2005 6029:atan2(y, x) 6017:Sharma 2005 5650:where 5069:where 2126:quasimetric 1615:stands for 66:color space 49:color space 9917:Categories 9769:Shades of: 9602:Brightness 9334:Web colors 9290:Color tool 9273:philosophy 9178:Color cast 9078:Afterimage 9068:Metamerism 9041:Color code 9036:Color task 9019:Dichromacy 8706:2014-12-02 8611:2023-10-24 8577:2009-04-16 8473:2009-04-16 8452:2011-03-23 8398:2009-04-16 8325:2009-04-16 8263:2014-12-02 8230:2014-12-02 8057:References 7858:See also: 6489:, eqn. 10. 4278:and where 1617:Empfindung 1537:CIELAB ΔE* 1086:See also: 9619:Grayscale 9592:Lightness 9587:Luminance 9396:(fashion) 9096:The dress 8550:: 21–30. 8350:CRC Press 8198:209914019 8035:∗ 7953:Footnotes 7854:Tolerance 7827:Δ 7805:′ 7797:Δ 7751:∘ 7740:∘ 7732:− 7722:¯ 7704:− 7696:⁡ 7690:⋅ 7685:∘ 7672:⁡ 7635:¯ 7610:¯ 7594:− 7555:′ 7548:¯ 7513:′ 7506:¯ 7455:− 7449:¯ 7411:− 7405:¯ 7342:∘ 7334:− 7329:′ 7322:¯ 7306:⁡ 7297:− 7289:∘ 7276:′ 7269:¯ 7253:⁡ 7236:′ 7229:¯ 7213:⁡ 7196:∘ 7188:− 7183:′ 7176:¯ 7163:⁡ 7154:− 7065:∘ 7057:≥ 7052:′ 7034:′ 7016:∘ 6998:′ 6985:− 6980:′ 6947:∘ 6939:− 6934:′ 6916:′ 6894:∘ 6881:′ 6863:′ 6845:∘ 6827:′ 6814:− 6809:′ 6776:∘ 6763:′ 6745:′ 6723:∘ 6715:≤ 6705:′ 6692:− 6687:′ 6654:′ 6636:′ 6607:′ 6600:¯ 6573:′ 6565:Δ 6559:⁡ 6549:′ 6534:′ 6511:′ 6503:Δ 6441:′ 6423:′ 6405:∘ 6387:′ 6374:− 6369:′ 6347:∘ 6339:− 6334:′ 6321:− 6316:′ 6297:′ 6284:≤ 6279:′ 6261:∘ 6243:′ 6230:− 6225:′ 6203:∘ 6190:′ 6177:− 6172:′ 6153:∘ 6145:≤ 6135:′ 6122:− 6117:′ 6095:′ 6082:− 6077:′ 6045:Δ 6019:, eqn. 7. 5976:∘ 5957:′ 5939:∗ 5913:′ 5894:∘ 5875:′ 5857:∗ 5831:′ 5789:∗ 5739:′ 5715:∗ 5665:′ 5631:− 5602:Δ 5584:′ 5566:′ 5545:′ 5538:¯ 5479:¯ 5459:¯ 5446:− 5428:∗ 5408:∗ 5390:′ 5345:¯ 5325:¯ 5312:− 5294:∗ 5274:∗ 5256:′ 5210:∗ 5183:∗ 5161:∗ 5133:∗ 5106:∗ 5084:∗ 5055:∗ 5037:∗ 5015:¯ 4997:∗ 4979:∗ 4957:¯ 4928:∗ 4915:− 4910:∗ 4892:′ 4884:Δ 4781:Δ 4742:Δ 4680:Δ 4623:Δ 4566:Δ 4548:∗ 4535:Δ 4484:CIEDE2000 4466:∗ 4450:Δ 4326:textiles 4255:∗ 4200:∗ 4118:∗ 4105:− 4100:∗ 4078:∗ 4070:Δ 4058:∗ 4045:− 4040:∗ 4018:∗ 4010:Δ 3989:∗ 3981:Δ 3976:− 3964:∗ 3956:Δ 3939:∗ 3931:Δ 3910:∗ 3902:Δ 3897:− 3885:∗ 3877:Δ 3872:− 3860:∗ 3844:Δ 3828:∗ 3820:Δ 3808:∗ 3795:− 3790:∗ 3768:∗ 3760:Δ 3739:∗ 