Medication - Knowledge

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Valium, two minor tranquilizers that belonged to a new chemical class of drugs called the benzodiazepines. These were drugs that worked chiefly as anti-anxiety agents and muscle relaxants. The first benzodiazepine was Librium. Three months after it was approved, Librium had become the most prescribed tranquilizer in the nation. Three years later, Valium hit the shelves and was ten times more effective as a muscle relaxant and anti-convulsant. Valium was the most versatile of the minor tranquilizers. Later came the widespread adoption of major tranquilizers such as chlorpromazine and the drug reserpine. In 1970, sales began to decline for Valium and Librium, but sales of new and improved tranquilizers, such as Xanax, introduced in 1981 for the newly created diagnosis of panic disorder, soared.

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stabilizer category. Valpromide had distinct psychotrophic effects that were of benefit in both the treatment of acute manic states and in the maintenance treatment of manic depression illness. Psychotropics can either be sedative or stimulant; sedatives aim at damping down the extremes of behavior. Stimulants aim at restoring normality by increasing tone. Soon arose the notion of a tranquilizer which was quite different from any sedative or stimulant. The term tranquilizer took over the notions of sedatives and became the dominant term in the West through the 1980s. In Japan, during this time, the term tranquilizer produced the notion of a psyche-stabilizer and the term mood stabilizer vanished.

2832:(investigational new drug) applications (INDs), or single-patient INDs. These mechanisms, which fall under the label of expanded access programs, provide access to drugs for groups of patients or individuals residing in the US. Outside the US, Named Patient Programs provide controlled, pre-approval access to drugs in response to requests by physicians on behalf of specific, or "named", patients before those medicines are licensed in the patient's home country. Through these programs, patients are able to access drugs in late-stage clinical trials or approved in other countries for a genuine, unmet medical need, before those drugs have been licensed in the patient's home country. 3317: 3306: 2433:

activities of bacteria and other microorganisms by a chemical substance of microbial origin. Penicillin, introduced a few years later, provided a broader spectrum of activity compared to sulfa drugs and reduced side effects. Streptomycin, found in 1942, proved to be the first drug effective against the cause of tuberculosis and also came to be the best known of a long series of important antibiotics. A second generation of antibiotics was introduced in the 1940s: aureomycin and chloramphenicol. Aureomycin was the best known of the second generation.

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Australia. The role of therapeutic goods regulation is designed mainly to protect the health and safety of the population. Regulation is aimed at ensuring the safety, quality, and efficacy of the therapeutic goods which are covered under the scope of the regulation. In most jurisdictions, therapeutic goods must be registered before they are allowed to be marketed. There is usually some degree of restriction on the availability of certain therapeutic goods depending on their risk to consumers.

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high prices are required for pharmaceutical companies to recoup the large investments needed for research and development. One study concluded that marketing expenditures for new drugs often doubled the amount that was allocated for research and development. Other critics claim that patent settlements would be costly for consumers, the health care system, and state and federal governments because it would result in delaying access to lower cost generic medicines.

6455: 6077: 2123:(NME) was approximately US$ 1.8 billion. Drug discovery is done by pharmaceutical companies, sometimes with research assistance from universities. The "final product" of drug discovery is a patent on the potential drug. The drug requires very expensive Phase I, II, and III clinical trials, and most of them fail. Small companies have a critical role, often then selling the rights to larger companies that have the resources to run the clinical trials. 6098: 2879:(WHO), are "those drugs that satisfy the health care needs of the majority of the population; they should therefore be available at all times in adequate amounts and in appropriate dosage forms, at a price the community can afford." Recent studies have found that most of the medicines on the WHO essential medicines list, outside of the field of HIV drugs, are not patented in the developing world, and that lack of widespread 2454:

in children that Ritalin came onto the market. Medical use of methylphenidate is predominantly for symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Consumption of methylphenidate in the U.S. out-paced all other countries between 1991 and 1999. Significant growth in consumption was also evident in Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and Norway. Currently, 85% of the world's methylphenidate is consumed in America.

102: 2798:, including pharmaceutical development. U.S. drug prices are among the highest in the world, and drug innovation is correspondingly high. In 2000, U.S.-based firms developed 29 of the 75 top-selling drugs; firms from the second-largest market, Japan, developed eight, and the United Kingdom contributed 10. France, which imposes price controls, developed three. Throughout the 1990s, outcomes were similar. 701: 2441:

of life. Doctors prescribe estrogen for their older female patients both to treat short-term menopausal symptoms and to prevent long-term diseases. In the 1960s and early 1970s, more and more physicians began to prescribe estrogen for their female patients. Between 1991 and 1999, Premarin was listed as the most popular prescription and best-selling drug in America.

1987:. The drug frequencies are often expressed as the number of times a drug is used per day (e.g., four times a day). It may include event-related information (e.g., 1 hour before meals, in the morning, at bedtime), or complimentary to an interval, although equivalent expressions may have different implications (e.g., every 8 hours versus 3 times a day). 2453:

Stimulants such as Ritalin (methylphenidate) came to be pervasive tools for behavior management and modification in young children. Ritalin was first marketed in 1955 for narcolepsy; its potential users were middle-aged and the elderly. It was not until some time in the 1980s along with hyperactivity

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In Canada, the Patented Medicine Prices Review Board examines drug pricing and determines if a price is excessive or not. In these circumstances, drug manufacturers must submit a proposed price to the appropriate regulatory agency. Furthermore, "the International Therapeutic Class Comparison Test is

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Mevacor (lovastatin) is the first and most influential statin in the American market. The 1991 launch of Pravachol (pravastatin), the second available in the United States, and the release of Zocor (simvastatin) made Mevacor no longer the only statin on the market. In 1998, Viagra was released as a

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Premarin (conjugated estrogens, introduced in 1942) and Prempro (a combination estrogen-progestin pill, introduced in 1995) dominated the hormone replacement therapy (HRT) during the 1990s. HRT is not a life-saving drug, nor does it cure any disease. HRT has been prescribed to improve one's quality

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Lithium was discovered in the 19th century for nervous disorders and its possible mood-stabilizing or prophylactic effect; it was cheap and easily produced. As lithium fell out of favor in France, valpromide came into play. This antibiotic was the origin of the drug that eventually created the mood

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Antibiotics first arrived on the medical scene in 1932 thanks to Gerhard Domagk; and were coined the "wonder drugs". The introduction of the sulfa drugs led to the mortality rate from pneumonia in the U.S. to drop from 0.2% each year to 0.05% by 1939. Antibiotics inhibit the growth or the metabolic

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High prices have been attributed to monopolies given to manufacturers by the government. New drug development costs continue to rise as well. Despite the enormous advances in science and technology, the number of new blockbuster drugs approved by the government per billion dollars spent has halved

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Some have raised ethical objections specifically with respect to pharmaceutical patents and the high prices for drugs that they enable their proprietors to charge, which poor people around the world, cannot afford. Critics also question the rationale that exclusive patent rights and the resulting

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The first minor tranquilizer was Meprobamate. Only fourteen months after it was made available, meprobamate had become the country's largest-selling prescription drug. By 1957, meprobamate had become the fastest-growing drug in history. The popularity of meprobamate paved the way for Librium and

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The first oral contraceptive, Enovid, was approved by FDA in 1960. Oral contraceptives inhibit ovulation and so prevent conception. Enovid was known to be much more effective than alternatives including the condom and the diaphragm. As early as 1960, oral contraceptives were available in several

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Drug discovery is different from Drug Development. Drug Discovery is often considered the process of identifying new medicine. At the same time, Drug development is delivering a new drug molecule into clinical practice. In its broad definition, this encompasses all steps from the basic research

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Pharmaceuticals may also be described as "specialty", independent of other classifications, which is an ill-defined class of drugs that might be difficult to administer, require special handling during administration, require patient monitoring during and immediately after administration, have

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of certain drugs. They publish a lengthy list of chemicals and plants whose trade and consumption (where applicable) are forbidden. OTC drugs are sold without restriction as they are considered safe enough that most people will not hurt themselves accidentally by taking it as instructed. Many

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and new therapies dating from about 400 BC onwards. The student of Āyurveda was expected to know ten arts that were indispensable in the preparation and application of his medicines: distillation, operative skills, cooking, horticulture, metallurgy, sugar manufacture, pharmacy, analysis and

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The regulation of drugs varies by jurisdiction. In some countries, such as the United States, they are regulated at the national level by a single agency. In other jurisdictions, they are regulated at the state level, or at both state and national levels by various bodies, as is the case in

2775:, and the 1938 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act required manufacturers to file new drugs with the FDA. The 1951 Humphrey-Durham Amendment required certain drugs to be sold by prescription. In 1962, a subsequent amendment required new drugs to be tested for efficacy and safety in 2913:, with developed world nations seeking strong intellectual property rights to protect investments made to develop new drugs, and developing world nations seeking to promote their generic pharmaceuticals industries and their ability to make medicine available to their people via 286:, academic scientists, and governments. As a result of this complex path from discovery to commercialization, partnering has become a standard practice for advancing drug candidates through development pipelines. Governments generally regulate what drugs can be marketed, 2343:

responsible for comparing the National Average Transaction Price of the patented drug product under review" different countries that the prices are being compared to are the following: France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States

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for the oral contraceptive via a transdermal patch. In 1982, a new version of the Pill was introduced, known as the "biphasic" pill. By 1985, a new triphasic pill was approved. Physicians began to think of the Pill as an excellent means of birth control for young women.

