Nursing - Knowledge

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administration – adjustments to medications are often made through a collaborative effort between the prescriber and the nurse. Regardless of the prescriber, nurses are legally responsible for the drugs they administer. Legal implications may accompany an error in a prescription, and the nurse may be expected to note and report the error. In the United States, nurses have the right to refuse to administer medication that they deem to be potentially harmful. Some nurses take additional training that allows them to prescribe medications within their scope of practice.

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regarding patients' treatment, and heavy workloads. Organizational factors can include inefficient teamwork, organizational injustice, lack of aggression- and stress-management programs, and distrust between colleagues. Individual psychosocial factors may include nurses being young and inexperienced, previous experiences with violence, and a lack of communication skills. Misunderstandings may also occur due to the communication barrier between nurses and patients. An example of this could be patients' conditions being affected by medications, pain, or anxiety.

1537: 995:(RU). Nursing research took an interest in clinical issues and US nursing schools began teaching research methods to facilitate interpretation and integration of scientific findings in routine practice. Several RU initiatives were active during the late 20th century, but the RU movement was superseded by evidence-based practice in the 1990s. Evidence-based practice (EBP) is about using research, but unlike RU it allows for the integration of research findings with clinical expertise and patient preferences. The EBP movement had originated in the field of 721: 38: 1961: 7569: 6754: 7599: 973:, the first scientific journal specialized in nursing, came in in 1952. During the 1960s, interest in attaining PhDs increased among nurses in the US, but nursing remained a fledgling area of research, with few journals until the 1970s. Nursing research is increasingly presented as a valid discipline, although lacking a prevailing definition. The question is further complicated by the numerous interpretations of nursing's defining essence. 7609: 2113: 540: 7589: 6778: 7579: 6766: 2226: 223:, Book 3, Chapter V about the role of the nurse as "the different parts or members of the body as mentioned before including the skin, cannot be correctly described by one who is not well versed in anatomy. Hence, anyone desirous of acquiring a thorough knowledge of anatomy should prepare a dead body and carefully, observe, by dissecting it, and examining its different parts." 1278: 1277: 1274: 328:. Often considered the first nurse theorist, Nightingale linked health with five environmental factors: (1) pure or fresh air, (2) pure water, (3) efficient drainage, (4) cleanliness, and (5) light, especially direct sunlight. Deficiencies in these five factors resulted in a lack of health or illness. Both the role of nursing and education were first defined by Nightingale. 1279: 1276: 1295:. Nurses consistently identify stress as a major work-related concern and have among the highest levels of occupational stress among all professions. This stress is caused by the environment, psychosocial stressors, and the demands of nursing, including mastering new technology, emotional labor, physical labor, 294: 360:

Nightingale included five factors that helped nurses in her time who worked amidst poor sanitation and little education. These factors included (1) fresh air, (2) clean water, (3) a working drainage system, (4) cleanliness, and (5) good light. Nightingale believed that a clean working environment was

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Many factors contribute to workplace violence. These factors can be divided into environmental, organizational, and individual psychosocial. The environmental factors can include the specific setting (for example the emergency department), long patient wait times, frequent interruptions, uncertainty

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programs, which can be customized to individuals. Stress management programs can reduce anxiety, sleep disorders, and other symptoms of stress. Organizational interventions focus on reducing stressful aspects of the work environment by identifying stress generators and developing solutions to them.

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Healthcare has consistently ranked among the industries with the highest rates of musculoskeletal injuries, largely related to patient handling. Anywhere from 30 to 70% of reported musculoskeletal injuries are related to patient handling. Nurses are routinely tasked with lifting, repositioning, and

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The international nursing shortage is in part due to their work environment. In a recent review of the literature specific to nursing performance, nurses were found to work in generally poor environmental conditions. Some jurisdictions have legislation specifying acceptable nurse-to-patient ratios.

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platforms connect nurses and nurse assistants with job openings in healthcare facilities such as skilled nursing homes, home health agencies, and hospitals. Platforms offer an app to facilitate communication and allow nurses to find work opportunities based on their preferences. Healthcare partners

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Hospital-based training became standard in the US in the early 1900s, with an emphasis on practical experience. The Nightingale-style school began to disappear. Hospitals and physicians saw women in nursing as a source of free/inexpensive labor. Exploitation of nurses was not uncommon by employers,

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Cassiani, Silvia Helena De Bortoli; Wilson, Lynda Law; Mikael, Sabrina de Souza Elias; Peña, Laura Morán; Grajales, Rosa Amarilis Zarate; McCreary, Linda L.; Theus, Lisa; Agudelo, Maria del Carmen Gutierrez; Felix, Adriana da Silva; Uriza, Jacqueline Molina de; Gutierrez, Nathaly Rozo (2017), "The

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According to the traditional interpretation physicians are concerned with curing or treating medical conditions, while nurses focus on care. In healthcare settings this line is often blurred, complicating the task of distinguishing the professions. Although nursing practice varies both through its

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reformers shut down monasteries and convents, allowing a few hundred municipal hospices to remain in operation in northern Europe. Nuns who had been serving as nurses were given pensions or told to marry and stay home. Nursing care went to the inexperienced as traditional caretakers, rooted in the

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Workplace violence has many causes. The most common perpetrators of harassment or bullying of nursing students were registered nurses including preceptors, mentors, and clinical facilitators. However, the main perpetrators of workplace violence against nurses were patients. 80% of serious violent

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Workplace violence can be in another way: interpersonal violence and organizational coercion. Interpersonal violence is committed by workers or patients and their families. Its predominant form is verbal abuse. Organizational coercion may include excessive workloads, mandatory shifts, involuntary

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and administration are common hospital nursing roles, although prescribing authority varies across jurisdictions. In many areas, RNs administer and manage medications prescribed by others. Nurses are responsible for evaluating patients throughout their care – including before and after medication

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became an integral part of nursing development. By 1915, nurse registration had been established and public health nurses began working throughout the country. Nursing universities were established in the twentieth century and regulations were passed to develop standards for training and public

869:, over 20% of nurses are male. In the United Kingdom, 11% of nurses and midwives registered with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) are male. The number of male nurses in the United States doubled between 1980 and 2000. On average, male nurses in the US receive more pay than female nurses. 158:

profession that "integrates the art and science of caring and focuses on the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and human functioning; prevention of illness and injury; facilitation of healing; and alleviation of suffering through compassionate presence". Nurses practice in many

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Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well, and in all settings. Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled and dying people. Advocacy, promotion of a safe

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In the United Kingdom and the United States, clinical nurse specialists and nurse practitioners, diagnose health problems and prescribe the correct medications and other therapies, depending on regulations that vary by state. Nurses may help coordinate care performed by other providers or act

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Nurses work across all demographics and care areas: adults, children, mental health, and learning disability. Nurses work in specialties across medicine, surgery, theatres, and investigative sciences such as imaging. Nurses also work in sub-specialities such as respiratory, diabetes, cancer,

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Nurses are at risk for workplace violence and abuse. Violence is typically perpetrated by non-staff (e.g. patients or family), whereas abuse is typically is by hospital personnel. In the US in 2011, 57% of nurses reported that they had been threatened at work; 17% were physically assaulted.

1889:. The topic has been the subject of extensive historical studies, is as of 2009 a major issue in the country, and has been the subject of much scholarly discussion amongst academics and practitioners. In 2009, Pakistan’s government stated its intent to improve the country's nursing care. 625:

in 2022 found that between 28% and 38% of nurse respondents in the United States, the United Kingdom, Singapore, Japan, and France said they were likely to leave their role in direct patient care in the next year. The top five factors which they said would make them stay were:

368:, who like Nightingale, served in the Crimean War. Seacole practised hygiene and the use of herbs in healing wounded soldiers and those suffering from diseases in the 19th century in the Crimea, Central America, and Jamaica. Her predecessors had great success as healers in the 1588:

Nurses in every setting demonstrate their commitment to continually improving their nursing practice by annually engaging in a written reflection, an analysis of the year, and 2 learning goals. Every nurse registered in the General or Extended class is required, under the

1348:. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that for 2021-2022 the rate of overexertion injuries leading to days away from work for nurses was 45.4 per 10,000 full time employees, while nursing aids came in at 145.5 compared to the average for all industries of 26.1. 1740:, cardiac, women's health, sexual health, emergency and acute care, gastrointestinal, infection prevention and control, neuroscience, ophthalmic, pain and palliative, and rheumatology. Nurses often work in multi-disciplinary teams, but increasingly work independently. 688:

Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities; prevention of illness and injury; alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human responses; and advocacy in health care for individuals, families, communities, and

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in 1993. The emerging area of evidence-based medicine also applies to nursing. Common barriers to the study and integration of research findings into clinical decision making include: a lack of opportunity, inexperience, and the rapid pace of evidence accumulation.

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The three types of workplace violence that nurses can experience are: physical violence (hitting, kicking, beating, punching, biting, and using objects); psychological violence (threats or coercion); sexual violence (attempted/completed non-consensual sex act).

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or in trauma care, but more often independently care for their patients or assist other nurses. RNs treat patients, record their medical history, provide emotional support, and provide follow-up care. Nurses also help doctors perform diagnostic tests.