3712:∗ 3686:∗ 3655:∗ 3628:∗ 3602:∗ 3580:∗ 3567:− 3562:∗ 3540:∗ 3532:Δ 3462:∗ 3454:Δ 3403:∗ 3395:Δ 3344:∗ 3336:Δ 3318:∗ 3305:Δ 3278:∗ 3260:∗ 3242:∗ 3204:∗ 3186:∗ 3168:∗ 3058:otherwise 3041:∘ 3017:⁡ 2991:∘ 2983:≤ 2970:≤ 2965:∘ 2945:∘ 2921:⁡ 2868:∗ 2845:∗ 2798:− 2745:∗ 2719:∗ 2676:≥ 2671:∗ 2651:∗ 2625:∗ 2594:∗ 2510:∗ 2494:Δ 2457:× 2447:∗ 2434:− 2429:∗ 2382:× 2372:∗ 2359:− 2354:∗ 2326:∗ 2307:Δ 2267:∗ 2249:∗ 2198:∗ 2180:∗ 2114:CIE L*C*h 2081:≈ 2076:∗ 2060:Δ 2022:∗ 2009:− 2004:∗ 1973:∗ 1960:− 1955:∗ 1924:∗ 1911:− 1906:∗ 1883:∗ 1867:Δ 1839:∗ 1819:∗ 1799:∗ 1759:∗ 1739:∗ 1719:∗ 1570:July 2021 1562:talk page 1506:− 1463:− 1424:− 1393:Δ 1292:− 1253:− 1214:− 1180:Δ 1108:CAM02-UCS 1032:Δ 1015:¯ 1006:− 973:Δ 954:Δ 939:¯ 906:Δ 847:¯ 757:¯ 731:− 708:Δ 688:− 665:Δ 645:− 622:Δ 585:otherwise 567:Δ 548:Δ 529:Δ 505:¯ 479:Δ 460:Δ 441:Δ 370:− 331:− 292:− 215:− 176:− 137:− 55:Euclidean 9938:Distance 9892:Category 9874:Lighting 9597:Darkness 9417:(Goethe) 9217:additive 9205:Quattron 8807:20963027 8143:Archived 7936:See also 7902:ellipses 7834:′ 7728:′ 7642:′ 7617:′ 7122:h′ 7115:h′ 7104:C′ 7097:C′ 6480:C′ 6473:C′ 6052:′ 6013:C′ 6005:a′ 5763:′ 5689:′ 5643:′ 5627:′ 5610:′ 4788:′ 4749:′ 4687:′ 4630:′ 4573:′ 3085:and the 2612:0.040975 1099:— 410:variance 266:distance 115:distance 9856:Related 9817:Magenta 9742:history 9646:Pantone 8933:Visible 8928:Rainbow 8787:Bibcode 7892:In the 2638:0.01765 2122:CMC l:c 610:where: 98: 92: 86: 35:. This 9869:Qualia 9864:Vision 9812:Purple 9807:Violet 9787:Yellow 9782:Orange 9477:Orange 9472:Purple 9462:Yellow 8896:topics 8826: 8805: 8726:X-Rite 8514: 8356: 8287: 8254: 8221: 8196: 8095:X-Rite 7942:CIELAB 7910:CIELAB 7906:CIELUV 4863:, and 4434:0.014 4431:0.015 4398:0.048 4395:0.045 3518:where 3133:, and 2732:0.0131 2706:0.0638 2124:. The 1632:CIELAB 1348:= 0.5 37:metric 33:colors 9902:Index 9842:Black 9832:White 9827:Brown 9792:Green 9694:Lists 9686:Names 9668:(CIE) 9637:Color 9497:Brown 9492:White 9482:Black 9452:Green 9271:Color 8967:Water 8923:Light 8894:Color 8700:(PDF) 8693:(PDF) 8546:(1). 