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Governments worldwide have created provisions for granting access to drugs prior to approval for patients who have exhausted all alternative treatment options and do not match clinical trial entry criteria. Often grouped under the labels of compassionate use,

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In the pharmaceutical industry, a blockbuster drug is one that achieves acceptance by prescribing physicians as a therapeutic standard for, most commonly, a highly prevalent chronic (rather than acute) condition. Patients often take the medicines for long

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Until the 1970s, drug prices were not a major concern for doctors and patients. As more drugs became prescribed for chronic illnesses, however, costs became burdensome, and by the 1970s nearly every U.S. state required or encouraged the substitution of

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Despite advances in technology and understanding of biological systems, drug discovery is still a lengthy, "expensive, difficult, and inefficient process" with a low rate of new therapeutic discovery. In 2010, the research and development cost of each

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is able to purchase drugs at reasonable prices. The prices are negotiated between the Department of Health, acting with the authority of Northern Ireland and the UK Government, and the representatives of the Pharmaceutical industry brands, the

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whose core dates from the second millennium BC, although the hymns recorded in it are believed to be older, is the first Indic text dealing with medicine. It describes plant-based drugs to counter diseases. The earliest foundations of

2249:. The precise distinction between OTC and prescription depends on the legal jurisdiction. A third category, "behind-the-counter" drugs, is implemented in some jurisdictions. These do not require a prescription, but must be kept in the 500:

Pharmaceuticals or drugs or medicines are classified into various other groups besides their origin on the basis of pharmacological properties like mode of action and their pharmacological action or activity, such as by

3012:. Since medications are inherently bio-active, most are naturally degradable in the environment, however they are classified as "pseudopersistent" because they are constantly being replenished from their sources. These 429:

Biological products are included within this definition and are generally covered by the same laws and regulations, but differences exist regarding their manufacturing processes (chemical process versus biological

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Drug use among elderly Americans has been studied; in a group of 2,377 people with an average age of 71 surveyed between 2005 and 2006, 84% took at least one prescription drug, 44% took at least one

2753:. Recently, multi-disciplinary approaches have yielded a wealth of new data on the development of novel antibiotics and antibacterials and on the use of biological agents for antibacterial therapy. 3126:

Directive 2004/27/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 amending Directive 2001/83/EC on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use – Article 1

381:"Any substance or combination of substances which may be used in or administered to human beings either with a view to restoring, correcting or modifying physiological functions by exerting a 2850:

was established in November 2001 by Frank Burroughs in memory of his daughter, Abigail. The Alliance seeks broader availability of investigational drugs on behalf of terminally ill patients.

3016:(EPPPs) rarely reach toxic concentrations in the environment, however they have been known to bioaccumulate in some species. Their effects have been observed to compound gradually across 2760:, were designed in laboratories and slowly came into preferred use. Although often accepted as an advance in some ways, there was some opposition, due to serious adverse effects such as 2944: 1837: 3206: 4602: 4379: 2825:, or named patient supply, these programs are governed by rules which vary by country defining access criteria, data collection, promotion, and control of drug distribution. 2175:

Chemicals extracted from natural products are used to make pills, capsules, or syrups for oral use. Injections for direct infusion into the blood drops for eyes or ears.

4671: 2291:, mis-prescription, contraindication and lack of detail in dosage and administration instructions. In 2000 the definition of a prescription error was studied using a 3957: 2906: 4489:"The Selection and Use of Essential Medicines – WHO Technical Report Series, No. 914: 4. Other outstanding technical issues: 4.2 Description of essential medicines" 2666:

antibiotics were developed. The Second World War saw the introduction of widespread and effective antimicrobial therapy with the development and mass production of

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to famously comment in 1842 that "if all medicines in the world were thrown into the sea, it would be all the better for mankind and all the worse for the fishes".

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Phillips L (4 September 2008). "Contract Law and Ethical Issues Underscore the Latest Lawsuit About Access to Experimental Drugs for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy".

2616:, (1205–1296), one of the most significant surgeons of the medieval period, responsible for introducing and promoting important surgical advances including basic 3571:

Strovel J, Sittampalam S, Coussens NP, Hughes M, Inglese J, Kurtz A, Andalibi A, Patton L, Austin C, Baltezor M, Beckloff M, Weingarten M, Weir S (1 July 2016).

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in part to pressure the US government to put more resources into discovering treatments for AIDS and then to speed release of drugs that were under development.

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campaign, which includes advocacy for greater resources to be devoted to currently untreatable diseases that primarily occur in the developing world. The

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Controversies concerning pharmaceutical drugs include patient access to drugs under development and not yet approved, pricing, and environmental issues.

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In the United States, drug costs are partially unregulated, but instead are the result of negotiations between drug companies and insurance companies.

2331: 3476: 3733: 3013: 5077: 3344: 4142: 3950:'Blockbuster medicine' is defined as being one which achieves annual revenues of over US$ 1 billion at global level." in European Commission, 2262: 6086: 3522:

Steven M. Paul, Daniel S. Mytelka, Christopher T. Dunwiddie, Charles C. Persinger, Bernard H. Munos, Stacy R. Lindborg, Aaron L. Schacht (2010).

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Patients who have not been able to get access to drugs in development have organized and advocated for greater access. In the United States,

2481:, the oldest known medical text of any kind, dates to about 1800 BC and represents the first documented use of any kind of drug. It and other 2380: 4046: 447:; in a group of 2245 elderly Americans (average age of 71) surveyed over the period 2010 – 2011, those percentages were 88%, 38%, and 64%. 4466: 3257:"Changes in prescription and over-the-counter medication and dietary supplement use among older adults in the united states, 2005 vs 2011" 1877:. Euthanasia is not permitted by law in many countries, and consequently, medicines will not be licensed for this use in those countries. 5099: 2445:

different strengths by every manufacturer. In the 1980s and 1990s, an increasing number of options arose including, most recently, a new

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conference; the conference was motivated by ambiguity in what a prescription error is and a need to use a uniform definition in studies.

711: 3762: 3393:"Transdermal Drug Delivery: Innovative Pharmaceutical Developments Based on Disruption of the Barrier Properties of the stratum corneum" 2528:

were built on a synthesis of selected ancient herbal practices, together with a massive addition of theoretical conceptualizations, new

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were screened in intact cells or whole organisms to identify substances that have a desirable therapeutic effect in a process known as

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Barton J.H., Emanuel E.J. (2005). "The Patents-Based Pharmaceutical Development Process: Rationale, Problems and Potential Reforms".

4582: 2368: 4488: 4387: 6438: 6195: 3975: 378:"Any substance or combination of substances presented as having properties for treating or preventing disease in human beings; or" 3897:

Scannell JW, Blanckley A, Boldon H, Warrington B (1 March 2012). "Diagnosing the decline in pharmaceutical R&D efficiency".

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and other antibiotics. Drugs increasingly became "the center of medical practice". In the 1950s, other drugs emerged including

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The administration is the process by which a patient takes medicine. There are three major categories of drug administration:

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Everett N, Gabra M (8 August 2014). "The pharmacology of medieval sedatives: the "Great Rest" of the Antidotarium Nicolai".

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developed the Carrel-Dakin method of treating wounds with an irrigation, Dakin's solution, a germicide which helped prevent

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A blockbuster drug is a drug that generates more than $ 1 billion in revenue for a pharmaceutical company in a single year.

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countries, such as the United Kingdom have a third category of "pharmacy medicines", which can be sold only in registered

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A substance intended for use as a component of a medicine but not a device or a component, part, or accessory of a device.

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which allowed rapid cloning and synthesis of large quantities of purified proteins, it has become common practice to use

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Medicine, drug, pharmaceutical, pharmaceutical preparation, pharmaceutical product, medicinal product, medicament, remedy

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Pharmaceutical medications are commonly described as "ubiquitous" in nearly every type of environmental medium (i.e.

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antibiotics, made possible by the pressures of the war and the collaboration of British scientists with the American

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Using plants and plant substances to treat all kinds of diseases and medical conditions is believed to date back to

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Kesselheim AS, Avorn J, Sarpatwari A (23 August 2016). "The High Cost of Prescription Drugs in the United States".

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was the first drug ever to reach more than $ 1 billion a year in sales, thus making it the first blockbuster drug.

3573:"Early Drug Discovery and Development Guidelines: For Academic Researchers, Collaborators, and Start-up Companies" 6433: 5636: 5092: 4526: 4218: 3217: 3125: 3021: 2216: 17: 4583:"Access to Affordable HIV/AIDS Drugs: The Human Rights Obligations of Multinational Pharmaceutical Corporations" 4428: 6484: 4693: 4339:"EU Compassionate Use Programmes (CUPs): Regulatory Framework and Points to Consider before CUP Implementation" 3176: 2857:

was at the center of a high-profile debate regarding expanded access of cancer patients to experimental drugs.

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particular regulatory requirements restricting their use, and are generally expensive relative to other drugs.

