2009 swine flu pandemic vaccine

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neither type of vaccines altered the normal rate of autoimmune diseases; the authors concluded that their data "supports the good safety profile associated with MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccines and suggests there may be a clinical benefit over non-MF59-containing vaccines". A 2004 review of the effects of adjuvants on mice and humans concluded that "despite numerous case reports on vaccination induced autoimmunity, most epidemiological studies failed to confirm the association and the risk appears to be extremely low or non-existent", although the authors noted that the possibility that adjuvants might cause damaging immune reactions in a few susceptible people has not been completely ruled out. A 2009 review of oil-based adjuvants in influenza vaccines stated that this type of adjuvant "neither stimulates antibodies against squalene oil naturally produced by the humans body nor enhances titers of preexisting antibodies to squalene" and that these formulations did not raise any safety concerns.

787:, from which most patients recover fully within a few months to a year. Some studies have indicated that influenza-like illness is itself associated with an increased risk of GBS, suggesting that vaccination might indirectly protect against the disorder by protecting against flu. According to Marie-Paule Kieny of WHO assessing the side-effects of large-scale influenza vaccination is complicated by the fact that in any large population a few people will become ill and die at any time. For example, in any six-week period in the UK six sudden deaths from unknown causes and 22 cases of Guillain–Barré syndrome would be expected, so if everyone in the UK were vaccinated, this background rate of illness and death would continue as normal and some people would die simply by chance soon after the vaccination. 747:

nausea, muscle pain and malaise that lasted several days. The authors stated that the frequency and severity of these adverse events were similar to those normally seen with seasonal influenza vaccines. A second trial involved 2,200 people ranging from 3 to 77 years of age. In this study no patients reported serious adverse events, with the most commonly observed events being pain at the injection site and fever, which occurred in 10–25% of people. Although this trial followed up patients individually, the Government has been criticized for relying on voluntary reporting for post-vaccination evaluation in other circumstances, since this is "unlikely to accurately measure the percentage of people who get adverse effect".

601:, Russia's chief doctor, said on 2 June 2009 that swine flu was not aggressive enough to cause a worldwide pandemic, noting that the current mortality rate of confirmed cases was 1.6% in Mexico and only 0.1% in the United States. He stated at a press conference, "So far it is unclear if we need to use vaccines against the flu because the virus that is now circulating throughout Europe and North America does not have a pandemic nature." In his opinion, a vaccine could be produced, but said that preparing a vaccine now would be considered "practice," since the world would soon need a new vaccine against a new virus. "What's 16,000 sick people? During any flu season, some 10,000 a day become ill in Moscow alone," he said. 576:

shortage of seasonal flu vaccine available if production facilities were switched to the new vaccine. Seasonal flu vaccine was being made as of May 2009. Although vaccine makers would be ready to switch to making a swine flu vaccine, many questions remained unanswered, including: "Should we really make a swine flu vaccine? Should we base a vaccine on the current virus, since flu viruses change rapidly? Vaccine against the current virus might be far less effective against a changed virus – should we wait to see if the virus changes? If vaccine production doesn't start soon, swine flu vaccine won't be ready when it's needed."

1197: 1044: 587:, for instance, were not convinced that the U.S. should spend up to US$ 2 billion to produce one, with Gingrey stating "We can't let all of our spending and our reaction be media-driven in responding to a panic so that we don't get Katrina-ed. ... It's important because what we are talking about as we discuss the appropriateness of spending $ 2 billion to produce a vaccine that may never be used – that is a very important decision that our country has to make." In fact, a 619:

growing very fast in laboratories, making it difficult for scientists to get the key ingredient they need for a vaccine, the 'seed stock' from the virus In any case, mass producing a pandemic vaccine would be a gamble, as it would take away manufacturing capacity for the seasonal flu vaccine for the flu that kills up to 500,000 people each year. Some experts have wondered whether the world really needs a vaccine for an illness that so far appears mild."

988:(CDC) emphasized that the recall was not prompted by safety concerns, and that even though the vaccine is not quite as potent as it is supposed to be, children who received it do not need to be immunized again. The CDC emphasized that there is no danger for any child who received the recalled vaccine. When asked what parents should do, CDC spokesman Tom Skinner said, "absolutely nothing." He said if children receive this vaccine, they will be fine. 33: 825:

during any trimester of pregnancy" and that high levels of immunization would avert "a significant number of deaths". A 2004 review of the safety of influenza vaccines in children stated that the live vaccine had been shown to be safe but that it might trigger wheezing in some children with asthma; less data for the trivalent inactivated vaccine was available, but no serious symptoms had been seen in clinical trials.

865:. None of the formulations of vaccine used in the US contain squalene, or any other adjuvant. However, some European and Canadian formulations do contain 25 μg of squalene per dose, which is roughly the amount found in a drop of olive oil. Some animal experiments have suggested that squalene might be linked to autoimmune disorders. although others suggest squalene might protect people against cancer. 595:

countries, would be asked, according to WHO officials, "to share with developing countries from the moment the first batches are ready if an H1N1 vaccine is made" for a pandemic strain. The global body stated that it wanted companies to donate at least 10% of their production or offer reduced prices for poor countries that could otherwise be left without vaccines if there is a sudden surge in demand.

717:. The vaccine used in the trial was prepared by CSL Biotherapies in chicken eggs, in the same way as the seasonal vaccine. A robust immune response was produced in over 90% of patients after a single dose of either 15 or 30 μg of antigen. This study suggested that the current recommendation for two doses of vaccine are overkill and that a single dose is quite sufficient. 510:(become "attenuated"), it will not regain the ability to infect people. The attenuated virus is then grown in chicken eggs as before. The virus-containing fluid is harvested and the virus purified by filtration; this step also removes any contaminating bacteria. The filtered preparation is then diluted into a solution that stabilizes the virus. This solution contains 356:. These vaccines either contained inactivated (killed) influenza virus, or weakened live virus that could not cause influenza. The killed virus was injected, while the live virus was given as a nasal spray. Both these types of vaccine were produced by growing the virus in chicken eggs. Around three billion doses were produced, with delivery in November 2009. 707:, made by Baxter was approved the following week. The first comparative clinical study of both vaccines started on children in the United Kingdom on 25 September 2009. GSK announced results from clinical trials assessing the use of Pandemrix in children, adults, and the elderly. A 2009 trial examined the safety and efficacy of two different doses of the 886:, this used a validated test for these antibodies and found no link between the presence of the antibodies and illness, with about half of both groups having these antibodies and no correlation between symptoms and antibodies. Furthermore, none of the vaccines given to US troops during the Gulf war actually contained any squalene adjuvants. 869:

injection. The safety of squalene-containing influenza vaccines have also been tested in two separate clinical trials, one with healthy non-elderly people, and one with elderly people, in both trials the vaccine was safe and well tolerated, with only weak side-effects, such as mild pain at the injection site. A 2009

465:. The purified viruses are then inactivated ("killed") with a small amount of a disinfectant. The inactivated virus is treated with detergent to break up the virus into particles, and the broken capsule segments and released proteins are concentrated by centrifugation. The final preparation is suspended in sterile 857:. An adjuvant is a substance that boosts the body's immune response, thereby stretching the supply of the vaccine and helping immunize elderly people with a weak immune system. Squalene is a normal part of the human body, made in the liver and circulating in the blood, and is also found in many foods, such as 798:, of the possibility that immune stimulation by vaccines or any other cause might worsen pre-existing heart disease. Chris Shaw, a neuroscientist at the University of British Columbia, expressed concern that serious side-effects may not appear immediately; he said it took five to ten years to see most of the 5653: 1029:

At the end of March 2011, an MPA press release stated: "Results from a Swedish registry based cohort study indicate a 4-fold increased risk of narcolepsy in children and adolescents below the age of 20 vaccinated with Pandemrix, compared to children of the same age that were not vaccinated." The same

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told reporters "These are enormously complicated questions, and they are not something that anyone can make in a single meeting." Most flu vaccine companies can not make both seasonal flu vaccine and pandemic flu vaccine at the same time. Production takes months and it is impossible to switch halfway

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There was concern in mid-2009 that, should a second, deadlier wave of this new H1N1 strain appear during the northern autumn of 2009, producing pandemic vaccines ahead of time could turn out to be a serious waste of resources as the vaccine might not be effective against it, and there would also be a

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To make the live vaccine, the virus is first adapted to grow at 25 °C (77 °F) and then grown at this temperature until it loses the ability to cause illness in humans, which requires the virus to grow at normal human body temperature of 37 °C (99 °F). Multiple mutations are needed

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Here are the questions that must be answered: • Should we really make a swine flu vaccine? • Should we base a vaccine on the current virus? Flu viruses change rapidly. Vaccine against the current virus might be far less effective against a changed virus. • Should we wait to see if the virus changes?