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The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or

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that delineates professional rights and responsibilities as well as accountability mechanisms. In almost all countries, nursing practice is defined and governed by law, and entrance to the profession is regulated at the national or state level.

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In the U.S., nurse practitioners are nurses with a graduate degree in advanced practice nursing, and are permitted to prescribe medications. They practice independently in a variety of settings in more than half of the United States. In the

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the single greatest factor in overexertion injuries is the manual lifting, moving and repositioning of patients. These tasks present unique ergonomic hazards that results in a high rate of acute and cumulative musculoskeletal injuries.

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The use of clinical judgment in the provision of care to enable people to improve, maintain, or recover health, to cope with health problems, and to achieve the best possible quality of life, whatever their disease or disability, until

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Workplace violence has many effects. It has negative emotional and physical impacts on nurses. They feel depersonalized, dehumanized, worn out, and stressed out. Nurses have reported burn-out due to frequent exposure to this violence.

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In the 19th and early 20th century, nursing was considered a woman's profession, just as doctoring was a profession for men. With increasing expectations of workplace equality during the late 20th century, nursing became an officially

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includes the principles and values of universal health and primary health care. These principles are based on critical and complex thinking development, problem-solving, evidence-based clinical decision-making, and lifelong learning.

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approximately 90% of the nursing workforce is female. For instance, the male-to-female ratio of nurses is approximately 1:19 in Canada and the United States. This ratio is matched in many other countries. Notable exceptions include

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is a healthcare profession. Nurses and midwives form the majority (54%) of Australian health care professionals. Nurses are either registered or enrolled. Registered nurses have broader and deeper education than enrolled nurses.

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in India, leading her to emphasize the importance of sanitation. "After 10 years of sanitary reform, in 1873, Nightingale reported that mortality among the soldiers in India had declined from 69 to 18 per 1,000".

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Nurses manage and coordinate care to support activities of daily living (ADL). This includes assisting in patient mobility, such as moving an activity intolerant patient within a bed. They often delegate such care to

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Nurses provide care based on the individual's physical, emotional, psychological, intellectual, social, and spiritual needs. The profession combines physical science, social science, nursing theory, and technology.

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complete a yet higher qualification. Nurses are not limited to working in hospitals, instead working in a variety of settings. Australian nurses are in demand as traveling nurses, particularly those with advanced

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Many nurses work in a hospital setting. Options there include: pediatrics, neonatal, maternity, OBGYN, geriatrics, orthopedics, medical-surgical, operating room, ambulatory, and nurse anesthetists and informatics

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is a professional health care occupation. It is the largest such occupation, employing millions of certified professionals. As of 2023, 3,175,390 registered nurses were employed, paid a median income of $ 86,070.

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began in 1908 and was conducted without a formal framework until 1950. Over the decades, with demand for healthcare providers increasing due to marked growth in the population of Kenya, training programs were

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is provided by professionally trained nurses, who also provide a quarter of the world's overseas nurses. Every year, some 20,000 nurses work in other countries. Nurses in the Philippines are licensed by the

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Nurses with additional degrees allow for specialization. Nursing professions can be separated into categories by care type, age, gender, certain age group, practice setting, individually or in combination.

1264:. Nurses work in informatics, acting as consultants to the creation of computerized charting programs and other software. Nurse authors publish articles and books to provide essential reference materials. 361:

important in caring for patients. In the 19th century, this theory was ideal for helping patients, providing a guide for nurses to alter the environment around patients for the betterment of their health.

314:) for a year of service in military hospitals. The first section of twenty-eight "sisters", headed by Aleksandra Petrovna Stakhovich, the Directress of the Order, reached Crimea early in November 1854. 5510: 1708:

is the largest health care profession in the country. It has evolved from assisting doctors to encompass a variety of professional roles. Over 700,000 nurses practice, working in settings such as

3785: 755:, standards, and competencies, and continuing their education. Multiple educational paths lead to becoming a professional nurse; these vary by jurisdiction; all involve extensive study of 5524:

Directive 2005/36/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005 on the recognition of professional qualifications, Official Journal of the European Union, 30.9.2005

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with varying levels of certification and responsibility. Nurses comprise the largest component of most healthcare environments. Shortages of qualified nurses are found in many countries.

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G. Hussein, Rassool (2000), "The crescent and Islam: healing, nursing and the spiritual dimension. Some considerations towards an understanding of the Islamic perspectives on caring",

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in places described skilled care and observation of patients by male "attendants," who may have provided care now provided by nurses. Around 600 BC in India, it is recorded in

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Taylor, C. R., Lillis, C., LeMone, P., Lynn, P. (2011) Fundamentals of nursing: The art and science of nursing care. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, page 735-736.

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In the European Union, the profession of nurse requires a specific professional qualification. The qualification of nurses responsible for general care in the EU is regulated in

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who opened and operated some of the first general hospitals in the United States, instituting cleanliness standards that influenced the development of America's hospital system.

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Siantz, de Leon, M.L., Malvárez, S., (31 May 2008) "Migration of Nurses: A Latin American Perspective" OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing; Vol. 13 No. 2 Manuscript 2

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Taylor, C. R., Lillis, C., LeMone, P., Lynn, P. (2011) Fundamentals of nursing: The art and science of nursing care. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, page 468.

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practise in a wide variety of settings, with various levels of training and experience. They provide evidence-based care and educate their patients about health and disease.

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Nursing historians face challenges of determining whether care provided to the sick or injured in antiquity is called nursing care. In the fifth century BC, for example, the

1920:. The advance of nursing in the Philippines as a career was pioneered by a culture of care that is intrinsic in the Filipino people. This began before Spanish colonization. 1062:

Effective patient/family education leads to better outcomes. Nurses explain procedure, recovery, and ongoing care, while helping everyone cope with the medical situation.

1578:) were designated in commemoration of the growing professionalism of nursing and of the expanded role of nurses in health care over the course of the 20th century. The 5698: 1071:

Nurses have to communicate in a way that can be understood by patients. Education techniques encompass conversations, visuals, reading materials, and demonstrations.

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Zhang, Liuyi; Wang, Anni; Xie, Xia; Zhou, Yanhong; Li, Jing; Yang, Lijun; Zhang, Jingping (July 2017). "Workplace violence against nurses: A cross-sectional study".

5665: 6688: 6643: 5015:"Identification of processes that mediate the impact of workplace violence on emergency department healthcare workers in the USA: results from a qualitative study" 1891:

Nursing is a health-care profession which is mainly aimed on the care of families and individuals. Nursing is important in every part of the world, especially in

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Traditionally, nurses are trained in manual patient handling techniques. The body of evidence has demonstrated, however, that such interventions area ineffective.

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that is selected based on the care setting and the population served. In providing nursing care, the nurse uses both nursing theory and best practice derived from

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Maymoun, Nazneen; Sohail, M. Sadiq (2020). "Who Wants to be a Nurse? Understanding Emirati Female Students' Knowledge and Attitudes About Nursing as a Career".

903:. Many nursing theories are in use. Like other disciplines, the profession has developed multiple theories derived reflecting varying philosophical beliefs and 3432: 1571: 992: 347:

Nightingale believed that nursing was a social freedom and mission for women. She believed that any educated woman could help improve the care of the ill. Her

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placement in another part of the workplace, low salaries, denial of benefits/overtime, poor working environment, and other stressors. These issues affect

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Nurses are not doctors' assistants and practice nursing in a wide variety of specialties and departments. They may act in that capacity, such as in the

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Interventions can mitigate these occupational hazards. They can be individual-focused or organization-focused. Individual-focused interventions include

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was published in 1858. With the exception of her works, nursing practice remained an oral tradition until the mid-20th century. The inaugural issue of

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environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and health systems management, and education are also key nursing roles.

3741: 2280: 2086:. Islamic traditions include sympathy for and responsibility toward those in need. This perspective had emerged during the development of Islam as a 7951: 5582: 3938: 766:

Nurses typically hold one or more formal credentials. Roles and responsibilities follow the level of education. For example, in the United States,

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Latin American nursing is based on three levels of training: (a) professional/registered, (b) technical, and (c) auxiliary. Nursing education in

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in 1863, offered employment and professionalization opportunities for nurses (despite Nightingale's initial objections). Catholic orders such as

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has responsibilities including hospital care, patient education, wound care, prenatal and other monitoring, midwifery, and well-baby clinics.

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independently as nursing professionals. In addition to providing care and support, nurses educate the public and promote health and wellness.

7790: 4278: 6246: 3406: 945:-based ConnectRN, Nomad Health, Gale Healthcare solutions or Lantum add resources, career development tools, and networking opportunities. 728: 5200: 450: 6078: 5013:

Vrablik, Marie C; Chipman, Anne K; Rosenman, Elizabeth D; Simcox, Nancy J; Huynh, Ly; Moore, Megan; Fernandez, Rosemarie (August 2019).