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Governments have been heavily involved in the regulation of drug development and drug sales. In the U.S., the

4805:"Pharmaceuticals of Emerging Concern in Aquatic Systems: Chemistry, Occurrence, Effects, and Removal Methods" 2884: 2768: 3004:

Scientists generally divide environmental impacts of a chemical into three primary categories: persistence,

2103:. Once a compound that fulfills all of these requirements has been identified, it will begin the process of 5335: 5117: 3521: 3500: 2910: 2772: 2478: 1915: 1543: 924: 775: 3725: 3450: 6408: 5946: 3334: 2998: 2057: 2016:

Historically, drugs were discovered by identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by

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Anand U, Adelodun B, Cabreros C, Kumar P, Suresh S, Dey A, Ballesteros F, Bontempi E (1 December 2022).

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in the ng/L to μg/L ranges. The primary avenue for medications reaching the environment are through the

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for physicians, attributed to fifth century BC Greece, refers to the existence of "deadly drugs", and

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Gadipelly C, Pérez-González A, Yadav GD, Ortiz I, Ibáñez R, Rathod VK, Marathe KV (23 July 2014).

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Dowling HF (June 1972). "Frustration and foundation. Management of pneumonia before antibiotics".

6385: 5651: 5329: 5180: 2854: 2709:, a few biological vaccines, and a few synthetic drugs. In the 1930s, antibiotics emerged: first 2671: 2326: 1886: 890: 849: 506: 283: 249: 41: 4713:"Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are ecological disrupting compounds (EcoDC)" 4038: 2895:

tracks how well pharmaceutical companies make their products available in the developing world.

200:(those that consumers can order for themselves). Another key distinction is between traditional 6128: 5688: 5443: 4458: 4313: 3339: 2994: 2840: 2505: 2088: 2037: 1495: 1357: 1001: 941: 811: 4940:"Pharmaceutical Industry Wastewater: Review of the Technologies for Water Treatment and Reuse" 2600:

saw advances in surgery compared to previously, but few truly effective drugs existed, beyond

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The drug is reviewed and monitored by FDA for the safety once it is available to the public.

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The Drug Development process starts with Discovery, a process of identifying a new medicine.

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arise from issues fundamental to economic development – lack of infrastructure and poverty.

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process of finding a suitable molecular target to supporting the drug's commercial launch.

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A substance (other than food) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body.

213: 185: 177: 4763:"Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the freshwater aquatic environment" 2612:. Folklore cures and potentially poisonous metal-based compounds were popular treatments. 2261:– purposes which the drugs were not originally approved for by the regulatory agency. The 2181:: Drugs go under laboratory or animal testing, to ensure that they can be used on Humans. 2156:(on humans) and may include the step of obtaining regulatory approval to market the drug. 8: 6375: 6307: 6290: 6269: 6190: 6163: 6057: 5793: 5579: 5358: 5185: 4559: 4492: 3069: 2914: 2880: 2866: 2497: 2422: 2254: 2084: 2076: 1945: 1829: 1751: 1720: 1646: 1547: 1186: 1025: 791: 605: 530: 352: 269: 237: 189: 150: 4994: 4898: 4728: 3985: 3579:. Eli Lilly & Company and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences. 2927:

fought a protracted battle with the government of India over the patenting of its drug,

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Richmond EK, Grace MR, Kelly JJ, Reisinger AJ, Rosi EJ, Walters DM (1 January 2017).

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In the UK, the Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme is intended to ensure that the

2308: 2242: 2234: 2185: 2053: 1953: 1904: 1896: 1802: 1743: 1412: 1255: 1200: 898: 867: 556: 510: 502: 390: 364: 336: 303: 253: 209: 181: 142: 106: 4653: 4364: 3883: 3524:"How to improve R&D productivity: the pharmaceutical industry's grand challenge" 3272: 6418: 6393: 6355: 6232: 6220: 6216: 6062: 5885: 5810: 5798: 5723: 5589: 5468: 5257: 5014: 4998: 4951: 4902: 4816: 4774: 4732: 4633: 4555: 4410: 4350: 4274: 4168: 4077: 3934: 3906: 3863: 3793: 3697: 3689: 3615: 3610:

Taylor D (2015). "The Pharmaceutical Industry and the Future of Drug Development".

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and liquid such as syrup or suspension. Other ways to take the medication include

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Social welfare policy for a sustainable future : the U.S. in global context

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database of prescription pharmaceutical products including drug classifications

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Asceticism and Healing in Ancient India: Medicine in the Buddhist Monastery,

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In Europe, the term is "medicinal product", and it is defined by EU law as:

6211: 5971: 5890: 5626: 5584: 5418: 5408: 5324: 5319: 5028: 4924: 4838: 4645: 4598: 4567: 4294: 3926: 3875: 3807: 3711: 3584: 3549: 3436: 3290: 2722: 2356: 2288: 2226: 2064:. Hits from these screens are then tested in cells and then in animals for 2045: 2006: 1949: 1708: 1704: 1696: 1661: 1622: 1606: 1501: 1400: 1396: 1380: 1372: 1337: 1174: 1170: 953: 918: 886: 871: 841: 633: 490: 486: 419: 332: 291: 241: 233: 162: 37: 4803:

Patel M, Kumar R, Kishor K, Mlsna T, Pittman CU, Mohan D (27 March 2019).

4089: 2351:

In Brazil, the prices are regulated through legislation under the name of

294:. Controversies have arisen over drug pricing and disposal of used drugs. 70: 6158: 5855: 5765: 5505: 5458: 5403: 5286: 5252: 5057: 4736: 3059: 2621: 2576: 2516: 2273: 2069: 2017: 1972:(dropped into the eye or ear), and transdermally (applied to the skin). 1864: 1833: 1825: 1786: 1665: 1638: 1579: 1563: 1459: 1329: 1282: 1263: 1226: 1178: 1097: 1045: 1033: 1013: 997: 910: 875: 855: 674: 670: 637: 628: 583: 540: 3693: 3483:. TechNote. Vol. 29, no. 9. Mary Ann Liebert. pp. 34–35. 2334:(ABPI). For 2017 this payment percentage set by the PPRS will be 4,75%. 6285: 6237: 6033: 6004: 5962: 5931: 5926: 5865: 5860: 5850: 5788: 5774: 5714: 5669: 5617: 5537: 5533: 5474: 5434: 5389: 5385: 5275: 5211: 5161: 5126: 5122: 4712: 4355: 4338: 4165:

Magic and Rationality in Ancient Near Eastern and Graeco-Roman Medicine

2828:

Within the United States, pre-approval demand is generally met through

2714: 2710: 2667: 2636:

For most of the 19th century, drugs were not highly effective, leading

2617: 2404: 2250: 2092: 1979:. Administration frequencies are often abbreviated from Latin, such as 1870: 1747: 1712: 1688: 1653: 1614: 1583: 1507: 1479: 1455: 1451: 1424: 1306: 1270: 1218: 1087: 1075: 1005: 993: 985: 666: 657: 575: 565: 456: 173: 4955: 4310:

Emerging Trends in Antibacterial Discovery: Answering the Call to Arms

5941: 5921: 5895: 5870: 5805: 5783: 5611: 5524: 5398: 5045: 3020:, rather than becoming acute, leading to their classification by the 2706: 2662:

In the inter-war period, the first anti-bacterial agents such as the

2075:

Modern drug discovery involves the identification of screening hits,

1724: 1669: 1618: 1602: 1587: 1408: 1404: 1333: 1259: 1155: 1146: 1061: 1009: 645: 620: 600: 546: 494: 408: 320:, medication is "a substance used in treating a disease or relieving 245: 3910: 3540: 3523: 3314: 3303: 2493:

to treat infections and the legs of bee-eaters to treat neck pains.

1899:

of a visiting nurse in St. Louis, Missouri, with medicine and babies

248:

therapies). Other ways to classify medicines are by mode of action,

91: 6185: 6144: 6042: 5906: 5902: 5875: 5314: 5247: 5166: 4546:

Banta D.H. (2001). "Worldwide Interest in Global Access to Drugs".

3255:

Qato DM, Wilder J, Schumm L, Gillet V, Alexander G (1 April 2016).

3074: 3017: 3009: 2978: 2966: 2924: 2787:

for higher-priced brand names. This also led to the 2006 U.S. law,

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Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products

2604:(found in such extremely popular drugs as the "Great Rest" of the 2533:

separation of minerals, compounding of metals, and preparation of

2265:

helps guide the referral process between pharmacists and doctors.

6018: 5936: 5601: 5368: 5190: 5140: 4937: 3896: 3614:. Issues in Environmental Science and Technology. pp. 1–33. 2962: 2931:, in India, which ended up in a Supreme Court in a case known as 2928: 2741:

for psychosis. As of 2007, thousands of approved drugs have been

2702: 2698: 2690: 2682: 2678: 2609: 2534: 2253:, not visible to the public, and be sold only by a pharmacist or 2152:. It includes pre-clinical research (microorganisms/animals) and 2033: 1911: 1798: 1735: 1657: 1650: 1416: 1392: 1159: 1142: 906: 863: 779: 560: 368: 307: 225: 217: 193: 5062: 3570: 1438: 5700: 5363: 4760: 3254: 2958: 2836: 2756:

In the 1950s, new psychiatric drugs, notably the antipsychotic

2663: 2233:(OTC) which may be available without special restrictions, and 2201:

drug is sent to FDA before launching the drug into the market.