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blamed difficulties with movement and speech on a seasonal influenza vaccination. The Dystonia Medical Research Foundation stated that it is unlikely that the symptoms in this case were actually dystonia and stated that there has "never been a validated case of dystonia resulting from a flu shot". A

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In an initial clinical trial in Australia, non-serious adverse events were reported by about half of the 240 people vaccinated, with these events including tenderness and pain at the site of injection, headache, malaise, and muscle pain. Two people had more severe events, with a much longer spell of

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may be needed to control a pandemic, many countries do not have a legal framework that would allow this. The only populations easily compelled to accept vaccination are military personnel (who can be given routine vaccinations as part of their service obligations), health care personnel (who can be

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Household contacts and caregivers for children younger than 6 months of age, because younger infants are at higher risk of influenza-related complications and cannot be vaccinated. Vaccination of those in close contact with infants younger than 6 months old might help protect infants by "cocooning"

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concluded that there is "no evidence of toxicity in infants, children or adults exposed to thiomersal in vaccines". In 2008 a review noted that even though thiomersal was removed from all US childhood vaccines in 2001, this has not changed the number of autism diagnoses, which are still increasing.

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A 2009 review of the use of influenza vaccines in pregnant women stated that influenza infections posed a major risk during pregnancy and that multiple studies had shown that the inactivated vaccine was safe in pregnant women, concluding that this vaccine "can be safely and effectively administered

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and febrile convulsions. The rate of serious adverse events is one in 200,000 doses distributed, which according to Canada's chief public health officer, is less than expected for the seasonal flu vaccine. GlaxoSmithKline recalled a batch of vaccine in Canada after it appeared to cause higher rates

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Another option proposed by the CDC was an "earlier rollout of seasonal vaccine," according to the CDC's Daniel Jernigan. He said the CDC would work with vaccine manufacturers and experts to see if that would be possible and desirable. Flu vaccination usually starts in September in the United States

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On 20 May 2009, AP reported: "Manufacturers won't be able to start making the vaccine until mid-July at the earliest, weeks later than previous predictions, according to an expert panel convened by WHO. It will then take months to produce the vaccine in large quantities. The swine flu virus is not

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After a meeting with the WHO on 14 May 2009, pharmaceutical companies said they were ready to begin making a swine flu vaccine. According to news reports, the WHO's experts would present recommendations to WHO Director-General Margaret Chan, who was expected to issue advice to vaccine manufacturers

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by producing anti-squalene antibodies, although other scientists stated that it was uncertain if the methods used were actually capable of detecting these antibodies. A 2009 U.S. Department of Defense study comparing healthy Navy personnel to those suffering from Gulf War syndrome was published in

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By April 2010, it was apparent that most of the vaccine was not needed. The US government had bought 229 million doses of H1N1 vaccines of which 91 million doses were used; of the surplus, 5 million doses were stored in bulk, 15 million doses were sent to developing countries and 71 million doses

907:. (The comparison of the injected and ingested quantities is for reference only, since the rate of absorption of ingested elemental mercury into the bloodstream is less than 0.01%.) In Canada, different variants contain five and 50 micrograms of thimerosal per dose. The use of thiomersal has been 750:

As of 19 November 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) said that 65 million doses of vaccine had been administered and that it had a similar safety profile to the seasonal flu vaccine, with no significant differences in the adverse events produced by the different types of vaccine.

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In studies, the vaccine appeared both effective and safe, providing a strong protective immune response and having a similar safety profile to the usual seasonal influenza vaccine. However, about 30% of people already had some immunity to the virus, with the vaccine conferring greatest benefit on

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Data are needed from large clinical trials of paediatric, adult, and elderly people to find the appropriate antigen dose and vaccination schedule for the 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1. We therefore report preliminary safety and immunogenicity results after one injection of a licensed monovalent

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brought together data from 64 clinical trials of influenza vaccines with the squalene-containing adjuvant MF59 and compared them to the effects of vaccines with no adjuvant. The analysis reported that the adjuvanted vaccines were associated with slightly lower risks of chronic diseases, but that

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We can't let all of our spending and our reaction be media-driven in responding to a panic so that we don't get Katrina-ed. ... It's important because what we are talking about as we discuss the appropriateness of spending $ 2 billion to produce a vaccine that may never be used – that is a very

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being caused by the vaccinations. Dystonia is extremely rare. Due to the very low numbers of cases, dystonia is poorly understood. There were only five cases noted that might have been associated with influenza vaccinations over a span of eighteen years. In one discredited case, a woman wrongly

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Squalene-based adjuvants have been used in European influenza vaccines since 1997, with about 22 million doses administered over the past twelve years. The WHO states that no severe side effects have been associated with these vaccines, although they can produce mild inflammation at the site of

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In Canada, after 6.6 million doses of vaccine had been distributed between 21 October and 7 November, there were reports of mild adverse events in 598 people vaccinated including: nausea, dizziness, headache, fever, vomiting, and swelling or soreness at the injection site. There were reports of

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critical, and will likely depend on the patterns of any pandemic, and the age groups most at risk for serious complications, including death. In the case of a lethal pandemic people will be demanding access to the vaccine and the major problem will be making it available to those who need it.

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Before the pandemic was declared, the WHO said that if a pandemic was declared it would attempt to make sure that a substantial amount of vaccine was available for the benefit of developing countries. Vaccine makers and countries with standing orders, such as the U.S. and a number of European

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General political issues, not restricted to the 2009 outbreak, arose regarding the distribution of vaccine. In many countries supplies are controlled by national or local governments, and the question of how the vaccine will be allocated should there be an insufficient supply for everyone is

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through if health officials make a mistake. If the swine flu mutates, scientists aren't sure how effective a vaccine made now from the current strain will remain. Rather than wait on the WHO decision, however, some countries in Europe have decided to go ahead with early vaccine orders.

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states that "wild rumours" about the swine flu vaccine are being spread through e-mails, it writes that "The claims are nearly pure bunk, with only trace amounts of fact." These rumours generally make unfounded claims that the vaccine is dangerous and they may also promote

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Healthcare and emergency medical services personnel, because infections among healthcare workers have been reported and this can be a potential source of infection for vulnerable patients. Also, increased absenteeism in this population could reduce healthcare system

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compound that prevents contamination when the vial is used repeatedly. Single-dose versions and the live vaccine do not contain this preservative. In the U.S., one dose from a multi-dose vial contains approximately 25 micrograms of mercury, a bit less than a typical

375:, "There's much greater vaccine capacity than there was a few years ago, but there is not enough vaccine capacity to instantly make vaccines for the entire world's population for influenza." The nasal mist version of the vaccine started shipping on 1 October 2009. 5645: 623:

and peaks in November. Some vaccine experts agree it would be better to launch a second round of vaccinations against the new H1N1 strain instead of trying to add it to the seasonal flu vaccine or replacing one of its three components with the new H1N1 virus.

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ready for injection. This vaccine mainly contains the killed virus but might also contain tiny amounts of egg protein and the antibiotics, disinfectant and detergent used in the manufacturing process. In multi-dose versions of the vaccine, the preservative

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THL concluded in February 2011 that there is a clear connection between the Pandemrix vaccination campaign of 2009 and 2010 and narcolepsy epidemic in Finland: there was a nine times higher probability to get narcolepsy with vaccination than without it.

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was expected to be available starting in November 2009, with production of three billion doses per year. It was expected that two doses would be needed to provide sufficient protection, but tests indicated that one dose would be sufficient for adults.

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In Japan around 15 million people had been vaccinated by 31 December 2009. 1,900 cases of side effects and 104 cases of death were reported from medical institutions. The health ministry announced that it will conduct epidemiologic investigation.

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TIV works by putting into the bloodstream those parts of three strains of flu virus that the body uses to create antibodies; while LAIV works by inoculating the body with those same three strains, but in a modified form that cannot cause illness.

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News coverage conflicted with this information, as Australian trials of the CSL candidate were announced as having started on 21 July, and the Chinese government announced the start of trials of the Hualan Biological Engineering candidate.

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Early results (pre-25 December 2009) from an observational cohort of 248,000 individuals in Scotland showed the vaccine to be effective at preventing H1N1 influenza (95.0% effectiveness ) and influenza-related hospital admissions (64.7% ).