4866:"The components of workplace violence against nurses from the perspective of women working in a hospital in Tehran: a qualitative study" 7098: 582:

than any other occupation. The Nazis had their own Brown Nurses, numbering 40,000. Two dozen German Red Cross nurses were awarded the

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was an influential figure in the development of modern nursing. No uniform had been created when Nightingale was employed during the

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in the late 1860s, small schools utilizing Western models were being opened by the late 1880s. In response to disaster relief, the

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Nurses can work on a temporary basis, which involves doing shifts without a contract in a variety of settings, sometimes known as

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Patients' families needs similar education. Educating both patient and their families increases the chance for a better outcome.

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and facilities benefit from access to qualified nurses. In 2017, the UK's National Health Service began trialing such a platform.

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The nursing community worldwide aims for professional nurses to ensure quality care, while maintaining their credentials, code of

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in 1918. The United Kingdom regulated midwifery in Mandatory Palestine, but nurses were not mentioned in the regulation decree.

1940: 574:. British nurses of the Army Nursing Service were part of every overseas campaign. More nurses volunteered for service in the US 448:

in the United States and Japan, and was officially the first professionally trained nurse in the US, graduating in 1873 from the

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Draper Elaine; LaDou Joseph; Tennenhouse Dan J (2011). "Occupational Health Nursing and the Quest for Professional Authority".

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needs, plan outcomes and interventions, implement interventions, and evaluate outcomes. The nursing process as defined by the

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Nurses are perceived to be in short supply around the world, particularly in South East Asia and Africa. A global survey by

5690: 7338: 6606: 6236: 6226: 5753: 5418: 5400: 5382: 5364: 5346: 5328: 5310: 5170: 4683: 4084: 1824:. The profession is regulated by the Nursing Council of Hong Kong, a statutory body. Nurses in Hong Kong are divided into 307: 262:, is described in many sources as "the first visiting nurse". These traditions were influential in the development of the 7735: 7690: 2590:

Coulehan J. L., Block M. R. (2005): The Medical Interview: Mastering skills for clinical practice, 5th Ed. F. A. Davis.

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Nursing in Japan did not develop as an occupation until the end of the nineteenth century. Initially introduced only in

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Combining organizational and individual interventions is most effective at reducing stress. In some Japanese hospitals,

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The fast-paced and unpredictable nature of health care places nurses at risk for injuries and illnesses, including high

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Qualifications in terms of statutory regulations according to national, state, or provincial legislation in each country

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Morse, Tim; Fekieta, Renee; Rubenstein, Harriet; Warren, Nick; Alexander, Darryl; Wawzyniecki, Patricia (29 May 2008).

2914: 2240: 1917: 1372:. Managers who lack understanding of the severity of these problems and do not support workers increase worker stress. 513:

Formal use of nurses in the military began in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Nurses saw active duty in the

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Nine Black Women: An Anthology of Nineteenth-Century Writers from the United States, Canada, Bermuda and the Caribbean

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Dunphy L. M., Winland-Brown J. E. (2011): Primary care: The art and science of advanced practice nursing. F.A. Davis.

788: 7785: 7745: 7670: 6338: 6108: 5898: 5860: 4831: 3983: 3625: 3523: 3363: 3282: 2939: 2827: 2794: 2769: 2736: 2642: 2620: 2595: 2160: 1567: 1555: 3857: 3436: 3258: 3154: 2142: 286:, were removed from their positions. The nursing profession in Europe was extinguished for approximately 200 years. 174:, patients, patients' families, and other team members that focuses on treating illness to improve quality of life. 7961: 7855: 7773: 7768: 2014: 2010: 1830:

There are a total of 59,082 nurses in Hong Kong as of 2019, with the majority of registered nurses working for the

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The role that nurses have played in the development of Canada has been recognized through the designation of seven

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Wade, Mara R. (1 January 2014), "Gender Matters: Discourses of Violence in Early Modern Literature and the Arts",

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Faghihi, Mitra; Farshad, Aliasghar; Abhari, Maryam Biglari; Azadi, Nammamali; Mansourian, Morteza (19 May 2021).

2458:"The Human Resources for Health Effort Index: A tool to assess and inform Strategic Health Workforce Investments" 665: 3802: 7592: 7464: 6898: 6288: 2138: 4792: 3356:

In the footsteps of Phoebe: a Complete History of the Deaconess Movement in the Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod

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is regulated by the General Council of Official Associations of Nursing (Organización Colegial de Enfermería).

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were designated, in part, in honour of the role played by nurses in delivering health care to isolated areas.

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Pay ranked eighth on the list. A 2023 American survey found that ~30% were considering leaving patient care.

7915: 7905: 7730: 7725: 6782: 6724: 5395: 5377: 5359: 5341: 2320: 1834:. Nursing education is provided by universities, post-secondary colleges, and hospital-based nursing schools. 1761: 1744: 1705: 1698: 1327:(43.2%). Burnout and exhaustion increase the risk for illness, medical error, and suboptimal care provision. 1311:, psychiatric disorders, stress-related illnesses, and overall poor health. Nurses are at risk of developing 1299:, and high workload. This stress puts nurses at risk for short-term and long-term health problems, including 1229:

Nurses act as advisers and consultants to the health care and insurance industries. Many nurses also work in

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The Beginning of Women's Ministry: the Revival of the Deaconess in the Nineteenth-century Church of England

1510:). Other options include community health, mental health, clinical nursing specialists, and nurse midwives. 1491: 1476: 814: 601:

came after the war. Nursing research and a desire for association and organization led to the formation of

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and was pivotal in the emergence of the orthopedic hospital, the Robert Jones & Agnes Hunt Hospital in

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to be connected to a hospital and medical school. It spread widely in Europe and North America after 1870.

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Professional Nursing Practice: Concepts and perspective, Koernig & Hayes, sixth edition, 2011, p.100,

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movement began in Germany in 1836. Within a half century, over 5,000 deaconesses had surfaced in Europe.

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The most frequently injured body part is the back, with up to 72% of nurses reporting non-specific

1203: 767: 679: 255: 20: 3770: 3685: 1089:. Nurses practice in a wide range of settings, but generally follows the needs of their patients. 353:(1859) was a popular call to action. The Nightingale model of nursing education led to one of the 7966: 7870: 7845: 7680: 7675: 7269: 7243: 6709: 6395: 6380: 6360: 6313: 6175: 5096:

Dawson, A. P.; McLennan, S. N.; Schiller, S. D.; Jull, G. A.; Hodges, P. W.; Stewart, S. (2007).

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is provided by different levels of professional and specialized practitioners. German-registered

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O'Lynn, CE (2007). "History of men in nursing: a review". In O'Lynn, CE; Tranbarger, RE (eds.).

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Nursing practice is the actual provision of nursing care. In providing care, nurses implement a

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profession, though in practice the percentage of male nurses remained well below that of female

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of modern nursing. Its religious roots remain in evidence in many countries. One example in the

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are similar to the nursing educational programs in other countries in many aspects. Holding a

609:. Nursing became recognized as a distinct academic discipline, initially tasked to define the 460:

was a pioneer American teacher, patent clerk, nurse, and humanitarian, and the founder of the

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situation of nursing education in Latin America and the Caribbean towards universal health",

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settings (also called industrial health settings), free-standing clinics, physician offices,

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Two nurses with a baby in the nursery at Toronto East General and Orthopaedic Hospital, 1955

409: 7925: 7910: 7875: 7865: 7710: 7532: 7492: 7359: 7173: 7168: 7148: 7083: 6935: 6659: 6639: 6515: 6370: 5535: 4709:"Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Data : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics" 4594: 4431: 4119:"Use of Health Apps by Nurses for Professional Purposes: Web-Based Survey Study (Preprint)" 3828: 3075: 2255: 2038: 1967: 1953: 1892: 1813: 1632:. The list of regulated nursing professions is held in the regulated professions database. 1629: 1499: 1324: 1320: 332: 321: 141: 3616:

Alligood, MR (2013). "Introduction to nursing theory". In Alligood, MR; Tomey, AM (eds.).

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practise in a wide variety of specialties, with a wide variety of training and experience.

926:

is made up of five steps: 1) evaluate, 2) implement, 3) plan, 4) diagnose, and 5) assess.

655:

various specialties and countries, nursing organizations offer the following definitions:

8: 7890: 7840: 7750: 7700: 7612: 7554: 7537: 7196: 6913: 6694: 6490: 6475: 6470: 6420: 4366: 2754: 2260: 2203: 1972: 1878: 1871: 1316: 1292: 1108: 495: 395: 7623: 4975: 4598: 4435: 3079: 1536: 810: 364:

Nightingale's recommendations built upon the successes of Jamaican "doctresses" such as

7502: 7459: 7449: 7238: 7191: 7158: 7153: 6903: 6881: 6654: 6568: 6435: 6425: 6293: 6278: 6205: 6072: 5893:(8th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 5487: 5145: 5122: 5097: 5047: 5014: 4900: 4865: 4765: 4753: 4508: 4483: 4472:

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7598: 7572: 7454: 7424: 7403: 7366: 7349: 7264: 7228: 7218: 7113: 7033: 6977: 6940: 6925: 6866: 6833: 6802: 6719: 6649: 6578: 6573: 6495: 6410: 6390: 6195: 6047: 6039: 6006: 5973: 5944: 5936: 5894: 5875: 5856: 5834: 5492: 5127: 5052: 5034: 4995: 4953: 4945: 4905: 4887: 4827: 4773: 4757: 4665: 4657: 4618: 4610: 4513: 4459: 4447: 4379: 4371: 4092: 4066: 4048: 3979: 3886: 3621: 3519: 3386: 3359: 3336: 3278: 3239: 3163: 3091: 3045: 3006: 2980: 2935: 2910: 2860: 2856: 2823: 2790: 2765: 2732: 2675: 2671: 2638: 2616: 2599: 2591: 2489: 2442: 2430: 2393: 2345: 2330: 2250: 2188: 2030: 1930: 1828:

and enrolled nurses, with the former requiring more extensive professional training.