2111:. One or more of these steps may, but not necessarily, involve 1923: 1182: 1071: 1067: 1041: 768: 662: 101: 4854:"Environmentally Persistent Pharmaceutical Pollutants (EPPPs)" 3759:"Schedule 7 – International Therapeutic Class Comparison Test" 3391:

Zaid Alkilani A, McCrudden MT, Donnelly RF (22 October 2015).

3390: 2190:

The drug is used on people to confirm that it is safe to use.

6000: 5710: 5205: 4429:"Andrea Sloan Faces Pharma Firm With History of Indifference" 2997:

is another significant source derived from the prevalence of

2954: 2601: 2490: 1770: 1519: 1298: 1204: 1113: 852:, thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics, aldosterone inhibitors. 587: 5067: 4163:

H.F.J. Horstmanshoff, Marten Stol, Cornelis Tilburg (2004),

2500:

demonstrated the use of medication in the first half of the

260:. An elaborate and widely used classification system is the 6113: 5704: 4761:

Ebele AJ, Abou-Elwafa Abdallah M, Harrad S (1 March 2017).

4710: 4525:. University of New Hampshire School of Law. Archived from 4380:"F.D.A. Debate on Speedy Access to AIDS Drugs Is Reopening" 2970: 2950: 2144:

is the process of bringing a new drug to the market once a

1551: 579: 550: 482: 321: 311: 229: 146: 138: 27:

Substance used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease

4976: 3368:

Lippencott's Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology 4th Edition

1789:

and mineral preparations (including iron preparations and

3853: 2194: 1935: 1626: 4225:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 1–26. 4117:. New York and London, New York University, 2007. Print. 4115:

Medicating Modern America: Prescription Drugs in History

4623: 4129:

The Petrie Papyri: Hieratic Papyri from Kahun and Gurob

2860: 2559:, written between 50 and 70 CE by the Greek physician 2241:

by a licensed medical practitioner in accordance with

461:

One of the key classifications is between traditional

176:

in many ways. One of the key divisions is by level of

5110:

Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System

4802: 4516:"Patent Landscape Analysis of Healthcare Innovations" 3128:". Published 31 March 2004. Accessed 17 August 2008. 523:

Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System

262:

Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System

4523:

The Franklin Pierce Center for Intellectual Property

4459:"In cancer drug battle, both sides appeal to ethics" 3014:

Environmentally Persistent Pharmaceutical Pollutants

2257:. Doctors may also prescribe prescription drugs for 2087:(to reduce the potential of side effects), efficacy/ 1277: 4541: 4539: 4223:

Herophilus: The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria

3753: 3751: 3675: 3370:. Lippencott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1–4. 2677:Medicines commonly used by the late 1920s included 2590:, covers a range of drugs known to the practice of 927:(statins) for lowering LDL cholesterol inhibitors: 465:drugs; usually derived from chemical synthesis and 3365: 2332:Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry 2013:is the process by which new drugs are discovered. 1683: 282:are complex and expensive endeavors undertaken by 3953:Pharmaceutical Sector Inquiry, Preliminary Report 2628:described some herbal treatments that were used. 2079:, and optimization of those hits to increase the 935: 6471: 4696:Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 12, 336–337 (2013) 4536: 4301: 4021: 3748: 3096:"Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, SEC. 210" 2263:Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals 1514: 1103: 818: 4944:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 3676:Dean B, Barber N, Schachter M (December 2000). 2839:formed in the 1980s, and eventually formed its 2794:As of 2008, the United States is the leader in 2399:List of largest selling pharmaceutical products 617:: Enovid, "biphasic" pill, and "triphasic" pill 184:(those that a pharmacist dispenses only on the 3820: 3783: 32:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, 6129: 5093: 4670:. Generic Pharmaceutical Association (GPhA). 4491:. Apps.who.int. 14 April 2016. Archived from 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3973: 2809: 2563:, was widely read for more than 1,500 years. 2548:imported drugs from Egypt and elsewhere. The 2381:Prescription drug prices in the United States 2281:by or under the supervision of a pharmacist. 2272:of the United Nations imposes a world law of 2052:of large compound libraries against isolated 1903:A single drug may contain single or multiple 1439:For the reproductive system or urinary system 1320: 5108:Major chemical drug groups – based upon the 4307: 4264: 4024:Reasonable Rx: Solving the drug price crisis 3481:Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News 2791:, which offers Medicare coverage for drugs. 2427: 1809:, haematopoietic drugs, food product drugs. 536:A sampling of classes of medicine includes: 367:and is used in research studies is called a 4851: 4626:Journal of the American Medical Association 4548:Journal of the American Medical Association 3964:, 28 November 2008, page 17 (pdf, 1.95 MB). 2552: 2367:In India, drug prices are regulated by the 2148:has been identified through the process of 1975:They can be administered in one dose, as a 1812: 745: 6136: 6122: 5100: 5086: 5068:U.S. Food & Drug Administration: Drugs 4580: 4545: 4143:"Ancient Egypt: The Kahun medical papyrus" 4096: 4067: 4000: 3332: 2889:Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines 1660:, desloughing agents, exudate absorbents, 5018: 4906: 4820: 4354: 4201:Oxford University Press, rev. ed. (1998) 3797: 3726:"PPRS: payment percentage 2017 – Details" 3701: 3619: 3539: 3474: 3468: 3426: 3408: 3280: 2901:negotiations in the 1990s, including the 2369:National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority 1757: 1363: 733:Learn how and when to remove this message 6196:Separation of prescribing and dispensing 4513: 4400: 4336: 4126: 3976:"Pharmaceutical Sales 101: Me-Too Drugs" 3821:van Wormer KS, Link RJ (18 March 2015). 3784:Fonseca Md, Shadlen KC (20 April 2017). 2729:as tranquilizers and antihypertensives, 2566: 1968:(placed underneath the tongue), eye and 1890: 1730: 363:. A medication that does not contain an 100: 4880: 4157: 3024:as "Ecological Disrupting Compounds." 2938: 2933:Novartis v. Union of India & Others 2875:Essential medicines, as defined by the 2465: 2245:due to the risk of adverse effects and 1832:, somatostatin inhibitors, recombinant 982:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 14: 6472: 6087:Pharmacological classification systems 5454:Selective estrogen receptor modulators 4674:from the original on 28 September 2015 4377: 3609: 3214:Official Journal of the European Union 2631: 2592:medicine in the medieval Islamic world 443:(OTC) drug, and 52% took at least one 418:A substance recognized by an official 6117: 5734:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 5081: 5073:WHO Model List of Essential Medicines 4876: 4874: 4798: 4796: 4756: 4754: 4717:Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 4706: 4704: 4702: 4469:from the original on 25 December 2013 4439:from the original on 25 December 2013 4036: 3790:Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 3366:Finkel R, Cubeddu L, Clark M (2009). 3347:from the original on 6 September 2015 3333:Spatz I, McGee N (25 November 2013). 3216:. 30 April 2004. L136. Archived from 3187:from the original on 29 November 2022 3147:"Medication Definition & Meaning" 2270:International Narcotics Control Board 1269:General: adrenergic neurone blocker, 691:Category:Drugs by target organ system 684: 4881:Liu JL, Wong MH (1 September 2013). 4852:Environment UN (17 September 2020). 4560:10.1001/jama.285.22.2844-JMN0613-3-1 4246:from the original on 9 November 2013 4113:Tone, Andrea and Elizabeth Watkins, 4049:from the original on 13 October 2008 3955:(DG Competition Staff Working Paper) 3644: 3475:Anson BD, Ma J, He JQ (1 May 2009). 2861:Access to medicines and drug pricing 2462:treatment for erectile dysfunction. 1922:into the body, and by other routes ( 1489: 1082:For consciousness (anesthetic drugs) 1066:The main classes of painkillers are 717:Please help consolidate the section. 694: 407:A substance intended for use in the 5347:Angiotensin II receptor antagonists 3477:"Identifying Cardiotoxic Compounds" 2705:for diabetes. Other drugs included 2598:Medieval medicine of Western Europe 2392: 389:or metabolic action or to making a 24: 4871: 4793: 4751: 4699: 3765:from the original on 17 April 2018 3736:from the original on 17 March 2017 3612:Pharmaceuticals in the Environment 3591:from the original on 19 April 2020 3157:from the original on 31 March 2022 2487:Ancient Egyptian medical practices 1847: 543:: reducing fever (pyrexia/pyresis) 411:, cure, mitigation, treatment, or 25: 6506: 5052:Drugs & Medications Directory 5039: 4605:from the original on 1 April 2014 4415:10.1097/01.nt.0000337676.20893.50 3315:https://www.medthority.com/drugs/ 3100:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2320: 1990: 1880: 1858: 1278:For the ear, nose, and oropharynx 1108:The main categories of drugs for 578:: prevention of germ growth near 450: 165:for continual advancement and on 6454: 6453: 6414:List of pharmaceutical companies 6096: 6076: 6075: 4082:10.1001/jama.1972.03200100053011 4039:"Top Pharmaceuticals: Prontosil" 3055:List of pharmaceutical companies 2801: 2771:led to the establishment of the 2515:On the Indian subcontinent, the 2374: 1780: 1173:, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors/ 699: 105:An example of a medication is a 69: 6434:Pharmacies in the United States 5484:Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones 4983:Environmental Chemistry Letters 4970: 4931: 4858:UNEP – UN Environment Programme 4845: 4686: 4660: 4617: 4574: 4507: 4481: 4451: 4421: 4394: 4371: 4330: 4258: 4228: 4212: 4191: 4182: 4135: 4120: 4061: 4043:Chemical & Engineering News 4030: 4022:Finkelstein S, Temin P (2008). 3974:Whitney, Jake (February 2006). 3967: 3941: 3890: 3847: 3814: 3777: 3718: 3669: 3638: 3603: 3564: 3515: 3443: 3384: 3359: 3273:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.8581 3102:. (g), (1), (B). Archived from 2298: 2217:Regulation of therapeutic goods 1684:For infections and infestations 1597: 517:. An elaborate and widely used 4378:Kolata G (12 September 1994). 4236:"Greek Medicine – Dioscorides" 3678:"What is a prescribing error?" 3326: 3297: 3248: 3227: 3199: 3169: 3139: 3118: 3088: 2287:include over-prescription and 2130: 1560:gonadotropin release inhibitor 1135: 936:For the central nervous system 481:used therapeutically (such as 302:Medication is a medicine or a 157:) is an important part of the 13: 1: 6495:Products of chemical industry 5236:Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics 5046:Drug Reference Site Directory 4668:"Misguided Policy on Patents" 4308:Miller AA, Miller PF (2011). 4045:. Vol. 83, no. 25. 3899:Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 3528:Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 3451:"USHIK: Medication Frequency" 3081: 2769:Elixir Sulfanilamide disaster 2512:were employed as treatments. 2210: 2056:which are hypothesized to be 1515:For obstetrics and gynecology 1104:For musculoskeletal disorders 838:angiotensin receptor blockers 819:For the cardiovascular system 297: 290:, and in some jurisdictions, 161:and relies on the science of 6143: 5947:Wakefulness-promoting agents 4908:10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.012 4267:Journal of Ethnopharmacology 3647:"Tips for Medication Safety" 3410:10.3390/pharmaceutics7040438 2989:during production, and from 2911:intellectual property rights 2773:Food and Drug Administration 2479:Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus 2229:, drugs may be divided into 1916:human gastrointestinal tract 1544:follicle stimulating hormone 1050:5-HT (serotonin) antagonists 974:monoamine oxidase inhibitors 925:HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors 204:drugs, usually derived from 169:for appropriate management. 7: 6409:Pharmacy benefit management 4822:10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00299 4779:10.1016/j.emcon.2016.12.004 3621:10.1039/9781782622345-00001 3335:"Specialty Pharmaceuticals" 3235:Drugs@FDA Glossary of Terms 3027: 2999:antibiotic use in livestock 2095:stability (to increase the 2001:In the fields of medicine, 1964:(placed inside the cheek), 1869:A euthanaticum is used for 1536:Hormone Replacement Therapy 1472:5-alpha reductase inhibitor 1055: 1000:, movement disorder (e.g., 712:too many subsection headers 467:biological medical products 46:medication (disambiguation) 10: 6511: 5597:Intravenous immunoglobulin 5003:10.1007/s10311-022-01498-7 3343:. What's The Background?. 3304:https://www.medthority.com 3177:"Definition of medication" 2942: 2864: 2813: 2810:Access to unapproved drugs 2574:'s ninth century AD book, 2420: 2416: 2396: 2389:every 9 years since 1950. 2378: 2302: 2214: 2134: 2113:computer-aided drug design 1994: 1884: 1875:physician-assisted suicide 1862: 1723:, probiotics, prebiotics, 1476:selective alpha-1 blockers 1321:For the respiratory system 1118:COX-2 selective inhibitors 1085: 1059: 688: 454: 335:of medication can include 31: 6449: 6384: 6321: 6278: 6204: 6151: 6071: 6027: 5999: 5955: 5764: 5699: 5662: 5610: 5523: 5467: 5427: 5384: 5268: 5204: 5116: 5058:European Medicines Agency 4887:Environment International 4279:10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.048 3181:National Cancer Institute 2881:access to these medicines 2877:World Health Organization 2871:Societal views on patents 2701:for heart disorders, and 2638:Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. 