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Children from 6 months through 18 years of age, because cases of 2009 H1N1 influenza have been seen in children who are in close contact with each other in school and day care settings, which increases the likelihood of disease spread,

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Young adults 19 through 24 years of age, because many cases of 2009 H1N1 influenza have been seen in these healthy young adults and they often live, work, and study in close proximity, and they are a frequently mobile population;

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In the USA 46 million doses had been distributed as of 20 November 2009 and 3182 adverse events were reported. The CDC stated that the "vast majority" were mild, with about one serious adverse event in 260,000 doses.

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Plennevaux E, Sheldon E, Blatter M, Reeves-Hoché MK, Denis M (January 2010). "Immune response after a single vaccination against 2009 influenza A H1N1 in USA: a preliminary report of two randomised controlled phase 2 trials".

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Frey S, Poland G, Percell S, Podda A (October 2003). "Comparison of the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccine and a non-adjuvanted influenza vaccine in non-elderly adults".

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instead of in eggs. This method is faster than the classic egg-based system and produces a purer final product. There are no traces of egg proteins in the final product, so it is safe for people with egg allergies.

634:, said on 2 June, "It can take five or six months to come up with an entirely novel influenza vaccine. There is a great deal of hope that biotech and pharma companies might be able to have something ready sooner." 1472:

Simpson CR, Ritchie LD, Robertson C, Sheikh A, McMenamin J (September 2012). "Effectiveness of H1N1 vaccine for the prevention of pandemic influenza in Scotland, UK: a retrospective observational cohort study".

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The CDC states that most studies on modern influenza vaccines have seen no link with GBS, Although one review gives an incidence of about one case per million vaccinations, a large study in China, reported in

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In France, around five million people had been vaccinated by 30 December 2009. 2,657 cases of side effects, eight cases of intrauterine death and five cases of miscarriages were reported after vaccination by

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On 15 December 2009, one of the five manufacturers supplying the H1N1 vaccine to the United States recalled thousands of doses because they were not as potent as expected. The French manufacturer

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There has been one report of an adverse event per 10,000 doses of vaccine, with only five percent of these adverse events being serious, an overall rate of serious events of one in 200,000 doses.

3617: 3552: 1290:"Transcript of virtual press conference with Gregory Hartl, Spokesperson for H1N1, and Dr Marie-Paule Kieny, WHO Director of the Initiative for Vaccine Research, World Health Organization" 4610:

Pellegrini M, Nicolay U, Lindert K, Groth N, Della Cioppa G (November 2009). "MF59-adjuvanted versus non-adjuvanted influenza vaccines: integrated analysis from a large safety database".

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Kaplan JE, Katona P, Hurwitz ES, Schonberger LB (August 1982). "Guillain-Barré syndrome in the United States, 1979-1980 and 1980-1981. Lack of an association with influenza vaccination".

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required to be vaccinated to protect patients), and school children, who (under United States constitutional law) could be required to be vaccinated as a condition of attending school.

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Pichichero ME, Cernichiari E, Lopreiato J, Treanor J (November 2002). "Mercury concentrations and metabolism in infants receiving vaccines containing thiomersal: a descriptive study".

3307: 1902: 7314: 7309: 1518:"Estimates of pandemic influenza vaccine effectiveness in Europe, 2009-2010: results of Influenza Monitoring Vaccine Effectiveness in Europe (I-MOVE) multicentre case-control study" 6228: 3819: 3356: 2585: 4296:

De Donato S, Granoff D, Minutello M, Lecchi G, Faccini M, Agnello M, et al. (August 1999). "Safety and immunogenicity of MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccine in the elderly".

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Phillips CJ, Matyas GR, Hansen CJ, Alving CR, Smith TC, Ryan MA (June 2009). "Antibodies to squalene in US Navy Persian Gulf War veterans with chronic multisymptom illness".

1818:"Vaccine effectiveness in pandemic influenza - primary care reporting (VIPER): an observational study to assess the effectiveness of the pandemic influenza A (H1N1)v vaccine" 4556: 5327: 6198: 2169: 5106: 2618: 2399: 5646:"A Swedish registry based cohort study provides strengthened evidence of an association between vaccination with Pandemrix and narcolepsy in children and adolescents" 2545: 630:

said that they were developing a vaccine for the swine flu and predicted that a suitable vaccine would be ready by August. However, John Sterling, Editor in Chief of

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young people, since many older people are already immune through exposure to similar viruses in the past. The vaccine also provided some cross-protection against the

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The costs of producing a vaccine also became an issue, with some U.S. lawmakers questioning whether a new vaccine was worth the unknown benefits. Representatives

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candidate in July 2009, at which time phase II trials of CSL's candidate CSL425 vaccine were planned to start in August 2009, but had not begun recruiting.

6510: 3293: 3243: 3193: 2240: 7469: 3127: 6405: 3610: 7881: 6818: 6232: 6222: 6788: 3966:"Preliminary results: surveillance for Guillain-Barré syndrome after receipt of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccine - United States, 2009-2010" 3556: 8931: 5463: 3468: 3438: 3409:"Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Influenza Update: Results from second clinical trial of GSK's H1N1 adjuvanted vaccine confirm immune response and tolerability" 3408: 3167: 2923: 5387: 3699: 7710: 5508: 3061: 3028: 2956: 3898: 7018: 2848: 2364: 1729:

No substantial differences between H1N1 and seasonal influenza vaccines were noted in the proportion or types of serious adverse events reported.

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stating that there is no convincing evidence to support the claim that thimerosal has a causal role in autism, and a 2009 review in the journal

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Developing, testing, and manufacturing sufficient quantities of a vaccine is a process that takes many months. According to Keiji Fukuda of the

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Kuroda Y, Nacionales DC, Akaogi J, Reeves WH, Satoh M (June 2004). "Autoimmunity induced by adjuvant hydrocarbon oil components of vaccine".

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H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Vaccine similar to Pandemrix and also made by GSK, was authorized by Canada's Minister of Health on 21 October 2009.

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Pregnant women, because they are at higher risk of complications and can potentially provide protection to infants who cannot be vaccinated;

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LAIV is not recommended for individuals under age 2 or over age 49, but might be comparatively more effective among children over age two.

6813: 6768: 5913: 3843:"Importance of background rates of disease in assessment of vaccine safety during mass immunisation with pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccines" 3364: 2593: 1180:

The United Kingdom began its administration program 21 October 2009. UK Soldiers serving in Afghanistan will also be offered vaccination.

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voluntarily recalled about 800,000 doses of vaccine meant for children between the ages of six months and 35 months. The company and the

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Once the demand for these groups has been met at a local level, everyone from the ages of 25 through 64 years should be vaccinated too.

1060: 985: 704: 692: 559: 6547: 3787: 3755: 2717: 7759: 5737:"Use of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2009" 928: 245: 4953: 4677: 4418: 4142:

Tamma PD, Ault KA, del Rio C, Steinhoff MC, Halsey NA, Omer SB (December 2009). "Safety of influenza vaccination during pregnancy".

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produced a vaccine made in cell culture, suitable for those who have an egg allergy. The vaccines have been approved for use in the

6840: 6755: 6004: 4560: 3439:"Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Influenza Update: Experience of GSK's H1N1 adjuvanted vaccine, Pandemrix, and preliminary paediatric results" 1794: 1104:

Children through 9 years of age should get two doses of vaccine, about a month apart. Older children and adults need only one dose.

6357: 5619: 3922:"Possible hidden hazards of mass vaccination against new influenza A/H1N1: have the cardiovascular risks been adequately weighed?" 2884: 2435: 1870: 942:

stated in 2003 that "There is no evidence of long-term adverse effects due to the exposure levels of thiomersal in vaccines." The

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Persons aged 25 through 64 years who have health conditions associated with higher risk of medical complications from influenza.

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This excludes the large majority of individuals aged six months to 24 years, a group for which the CDC recommends vaccination.

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tingling lips or tongue, difficulty breathing, hives, and skin rashes. Thirty six people had serious adverse events, including

449:, into fertilized chicken eggs. About one to two eggs are needed to make each dose of vaccine. The virus replicates within the 6715: 6595: 6517: 6322: 4518:

Owen RW, Haubner R, Würtele G, Hull E, Spiegelhalder B, Bartsch H (August 2004). "Olives and olive oil in cancer prevention".

2317:"Effectiveness of 2008-09 trivalent influenza vaccine against 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) - United States, May-June 2009" 2180: 853:

also notes that anti-vaccine groups have spread "dire warnings" about formulations of the vaccine that contain squalene as an

677:'s candidate inactivated H1N1 had several phase II trials planned as of 21 July 2009, but had not begun recruiting. 591:

PublicMind poll found in October 2009 that a majority (62%) of New Jerseyans were not planning on getting the vaccine at all.