1521: 1393: 1211: 1179: 1057: 1033: 919: 888: 369: 2992: 2687: 2426: 720: 7946: 7582: 7274: 7259: 7136: 7011: 6967: 6758: 6714: 6679: 6674: 6664: 6535: 6485: 6465: 6415: 6405: 6308: 6155: 6094: 6031: 5998: 5965: 5928: 5830: 5733: 5653: 5482: 5474: 5230: 5117: 5109: 5098:"Interventions to prevent back pain and back injury in nurses: A systematic review" 5042: 5026: 4987: 4941: 4937: 4895: 4877: 4819: 4749: 4649: 4602: 4503: 4495: 4439: 4361: 4126: 4056: 4040: 3326: 3318: 3231: 3103: 3083: 3063: 3035: 2964: 2955:

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regulates nursing. The Taiwan Union of Nurses Association (TUNA) organizes nurses.

1845: 1825: 1780: 1757: 1737: 1684: 1678: 1579: 1425: 1234: 1164: 969: 954: 900: 771: 534: 491: 373: 372:

in the 18th century, and they included Seacole's mother (Mrs. Grant), Sarah Adams,

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The News International (newspaper), Published 12 May 2021, Retrieved 5 August 2021

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services to patients, families and communities as a manifestation of love for

809:, which includes the countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Congo, 376:, and Grace Donne, the mistress and doctress to Jamaica's wealthiest planter, 37: 7940: 7517: 7306: 7301: 7163: 7103: 7006: 6530: 6450: 6200: 6140: 6043: 6010: 5969: 5940: 5610: 5038: 4949: 4891: 4761: 4661: 4653: 4614: 4537: 4499: 4375: 4311: 4096: 4052: 3128: 2315: 1753: 1717: 1607: 1345: 942: 796:

Nursing is a female-dominated profession in many countries; according to the

506:

built hospitals and provided nursing services during this period. The modern

468: 5113: 4398:"Nursing | The SAGE Encyclopedia of Economics and Society - Credo Reference" 4131: 4118: 4003:"Nursing | The SAGE Encyclopedia of Economics and Society - Credo Reference" 7522: 7507: 7333: 7058: 6908: 6893: 6839: 6051: 5977: 5948: 5916: 5523: 5496: 5131: 5056: 4999: 4957: 4909: 4777: 4669: 4637: 4622: 4517: 4451: 4383: 4070: 3340: 3307:"The Sisters of Mercy in the Crimean War: Lessons for Catholic health care" 3274:

Above the fray: the Red Cross and the making of the humanitarian NGO sector

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To practise, all nurses and nursing associates must be registered with the

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like Pakistan. In 2021, Pakistan faces a great shortage of trained nurses.

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Nurses practice in a wide range of settings, including hospitals, private

1135:

ambulatory settings (physician offices, urgent care settings, camps, etc.)

7659: 7381: 7326: 7223: 7078: 7053: 6871: 6540: 5738: 5721: 4976:"Workplace violence against nursing staff in a Saudi university hospital" 3978:. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health. 3173: 1169: 964: 567: 544: 522: 427: 421: 336: 325: 303: 274: 227: 155: 5891:

Essentials of nursing research: appraising evidence for nursing practice

5378:

St. Boniface Hospital Nurses' Residence National Historic Site of Canada

4769: 4737: 4587:

NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy

2816:

Issues and Trends in Nursing: Essential Knowledge for Today and Tomorrow

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is the use of the historical title "sister" to refer to a senior nurse.

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Introduction to Nursing Research: Incorporating Evidence-based Practice

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helping women in ancient Egypt give birth and keep their infants safe.

2071: 2034: 1659:). Previously, the official name for a nurse practicing in Germany was 1296: 834: 733: 583: 391: 387: 340: 278: 167: 105: 6002: 4991: 4606: 4583:""Doing the Heavy Lifting: Health Care Workers Take Back Their Backs"" 4443: 1065:

Many times, nurses are busy, leaving little time to educate patients.

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UNCG Library Betty H. Carter Women Veterans Historical Project: Nurse

2909:(1st paperback ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. p. 244. 2878:

Wand, T (January 2004). "The 'Sister' title: past the use by date?".

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Other important nurses in the development of the profession include:

171: 120: 115: 5986: 4582: 4536:

Roberts, Rashaun; Grubb, Paula L.; Grosch, James W. (25 June 2012).

3620:(7th ed.). Maryland Heights, MO: Mosby/Elsevier. pp. 5–6. 2968: 2112: 7048: 6825: 5646: 5201:"5 Myths about Registered Nurses – Ameritech College of Healthcare" 4974:

Alkorashy, Hanan A. Ezzat; Al Moalad, Fawziah Bakheet (June 2016).

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and follow different training, qualifications and career pathways.

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Han, Xinxin; Pittman, Patricia; Barnow, Burt (9 September 2021).

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Haczyński, Józef; Skrzypczak, Zofia; Winter, Małgorzata (2017).

1260:. Nurses work as researchers in laboratories, universities, and 6440: 6020:"Watson's View of Nursing Science Quarterly's 35th Anniversary" 5855:(3rd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. 5432: 3664:"Around the world, nurses say meaningful work keeps them going" 2174: 1936: 1795: 1713: 1652: 1548: 1283:

A video describing occupational hazards that exist among nurses

1238: 842: 822: 482:

chapters, which began appearing after the establishment of the

310:

called for women to join the Order of Exaltation of the Cross (

100: 6071: 5414:

Wilberforce Red Cross Outpost National Historic Site of Canada

4250: 4226: 4202: 4163: 4139: 6601: 4175: 4116: 2083: 2075: 1852: 1787: 1544: 1453: 1432: 1338:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

1308: 866: 854: 838: 826: 736: 263: 239: 5800:. Australian Institute of Health & Welfare . 7 July 2022 5779: 5508: 5012: 4738:"For CE Credit: When Is It Safe to Manually Lift a Patient?" 4580: 4312:"nursing | History, Education, & Practices | Britannica" 4238: 4029:"Alternative Approaches to Ensuring Adequate Nurse Staffing" 3129:"nursing | History, Education, & Practices | Britannica" 2843:

Striepe, JM (1992). "Reclaiming the church's healing role".

914:

In general terms, the nursing process is the method used to

339:, in light of a comprehensive statistical study she made of 166:

Nurses develop a plan of care, working collaboratively with

6794: 3829:"Canada Medical Association Journal 12 June 2001; 164 (12)" 3562:

Women at War with America: Private Lives in a Patriotic Era

2002: 1237:, helping in clinical and administrative domains. Some are 850: 830: 593:

Registered Nurse at Jefferson Medical College Hospital 1952

235: 6086: 5678:

Pakistan has great shortage of trained high-quality nurses

5628: 5095: 3948:. American Community Survey. February 2013. Archived from 3435:. University of Maryland School of Nursing. Archived from 2731:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 121. 2541:"Nursing | The SAGE Encyclopedia of Economics and Society" 1319:, which can damage mental health. They have high rates of 792:

A male nurse at Runwell Hospital, Wickford, Essex, in 1943

190:, and many traditional regulations and roles are changing. 7653: 5396:

La Corne Nursing Station National Historic Site of Canada

4863: 3459:"Total Number of Professionally Active Nurses, by Gender" 3277:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 93–101. 2506: 1964:

Two trainee nurses operating a neonatal incubator in 2011

1401:

are used to reduce physical loads. Lumbar supports (i.e.

71:

Caring for general and specialized well-being of patients

5691:"The Worlds Largest Supplier of Nurses: The Philippines" 5671: 5463: 4085:"The NHS is going to trial a gig economy app for nurses" 2210:

organization, as well as at a nursing school founded by

2187:

Nursing in Israeli Jewish culture traces its origins to

4795:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 4635: 4192: 4190: 2455: 1597:, to participate in the Quality Assurance (QA) program. 335:

laid the foundations of professional nursing after the

5874:(6th International ed.). Boston, Mass.: Pearson. 5812: 5536:"Regulated professions database – European Commission" 4793:"Free On-line Violence Prevention Training for Nurses" 3907:"Annual Equality and Diversity Profile, NMC 2015–2016" 3882:

Men in Nursing: History, Challenges, and Opportunities

3700: 3511:

Integrated Theory and Knowledge Development in Nursing

2635:

Men in Nursing: History, Challenges, and Opportunities

1794:, families, and communities in that nation to improve 963:

examining mortality among British soldiers during the

5517: 5306:

Ann Baillie Building National Historic Site of Canada

3156:

Agnes Warner and the Nursing Sisters of the Great War

2756:

Islamic biomedical ethics: principles and application

2202:

Modern-day nursing was established by nurses sent to

759:

and practice as well as training in clinical skills.