2428:Prescription drug history 2346: 2337: 2050:high throughput screening 1895:February 1918 drawing by 1346:beta2-adrenergic agonists 1189:, prostaglandin agonists/ 1110:musculoskeletal disorders 1092:Some anesthetics include 970:tricyclic antidepressants 527:World Health Organization 329:National Cancer Institute 266:World Health Organization 88: 80: 68: 63: 54:medicine (disambiguation) 6404:Investigational New Drug 6245:Pharmaceutical chemistry 6191:Pharmacological activity 5652:Topoisomerase inhibitors 5336:renin–angiotensin system 5330:Calcium channel blockers 4638:10.1001/jama.294.16.2075 4188:See Atharvaveda XIX.34.9 4037:Stork W (20 June 2005). 3337:. Health Policy Briefs. 2899:World Trade Organization 2893:Access to Medicine Index 2885:Médecins Sans Frontières 2737:for asthma, and typical 2620:practice and the use of 2546:ancient Greek physicians 2362: 2161:Drug Development Process 1813:For neoplastic disorders 1538:(HRT), bone regulators, 1191:prostaglandin inhibitors 891:calcium channel blockers 850:calcium channel blockers 746:For the digestive system 434: 397:In the US, a "drug" is: 284:pharmaceutical companies 6490:Pharmaceutical industry 6386:Pharmaceutical industry 6205:Pharmaceutical sciences 3868:10.1001/jama.2016.11237 2855:BioMarin Pharmaceutical 2672:pharmaceutical industry 2327:National Health Service 2313:In many jurisdictions, 2205:FDA post-Market Review: 1887:Route of administration 1358:leukotriene antagonists 1340:, inhaled and systemic 1169:: adrenergic agonists, 876:anti-hemophilic factors 812:prostaglandin analogues 751:Lower digestive tract: 507:route of administration 317:Encyclopædia Britannica 250:route of administration 153:disease. Drug therapy ( 42:pharmaceutical industry 5444:Hormonal contraception 5374:Bile acid sequestrants 5155:Proton-pump inhibitors 5118:gastrointestinal tract 4314:Caister Academic Press 4131:. London: B. Quaritch. 3960:26 August 2020 at the 3320:8 January 2023 at the 3309:8 January 2023 at the 3261:JAMA Internal Medicine 3241:8 January 2023 at the 3207:"Directive 2004/27/EC" 2995:Agricultural pollution 2841:Treatment Action Group 2553: 2414: 2231:over-the-counter drugs 2060:in a process known as 2038:classical pharmacology 1900: 1822:therapeutic antibodies 1791:magnesium preparations 1758:For allergic disorders 1540:beta-receptor agonists 1496:Hormonal contraception 1364:For endocrine problems 1317:, and cerumenolytics. 942:central nervous system 830:antihypertensive drugs 796:proton pump inhibitors 765:bile acid sequestrants 357:drops put into the ear 314:illness. According to 288:how drugs are marketed 198:over-the-counter drugs 180:, which distinguishes 110: 75:Packages of medication 6485:Chemicals in medicine 6361:Pharmacist prescriber 6346:Consultant pharmacist 4767:Emerging Contaminants 4465:. 20 September 2013. 4435:. 26 September 2013. 3825:. Los Angeles: SAGE. 3645:Gina (21 July 2016). 3577:Assay Guidance Manual 3151:Britannica Dictionary 3132:30 April 2021 at the 2733:for nasal allergies, 2587:The Canon of Medicine 2567:Medieval pharmacology 2409: 1894: 1752:monoclonal antibodies 1731:For the immune system 1701:antituberculous drugs 1680:, immune modulators. 1631:vitamin A derivatives 1484:fertility medications 1433:vasopressin analogues 1423:, antithyroid drugs, 1354:mast cell stabilizers 1147:mast cell inhibitors. 929:hypolipidaemic agents 804:-receptor antagonists 519:classification system 413:prevention of disease 238:monoclonal antibodies 104: 50:meds (disambiguation) 6429:Pharmacies of Norway 6366:Pharmacy informatics 6260:Pharmacoepidemiology 6169:Prehistoric medicine 6053:Radiopharmaceuticals 5841:Antiparkinson agents 4737:10.1525/elementa.252 4514:Kowalksy SP (2013). 4127:Griffith FL (1898). 3732:. 23 December 2016. 3657:on 14 September 2016 3503:on 21 September 2012 3022:US Geological Survey 2939:Environmental issues 2749:is used to discover 2614:Theodoric Borgognoni 2606:Antidotarium Nicolai 2561:Pedanius Dioscorides 2472:prehistoric medicine 2466:Ancient pharmacology 2353:Medicamento Genérico 2179:Preclinical research 2121:new molecular entity 2062:reverse pharmacology 1830:aromatase inhibitors 1795:parenteral nutrition 1647:systemic antibiotics 1389:human growth hormone 1187:parasympathomimetics 1026:dopamine antagonists 940:Drugs affecting the 606:Hormone replacements 471:recombinant proteins 353:infusion into a vein 214:recombinant proteins 6376:Veterinary pharmacy 6308:Pharmacy technician 6270:Pharmacocybernetics 6164:History of pharmacy 5836:Antimigraine agents 5826:Antidementia agents 5729:Anti-inflammatories 5419:Medicated dressings 5359:Antihyperlipidemics 5186:Diabetes medication 4995:2022EnvCL..20.3883A 4950:(29): 11571–11592. 4899:2013EnInt..59..208L 4729:2017EleSA...5Q..66R 4692:Charlotte Harrison 4581:Ferreira L (2002). 4219:Heinrich von Staden 4153:on 13 January 2019. 4147:www.reshafim.org.il 3694:10.1136/qhc.9.4.232 3183:. 2 February 2011. 3070:Pharmaceutical code 2993:after consumption. 2915:compulsory licenses 2867:Essential medicines 2727:rauvolfia alkaloids 2632:Modern pharmacology 2519:, a sacred text of 2498:Babylonian medicine 2423:History of pharmacy 2255:pharmacy technician 2225:Depending upon the 2077:medicinal chemistry 2072:) drug candidates. 1946:Oral administration 1635:vitamin D analogues 1548:luteinising hormone 1448:alkalinizing agents 1248:topical anesthetics 1223:topical antibiotics 1130:anticholinesterases 1126:neuromuscular drugs 1002:Parkinson's disease 889:("beta blockers"), 887:β-receptor blockers 784:reflux suppressants 615:Oral contraceptives 531:essential medicines 515:therapeutic effects 503:chemical properties 270:essential medicines 258:therapeutic effects 190:physician assistant 127:pharmaceutical drug 6371:Specialty pharmacy 6334:Community pharmacy 6303:Pharmacy residency 5689:Immunosuppressants 5559:Antimycobacterials 5515:Antithyroid agents 5499:Mineralocorticoids 5303:Cardiac stimulants 5293:Cardiac glycosides 5285:cardiac therapy / 5181:Anti-obesity drugs 4587:Fordham Law Review 4495:on 1 February 2014 4384:The New York Times 4356:10.1007/bf03256820 2762:tardive dyskinesia 2751:biopharmaceuticals 2305:Prescription costs 2243:medical guidelines 2235:prescription drugs 2054:biological targets 2022:chemical libraries 1905:active ingredients 1901: 1803:anti-obesity drugs 1744:immunosuppressants 1727:, and antivenoms. 1592:diethylstilbestrol 1413:thiazolidinediones 1256:parasympatholytics 899:cardiac glycosides 868:antiplatelet drugs 685:Types of medicines 557:Antimalarial drugs 525:(ATC system). The 445:dietary supplement 327:As defined by the 210:biopharmaceuticals 206:chemical synthesis 182:prescription drugs 111: 52:, and 6467: 6466: 6424:Pharmacy in China 6351:Hospital pharmacy 6329:Clinical pharmacy 6265:Pharmacovigilance 6181:Prescription drug 6111: 6110: 6014:Ophthalmologicals 5724:Anabolic steroids 5627:Anticancer agents 5590:Ectoparasiticides 5310:Antihypertensives 5258:Antifibrinolytics 5063:NHS Medicines A–Z 4956:10.1021/ie501210j 4337:Helene S (2010). 4323:978-1-904455-89-9 4197:Kenneth G. Zysk, 3832:978-1-4522-4031-2 3761:. 30 April 2014. 3631:978-1-78262-189-8 3377:978-0-7817-7155-9 3223:on 29 April 2021. 3045:Drug nomenclature 2987:industrial plants 2608:at the time) and 2555:De materia medica 2502:2nd millennium BC 2309:Pharmacoeconomics 2247:contraindications 2058:disease-modifying 2020:discovery. Later 1983:reading Q8H from 1897:Marguerite Martyn 1568:dopamine agonists 1532:antifibrinolytics 1528:haemostatic drugs 1490:For contraception 1311:local anesthetics 1201:Anti-inflammatory 992:/antiepileptics, 880:haemostatic drugs 792:antidopaminergics 743: 742: 735: 511:biological system 391:medical diagnosis 365:active ingredient 304:chemical compound 254:biological system 107:prescription drug 99: 98: 16:(Redirected from 6502: 6457: 6456: 6419:Medication costs 6394:Drug development 6356:Nuclear pharmacy 6233:Pharmacogenomics 6221:Pharmacodynamics 6217:Pharmacokinetics 6138: 6131: 6124: 6115: 6114: 6100: 6079: 6078: 6063:Senotherapeutics 5917:Neuroprotectives 5912:Mood stabilizers 5811:Anti-ADHD agents 5751:Muscle relaxants 5684:Immunostimulants 5679:Immunomodulators 5511:Thyroid hormones 5449:Fertility agents 5352:Renin inhibitors 5243:Antihemorrhagics 5210:forming organs ( 5196:Dietary minerals 5102: 5095: 5088: 5079: 5078: 5033: 5032: 5022: 4989:(6): 3883–3904. 4974: 4968: 4967: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4910: 4878: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4824: 4815:(6): 3510–3673. 4809:Chemical Reviews 4800: 4791: 4790: 4758: 4749: 4748: 4708: 4697: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4543: 4534: 4533: 4532:on 4 March 2016. 4531: 4520: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4386:. Archived from 4375: 4369: 4368: 4358: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4232: 4226: 4216: 4210: 4195: 4189: 4186: 4180: 4169:Brill Publishers 4161: 4155: 4154: 4149:. Archived from 4139: 4133: 4132: 4124: 4118: 4111: 4094: 4093: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4019: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3988:on 7 August 2008 3984:. Archived from 3971: 3965: 3949: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3801: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3755: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3705: 3682:Qual Health Care 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3653:. Archived from 3642: 3636: 3635: 3623: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3543: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3499:. 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Increasingly, 2558: 2542:Hippocratic Oath 2506:Medicinal creams 2489:, such as using 2393:Blockbuster drug 2237:, which must be 2142:Drug development 2137:Drug development 2105:drug development 2030:natural products 1985:Quaque VIII Hora 1524:anticholinergics 1464:anticholinergics 1421:thyroid hormones 1350:anticholinergics 1295:anticholinergics 1287:sympathomimetics 1252:sympathomimetics 1235:fluoroquinolones 1122:muscle relaxants 1038:anticholinergics 915:vasoconstrictors 738: 731: 727: 724: 718: 703: 702: 695: 650:chlordiazepoxide 593:Mood stabilizers 529:keeps a list of 469:; which include 441:over-the-counter 280:drug development 268:keeps a list of 212:, which include 188:of a physician, 92:edit on Wikidata 73: 61: 60: 21: 6510: 6509: 6505: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6470: 6469: 6468: 6463: 6445: 6380: 6317: 6313:Pharmacy school 6274: 6226:Pharmacometrics 6200: 6147: 6142: 6112: 6107: 6103:Medicine portal 6067: 6023: 5995: 5990: 5982:Cough medicines 5977:Bronchodilators 5958: 5951: 5831:Antidepressants 5821:Anticonvulsants 5769: 5760: 5756:Bisphosphonates 5746:Corticosteroids 5708: 5695: 5667: 5658: 5642:Spindle poisons 5632:Antimetabolites 5615: 5606: 5528: 5519: 5494:Glucocorticoids 5489:Corticosteroids 5470: 5463: 5430: 5423: 5380: 5298:Antiarrhythmics 5271: 5264: 5221:Antithrombotics 5209: 5200: 5176:Antipropulsives 5172:Antidiarrhoeals 5149: 5120: 5112: 5106: 5042: 5037: 5036: 4975: 4971: 4936: 4932: 4879: 4872: 4862: 4860: 4850: 4846: 4801: 4794: 4759: 4752: 4709: 4700: 4691: 4687: 4677: 4675: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4632:(16): 2075–82. 