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National Center For Immunization And Respiratory Diseases C, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (August 2009).

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Doroshenko A, Halperin SA (June 2009). "Trivalent MDCK cell culture-derived influenza vaccine Optaflu (Novartis Vaccines)".

8516: 6911: 6848: 6650: 6527: 6522: 6430: 6420: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6317: 6312: 5974: 5944: 4093:"Safety of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines in adults: background for pandemic influenza vaccine safety monitoring" 2523: 550:

Prior to the H1N1/09 outbreak, WHO recommended that vaccines for the Northern Hemisphere's 2009–2010 flu season contain an

6542: 6500: 6485: 6480: 6400: 4876: 2553: 8548: 8305: 8231: 8084: 7406: 7118: 7080: 6695: 6557: 6490: 6475: 6465: 6415: 6390: 808: 713: 250: 7911: 6537: 6455: 6440: 6410: 2468: 2263:"WHO: Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2009–2010 northern hemisphere influenza season" 1956: 1398: 8958: 8270: 7903: 7437: 6903: 6888: 6740: 6625: 6470: 6290: 5808: 5759: 3988: 2748: 2339: 6460: 6435: 4401: 2270: 2055: 1931: 1425:"Similar immunogenicity of the A/H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza strain when used as a monovalent or a trivalent vaccine" 1289: 8370: 7609: 7604: 7411: 6858: 6808: 6773: 6735: 6685: 6620: 6567: 4346: 2648: 2148: 2134: 2027: 964:

special master concluded that the woman's symptoms weren't from the vaccine. Additionally, the woman later said that

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examined these claims and concluded in 2004 that the evidence did not support any link between vaccines and autism.

794:, professor of medical microbiology at the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz in Germany, wrote in the journal, 506:

for the virus to grow at cold temperatures, so this process is effectively irreversible and once the virus has lost

9026: 8999: 8937: 7912: 7717: 7672: 6970: 6720: 6445: 6425: 6278: 4884: 3386: 3339: 1264: 1003: 743:(NIH) concluded that the 2009 H1N1 ("swine flu") vaccine has a safety profile similar to that of seasonal vaccine. 260: 200: 3105: 8558: 8526: 8521: 7697: 7304: 7299: 7294: 6377: 6253: 324: 2248: 2074:"Principles underlying the development and use of live attenuated cold-adapted influenza A and B virus vaccines" 1516:

Valenciano M, Kissling E, Cohen JM, Oroszi B, Barret AS, Rizzo C, et al. (January 2011). Simonsen L (ed.).

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People who live with someone whose immune system is compromised (for example, people with cancer or HIV/AIDS).

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in mammals. The fluid in this structure is removed and the virus purified from this fluid by methods such as

7023: 934: 474:

is added to prevent growth of bacteria. In some versions of the vaccine used in Europe and Canada, such as

5471: 3712: 3476: 3446: 3416: 2931: 649:

produced a vaccine made by growing the virus in hens' eggs, then breaking and deactivating the virus, and

9031: 7498: 7416: 7401: 6299: 5395: 265: 240: 6208: 5500: 3072: 3036: 2964: 8536: 7978: 7961: 6246: 3906: 2990:"European Medicines Agency recommends authorisation of two vaccines for influenza pandemic (H1N1) 2009" 1599:"Vaccination of patients with mild and severe asthma with a 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus vaccine" 317: 3469:"Pandemic 2009 Influenza Update: Pandemrix data in children and adolescents from 3 to 17 years of age" 2859: 2674: 2374: 2298: 8586: 7844: 7459: 6202: 5844: 5531: 5304: 5300: 4877:"Gulf War illnesses: questions about the presence of squalene antibodies in veterans can be resolved" 4342: 3707: 3068: 3032: 2996: 2960: 2927: 2589: 2292: 2266: 2244: 1296: 1185: 1022:, diagnosed after thorough medical investigation, have occurred one to two months after vaccination. 943: 784: 700: 466: 372: 6130: 5880: 4759: 1376:"Safety of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccines - United States, October 1-November 24, 2009" 8541: 8506: 8501: 8496: 5557: 5067: 4259: 1423:

Van der Vliet D, Pepin S, Lambert M, Fauchoux N, Donazzolo Y, Dupuy M, et al. (October 2010).

790:

Some scientists have reported concerns about the longer-term effects of the vaccine. For instance,

4263: 3000: 2571: 1999: 816:, actually lower than the normal rate of the disease in China, and no other notable side effects. 558:

vaccine was different from the pandemic strain H1N1/09 and offered no immunity against it. The US

8987: 8920: 8901: 8697: 8669: 8631: 8626: 8606: 8134: 7801: 7687: 7657: 7652: 7546: 7351: 7073: 6269: 5909: 5278: 3503:

Greenberg ME, Lai MH, Hartel GF, Wichems CH, Gittleson C, Bennet J, et al. (December 2009).

2770: 1897: 1228: 1118: 939: 235: 215: 8968: 8897: 7896: 7860: 7662: 7464: 7432: 7367: 7048: 7008: 5905: 4754: 2285:"Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2009–2010 influenza season" 1597:

Busse WW, Peters SP, Fenton MJ, Mitchell H, Bleecker ER, Castro M, et al. (January 2011).

1215: 1196: 916: 908: 638: 353: 298: 288: 190: 6126: 1018:

flu vaccination. The reports concern children aged 12–16 years where symptoms compatible with

972:

had "commandeered my injury to turn it into a poster story for their cause against vaccines."

8963: 8797: 8792: 8248: 8194: 8104: 7442: 5168:

The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques

1063:

issued the following recommendations on who should be vaccinated (order is not in priority):

920: 6166:"Lessons from pandemic influenza A(H1N1): the research-based vaccine industry's perspective" 6157: 4013:

Haber P, Sejvar J, Mikaeloff Y, DeStefano F (2009). "Vaccines and Guillain-Barré syndrome".

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for "A Clinical Trial of CSL's 2009 H1N1 Influenza Vaccine (CSL425) in Healthy Children" at

2413:

If vaccine production doesn't start soon, swine flu vaccine won't be ready when it's needed.

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stating that claims that mercury can cause autism are "biologically implausible". The U.K.

854: 728: 650: 511: 483: 388: 4943: 8: 8769: 8735: 8621: 8444: 8387: 8382: 8333: 8164: 8032: 8004: 7956: 7512: 7396: 7113: 4426: 3312: 598: 515: 128: 8439: 8184: 4745:

Asa PB, Cao Y, Garry RF (February 2000). "Antibodies to squalene in Gulf War syndrome".

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covering close to 100 million doses of H1N1 flu vaccine found only eleven cases of

210: 66: 61: 8392: 6182: 6165: 4854: 4623: 4108: 3611:"Questions and Answers on Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Pandemic Vaccine Arepanrix H1N1" 3258: 3208: 3158: 1964: 445:

For the inactivated vaccines, the virus is grown by injecting it, along with some

8856: 8654: 8461: 8419: 8310: 8290: 8260: 8243: 8169: 8159: 8089: 8028: 8024: 7973: 7782: 7766: 7044: 6988: 6103: 5496: 5255: 4917: 4665: 4453: 3792: 3645:

Zhu FC, Wang H, Fang HH, Yang JG, Lin XJ, Liang XF, et al. (December 2009).

3472: 3442: 3412: 3382: 2891: 2855: 2467:(Press release). Fairleigh Dickinson University PublicMind Poll. 8 October 2009. 1994: 1762: 1745: 1568:"2009 H1N1 vaccine safe and induces robust immune response in people with asthma" 1534: 791: 688: 646: 71: 49: 32: 6070: 5966: 5936: 5783: 5035: 3963: 2709: 2314: 1957:"The Nasal-Spray Flu Vaccine (Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine [LAIV])" 1373: 554:-like virus, and stocks were made available. However, the strain of H1N1 in the 8993: 8720: 8611: 8571: 8451: 8277: 8216: 7521: 7128: 5834:"Vaccine Information Statement 2009 H1N1 Inactivated Influenza Vaccine 10/2/09" 4155: 1614: 981: 965: 674: 654: 499: 462: 5532:"800,000 H1N1 vaccine doses for young children recalled; safety not a concern" 5180: 5163: 4890: 4488: 3938: 3921: 2089: 1010:

received reports from Swedish and Finnish health care professionals regarding

9020: 8876: 8861: 8831: 8826: 8681: 8434: 8429: 8338: 7983: 7814: 7677: 5785: 5736: 3965: 2461: 2316: 1771: 1655:"Safety of influenza A (H1N1) vaccine in postmarketing surveillance in China" 1375: 961: 870: 205: 8238: 4091:

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for "Peds Sanofi H1N1 Influenza Vaccine Administered at Two Dose Levels" at

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study found no increased risk in adults who were vaccinated with Pandemrix.