4187: 3878: 3514:(7th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier. pp. 2221: 774:(RN) and accordingly, a narrower scope of practice. 242:

often provided nursing-like care. Examples exist in

5138: 1380:incidents in health care centers were by patients. 597:The development of undergraduate and post-graduate 5360:Pavillon Mailloux National Historic Site of Canada 5256:"nursing - Advanced nursing practice | Britannica" 5231:"Registered Nurse (RN) Career and Job Information" 4973: 4791:Hartley, Dan; Ridenour, Marilyn (12 August 2013). 4535: 3358:. St. Louis, MO: Concordia Pub. House. p. 4. 2787:The Buddhist tradition in India, China & Japan 1558:related to nursing. Five nurses' residences (the 570:, but the profession transformed again during the 186:period, nurse education has diversified, awarding 3686:"2023 AMN Healthcare Survey of Registered Nurses" 2932:Role Development in Professional Nursing Practice 2513:Engineering Management in Production and Services 2281:History of Philippine nurses in the United States 2045:in nursing is two to two and a half years, and a 1820:Nursing is a licensed professional occupation in 991:During the 1980s there was an increased focus on 298:Russian Sisters of Mercy in the Crimea, 1854–1855 7938: 5888: 5342:Hersey Pavilion National Historic Site of Canada 4927: 4348:Smith, Jackie A.; Zsohar, Helen (October 2013). 4220: 4208: 4026: 3879:O'Lynn, Chad E.; Tranbarger, Russell E. (2006). 3858:2000 National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses 3826: 3304: 2729:Medicine & health care in early Christianity 929: 5955: 5914: 5654:Nurses, Midwives and Health Visitors Act, 1997. 4790: 4181: 4169: 543:A recruiting poster for Australian nurses from 5889:Polit, Denise F.; Tatano Beck, Cheryl (2014). 5666:"Nursing in Pakistan" search at Google Scholar 4279:"RCN factsheet on nurse prescribing in the UK" 3604:World War II German Women's Auxiliary Services 7639: 6810: 6102: 5851:Boswell, Carol; Cannon, Sharon, eds. (2014). 5850: 4244: 4160:, From Oral Tradition to Written Scholarship. 4145: 3372: 2745: 2412: 5324:Begbie Hall National Historic Site of Canada 4556:"Safe Patient Handling and Mobility | NIOSH" 3885:. Springer Publishing Company. p. 225. 3609: 3200:"Florence Nightingale: Environmental Theory" 2760:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 2720: 2657: 2509:"Nurses in Poland — Immediate Action Needed" 2386:Association, American Nurses (30 May 2021). 1655:are called Gesundheits- und Krankenpfleger ( 5869: 4347: 4256: 4232: 3576:Philip A. Kalisch and Beatrice J. Kalisch, 3347: 3110:online article – see documents link at left 2836: 2818:. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett. p. 2385: 2141:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1007:in 1972, leading up to the founding of the 451:New England Hospital for Women and Children 7646: 7632: 7099:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility 6817: 6803: 6109: 6095: 5818: 3507: 3015: 2803: 2778: 2651: 2632: 2025:are held separately. The duration of the 1601: 1020: 976: 42:A nurse checks a patient's blood pressure. 7440:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 5737: 5486: 5121: 5046: 4899: 4881: 4507: 4365: 4130: 4060: 3967: 3922: 3378: 3330: 3259:Mother Marianne becomes an American saint 3056: 3039: 2751: 2567:"The role of nurses in our society today" 2524: 2483: 2473: 2180:Nurses and midwives are regulated by the 2161:Learn how and when to remove this message 5528: 5072:"Exoskeletons await in work/care closet" 5069: 4930:International Journal of Nursing Studies 4481: 3615: 3501: 3305:Paradis, Raphael, Mary (10 March 2017). 3223: 2871: 2726: 2637:. New York: Springer Pub. pp. 6–8. 2626: 2389:Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice 2271:History of Nursing in the United Kingdom 1959: 1535: 1527: 1482: 1271: 1138:school/college/institutional infirmaries 787: 743:The practice of nursing is based upon a 727: 724:A nurse in Indonesia examining a patient 719: 588: 538: 484:International Committee of the Red Cross 316: 293: 7952:Military supporting service occupations 5984: 5915:Manhart Barrett, Elizabeth Ann (2002). 5102:Occupational and Environmental Medicine 4350:"Patient-education tips for new nurses" 4196: 3748:(RCN). 22 December 2014. Archived from 3706: 3353: 3197: 2954: 2904: 2842: 2784: 2276:History of nursing in the United States 2082:. The nursing profession is not new to 1736:neurology, infectious diseases, liver, 1576:St. Boniface Hospital Nurses' Residence 1267: 948: 732:A nurse treating a patient with burns, 715: 430:established a nurse training regime at 7939: 7761:Electrical and electronics engineering 7746:Developmental and reproductive biology 6319:Nursing credentials and certifications 6017: 5719: 5467:Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 4735: 4731: 4729: 4157: 3874: 3872: 3717: 3715: 3484:"Distribution of Physicians by Gender" 3409:. British Army Website. Archived from 3066:(March 1984). "Florence Nightingale". 3021: 2809: 1790:is the practice of providing care for 1724:, communities, military, prisons, and 1540:Canadian nurses with wounded soldiers 1408: 1336:mobilizing patients. According to the 1015: 7627: 6798: 6090: 5987:"Nursing, research, and the evidence" 5701:from the original on 20 November 2021 4969: 4967: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4334: 4332: 4306: 4304: 3997: 3995: 3976:Nurses' handbook of health assessment 3973: 3783:Contemporary Nurse Virginia Henderson 3270: 3152: 3146: 3062: 2929: 1354: 872: 563:physicians, and education providers. 7578: 7339:Physical medicine and rehabilitation 6765: 6607:Nursing Interventions Classification 5419:Canadian Register of Historic Places 5401:Canadian Register of Historic Places 5383:Canadian Register of Historic Places 5365:Canadian Register of Historic Places 5347:Canadian Register of Historic Places 5329:Canadian Register of Historic Places 5311:Canadian Register of Historic Places 4847:"Sexual Harassment in the Workplace" 4813: 4367:10.1097/01.NURSE.0000434224.51627.8a 2907:A Companion to the Reformation World 2877: 2694: 2139:adding citations to reliable sources 2106: 1051: 412:, the world's first nursing school: 188:advanced and specialized credentials 7588: 6777: 5908: 5726:Nihon Shuchu Chiryo Igakukai Zasshi 5562:Organización Colegial de Enfermería 4726: 4629: 4271: 3869: 3803:"State of the World's Nursing 2020" 3712: 2564: 1330: 1218:facilities and camps. They work on 1085:Nursing is the most diverse of all 13: 7475:Medical Scientist Training Program 5509:Pan American Health Organization. 4964: 4916: 4754:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000282296.18688.b1 4538:"Alleviating Job Stress in Nurses" 4524: 4390: 4329: 4301: 3992: 3593:(Princeton University Press, 1999) 3433:"History of the School of Nursing" 3224:Ferguson, Moira (4 January 2016). 3088:10.1038/scientificamerican0384-128 2814:. In Halstead, J; Roux, G (eds.). 2703:"Florence Nightingale (1820–1910)" 2241:Advanced practice registered nurse 1918:Professional Regulatory Commission 1241:and others work with attorneys as 895:. This is based around a specific 14: 7983: 7791:Genetics and evolutionary biology 6059: 5207:. 6 November 2014. Archived from 3827:Patrick Sullivan (12 June 2001). 3198:Gonzalo, Angelo (4 August 2014). 2049:in nursing is four to five years. 1691: 1623: 1591:Registered Health Professions Act 1556:National Historic Sites of Canada 500:St. Francis Health Services, Inc. 7607: 7597: 7587: 7577: 7568: 7567: 6776: 6764: 6753: 6752: 5870:Nieswiadomy, Rose Marie (2012). 5835:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.01614.x 5790: 5772: 5754:"Ministry of Health and Welfare" 5746: 5713: 5683: 5659: 5621: 5603: 5575: 5550: 5502: 5457: 5443: 5425: 5407: 5389: 5371: 5353: 5335: 5317: 5299: 5273: 5248: 5223: 5193: 5163: 3618:Nursing Theorists and their Work 2857:10.1097/00005217-199310010-00002 2700: 2672:10.1097/00000446-196512000-00022 2224: 2111: 2059:This section is an excerpt from 1991:This section is an excerpt from 1952:This section is an excerpt from 1905:This section is an excerpt from 1870:This section is an excerpt from 1844:This section is an excerpt from 1812:This section is an excerpt from 1779:This section is an excerpt from 1697:This section is an excerpt from 1677:This section is an excerpt from 1641:This section is an excerpt from 1520:This section is an excerpt from 1475:This section is an excerpt from 1469: 1446:This section is an excerpt from 1424:This section is an excerpt from 1387: 36: 7795:Cellular and molecular biology 7608: 6617:Nursing Outcomes Classification 6612:Nursing Minimum Data Set (NMDS) 6284:Associate of Science in Nursing 5872:Foundations of nursing research 5844: 5629:"Nursing and Midwifery Council" 5205:Ameritech College of Healthcare 5089: 5063: 5006: 4857: 4839: 4807: 4784: 4742:The American Journal of Nursing 4701: 4676: 4574: 4548: 4475: 4466: 4415: 4341: 4262: 4110: 4077: 4020: 3931: 3916: 3899: 3851: 3820: 3795: 3776: 3764: 3734: 3722:International Council of Nurses 3678: 3656: 3634: 3596: 3589:Bronny Rebekah McFarland-Icky, 3583: 3570: 3554: 3532: 3476: 3451: 3425: 3399: 3298: 3264: 3252: 3217: 3191: 3121: 2999: 2948: 2923: 2898: 2660:The American Journal of Nursing 2427:10.1097/01.NEP.0000000000000659 2392:. American Nurses Association. 