4622: 4618: 4608: 4606: 4579: 4575: 4554:(22): 2844–46. 4544: 4537: 4529: 4518: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4487: 4486: 4482: 4472: 4470: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4442: 4440: 4433:Huffington Post 4427: 4426: 4422: 4403:Neurology Today 4399: 4395: 4390:on 1 July 2017. 4376: 4372: 4335: 4331: 4324: 4306: 4302: 4263: 4259: 4249: 4247: 4240:www.nlm.nih.gov 4234: 4233: 4229: 4217: 4213: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4162: 4158: 4141: 4140: 4136: 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2468: 2447:delivery system 2430: 2425: 2419: 2401: 2395: 2383: 2377: 2365: 2349: 2340: 2323: 2317:are regulated. 2311: 2303:Main articles: 2301: 2219: 2213: 2154:clinical trials 2139: 2133: 2109:clinical trials 2101:bioavailability 2026:small molecules 1999: 1993: 1889: 1883: 1867: 1861: 1850: 1848:For diagnostics 1818:Cytotoxic drugs 1815: 1783: 1775:corticosteroids 1760: 1740:immunoglobulins 1733: 1686: 1678:corticosteroids 1674:antiperspirants 1600: 1517: 1492: 1441: 1385:corticosteroids 1366: 1342:corticosteroids 1326:Bronchodilators 1323: 1303:corticosteroids 1280: 1241:Antiviral drugs 1231:aminoglycosides 1209:corticosteroids 1138: 1106: 1094:benzodiazepines 1090: 1064: 1058: 1022:cyclopyrrolones 1018:benzodiazepines 990:anticonvulsants 966:antidepressants 938: 903:antiarrhythmics 821: 808:cytoprotectants 803: 776:digestive tract 761:antidiarrhoeals 748: 739: 728: 722: 719: 716: 704: 700: 693: 687: 625:methylphenidate 493:(for instance, 459: 453: 437: 383:pharmacological 300: 244:(for instance, 226:therapeutically 192:, or qualified 155:pharmacotherapy 95: 76: 57: 28: 23: 22: 18:Pharmaceuticals 15: 12: 11: 5: 6508: 6498: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6461: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6399:Drug discovery 6396: 6390: 6388: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6342: 6341: 6331: 6325: 6323: 6322:Practice areas 6319: 6318: 6316: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6298:Pharmaconomist 6295: 6294: 6293: 6282: 6280: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6241: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6229: 6228: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6161: 6155: 6153: 6149: 6148: 6141: 6140: 6133: 6126: 6118: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6105: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6048:Contrast media 6045: 6039: 6037: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6016: 6010: 6008: 6001:sensory organs 5997: 5996: 5994: 5993: 5988: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5968: 5966: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5900: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5846:Antipsychotics 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5816:Antiaddictives 5813: 5808: 5803: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5786: 5780: 5778: 5771:nervous system 5762: 5761: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5741:Antirheumatics 5738: 5737: 5736: 5726: 5720: 5718: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5691: 5686: 5675: 5673: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5654: 5649: 5647:Antineoplastic 5644: 5639: 5634: 5623: 5621: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5580:Antiprotozoals 5575:Antiparasitics 5572: 5567: 5562: 5555:Antibacterials 5551:Antimicrobials 5547: 5545: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5517: 5508: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5496: 5486: 5480: 5478: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5440: 5438: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5416: 5414:Antipsoriatics 5411: 5406: 5401: 5395: 5393: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5378: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5356: 5355: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5342:ACE inhibitors 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5281: 5279: 5270:cardiovascular 5266: 5265: 5263: 5262: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5240: 5239: 5238: 5233: 5231:Anticoagulants 5228: 5217: 5215: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5143: 5132: 5130: 5114: 5113: 5105: 5104: 5097: 5090: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5049: 5041: 5040:External links 5038: 5035: 5034: 4969: 4930: 4870: 4844: 4792: 4750: 4698: 4685: 4659: 4616: 4593:(3): 1133–79. 4573: 4535: 4506: 4480: 4450: 4420: 4393: 4370: 4349:(4): 223–229. 4329: 4322: 4300: 4273:(1): 443–449. 4257: 4227: 4211: 4190: 4181: 4156: 4134: 4119: 4095: 4076:(10): 1341–5. 4060: 4029: 3999: 3966: 3940: 3905:(3): 191–200. 3889: 3846: 3831: 3813: 3792:. 41 (e5): 2. 3776: 3747: 3717: 3668: 3651:House Findings 3637: 3630: 3602: 3563: 3534:(3): 203–214. 3514: 3467: 3455:ushik.ahrq.gov 3442: 3403:(4): 438–470. 3383: 3376: 3358: 3340:Health Affairs 3325: 3296: 3267:(4): 473–482. 3247: 3226: 3198: 3168: 3138: 3117: 3106:on 12 May 2009 3086: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3065:Overmedication 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3031: 3029: 3026: 2981:of wastewater 2975:concentrations 2943:Main article: 2940: 2937: 2862: 2859: 2814:Main article: 2811: 2808: 2803: 2800: 2758:chlorpromazine 2739:antipsychotics 2731:antihistamines 2633: 2630: 2626:Garcia de Orta 2568: 2565: 2483:medical papyri 2467: 2464: 2429: 2426: 2421:Main article: 2418: 2415: 2397:Main article: 2394: 2391: 2379:Main article: 2376: 2373: 2364: 2361: 2359:) since 1999. 2348: 2345: 2339: 2336: 2322: 2321:United Kingdom 2319: 2300: 2297: 2285:Medical errors 2215:Main article: 2212: 2209: 2150:drug discovery 2135:Main article: 2132: 2129: 2011:drug discovery 1997:Drug discovery 1995:Main article: 1992: 1991:Drug discovery 1989: 1885:Main article: 1882: 1881:Administration 1879: 1860: 1859:For euthanasia 1857: 1853:Contrast media 1849: 1846: 1842:erythropoietin 1814: 1811: 1807:anabolic drugs 1782: 1779: 1767:antihistamines 1763:Anti-allergics 1759: 1756: 1732: 1729: 1721:antiprotozoals 1685: 1682: 1607:anti-pruritics 1599: 1596: 1576:prostaglandins 1556:gamolenic acid 1516: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1505: 1499: 1491: 1488: 1468:antispasmodics 1440: 1437: 1365: 1362: 1322: 1319: 1291:antihistamines 1279: 1276: 1275: 1274: 1267: 1244: 1238: 1212: 1198: 1163: 1149: 1137: 1134: 1105: 1102: 1057: 1054: 1030:antihistamines 958:antipsychotics 937: 934: 933: 932: 922: 883: 860:anticoagulants 853: 834:ACE inhibitors 826:blood pressure 820: 817: 816: 815: 801: 788:antiflatulents 772: 757:antispasmodics 747: 744: 741: 740: 707: 705: 698: 686: 683: 678: 677: 660: 642:chlorpromazine 631: 618: 612: 603: 590: 573: 563: 554: 544: 479:blood products 463:small molecule 455:Main article: 452: 451:Classification 449: 436: 433: 432: 431: 427: 416: 405: 402: 395: 394: 379: 299: 296: 276:Drug discovery 222:blood products 202:small molecule 131:medicinal drug 97: 96: 89: 86: 85: 82: 78: 77: 74: 66: 65: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6507: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6460: 6452: 6451: 6448: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6383: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6320: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6277: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6255:Pharmacognosy 6253: 6251: 6250:Pharmaceutics 6248: 6246: 6243: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6222: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6139: 6134: 6132: 6127: 6125: 6120: 6119: 6116: 6104: 6099: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6074: 6073: 6070: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6031: 6026: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5992: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5972:Decongestants 5970: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5891:Dissociatives 5889: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5881:Hallucinogens 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5772: 5767: 5763: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5712: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5665: 5661: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5613: 5609: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5585:Anthelmintics 5583: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5526: 5522: 5516: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5432: 5429:genitourinary 5426: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5409:Antipruritics 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5360: 5357: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5325:Beta blockers 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5289: 5288: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5273: 5267: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5241: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5226:Antiplatelets 5224: 5223: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5124: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5103: 5098: 5096: 5091: 5089: 5084: 5083: 5080: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5030: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4973: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4934: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4877: 4875: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4799: 4797: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4757: 4755: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4695: 4689: 4673: 4669: 4663: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4620: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4577: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4540: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4510: 4494: 4490: 4484: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4454: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4409:(17): 20–21. 4408: 4404: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4333: 4325: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4304: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4261: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4231: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4208: 4207:0-19-505956-5 4204: 4200: 4194: 4185: 4178: 4177:90-04-13666-5 4174: 4170: 4166: 4160: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4130: 4123: 4116: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4064: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4033: 4025: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 3987: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3970: 3963: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3893: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3862:(8): 858–71. 