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Liang XF, Li L, Liu DW, Li KL, Wu WD, Zhu BP, et al. (February 2011).

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Children, while disproportionately affected, tend to make full recoveries.

8740: 8730: 8591: 8397: 8285: 8253: 8179: 8041: 7932: 7924: 7829: 7556: 7551: 7539: 7341: 7036: 6983: 6158:"2009 H1N1 Vaccine Doses Allocated, Ordered, and Shipped by Project Area" 5706:"CDC Advisors Make Recommendations for Use of Vaccine Against Novel H1N1" 3379:"Pandemic 2009 Influenza Update: Pandemrix data in an elderly population" 3162:

for "Safety and Immunogenicity of A/H1N1v Vaccines in Healthy Adults" at

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Simpson CR, Ritchie LD, Robertson C, Sheikh A, McMenamin J (July 2010).

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A different method of producing influenza virus was used to produce the

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Healthy people over 65 years of age seem to have some natural immunity.

1019: 1011: 895: 877:

A paper published in 2000 suggested that squalene might have caused of

858: 584: 523: 495: 471: 458: 446: 283: 165: 135: 5024:

Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health = Yebang Uihakhoe Chi

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Other reviews came to similar conclusions, with a 2006 review in the

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Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention (HPDP) (May 2004).

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Wu J, Xu F, Lu L, Lu M, Miao L, Gao T, et al. (December 2010).

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Kuroda Y, Nacionales DC, Akaogi J, Reeves WH, Satoh M (June 2004).

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People aged 65 and over in the seasonal flu vaccine at-risk groups.

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Rare potential adverse events are temporary bleeding disorders and

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (November 2009).

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (December 2009).

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (October 2009).

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According to the CDC, there is no evidence either for or against

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is planning to examine if it overreacted to the H1N1 outbreak.

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (June 2010).

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suppressed immune system, whether due to disease or treatment.

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Maltezou HC, Dounias G, Rapisarda V, Ledda C (August 2022).

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Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (14 July 2006).

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Multi-dose versions of the vaccine contain the preservative

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The Finnish National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)

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policy is to provide vaccine in this order of priority:

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states that some chain e-mails make false claims about

545: 5870:"Vaccine Information Statement 2009 H1N1 LAIV 10/2/09" 5594:"THL: Pandemrixilla ja narkolepsialla on selvä yhteys" 5164:"Immunizations and autism: a review of the literature" 4573: 4517: 5070:. Public Health Agency of Canada. 29 September 2009. 4419:"Health Effects of the Minor Components of Olive Oil" 4369:

United States Department of Health and Human Services

3734:"Batch of H1N1 vaccine recalled for severe reactions" 565: 6108:"Pandemic Preparedness: A Return to the Rule of Law" 5501:"Transcript for Tiffany Dover Is Dead: The Playbook" 5491: 5489: 5205:"Vaccines and autism: a tale of shifting hypotheses" 3308:"World's first human swine flu vaccine trials begin" 2710:"U.S. officials consider bumping up flu shot season" 1707:"Review Shows Safety of H1N1 Vaccine, Officials Say" 4264:"Don't Blame Flu Shots for All Ills, Officials Say" 2675:"WHO seeks swine flu vaccine help for poor nations" 2516:"WHO seeks swine flu vaccine help for poor nations" 1925:"Summary of Recommendations for Adult Immunization" 991: 6233:European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 6223:European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 6101: 3919: 2196: 1126:People aged between six months and 65 years with: 1079:All people from 6 months through 24 years of age: 610:and the Sixty-second World Health Assembly. WHO's 8932:Cedillo v. 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Archived from 2849:"Flu vaccine development process" 2836:pandemic H1N1 vaccine in the USA. 2781:from the original on 31 July 2009 2689:from the original on 28 June 2011 2129:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2022:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 1937:from the original on 26 June 2010 1797:from the original on 18 June 2010 1404:from the original on 25 June 2017 1214:While it has been suggested that 734: 352:developed to protect against the 8938:Alternative vaccination schedule 7913:Artificial induction of immunity 6219:2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic 6095: 6046: 6019: 5967:"Q&A: Swine flu vaccination" 5959: 5928: 5898: 5698: 5668: 5638: 5612: 5586: 5550: 5523: 5511:from the original on 11 May 2022 5456: 5402: 5347:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.2 5319: 5288: 5264: 5196: 5155: 5124: 5086: 5060: 5011: 4968: 4942:Parker-Pope T (9 October 2009). 4935: 4885:Government Accountability Office 4869: 4834: 4783: 4738: 4027:10.2165/00002018-200932040-00005 3134:. 7 October 2009. 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Archived from 4808:10.1006/exmp.2000.2314 4769:10.1006/exmp.1999.2295 4189:(5): 457–9, quiz 460. 4070:10.1001/jama.248.6.698 3256:Clinical trial number 3206:Clinical trial number 3156:Clinical trial number 2054:. 2009. Archived from 1998:. 2005. Archived from 1785:Fox M (16 June 2010). 1216:compulsory vaccination 1207: 1161: 1138:chronic liver disease; 1132:chronic heart disease; 1106: 1098: 1056: 354:pandemic H1N1/09 virus 304:Vaccine reformulations 299:Influenza-like illness 246:2007 Australian equine 8964:Vaccinate Your Family 8415:Japanese encephalitis 7711:1989–1990 UK outbreak 7673:Asian flu (1957-1958) 5906:"Swine flu – Vaccine" 5712:(CDC). 29 July 2009. 5093:Burton D (May 2003). 4262:(27 September 2009). 3664:10.1056/NEJMoa0908535 3522:10.1056/NEJMoa0907413 2708:Fox M (20 May 2009). 1866:The Financial Express 1672:10.1056/NEJMoa1008553 1442:10.4161/hv.6.10.13600 1344:10.1056/NEJMoa1006736 1299:. 24 September 2009. 1199: 1129:chronic lung disease; 1123: 1102: 1065: 1046: 921:Institute of Medicine 699:were approved by the 441:Manufacturing methods 191:1889-1890 Russian flu 8847:John Franklin Enders 7678:Hong Kong flu (1968) 7470:Pandemic preparation 6548:United Arab Emirates 5560:(15 December 2009). 5423:on 21 December 2009. 5416:Loudoun Times-Mirror 5284:on 19 November 2009. 5099:Congressional Record 4896:on 27 February 2021. 4583:(27–30): 4234–4237. 4335:"Safety of squalene" 4304:(23–24): 3094–3101. 3822:on 20 September 2010 3776:on 29 December 2009. 3132:Baxter International 3102:Baxter International 2186:on 22 November 2009. 1239:Immunologic adjuvant 1184:were destroyed. The 1166:The NHS notes that: 1072:them from the virus; 651:Baxter International 605:Production timelines 512:monosodium glutamate 403:nactivated (killed) 8033:Virus-like particle 7957:Vaccine ingredients 7014:2009 A/H1N1 vaccine 6819:Trinidad and Tobago 5973:. 15 October 2009. 5912:. 4 November 2009. 5886:on 26 November 2009 5850:on 26 November 2009 5682:. 15 October 2009. 5626:on 5 September 2012 5474:on 19 November 2009 4983:(9347): 1737–1741. 4563:on 23 October 2006. 4349:on 11 January 2007. 4236:. 19 October 2009. 3853:(9707): 2115–2122. 3744:on 12 January 2013. 3616:. 21 October 2009. 3584:. 21 October 2009. 3479:on 27 December 2010 3342:on 9 December 2010. 3313:The Daily Telegraph 3138:on 20 February 2010 2596:on 10 November 2009 2061:on 11 October 2010. 2005:on 6 December 2008. 1967:on 26 November 2009 1835:10.3310/hta14340-05 1152:All pregnant women. 1055:on 30 October 2009. 968:anti-vaccine group 839:conspiracy theories 709:split-virus vaccine 599:Gennady Onishchenko 516:potassium phosphate 289:Influenza evolution 201:1957-1958 Asian flu 9032:Influenza vaccines 9004:Never to phase III 8803:Hexavalent vaccine 8617:Epstein–Barr virus 8512:Oxford–AstraZeneca 8205:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135 7668:Spanish flu (1918) 7587:Baloxavir marboxil 7412:West Bengal (2008) 7347:1977 (Russian flu) 7342:1918 (Spanish flu) 7024:Tamiflu resistance 6979:Influenza pandemic 6789:Dominican Republic 5567:The New York Times 5307:on 6 November 2009 5258:on 12 August 2011. 4949:The New York Times 4376:on 4 January 2012. 4268:The New York Times 3909:on 8 October 2019. 3800:on 6 October 2011. 3559:on 25 October 2009 3449:on 29 October 2009 3419:on 31 October 2009 3367:on 3 October 2009. 3264:ClinicalTrials.gov 3214:ClinicalTrials.gov 3164:ClinicalTrials.gov 2934:on 15 October 2009 2556:on 25 August 2021. 2550:GlobalSecurity.org 1901:. 1 October 2009. 1712:The New York Times 1267:on 6 February 2010 1208: 1057: 905:tuna fish sandwich 851:The New York Times 350:influenza vaccines 294:Influenza research 206:1968 Hong Kong flu 141:Baloxavir marboxil 9014: 9013: 8926:Vaccines and SIDS 8813: 8812: 8587:Hepatitis A and B 8563:Varicella zoster 8025:Subunit/component 7879: 7878: 7796: 7795: 7726: 7725: 7706:Fujian flu (H3N2) 7628: 7627: 7507: 7506: 7478: 7477: 7433:Genetic structure 7376: 7375: 7180:Influenza A virus 7119:Genome sequencing 7056: 7055: 7019:Actions with pigs 6965: 6964: 6279:Outbreak timeline 6115:Drexel Law Review 5799:(39): 1100–1101. 5708:(Press release). 5364:on 7 January 2010 5144:978-0-309-09237-1 4849:(29): 3921–3926. 4618:(49): 6959–6965. 4103:(15): 2114–2120. 3657:(25): 2414–2423. 3515:(25): 2405–2413. 3471:(Press release). 3441:(Press release). 3411:(Press release). 3381:(Press release). 3130:(Press release). 3100:(Press release). 3078:on 7 October 2009 3067:(Press release). 3006:on 7 October 2009 2995:(Press release). 2967:on 8 October 2009 2901:on 7 October 2009 2865:on 7 October 2009 2629:on 17 August 2009 2588:(Press release). 2330:(44): 1241–1245. 2211:10.1586/erv.09.31 2149:"Optaflu Vaccine" 2137:on 23 April 2019. 2030:on 23 April 2019. 1570:(Press release). 1389:(48): 1351–1356. 1337:(25): 2416–2423. 1295:(Press release). 1049:Texas City, Texas 970:Generation Rescue 879:Gulf War syndrome 800:Gulf War syndrome 522:, the antibiotic 362:1918 flu pandemic 342: 341: 9039: 8905:MMR autism fraud 8852:Maurice Hilleman 8837:Hilary Koprowski 8150: 8149: 7906: 7899: 7892: 7883: 7882: 7810:Acute bronchitis 7735: 7734: 7688:Swine flu (2009) 7683:1977 Russian flu 7641: 7640: 7577: 7518: 7517: 7489: 7488: 7387: 7386: 7352:2009 (Swine flu) 7330: 7329: 7150:Orthomyxoviridae 7083: 7076: 7069: 7060: 7059: 6937:Papua New Guinea 6296: 6295: 6263: 6256: 6249: 6240: 6239: 6195: 6185: 6176:(6): 1135–1138. 6146: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6135: 6129:. Archived from 6112: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6082: 6050: 6044: 6043: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6003:. Archived from 5996: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5963: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5885: 5874: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5849: 5838: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5813: 5790: 5781: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5764: 5741: 5732: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5672: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5642: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5622:. Archived from 5616: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5493: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5434: 5425: 5424: 5419:. Archived from 5406: 5400: 5399: 5398:on 3 March 2016. 5394:. Archived from 5383: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5363: 5357:. Archived from 5332: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5303:. Archived from 5292: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5276: 5268: 5262: 5259: 5245:Lay summary in: 5242: 5232: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5183: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5151:on 2 April 2015. 5147:. Archived from 5128: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5111: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5047: 5015: 5009: 5008: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4922: 4915: 4907: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4881: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4762: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4716:10.1586/erv.09.5 4699: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4682: 4676:. Archived from 4651: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4559:. Archived from 4553: 4544: 4543: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4483:(8): 1841–1848. 4472: 4466: 4465: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4400:. Archived from 4392: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4372:. 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Archived from 3729: 3720: 3719: 3718:on 3 March 2016. 3717: 3704: 3696: 3685: 3684: 3666: 3642: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3622: 3615: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3590: 3583: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3524: 3500: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3353: 3344: 3343: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3320:on 24 July 2009. 3304: 3298: 3297: 3287: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3237: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3187: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3077: 3071:. Archived from 3066: 3058: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3035:. Archived from 3025: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3005: 2999:. Archived from 2994: 2986: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2963:. Archived from 2953: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2930:. Archived from 2920: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2900: 2894:. Archived from 2889: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2864: 2858:. Archived from 2853: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2683:Associated Press 2671: 2665: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2623:Associated Press 2615: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2570:. Archived from 2564: 2558: 2557: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2520:Associated Press 2512: 2506: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2473: 2466: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2445: 2443: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2409: 2407: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2377:on 18 June 2017. 2361: 2355: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2344: 2321: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2297:. Archived from 2289: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2273:on 12 June 2009. 