8536:(PDF) 8431:(PDF) 8416:(PDF) 8413:"CMC" 8378:twice 8194:S2CID 8163:(PDF) 8146:(PDF) 8139:(PDF) 8049:only. 7958:Notes 7887:gamut 7538:0.015 7496:0.045 7390:0.015 7093:Note: 6469:Note: 6025:Note: 5997:Note: 5922:atan2 5840:atan2 4835:Note: 3093:CIE94 2756:0.638 2579:0.511 1685:CIE76 1607:is a 1605:delta 44:in a 9837:Gray 9822:Pink 9802:Blue 9797:Cyan 9487:Gray 9467:Pink 9447:Blue 9234:CMYK 8824:ISBN 8803:PMID 8733:2024 8512:ISBN 8374:half 8354:ISBN 8285:ISBN 8252:ISBN 8219:ISBN 7908:and 7300:0.20 7247:0.32 7207:0.24 7157:0.17 7008:> 6886:< 6837:> 6428:> 6397:> 6253:> 6007:and 4306:and 4285:and 3112:and 3000:0.36 2904:0.56 2882:1900 2599:< 2297:is: 1777:and 1652:All 1623:and 1581:The 1401:HyAB 1140:and 511:< 418:sRGB 60:sRGB 9777:Red 9563:Hue 9457:Red 9222:RGB 8795:doi 8764:doi 8671:doi 8639:doi 8552:doi 8508:147 8186:doi 8118:doi 7929:CMC 7736:275 7693:exp 7669:sin 7303:cos 7250:cos 7210:cos 7160:cos 7102:or 7061:360 7012:180 6943:360 6890:360 6841:180 6772:360 6719:180 6556:sin 6478:or 6401:180 6343:360 6257:180 6199:360 6149:180 5972:360 5966:mod 5890:360 5884:mod 3083:D65 3014:cos 3011:0.4 2987:345 2961:164 2941:168 2918:cos 2915:0.2 2098:JND 2084:2.3 1666:ITP 1196:720 1188:ITP 1157:ITP 1150:ITP 1142:HDR 1138:WCG 1131:ITP 1071:HSL 1069:or 1067:HSV 1022:256 1003:255 944:256 514:128 27:or 19:In 9919:: 8822:. 8801:. 8793:. 8783:33 8781:. 8760:15 8758:. 8754:. 8724:. 8667:30 8665:. 8653:^ 8635:12 8633:. 8629:. 8544:30 8542:. 8538:. 8510:. 8422:. 8418:. 8352:. 8334:^ 8310:^ 8192:. 8182:45 8180:. 8114:42 8112:. 8093:. 8075:. 8064:^ 7926:E* 7912:. 7747:25 7681:60 7656:25 7458:50 7430:20 7414:50 7338:63 7192:30 5495:25 5361:25 4856:, 4543:00 4362:2 4359:1 4299:, 3313:94 3126:, 3105:, 3089:. 3037:35 2679:16 2602:16 1697:, 1677:ab 1656:E* 1627:. 1601:dE 1599:, 1595:dE 1589:E* 1363:= 1338:= 1161:IC 1122:. 76:, 72:, 51:. 23:, 8886:e 8879:t 8872:v 8832:. 8809:. 8797:: 8789:: 8770:. 8766:: 8735:. 8709:. 8677:. 8673:: 8647:. 8641:: 8614:. 8580:. 8558:. 8554:: 8520:. 8476:. 8455:. 8424:8 8401:. 8362:. 8328:. 8293:. 8266:. 8233:. 8200:. 8188:: 8124:. 8120:: 8097:. 8079:. 