1440: 770:(LPN) have less education than 666:International Council of Nurses 566:Many nurses saw active duty in 528: 458:Clarissa Harlowe "Clara" Barton 289: 7972:Occupational safety and health 7465:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine 6899:Oral and maxillofacial surgery 6289:Bachelor of Science in Nursing 5070:Gilhooly, Rob (17 June 2012). 4942:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.04.002 3261:. CNN. Retrieved 28 July 2013. 2609: 2584: 2558: 2533: 2500: 2449: 2415:Nursing Education Perspectives 2406: 2379: 1980: 1941:Ministry of Health and Welfare 1899: 1074: 636:Caring and trusting team-mates 1: 6511:Psychiatric and mental health 5633:Nursing and Midwifery Council 5590:Nursing and Midwifery Council 5422:. Retrieved 30 October 2011. 5404:. Retrieved 30 October 2011. 5386:. Retrieved 30 October 2011. 5368:. Retrieved 30 October 2011. 5350:. Retrieved 30 October 2011. 5332:. Retrieved 30 October 2011. 5314:. Retrieved 30 October 2011. 5281:"Alberta & the Great War" 4642:Workplace Health & Safety 3508:Chin, PL; Kramer, MK (2008). 3385:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. 3323:10.1080/00243639.2016.1277877 2892:10.1016/S1322-7696(08)60442-4 2752:Sachedina, Abdulaziz (2009). 2372: 1762:Nursing and Midwifery Council 1745:Nursing and Midwifery Council 1706:Nursing in the United Kingdom 1699:Nursing in the United Kingdom 1584:Wilberforce Red Cross Outpost 1116:women's health/gender-related 1039: 961:seminal epidemiological study 930:Healthcare staffing platforms 802:State of the World's Nursing, 649: 7445:Bachelor of Medical Sciences 7212:Neurosurgical anesthesiology 6824: 6304:Master of Science in Nursing 5722:"Nursing in the Philippines" 5720:Rogado, Isabelita C (2006). 5146:"A Kenyan nursing education" 4980:International Nursing Review 4221:Polit & Tatano Beck 2014 4209:Polit & Tatano Beck 2014 4045:10.1097/mlr.0000000000001614 3939:"Men in Nursing Occupations" 3041:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181935ad6 2845:Journal of Christian Nursing 2041:in nursing is four years, a 1999:Nursing educational programs 1946: 1806: 1492:Nursing in the United States 1477:Nursing in the United States 1005:Effectiveness and Efficiency 815:Democratic Republic of Congo 777: 616: 312:Krestodvizhenskaya Obshchina 308:Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna 208: 7: 6116: 5822:Journal of Advanced Nursing 5479:10.1590/1518-8345.2232.2913 5031:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031781 3808:. World Health Organization 3578:American Nursing: A History 2301:List of nursing specialties 2217: 1864: 1728:. Most are employed by the 1487:Two nurses in Arizona, 1943 1464: 1189: 1092:The major specialties are: 1081:List of nursing specialties 924:American Nurses Association 695:American Nurses Association 204:Timeline of nursing history 10: 7988: 7896:Probability and statistics 6299:Doctor of Nursing Practice 5933:10.1177/089431840201500109 5917:"What is nursing science?" 5652:United Kingdom Government 5175:Bureau of Labor Statistics 4883:10.1186/s12905-021-01342-0 4736:Waters, Thomas R. (2007). 4484:"Global nursing shortages" 3839:(12). Cmaj.ca: 1738–1738–b 3540:"QA World War Two Nursing" 3379:Blackmore, H, ed. (2007). 2462:Human Resources for Health 2182:Israeli Ministry of Health 2058: 1990: 1951: 1928: 1913:Nursing in the Philippines 1907:Nursing in the Philippines 1904: 1869: 1843: 1811: 1778: 1696: 1676: 1657:health- and sickness carer 1640: 1635: 1519: 1474: 1445: 1423: 1226:, and in combat settings. 1078: 1055: 1027:Activities of daily living 1024: 980: 952: 876: 781: 603:professional organizations 532: 488:Little Sisters of the Poor 197: 193: 18: 7666: 7563: 7485: 7423: 7184: 7112: 7067: 6976: 6847: 6832: 6748: 6625: 6592: 6559: 6456:Women's Health Care Nurse 6347: 6263: 6214: 6191:Clinical nurse specialist 6183: 6174: 6133: 6124: 6036:10.1177/08943184211051366 6024:Nursing Science Quarterly 5958:Nursing Science Quarterly 5921:Nursing Science Quarterly 5668:, Retrieved 4 August 2021 4824:10.1163/9789401210232_002 4684:"Unsafe patient handling" 4402:search.credoreference.com 4245:Boswell & Cannon 2014 4146:Boswell & Cannon 2014 4007:search.credoreference.com 3788:14 September 2009 at the 3153:Quinn, Shawna M. (2010). 2785:de Bary, WT, ed. (2011). 2545:search.credoreference.com 2475:10.1186/s12960-017-0223-2 2321:Nurse–client relationship 2286:Index of nursing articles 2195:midwives depicted in the 2102: 2019:governmental universities 2017:. The entrance exams to 1924: 1760:are not regulated by the 1618: 1514: 1413: 1096:communities/public health 768:Licensed Practical Nurses 709:Virginia Avenel Henderson 408:opened, with her husband 128: 85: 75: 67: 62: 52: 47: 35: 7399:Transplantation medicine 7290:Clinical neurophysiology 7207:Obstetric anesthesiology 7127:Interventional radiology 6887:Digestive system surgery 6635:International Nurses Day 6151:Licensed practical nurse 5970:10.1177/0894318417693313 5615:Royal College of Nursing 4818:, BRILL, pp. 5–15, 4654:10.1177/2165079915580038 4500:10.1136/bmj.324.7340.751 4123:JMIR mHealth and uHealth 3746:Royal College of Nursing 2326:Nurse scheduling problem 2291:Licensed practical nurse 2206:and later Israel by the 2053: 2009:diploma and passing the 1881:is a major component of 1838: 1773: 1671: 1580:La Corne Nursing Station 1418: 1204:pharmaceutical companies 680:Royal College of Nursing 630:Safe working environment 586:for heroism under fire. 355:first schools of nursing 254:, and other traditions. 21:Nursing (disambiguation) 7962:Health care occupations 7691:Artificial intelligence 7270:Intensive care medicine 7244:Mass gathering medicine 7089:Maternal–fetal medicine 6314:Nurse Licensure Compact 6079:Encyclopædia Britannica 5114:10.1136/oem.2006.030643 4316:Encyclopedia Britannica 4132:10.2196/preprints.15195 3771:ANA Considering Nursing 3742:"Defining nursing 2014" 3666:. McKinsey. 12 May 2022 3642:"Nursing and midwifery" 3271:Dromi, Shai M. (2020). 3230:. New York: Routledge. 1985: 1768: 1730:National Health Service 1602:Latin America/Caribbean 1448:Nursing in South Africa 1243:legal nurse consultants 1087:health care professions 1021:Daily living assistance 987:Evidence-based medicine 977:Evidence-based practice 959:Florence Nightingale's 432:Brownlow Hill infirmary 7921:Structural engineering 7861:Mechanical engineering 7834:Western and South Asia 6862:Cardiothoracic surgery 6082:(11th ed.). 1911. 5991:Evidence-Based Nursing 5985:Mulhall, Anne (1998). 4039:(Suppl 5): S463–S470. 3591:Nurses in Nazi Germany 3024:"Florence Nightingale" 1965: 1541: 1533: 1488: 1284: 1099:family/individual care 1009:Cochrane Collaboration 983:Evidence-based nursing 793: 740: 725: 713: 699: 685: 670: 642:Flexible work schedule 623:McKinsey & Company 594: 547: 329: 299: 215:Hippocratic Collection 16:Health care profession 7786:Environmental science 7671:Aerospace engineering 7513:Personalized medicine 7372:Reproductive medicine 7297:Occupational medicine 7251:Evolutionary medicine 6546:Travel health nursing 6146:Clinical nurse leader 6018:Watson, Jean (2021). 5538:. European Commission 4544:. Medscape and NIOSH. 4482:Buchanan, J. (2002). 3974:Weber, Janet (2014). 3863:22 April 2011 at the 3731:Retrieved August 2007 3727:29 April 2010 at the 3311:The Linacre Quarterly 3236:10.4324/9780203760697 2727:Ferngren, GB (2009). 2526:10.1515/emj-2017-0019 2361:Transcultural nursing 2013:is necessary for the 1963: 1539: 1531: 1486: 1405:) have been trialed. 1282: 1262:research institutions 1045:Medication management 791: 731: 723: 700: 686: 671: 657: 592: 559:in the 21st century. 542: 533:Further information: 473:Sister of St. Francis 320: 297: 284:Roman Catholic Church 7533:Traditional medicine 7493:Alternative medicine 7360:Addiction psychiatry 7174:Transfusion medicine 7169:Medical microbiology 7084:Gynecologic oncology 6936:Reproductive surgery 6371:Correctional nursing 5739:10.3918/jsicm.13.229 4182:Manhart Barrett 2002 4170:Manhart Barrett 2017 3644:. WHO. 18 March 2022 3354:Naumann, CD (2008). 