2269:. Archived from 2259: 2253: 2252: 2247:. Archived from 2237: 2231: 2230: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2185: 2174: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2153: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2133:. Archived from 2120: 2114: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2078:Viral Immunology 2069: 2063: 2062: 2060: 2049: 2041: 2032: 2031: 2026:. Archived from 2013: 2007: 2006: 2004: 1991: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1936: 1929: 1921: 1915: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1857: 1848: 1847: 1837: 1813: 1807: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1782: 1776: 1775: 1765: 1741: 1732: 1731: 1726: 1724: 1702: 1693: 1692: 1674: 1650: 1637: 1636: 1626: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1564: 1558: 1557: 1547: 1537: 1513: 1507: 1506: 1469: 1463: 1462: 1444: 1420: 1414: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1403: 1380: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1346: 1322: 1316: 1315: 1313: 1311: 1305: 1294: 1286: 1277: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1257: 1234:COVID-19 vaccine 1192:Political issues 966:Jenny McCarthy's 739:A review by the 334: 327: 320: 256:2008 West Bengal 211:1977 Russian flu 196:1918 Spanish flu 35: 21: 20: 9047: 9046: 9042: 9041: 9040: 9038: 9037: 9036: 9017: 9016: 9015: 9010: 9009: 8994:Clinical trials 8973: 8942: 8881: 8857:Stanley Plotkin 8819: 8809: 8721:Cancer vaccines 8704: 8698:Schistosomiasis 8676: 8670:Trypanosomiasis 8643: 8607:Cytomegalovirus 8517:Pfizer–BioNTech 8317: 8141: 8090:Vaccine wastage 8060: 7988: 7940: 7910: 7880: 7875: 7849: 7792: 7771: 7722: 7692: 7637: 7635: 7624: 7591: 7575: 7522:Antiviral drugs 7503: 7474: 7460:Human mortality 7453:clinical trials 7421: 7372: 7356: 7319: 7183: 7181: 7174: 7138: 7092: 7087: 7057: 7052: 7051: 7028: 6989:Swine influenza 6961: 6942:Solomon Islands 6898: 6835: 6750: 6562: 6372: 6285: 6283:Pandemic tables 6272: 6267: 6154: 6149: 6139: 6137: 6136:on 19 July 2011 6133: 6110: 6100: 6096: 6051: 6047: 6024: 6020: 6010: 6008: 6007:on 2 April 2010 5997: 5990: 5980: 5978: 5965: 5964: 5960: 5950: 5948: 5933: 5929: 5919: 5917: 5904: 5903: 5899: 5889: 5887: 5883: 5872: 5868: 5867: 5863: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5836: 5832: 5831: 5827: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5788: 5782: 5778: 5768: 5766: 5762: 5739: 5733: 5729: 5719: 5717: 5704: 5703: 5699: 5689: 5687: 5674: 5673: 5669: 5659: 5657: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5629: 5627: 5618: 5617: 5613: 5603: 5601: 5592: 5591: 5587: 5577: 5575: 5555: 5551: 5541: 5539: 5528: 5524: 5514: 5512: 5499:(11 May 2022). 5494: 5487: 5477: 5475: 5462: 5461: 5457: 5447: 5445: 5435: 5428: 5407: 5403: 5384: 5377: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5330: 5324: 5320: 5310: 5308: 5293: 5289: 5281: 5274: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5246: 5201: 5197: 5160: 5156: 5145: 5129: 5125: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5091: 5087: 5077: 5075: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5016: 5012: 4973: 4969: 4959: 4957: 4940: 4936: 4926: 4924: 4923:on 20 July 2011 4920: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4901: 4893: 4879: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4839: 4835: 4825: 4823: 4788: 4784: 4760:10.1.1.509.9539 4743: 4739: 4700: 4696: 4686: 4684: 4680: 4649: 4643: 4639: 4608: 4604: 4572: 4568: 4555: 4554: 4547: 4516: 4512: 4473: 4469: 4438: 4434: 4417: 4416: 4412: 4407:on 31 May 2017. 4404: 4390: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4362: 4361: 4354: 4333: 4332: 4325: 4294: 4287: 4277: 4275: 4257: 4253: 4243: 4241: 4228: 4227: 4220: 4175: 4171: 4140: 4136: 4126: 4124: 4089: 4085: 4054: 4050: 4011: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3991: 3979:(21): 657–661. 3968: 3962: 3955: 3918: 3914: 3895: 3884: 3839: 3835: 3825: 3823: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3793:The Japan Times 3786: 3785: 3781: 3773: 3758: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3730: 3723: 3715: 3702: 3698: 3697: 3688: 3643: 3636: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3581: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3562: 3560: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3501: 3492: 3482: 3480: 3473:GlaxoSmithKline 3467: 3466: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3443:GlaxoSmithKline 3437: 3436: 3432: 3422: 3420: 3413:GlaxoSmithKline 3407: 3406: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3389:on 11 July 2011 3383:GlaxoSmithKline 3377: 3376: 3372: 3355: 3354: 3347: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3281: 3280: 3273: 3271: 3268:"Archived copy" 3266: 3255: 3251: 3231: 3230: 3223: 3221: 3218:"Archived copy" 3216: 3205: 3201: 3181: 3180: 3173: 3171: 3168:"Archived copy" 3166: 3155: 3151: 3141: 3139: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3111: 3109: 3108:on 15 July 2011 3096: 3095: 3091: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3064: 3060: 3059: 3052: 3042: 3040: 3039:on 18 July 2009 3027: 3026: 3019: 3009: 3007: 3003: 2992: 2988: 2987: 2980: 2970: 2968: 2955: 2954: 2947: 2937: 2935: 2922: 2921: 2914: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2892:GlaxoSmithKline 2887: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2856:GlaxoSmithKline 2851: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2809:(9708): 41–48. 2798: 2794: 2784: 2782: 2777:. 4 June 2009. 2769: 2768: 2764: 2754: 2752: 2737: 2733: 2723: 2721: 2706: 2702: 2692: 2690: 2685:. 20 May 2009. 2673: 2672: 2668: 2658: 2656: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2617: 2616: 2609: 2599: 2597: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2529: 2527: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2499: 2497: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2464: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2441: 2439: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2405: 2403: 2386: 2382: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2319: 2313: 2309: 2304:on 7 June 2009. 2301: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2261: 2260: 2256: 2251:on 7 June 2009. 2239: 2238: 2234: 2195: 2191: 2183: 2172: 2168: 2167: 2163: 2158:. October 2015. 2151: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2107: 2105: 2070: 2066: 2058: 2047: 2043: 2042: 2035: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2002: 1995:GlaxoSmithKline 1989: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1970: 1968: 1955: 1954: 1950: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1927: 1923: 1922: 1918: 1908: 1906: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1876: 1874: 1859: 1858: 1851: 1828:(34): 313–346. 1814: 1810: 1800: 1798: 1783: 1779: 1742: 1735: 1722: 1720: 1703: 1696: 1651: 1640: 1595: 1591: 1581: 1579: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1528:(1): e1000388. 1514: 1510: 1470: 1466: 1435:(10): 823–828. 1421: 1417: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1378: 1372: 1368: 1323: 1319: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1292: 1288: 1287: 1280: 1270: 1268: 1259: 1258: 1251: 1247: 1225: 1194: 1111: 1041: 1036: 1000: 994: 978: 953: 892: 841:. For example, 831: 822: 792:Sucharit Bhakdi 737: 689:GlaxoSmithKline 663: 647:GlaxoSmithKline 607: 573: 568: 548: 443: 387:TIV (flu shot ( 381: 338: 309: 308: 279: 271: 270: 241:2006 H5N1 India 231: 221: 220: 186: 176: 175: 131: 121: 120: 111:Live attenuated 94: 84: 83: 45: 25:Influenza (flu) 17: 12: 11: 5: 9045: 9035: 9034: 9029: 9012: 9011: 9008: 9007: 9006: 9005: 9002: 8991: 8985: 8979: 8978: 8975: 8974: 8972: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8950: 8948: 8944: 8943: 8941: 8940: 8935: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8895: 8889: 8887: 8883: 8882: 8880: 8879: 8874: 8872:Katalin Karikó 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8823: 8821: 8815: 8814: 8811: 8810: 8808: 8807: 8806: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8761: 8760: 8755: 8754: 8753: 8748: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8718: 8712: 8710: 8706: 8705: 8703: 8702: 8701: 8700: 8695: 8686: 8684: 8678: 8677: 8675: 8674: 8673: 8672: 8664: 8663: 8662: 8651: 8649: 8645: 8644: 8642: 8641: 8640: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8627:Herpes simplex 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8601: 8600: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8581: 8576: 8575: 8574: 8569: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8545: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8527:Sinopharm BIBP 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8477:Bharat Biotech 8474: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8448: 8447: 8442: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8411: 8410: 8405: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8374: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8348: 8347: 8346: 8336: 8331: 8325: 8323: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8315: 8314: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8295: 8294: 8293: 8288: 8280: 8275: 8274: 8273: 8268: 8258: 8257: 8256: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8235: 8234: 8229: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8208: 8207: 8202: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8156: 8154: 8147: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8139: 8138: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8109: 8108: 8107: 8105:Vaccine injury 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8068: 8066: 8065:Administration 8062: 8061: 8059: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8039: 8022: 8021: 8020: 8015: 8007: 8002: 7996: 7994: 7990: 7989: 7987: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7965: 7964: 7954: 7948: 7946: 7942: 7941: 7909: 7908: 7901: 7894: 7886: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7857: 7855: 7854:Related topics 7851: 7850: 7848: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7806: 7804: 7798: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7790: 7785: 7779: 7777: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7769: 7764: 7763: 7762: 7752: 7747: 7741: 7739: 7732: 7728: 7727: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7720: 7715: 7714: 7713: 7702: 7700: 7694: 7693: 7691: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7649: 7647: 7638: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7601: 7599: 7593: 7592: 7590: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7576:(experimental) 7571: 7570: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7544: 7543: 7542: 7537: 7526: 7524: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7501: 7495: 7493: 7486: 7480: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7456: 7455: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7429: 7427: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7419: 7417:2020s outbreak 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7397:Croatia (2005) 7393: 7391: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7370: 7364: 7362: 7358: 7357: 7355: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7338: 7336: 7327: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7186: 7184: 7179: 7176: 7175: 7173: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7146: 7144: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7136: 7131: 7129:Superinfection 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7100: 7098: 7097:General topics 7094: 7093: 7086: 7085: 7078: 7071: 7063: 7054: 7053: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6975: 6973: 6967: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6908: 6906: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6845: 6843: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6833: 6832: 6831: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6760: 6758: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6748: 6746:United Kingdom 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6572: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6514: 6513: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6382: 6380: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6304: 6302: 6293: 6287: 6286: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6266: 6265: 6258: 6251: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6226: 6216: 6206: 6196: 6161: 6153: 6152:External links 6150: 6148: 6147: 6106:(2 May 2009). 6094: 6045: 6018: 5988: 5958: 5927: 5897: 5861: 5825: 5776: 5750:(RR-10): 1–8. 5727: 5697: 5667: 5637: 5611: 5585: 5549: 5522: 5485: 5455: 5426: 5401: 5375: 5318: 5287: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5221:10.1086/596476 5215:(4): 456–461. 5195: 5174:(4): 341–346. 5154: 5143: 5123: 5085: 5059: 5030:(6): 344–352. 5010: 4967: 4934: 4899: 4868: 4833: 4802:(3): 196–198. 4782: 4737: 4710:(4): 483–492. 4694: 4683:on 6 July 2011 4660:(5): 325–337. 4637: 4602: 4566: 4545: 4526:(4): 319–326. 4510: 4467: 4448:(5): 325–337. 4432: 4429:on 7 May 2021. 4410: 4379: 4352: 4323: 4285: 4251: 4218: 4169: 4150:(6): 547–552. 4134: 4083: 4064:(6): 698–700. 4048: 4021:(4): 309–323. 4005: 3953: 3932:(4): 205–209. 3912: 3882: 3833: 3803: 3779: 3747: 3721: 3686: 3634: 3602: 3570: 3544: 3490: 3460: 3430: 3400: 3370: 3345: 3323: 3299: 3249: 3199: 3149: 3119: 3089: 3050: 3017: 2978: 2945: 2912: 2876: 2840: 2792: 2762: 2751:on 7 June 2009 2745:The Australian 2731: 2700: 2666: 2640: 2607: 2577: 2574:on 2 May 2009. 2559: 2537: 2526:on 7 June 2009 2507: 2485: 2453: 2434:. 7 May 2009. 2417: 2380: 2356: 2307: 2276: 2254: 2232: 2205:(6): 679–688. 2189: 2161: 2140: 2115: 2084:(2): 295–323. 2064: 2033: 2008: 1978: 1948: 1916: 1884: 1869:. 8 May 2009. 1849: 1808: 1777: 1733: 1694: 1665:(7): 638–647. 1638: 1589: 1559: 1508: 1481:(9): 696–702. 