3861: 3857: 3850: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3828: 3824: 3817: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3780: 3764: 3760: 3754: 3752: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3672: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3641: 3633: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3606: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3397:Pharmaceutics 3394: 3387: 3379: 3373: 3369: 3362: 3346: 3342: 3341: 3336: 3329: 3323: 3319: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3305: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3251: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3219: 3215: 3208: 3202: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3172: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3121: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3091: 3087: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3050:List of drugs 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3040:Deprescribing 3038: 3036: 3033: 3032: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2946: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2872: 2868: 2858: 2856: 2851: 2849: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2831: 2830:treatment IND 2826: 2824: 2817: 2807: 2802:Controversies 2799: 2797: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2785:generic drugs 2780: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2765: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2747:biotechnology 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2695:nitroglycerin 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2649:Alexis Carrel 2646: 2641: 2639: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2588: 2584:(Avicenna)'s 2583: 2579: 2578: 2573: 2564: 2562: 2557: 2556: 2551: 2550:pharmacopoeia 2547: 2543: 2538: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2473: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2448: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2424: 2413: 2408: 2406: 2400: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2375:United States 2372: 2370: 2360: 2358: 2357:generic drugs 2354: 2344: 2335: 2333: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2310: 2306: 2296: 2294: 2293:Delphi method 2290: 2286: 2282: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2259:off-label use 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2163: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2146:lead compound 2143: 2138: 2128: 2124: 2122: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2024:of synthetic 2023: 2019: 2018:serendipitous 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2003:biotechnology 1998: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1981:every 8 hours 1978: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1866: 1856: 1854: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1781:For nutrition 1778: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1709:anthelmintics 1706: 1705:antimalarials 1702: 1698: 1697:antileprotics 1694: 1690: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1662:fibrinolytics 1659: 1655: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1623:pediculicides 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1429:diphosphonate 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1401:sulfonylureas 1398: 1397:antidiabetics 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1373:antiandrogens 1370: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1338:decongestants 1335: 1331: 1327: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1215:Antibacterial 1213: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1195:nitroglycerin 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1175:hyperosmotics 1172: 1171:beta-blockers 1168: 1164: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1089: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1063: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 978:lithium salts 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 930: 926: 923: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 881: 877: 873: 872:fibrinolytics 869: 865: 861: 857: 854: 851: 847: 843: 842:beta-blockers 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 822: 813: 809: 805: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 749: 737: 734: 726: 714: 713: 708:This section 706: 697: 696: 692: 682: 676: 672: 668: 664: 661: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 634:Tranquilizers 632: 630: 626: 622: 619: 616: 613: 611: 607: 604: 602: 598: 594: 591: 589: 585: 581: 577: 574: 571: 568:: inhibiting 567: 564: 562: 558: 555: 553:(painkillers) 552: 548: 545: 542: 539: 538: 537: 534: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 513:affected, or 512: 508: 504: 498: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 458: 448: 446: 442: 428: 425: 421: 417: 414: 410: 406: 403: 400: 399: 398: 392: 388: 387:immunological 384: 380: 377: 376: 375: 372: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 325: 323: 319: 318: 313: 309: 305: 295: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 271: 267: 263: 259: 256:affected, or 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 170: 168: 164: 160: 159:medical field 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 117:(also called 116: 108: 103: 93: 87: 83: 79: 72: 67: 62: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 39: 35: 30: 19: 6212:Pharmacology 6175: 5886:Psychedelics 5856:Aphrodisiacs 5530:infestations 5506:Sex hormones 5459:Sex hormones 5404:Cicatrizants 5334: 5320:Vasodilators 5287:antianginals 5284: 5136:stomach acid 5135: 4986: 4982: 4972: 4947: 4943: 4933: 4890: 4886: 4861:. Retrieved 4857: 4847: 4812: 4808: 4770: 4766: 4720: 4716: 4694:Patent watch 4688: 4676:. Retrieved 4662: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4607:. Retrieved 4590: 4586: 4576: 4551: 4547: 4527:the original 4522: 4509: 4497:. Retrieved 4493:the original 4483: 4471:. Retrieved 4462: 4453: 4441:. Retrieved 4432: 4423: 4406: 4402: 4396: 4388:the original 4383: 4373: 4346: 4342: 4332: 4309: 4303: 4270: 4266: 4260: 4248:. Retrieved 4239: 4230: 4222: 4214: 4198: 4193: 4184: 4164: 4159: 4151:the original 4146: 4137: 4128: 4122: 4114: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4051:. Retrieved 4042: 4032: 4023: 3990:. Retrieved 3986:the original 3979: 3969: 3952: 3943: 3902: 3898: 3892: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3822: 3816: 3789: 3779: 3767:. Retrieved 3738:. Retrieved 3729: 3720: 3688:(4): 232–7. 3685: 3681: 3671: 3659:. Retrieved 3655:the original 3650: 3640: 3611: 3605: 3593:. Retrieved 3576: 3566: 3531: 3527: 3517: 3505:. Retrieved 3501:the original 3480: 3470: 3458:. Retrieved 3454: 3445: 3400: 3396: 3386: 3367: 3361: 3349:. Retrieved 3338: 3328: 3299: 3264: 3260: 3250: 3229: 3218:the original 3213: 3201: 3189:. Retrieved 3180: 3171: 3159:. Retrieved 3150: 3141: 3120: 3108:. Retrieved 3104:the original 3099: 3090: 3003: 2985:, both from 2948: 2923: 2919: 2897: 2887:also runs a 2874: 2852: 2845: 2834: 2827: 2819: 2805: 2793: 2781: 2766: 2755: 2723:inflammation 2676: 2661: 2642: 2635: 2622:anaesthetics 2596: 2585: 2575: 2570: 2539: 2514: 2495: 2476: 2469: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2410: 2402: 2387: 2384: 2366: 2352: 2350: 2341: 2324: 2312: 2299:Drug pricing 2289:polypharmacy 2283: 2267: 2227:jurisdiction 2224: 2220: 2204: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2192: 2184: 2183: 2178: 2177: 2173:Development: 2172: 2171: 2166: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2140: 2125: 2117: 2099:), and oral 2074: 2046:human genome 2015: 2007:pharmacology 2000: 1984: 1980: 1974: 1966:sublingually 1950:dosage forms 1944: 1909: 1902: 1868: 1851: 1834:interleukins 1826:sex hormones 1816: 1787:electrolytes 1784: 1761: 1734: 1687: 1666:proteolytics 1639:keratolytics 1601: 1598:For the skin 1518: 1502:Ormeloxifene 1460:cholinergics 1442: 1381:gonadotropin 1367: 1330:antitussives 1324: 1281: 1264:cycloplegics 1246:Diagnostic: 1179:cholinergics 1107: 1098:barbiturates 1091: 1081: 1080: 1074:, and local 1065: 1046:cannabinoids 1034:cholinergics 1014:amphetamines 998:barbiturates 954:anaesthetics 946:psychedelics 939: 919:vasodilators 911:antianginals 729: 720: 709: 679: 541:Antipyretics 535: 499: 497:therapies). 491:cell therapy 487:gene therapy 460: 438: 420:pharmacopeia 396: 373: 333:dosage forms 326: 315: 301: 292:drug pricing 274: 242:cell therapy 234:gene therapy 171: 163:pharmacology 149:, treat, or 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 112: 58: 38:pharmacology 29: 6279:Professions 6159:Compounding 6019:Otologicals 5991:antagonists 5957:respiratory 5932:Orexigenics 5927:Neurotoxins 5876:Euphoriants 5866:Entactogens 5861:Depressants 5851:Anxiolytics 5789:Anesthetics 5565:Antifungals 5162:Antiemetics 5150:antagonists 4893:: 208–224. 4773:(1): 1–16. 4473:24 December 4443:24 December 4250:16 February 4026:. FT Press. 3191:24 November 3060:Orphan drug 2711:sulfa drugs 2653:Henry Dakin 2643:During the 2577:De Gradibus 2517:Atharvaveda 2315:drug prices 2274:prohibition 2131:Development 2085:selectivity 2070:drug design 1865:Barbiturate 1748:interferons 1713:amoebicides 1693:antifungals 1689:Antibiotics 1654:antibiotics 1615:antiseptics 1611:antifungals 1580:gonadorelin 1564:progestogen 1480:sildenafils 1456:antibiotics 1315:antifungals 1307:antiseptics 1283:Antibiotics 1227:sulfa drugs 1219:antibiotics 1152:Anti-fungal 1136:For the eye 1116:(including 1076:anesthetics 1012:(including 994:anxiolytics 986:antiemetics 968:(including 856:Coagulation 675:simvastatin 671:pravastatin 638:meprobamate 629:amphetamine 576:Antiseptics 566:Antibiotics 559:: treating 549:: reducing 343:, liquids, 81:Other names 6474:Categories 6286:Pharmacist 6238:Toxicology 6176:Medication 5942:Stimulants 5922:Nootropics 5896:Deliriants 5871:Entheogens 5806:Anorectics 5784:Analgesics 5637:Alkylating 5570:Antivirals 5525:infections 5399:Emollients 5253:Coagulants 5123:metabolism 4609:20 January 3082:References 2715:penicillin 2707:antitoxins 2689:for pain; 2668:penicillin 2618:antiseptic 2530:nosologies 2405:Cimetidine 2279:pharmacies 2251:dispensary 2239:prescribed 2211:Regulation 2167:Discovery: 2042:sequencing 1952:including 1940:urogenital 1932:ophthalmic 1871:euthanasia 1863:See also: 1725:antitoxins 1717:antivirals 1670:sunscreens 1629:products, 1619:scabicides 1603:Emollients 1584:clomiphene 1508:Spermicide 1452:quinolones 1444:Antifungal 1425:calcitonin 1405:biguanides 1334:mucolytics 1271:astringent 1260:mydriatics 1156:imidazoles 1088:Anesthetic 1086:See also: 1060:See also: 1010:stimulants 1006:nootropics 984:(SSRIs)), 846:α blockers 824:Affecting 723:April 2019 689:See also: 667:lovastatin 658:alprazolam 621:Stimulants 547:Analgesics 505:, mode or 457:Drug class 298:Definition 174:classified 172:Drugs are 133:or simply 119:medicament 115:medication 64:Medication 6092:ATC codes 6058:Dressings 6043:Antidotes 5907:Sedatives 5903:Hypnotics 5612:malignant 5469:endocrine 5315:Diuretics 5248:Platelets 5208:and blood 5167:Laxatives 5011:1610-3661 4964:0888-5885 4917:0160-4120 4863:7 January 4831:0009-2665 4787:2405-6650 4745:2325-1026 4678:8 October 4343:Pharm Med 4287:1872-7573 4167:, p. 99, 3919:1474-1776 3841:899880624 3489:1935-472X 3419:1999-4923 3351:28 August 3110:17 August 3035:Adherence 3018:food webs 2963:estuaries 2853:In 2013, 2743:developed 2735:xanthines 2691:digitalis 2485:describe 2107:prior to 2097:half-life 2093:metabolic 2040:. 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