3179:on 24 September 2015 2812:"History of nursing" 2256:History of hospitals 2135:improve this section 1968:Nursing in Australia 1954:Nursing in Australia 1893:developing countries 1814:Nursing in Hong Kong 1630:Directive 2005/36/EC 1560:Ann Baillie Building 1500:emergency department 1399:powered exoskeletons 1325:emotional exhaustion 1321:occupational burnout 1268:Occupational hazards 993:research utilization 949:Nursing as a science 716:Professional nursing 333:Florence Nightingale 322:Florence Nightingale 142:Glossary of medicine 19:For other uses, see 7957:Rehabilitation team 7555:History of medicine 7538:Veterinary medicine 7345:Preventive medicine 7197:Adolescent medicine 7039:Infectious diseases 6705:Republic of Ireland 6481:Occupational health 6471:Nursing informatics 6247:Psych/mental health 5656:London: HMSO, 1997. 5433:"Quality Assurance" 5235:careerprofiles.info 5211:on 30 November 2015 5171:"Registered Nurses" 4851:Work Places Respond 4599:2008NewSo..18..207M 4436:2011NewSo..21...57D 3792:Retrieved July 2009 3602:Gordon Williamson, 3115:5 July 2010 at the 3080:1984SciAm.250c.128C 3068:Scientific American 2810:Egenes, KJ (2009). 2565:Freeman, Veronica. 2261:History of medicine 2204:Mandatory Palestine 1973:Nurse practitioners 1872:Nursing in Pakistan 1649:Nursing in Germany 1409:National variations 1293:occupational stress 1208:occupational health 1016:Scope of activities 496:Sisters of St. Mary 406:Valérie de Gasparin 32: 7503:Molecular oncology 7460:Doctor of Medicine 7450:Master of Medicine 7367:Radiation oncology 7239:Emergency medicine 7192:Addiction medicine 7159:Clinical chemistry 7154:Clinical pathology 6946:Transplant surgery 6904:Orthopedic surgery 6882:Colorectal surgery 6569:Nursing assessment 6431:Legal consultation 6294:Diploma in Nursing 6279:Nightingale Pledge 6206:Nurse practitioner 5798:"Health workforce" 5780:"中華民國護理師護士公會全國聯合會" 5617:. 15 January 2023. 5583:"The NMC register" 5260:www.britannica.com 4870:BMC Women's Health 4259:, p. 268–270. 4235:, p. 278–279. 3773:Retrieved Dec 2018 3752:on 10 October 2016 3439:on 24 January 2016 3413:on 28 October 2011 3133:www.britannica.com 3022:Winkel, W (2009). 2311:Nightingale Pledge 2266:History of nursing 1966: 1887:health-care system 1857:Japanese Red Cross 1832:Hospital Authority 1643:Nursing in Germany 1542: 1534: 1489: 1355:Workplace violence 1313:compassion fatigue 1285: 1034:nursing assistants 941:Platforms such as 891:defined using the 873:Theory and process 807:Francophone Africa 794: 741: 726: 595: 548: 504:Sisters of Charity 462:American Red Cross 410:Agénor de Gasparin 330: 300: 200:History of nursing 77:Education required 30: 7934: 7933: 7916:Scientific naming 7906:Quantum computing 7736:Computer hardware 7731:Clinical research 7726:Civil engineering 7621: 7620: 7455:Master of Surgery 7419: 7418: 7404:Tropical medicine 7350:Prison healthcare 7265:Hospital medicine 7229:Disaster medicine 7219:Aviation medicine 7034:Hospital medicine 6941:Surgical oncology 6926:Pediatric surgery 6920: 6867:Endocrine surgery 6792: 6791: 6579:Nursing care plan 6574:Nursing diagnosis 6259: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6227:Adult-gerontology 6215:NPs by population 6196:Nurse anesthetist 6176:Advanced practice 6003:10.1136/ebn.1.1.4 5558:"¿Quiénes somos?" 4992:10.1111/inr.12242 4853:. September 2021. 4607:10.2190/ns.18.2.j 4444:10.2190/ns.21.1.i 3892:978-0-8261-0349-9 3392:978-1-84383-308-6 3343:– via NCBI. 3245:978-0-203-76069-7 3169:978-0-86492-633-3 3064:Cohen, I. Bernard 3011:978-0-13-508090-0 2707:The Victorian Web 2399:978-0-9993088-6-8 2346:Nurse stereotypes 2331:Nursing care plan 2251:Emergency nursing 2171: 2170: 2163: 2070:, nurses provide 2039:bachelor's degree 1931:Nursing in Taiwan 1826:registered nurses 1758:Veterinary nurses 1572:Pavillon Mailloux 1522:Nursing in Canada 1394:stress management 1280: 1212:nurse-led clinics 1206:. Nurses work in 1102:adult-gerontology 1058:Patient education 1052:Patient education 889:nursing care plan 772:Registered Nurses 633:Work-life balance 611:theoretical basis 607:academic journals 519:Egyptian Campaign 370:Colony of Jamaica 149: 148: 7979: 7741:Computer science 7648: 7641: 7634: 7625: 7624: 7611: 7610: 7601: 7591: 7590: 7581: 7580: 7571: 7570: 7275:Medical genetics 7260:General practice 7137:Nuclear medicine 7012:Gastroenterology 6968:Vascular surgery 6918: 6845: 6844: 6819: 6812: 6805: 6796: 6795: 6780: 6779: 6768: 6767: 6756: 6755: 6446:Medical-surgical 6349:Specialties and 6309:Board of nursing 6181: 6180: 6156:Registered nurse 6131: 6130: 6111: 6104: 6097: 6088: 6087: 6083: 6075: 6055: 6014: 5981: 5952: 5909:Journal articles 5904: 5885: 5866: 5838: 5837: 5829:(6): 1476–1484, 5816: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5784:www.nurse.org.tw 5776: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5760:on 28 April 2017 5756:. 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668: 572:Second World War 535:Women in nursing 521:(1882), and the 492:Sisters of Mercy 396:orthopedic nurse 374:Cubah Cornwallis 350:Notes on Nursing 232:religious orders 220:Sushruta Samhita 54:Activity sectors 40: 33: 29: 7987: 7986: 7982: 7981: 7980: 7978: 7977: 7976: 7937: 7936: 7935: 7930: 7829:Hebrew toponyms 7824:Arabic toponyms 7662: 7652: 7622: 7617: 7559: 7548:Chief physician 7481: 7426: 7415: 7409:Travel medicine 7394:Sports medicine 7377:Sexual medicine 7317:Palliative care 7312:Pain management 7256:Family medicine 7234:Diving medicine 7180: 7108: 7070: 7063: 6979: 6972: 6931:Plastic surgery 6877:General surgery 6857:Cardiac surgery 6838: 6836: 6828: 6823: 6793: 6788: 6744: 6621: 6594: 6593:Classification 6588: 6561:Nursing process 6555: 6396:Faith community 6361:Ambulatory care 6352: 6350: 6343: 6269: 6267: 6251: 6210: 6170: 6166:Nurse scientist 6126: 6120: 6115: 6073:"Nursing" 6070: 6062: 5911: 5901: 5882: 5863: 5847: 5842: 5841: 5817: 5813: 5803: 5801: 5796: 5795: 5791: 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1897: 1896: 1875: 1867: 1862: 1861: 1849: 1841: 1836: 1835: 1817: 1809: 1804: 1803: 1800:quality of life 1784: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1765: 1702: 1694: 1689: 1688: 1682: 1674: 1669: 1668: 1646: 1638: 1626: 1621: 1604: 1599: 1598: 1568:Hersey Pavilion 1525: 1517: 1512: 1511: 1480: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1461: 1451: 1443: 1438: 1437: 1429: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1390: 1370:quality of life 1357: 1333: 1301:sleep disorders 1272: 1270: 1231:health advocacy 1192: 1155:palliative care 1150:orthopedic care 1083: 1077: 1060: 1054: 1042: 1029: 1023: 1018: 1001:Archie Cochrane 989: 981:Main articles: 979: 957: 951: 932: 893:nursing process 885: 883:Nursing process 877:Main articles: 875: 786: 780: 745:social contract 718: 712: 707: 698: 693: 684: 678: 669: 664: 652: 639:Meaningful work 619: 599:nursing degrees 537: 531: 446:nursing schools 292: 258:, mentioned in 211: 206: 198:Main articles: 196: 131: 90: 88: 78: 55: 43: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7985: 7975: 7974: 7969: 7967:Hospital staff 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 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7262: 7253: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7209: 7202:Anesthesiology 7199: 7194: 7188: 7186: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7134: 7132:Neuroradiology 7129: 7118: 7116: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7075: 7073: 7069:Obstetrics and 7065: 7064: 7062: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6984: 6982: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6970: 6965: 6964: 6963: 6953: 6951:Trauma surgery 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6914:Otolaryngology 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6890: 6889: 6884: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6853: 6851: 6842: 6840:subspecialties 6830: 6829: 6822: 6821: 6814: 6807: 6799: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6786: 6774: 6762: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6742: 6732: 6725:United Kingdom 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6637: 6631: 6629: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6598: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6584:Nursing theory 6581: 6576: 6571: 6565: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6501:Perianesthesia 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6357: 6355: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6329:Nurse registry 6326: 6324:Nursing school 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6275: 6273: 6261: 6260: 6257: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6237:Women's health 6234: 6229: 6224: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6187: 6185: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6168: 6163: 6161:Graduate nurse 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6137: 6135: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6114: 6113: 6106: 6099: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6068: 6061: 6060:External links 6058: 6057: 6056: 6015: 5982: 5964:(2): 129–133. 