8030:1 8026:C 8003:} 8000:H 7997:, 7994:C 7991:{ 7987:S 7924:Δ 7831:h 7801:H 7774:] 7769:) 7763:2 7758:] 7719:H 7709:[ 7700:( 7676:[ 7660:7 7652:+ 7646:7 7632:C 7621:7 7607:C 7597:2 7591:= 7586:T 7582:R 7560:T 7545:C 7535:+ 7532:1 7529:= 7524:H 7520:S 7503:C 7493:+ 7490:1 7487:= 7482:C 7478:S 7468:2 7462:) 7446:L 7439:( 7433:+ 7423:2 7418:) 7402:L 7395:( 7384:+ 7381:1 7378:= 7373:L 7369:S 7347:) 7319:H 7312:4 7309:( 7294:) 7285:6 7281:+ 7266:H 7259:3 7256:( 7244:+ 7241:) 7226:H 7219:2 7216:( 7204:+ 7201:) 7173:H 7166:( 7151:1 7148:= 7145:T 7125:2 7120:+ 7118:1 7111:H 7107:2 7100:1 7047:2 7043:h 7039:+ 7029:1 7025:h 7021:, 7004:| 6993:2 6989:h 6975:1 6971:h 6966:| 6960:2 6956:/ 6952:) 6929:2 6925:h 6921:+ 6911:1 6907:h 6903:( 6876:2 6872:h 6868:+ 6858:1 6854:h 6850:, 6833:| 6822:2 6818:h 6804:1 6800:h 6795:| 6789:2 6785:/ 6781:) 6768:+ 6758:2 6754:h 6750:+ 6740:1 6736:h 6732:( 6711:| 6700:2 6696:h 6682:1 6678:h 6673:| 6667:2 6663:/ 6659:) 6649:2 6645:h 6641:+ 6631:1 6627:h 6623:( 6617:{ 6612:= 6597:H 6589:, 6586:) 6583:2 6579:/ 6569:h 6562:( 6544:2 6540:C 6529:1 6525:C 6519:2 6516:= 6507:H 6483:2 6476:1 6436:1 6432:h 6418:2 6414:h 6410:, 6393:| 6382:2 6378:h 6364:1 6360:h 6355:| 6329:1 6325:h 6311:2 6307:h 6292:1 6288:h 6274:2 6270:h 6266:, 6249:| 6238:2 6234:h 6220:1 6216:h 6211:| 6195:+ 6185:1 6181:h 6167:2 6163:h 6141:| 6130:2 6126:h 6112:1 6108:h 6103:| 6090:1 6086:h 6072:2 6068:h 6061:{ 6056:= 6049:h 6009:b 5962:) 5952:2 5948:a 5944:, 5934:2 5930:b 5926:( 5918:= 5908:2 5904:h 5899:, 5880:) 5870:1 5866:a 5862:, 5852:1 5848:b 5844:( 5836:= 5826:1 5822:h 5793:2 5783:2 5779:b 5775:+ 5767:2 5754:2 5750:a 5744:= 5734:2 5730:C 5719:2 5709:1 5705:b 5701:+ 5693:2 5680:1 5676:a 5670:= 5660:1 5656:C 5639:1 5635:C 5623:2 5619:C 5615:= 5607:C 5590:2 5579:2 5575:C 5571:+ 5561:1 5557:C 5550:= 5535:C 5509:) 5499:7 5491:+ 5486:7 5476:C 5466:7 5456:C 5443:1 5439:( 5433:2 5423:2 5419:a 5413:+ 5403:2 5399:a 5395:= 5385:2 5381:a 5375:) 5365:7 5357:+ 5352:7 5342:C 5332:7 5322:C 5309:1 5305:( 5299:2 5289:1 5285:a 5279:+ 5269:1 5265:a 5261:= 5251:1 5247:a 5224:, 5217:2 5205:2 5201:b 5195:+ 5190:2 5178:2 5174:a 5166:= 5156:2 5152:C 5147:, 5140:2 5128:1 5124:b 5118:+ 5113:2 5101:1 5097:a 5089:= 5079:1 5075:C 5061:2 5050:2 5046:C 5042:+ 5032:1 5028:C 5021:= 5012:C 5003:2 4992:2 4988:L 4984:+ 4974:1 4970:L 4963:= 4954:L 4923:1 4919:L 4905:2 4901:L 4897:= 4888:L 4867:H 4865:k 4860:C 4858:k 4853:L 4851:k 4844:. 