5953: 5910: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5899: 5886: 5881:978-0132756235 5880: 5867: 5861: 5846: 5843: 5840: 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January 1919 5272: 5247: 5222: 5192: 5162: 5137: 5088: 5062: 5025:(8): e031781. 5005: 4986:(2): 226–232. 4963: 4915: 4856: 4838: 4832: 4816:Gender Matters 4806: 4783: 4725: 4700: 4675: 4648:(6): 267–275. 4628: 4593:(2): 207–219. 4573: 4547: 4523: 4474: 4465: 4414: 4389: 4340: 4328: 4300: 4270: 4261: 4249: 4237: 4225: 4213: 4201: 4186: 4174: 4172:, p. 129. 4162: 4150: 4138: 4109: 4076: 4019: 3991: 3984: 3966: 3930: 3915: 3898: 3891: 3868: 3850: 3819: 3794: 3775: 3763: 3733: 3711: 3709:, p. 4–5. 3699: 3677: 3655: 3633: 3626: 3608: 3595: 3582: 3580:(4th ed. 2003) 3569: 3553: 3542:. qaranc.co.uk 3531: 3524: 3500: 3475: 3450: 3424: 3398: 3391: 3371: 3364: 3346: 3297: 3283: 3263: 3251: 3244: 3216: 3190: 3168: 3145: 3120: 3074:(3): 128–137. 3055: 3014: 2998: 2947: 2940: 2922: 2916:978-1405149624 2915: 2897: 2870: 2835: 2828: 2802: 2795: 2777: 2770: 2744: 2737: 2719: 2693: 2650: 2643: 2625: 2608: 2583: 2571:www.cerner.com 2557: 2532: 2499: 2448: 2421:(3): E14–E19. 2405: 2398: 2377: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2351:Nursing theory 2348: 2343: 2341:Nursing school 2338: 2336:Nursing ethics 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2306:Men in nursing 2303: 2298: 2296:List of nurses 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2235: 2219: 2216: 2197:Book of Exodus 2169: 2168: 2119: 2117: 2110: 2104: 2101: 2065: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2031:operating room 1997: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1958: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1929:Main article: 1926: 1923: 1911: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1876: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1850: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1818: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1785: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1754:Nursery nurses 1714:health centres 1703: 1695: 1693: 1692:United Kingdom 1690: 1683: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1665:Krankenpfleger 1647: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1625: 1624:European Union 1622: 1620: 1617: 1603: 1600: 1526: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1481: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1452: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1430: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1389: 1386: 1356: 1353: 1332: 1329: 1269: 1266: 1258:travel nursing 1254:agency nursing 1224:military bases 1216:long-term care 1191: 1188: 1183: 1182: 1180:emergency care 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1079:Main article: 1076: 1073: 1053: 1050: 1041: 1038: 1025:Main article: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 978: 975: 953:Main article: 950: 947: 935:Digital health 931: 928: 897:nursing theory 879:Nursing theory 874: 871: 863:Czech Republic 784:Men in nursing 782:Main article: 779: 776: 757:nursing theory 739:hospital, 1973 717: 714: 705: 691: 676: 662: 651: 648: 644: 643: 640: 637: 634: 631: 618: 615: 613:for practice. 553:gender-neutral 530: 527: 523:Sudan Campaign 515:First Boer War 477: 476: 465: 455: 442:Linda Richards 439: 425: 403: 394:was the first 291: 288: 268:United Kingdom 210: 207: 195: 192: 147: 146: 145: 144: 139: 132: 129: 126: 125: 124: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 91: 86: 83: 82: 79: 76: 73: 72: 69: 65: 64: 60: 59: 56: 53: 50: 49: 45: 44: 41: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7984: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7668: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7649: 7644: 7642: 7637: 7635: 7630: 7629: 7626: 7614: 7606: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7594: 7586: 7584: 7576: 7574: 7566: 7565: 7562: 7556: 7553: 7549: 7546: 7545: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7518:Public health 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7498:Allied health 7496: 7494: 7491: 7490: 7488: 7484: 7476: 7473: 7472: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7428: 7422: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7383: 7380: 7379: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7361: 7358: 7357: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7328: 7325: 7324: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7307:Oral medicine 7305: 7303: 7302:Ophthalmology 7300: 7298: 7295: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7245: 7242: 7241: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7183: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7164:Cytopathology 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7142: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7117: 7115: 7111: 7105: 7104:Urogynecology 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7072: 7066: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7018: 7015: 7014: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7007:Endocrinology 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6975: 6969: 6966: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6917: 6916: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6854: 6852: 6850: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6820: 6815: 6813: 6808: 6806: 6801: 6800: 6797: 6785: 6784: 6775: 6773: 6772: 6763: 6761: 6760: 6751: 6750: 6747: 6740: 6736: 6735:United States 6733: 6730: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6690: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 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6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6213: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6201:Nurse midwife 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6141:Student nurse 6139: 6138: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6123: 6119: 6112: 6107: 6105: 6100: 6098: 6093: 6092: 6089: 6081: 6080: 6074: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5913: 5912: 5902: 5900:9781451176797 5896: 5892: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5873: 5868: 5864: 5862:9781449681968 5858: 5854: 5849: 5848: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5823: 5815: 5799: 5793: 5785: 5781: 5775: 5759: 5755: 5749: 5740: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5716: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5686: 5679: 5674: 5667: 5662: 5655: 5649: 5634: 5630: 5624: 5616: 5612: 5606: 5591: 5584: 5578: 5563: 5559: 5553: 5537: 5531: 5525: 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4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4577: 4561: 4557: 4551: 4543: 4539: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4478: 4469: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4424:New Solutions 4418: 4403: 4399: 4393: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4344: 4335: 4333: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4305: 4289:on 4 May 2020 4288: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4265: 4258: 4253: 4246: 4241: 4234: 4229: 4222: 4217: 4211:, p. 21. 4210: 4205: 4198: 4193: 4191: 4184:, p. 51. 4183: 4178: 4171: 4166: 4159: 4154: 4147: 4142: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4113: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4023: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3996: 3987: 3985:9781451142822 3981: 3977: 3970: 3951: 3947: 3940: 3934: 3926: 3925:Business Week 3919: 3908: 3902: 3894: 3888: 3884: 3883: 3875: 3873: 3866: 3862: 3859: 3854: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3804: 3798: 3791: 3787: 3784: 3779: 3772: 3767: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3737: 3730: 3726: 3723: 3718: 3716: 3708: 3703: 3687: 3681: 3665: 3659: 3643: 3637: 3629: 3627:9780323056410 3623: 3619: 3612: 3605: 3599: 3592: 3586: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3564:(1984) ch 2 3563: 3557: 3541: 3535: 3527: 3525:9780323052702 3521: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3504: 3489: 3485: 3479: 3464: 3460: 3454: 3438: 3434: 3428: 3412: 3408: 3407:"Our History" 3402: 3394: 3388: 3384: 3383: 3375: 3367: 3365:9780758608314 3361: 3357: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3301: 3286: 3284:9780226680248 3280: 3276: 3275: 3267: 3260: 3255: 3247: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3220: 3205: 3201: 3194: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3158: 3157: 3149: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3114: 3111: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3018: 3012: 3008: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2963:(1): 84–100. 2962: 2958: 2957:Slavic Review 2951: 2943: 2941:9781449681982 2937: 2933: 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