4841:T 4839:R 4809:H 4805:S 4799:H 4795:k 4785:H 4770:C 4766:S 4760:C 4756:k 4746:C 4734:T 4730:R 4726:+ 4721:2 4716:) 4708:H 4704:S 4698:H 4694:k 4684:H 4674:( 4669:+ 4664:2 4659:) 4651:C 4647:S 4641:C 4637:k 4627:C 4617:( 4612:+ 4607:2 4602:) 4594:L 4590:S 4584:L 4580:k 4570:L 4560:( 4553:= 4539:E 4524:) 4522:H 4517:) 4515:C 4510:) 4508:L 4498:T 4461:b 4458:a 4454:H 4415:2 4411:K 4379:1 4375:K 4343:L 4339:k 4311:2 4308:K 4304:1 4301:K 4296:L 4294:k 4289:H 4287:k 4282:C 4280:k 4260:, 4250:1 4246:C 4240:2 4236:K 4232:+ 4229:1 4226:= 4217:H 4213:S 4205:, 4195:1 4191:C 4185:1 4181:K 4177:+ 4174:1 4171:= 4162:C 4158:S 4150:, 4147:1 4144:= 4135:L 4131:S 4123:, 4113:2 4109:b 4095:1 4091:b 4087:= 4074:b 4063:, 4053:2 4049:a 4035:1 4031:a 4027:= 4014:a 4003:, 3996:2 3985:C 3971:2 3960:b 3951:+ 3946:2 3935:a 3924:= 3917:2 3906:C 3892:2 3881:L 3867:2 3855:b 3852:a 3848:E 3837:= 3824:H 3813:, 3803:2 3799:C 3785:1 3781:C 3777:= 3764:C 3753:, 3746:2 3734:2 3730:b 3724:+ 3719:2 3707:2 3703:a 3695:= 3681:2 3677:C 3669:, 3662:2 3650:1 3646:b 3640:+ 3635:2 3623:1 3619:a 3611:= 3597:1 3593:C 3585:, 3575:2 3571:L 3557:1 3553:L 3549:= 3536:L 3504:, 3497:2 3492:) 3484:H 3480:S 3474:H 3470:k 3458:H 3448:( 3443:+ 3438:2 3433:) 3425:C 3421:S 3415:C 3411:k 3399:C 3389:( 3384:+ 3379:2 3374:) 3366:L 3362:S 3356:L 3352:k 3340:L 3330:( 3323:= 3309:E 3283:) 3273:2 3269:b 3265:, 3255:2 3251:a 3247:, 3237:2 3233:L 3229:( 3209:) 3199:1 3195:b 3191:, 3181:1 3177:a 3173:, 3163:1 3159:L 3155:( 3145:E 3137:H 3135:S 3130:C 3128:S 3123:L 3121:S 3116:H 3114:k 3109:C 3107:k 3102:L 3100:k 3050:| 3046:) 3033:+ 3028:1 3024:h 3020:( 3007:| 3003:+ 2978:1 2974:h 2954:| 2950:) 2937:+ 2932:1 2928:h 2924:( 2911:| 2907:+ 2898:{ 2893:= 2890:T 2879:+ 2872:4 2862:1 2858:C 2849:4 2839:1 2835:C 2828:= 2825:F 2804:) 2801:F 2795:1 2792:+ 2789:T 2786:F 2783:( 2778:C 2774:S 2770:= 2765:H 2761:S 2753:+ 2740:1 2736:C 2729:+ 2726:1 2714:1 2710:C 2700:= 2695:C 2691:S 2666:1 2662:L 2646:1 2642:L 2635:+ 2632:1 2620:1 2616:L 2589:1 2585:L 2573:{ 2568:= 2563:L 2559:S 2533:2 2528:) 2521:H 2517:S 2505:b 2502:a 2498:H 2488:( 2483:+ 2478:2 2473:) 2465:C 2461:S 2454:c 2442:1 2438:C 2424:2 2420:C 2413:( 2408:+ 2403:2 2398:) 2390:L 2386:S 2379:l 2367:1 2363:L 2349:2 2345:L 2338:( 2331:= 2321:C 2318:M 2315:C 2311:E 2285:) 2280:1 2276:h 2272:, 2262:1 2258:C 2254:, 2244:1 2240:L 2236:( 2216:) 2211:2 2207:h 2203:, 2193:2 2189:C 2185:, 2175:2 2171:L 2167:( 2141:1 2137:h 2071:b 2068:a 2064:E 2039:. 2032:2 2028:) 2017:1 2013:b 1999:2 1995:b 1991:( 1988:+ 1983:2 1979:) 1968:1 1964:a 1950:2 1946:a 1942:( 1939:+ 1934:2 1930:) 1919:1 1915:L 1901:2 1897:L 1893:( 1888:= 1878:b 1875:a 1871:E 1845:) 1834:2 1830:b 1825:, 1814:2 1810:a 1805:, 1794:2 1790:L 1785:( 1765:) 1754:1 1750:b 1745:, 1734:1 1730:a 1725:, 1714:1 1710:L 1705:( 1673:E 1671:Δ 1663:E 1661:Δ 1654:Δ 1646:E 1644:Δ 1613:E 1597:* 1587:Δ 1572:) 1568:( 1564:. 1520:| 1514:1 1510:L 1501:2 1497:L 1492:| 1488:+ 1481:2 1477:) 1471:1 1467:b 1458:2 1454:b 1450:( 1447:+ 1442:2 1438:) 1432:1 1428:a 1419:2 1415:a 1411:( 1406:= 1397:E 1372:. 1369:P 1365:C 1361:P 1357:, 1354:T 1350:C 1346:T 1342:, 1340:I 1336:I 1317:, 1310:2 1306:) 1300:2 1296:P 1287:1 1283:P 1279:( 1276:+ 1271:2 1267:) 1261:2 1257:T 1248:1 1244:T 1240:( 1237:+ 1232:2 1228:) 1222:2 1218:I 1209:1 1205:I 1201:( 1193:= 1184:E 1167:P 1165:C 1163:T 1154:E 1147:E 1145:Δ 1128:E 1120:z 1118:b 1116:z 1114:a 1112:z 1047:. 1040:2 1036:B 1028:) 1012:r 997:+ 994:2 990:( 986:+ 981:2 977:G 970:4 967:+ 962:2 958:R 950:) 936:r 929:+ 926:2 922:( 916:= 909:C 899:, 896:) 891:2 887:R 883:+ 878:1 874:R 870:( 865:2 862:1 857:= 844:r 809:. 806:) 801:2 797:R 793:+ 788:1 784:R 780:( 775:2 772:1 767:= 754:R 744:, 739:2 735:B 726:1 722:B 718:= 711:B 701:, 696:2 692:G 683:1 679:G 675:= 668:G 658:, 653:2 649:R 640:1 636:R 632:= 625:R 589:, 575:2 571:B 564:2 561:+ 556:2 552:G 545:4 542:+ 537:2 533:R 526:3 517:, 502:R 494:, 487:2 483:B 476:3 473:+ 468:2 464:G 457:4 454:+ 449:2 445:R 438:2 430:{ 393:. 388:2 384:) 378:1 374:B 365:2 361:B 357:( 354:+ 349:2 345:) 339:1 335:G 326:2 322:G 318:( 315:+ 310:2 306:) 300:1 296:R 287:2 283:R 279:( 276:= 271:2 240:. 233:2 229:) 223:1 219:B 210:2 206:B 202:( 199:+ 194:2 190:) 184:1 180:G 171:2 167:G 163:( 160:+ 155:2 151:) 145:1 141:R 132:2 128:R 124:( 119:= 78:B 74:G 70:R

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