1464: 1429:Human Vaccines 1415: 1366: 1317: 1278: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1224: 1221: 1193: 1190: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1110: 1107: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1084: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 996:Main article: 993: 990: 982:Sanofi Pasteur 977: 974: 952: 949: 891: 888: 830: 827: 821: 818: 736: 735:Adverse events 733: 675:Sanofi Pasteur 662: 659: 655:European Union 606: 603: 572: 569: 567: 564: 547: 544: 500:polysorbate 80 463:centrifugation 442: 439: 431: 430: 408: 380: 377: 340: 339: 337: 336: 329: 322: 314: 311: 310: 307: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 280: 277: 276: 273: 272: 269: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 236:1976 swine flu 232: 227: 226: 223: 222: 219: 218: 216:2009 swine flu 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 187: 182: 181: 178: 177: 174: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 132: 127: 126: 123: 122: 119: 118: 113: 108: 107: 106: 95: 90: 89: 86: 85: 82: 81: 80: 79: 77:A/H1N1 subtype 69: 64: 59: 58: 57: 55:A/H5N1 subtype 46: 41: 40: 37: 36: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9044: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9024: 9022: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8980: 8976: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8951: 8949: 8945: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8933: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8890: 8888: 8884: 8878: 8877:Drew Weissman 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8862:H. Fred Clark 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8832:Louis Pasteur 8830: 8828: 8827:Edward Jenner 8825: 8824: 8822: 8816: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8798:DTwP-HepB-Hib 8796: 8794: 8793:DTaP-IPV-HepB 8791: 8789: 8786: 8785: 8784:combination: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8759: 8756: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8743: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8723: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8713: 8711: 8707: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8690: 8688: 8687: 8685: 8683: 8682:Helminthiasis 8679: 8671: 8668: 8667: 8665: 8661: 8658: 8657: 8656: 8653: 8652: 8650: 8646: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8584: 8583:combination: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8564: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8469: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8437: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8400: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8361: 8357: 8354: 8353: 8352: 8349: 8345: 8342: 8341: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8320: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8286:DPT/DTwP/DTaP 8284: 8283: 8282:combination: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8263: 8262: 8259: 8255: 8252: 8251: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8224: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8197: 8196: 8195:Meningococcus 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8185:Leptospirosis 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8151: 8148: 8144: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8120:Vaccine court 8118: 8116: 8113: 8112: 8110: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8075:GAVI Alliance 8073: 8072: 8070: 8069: 8067: 8063: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8023: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7997: 7995: 7991: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7963: 7960: 7959: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7943: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7907: 7902: 7900: 7895: 7893: 7888: 7887: 7884: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7852: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7815:Bronchiolitis 7813: 7811: 7808: 7807: 7805: 7803: 7802:Complications 7799: 7789: 7788:Fujian (H5N1) 7786: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7774: 7768: 7765: 7761: 7758: 7757: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7742: 7740: 7736: 7733: 7729: 7719: 7716: 7712: 7709: 7708: 7707: 7704: 7703: 7701: 7699: 7695: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7642: 7639: 7634:Pandemics and 7631: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7594: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7572: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7549: 7548: 7545: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7525: 7523: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7510: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7481: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7465:Social impact 7463: 7461: 7458: 7454: 7451: 7450: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7443:Global spread 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7424: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7394: 7392: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7379: 7369: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7359: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7335: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7322: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7177: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7145: 7141: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7084: 7079: 7077: 7072: 7070: 7065: 7064: 7061: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7031: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6968: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6905: 6901: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6841:South America 6838: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6825: 6824:United States 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6756:North America 6753: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6565: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6275: 6271: 6264: 6259: 6257: 6252: 6250: 6245: 6244: 6241: 6234: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6220: 6217: 6214: 6210: 6207: 6204: 6200: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6162: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6121:(2): 341–82. 6120: 6116: 6109: 6105: 6098: 6090: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6049: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6028:Health Matrix 6022: 6006: 6002: 5995: 5993: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5962: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5931: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5901: 5882: 5878: 5871: 5865: 5846: 5842: 5835: 5829: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5787: 5780: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5738: 5731: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5701: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5676:"CDC H1N1Flu" 5671: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5641: 5625: 5621: 5615: 5599: 5595: 5589: 5573: 5569: 5568: 5563: 5559: 5553: 5537: 5533: 5526: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5492: 5490: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5459: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5431: 5422: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5405: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5382: 5380: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5329: 5322: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5291: 5280: 5273: 5267: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5244: 5243: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5199: 5191: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5140: 5136: 5135: 5127: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5089: 5073: 5069: 5063: 5055: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5014: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4971: 4955: 4951: 4950: 4945: 4938: 4919: 4912: 4906: 4904: 4892: 4888: 4886: 4878: 4872: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4837: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4786: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4741: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4698: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4648: 4641: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4606: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4570: 4562: 4558: 4552: 4550: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4514: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4436: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4403: 4399: 4397: 4389: 4383: 4375: 4371: 4370: 4365: 4359: 4357: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4330: 4328: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4290: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4255: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4225: 4223: 4214: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4173: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4138: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4009: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3967: 3960: 3958: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3837: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3794: 3789: 3783: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3757: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3728: 3726: 3714: 3710: 3709: 3701: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3641: 3639: 3619: 3612: 3606: 3587: 3580: 3574: 3558: 3554: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3464: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3404: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3352: 3350: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3314: 3309: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3260: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3235: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3210: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3160: 3153: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3123: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3093: 3074: 3070: 3063: 3057: 3055: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3022: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2985: 2983: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2952: 2950: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2919: 2917: 2897: 2893: 2886: 2880: 2861: 2857: 2850: 2844: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2796: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2766: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2704: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2670: 2654: 2650: 2644: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2614: 2612: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2563: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2541: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2511: 2495: 2489: 2470: 2463: 2457: 2450: 2437: 2433: 2432: 2427: 2421: 2414: 2401: 2397: 2396: 2391: 2384: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2366: 2360: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2311: 2300: 2296: 2294: 2286: 2280: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2258: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2193: 2182: 2178: 2171: 2165: 2157: 2150: 2144: 2136: 2132: 2130: 2125: 2119: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2068: 2057: 2053: 2046: 2040: 2038: 2029: 2025: 2023: 2018: 2012: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1988: 1982: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1952: 1933: 1926: 1920: 1904: 1900: 1899: 1894: 1888: 1872: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1856: 1854: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1812: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1781: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1740: 1738: 1730: 1718: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1701: 1699: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1593: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1563: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1522:PLOS Medicine 1519: 1512: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1468: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1419: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1377: 1370: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1321: 1302: 1298: 1291: 1285: 1283: 1266: 1262: 1256: 1254: 1249: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1220: 1217: 1212: 1205: 1202: 1198: 1189: 1187: 1181: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1125: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1105: 1101: 1094: 1091: 1085: 1081: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1064: 1062: 1059:The American 1054: 1050: 1045: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 999: 989: 987: 983: 973: 971: 967: 963: 962:vaccine court 958: 948: 945: 941: 937: 936: 931: 930: 924: 922: 918: 914: 910: 909:controversial 906: 901: 897: 887: 885: 880: 875: 872: 871:meta-analysis 866: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 835: 826: 817: 815: 811: 810: 803: 801: 797: 793: 788: 786: 782: 777: 775: 769: 765: 761: 758: 752: 748: 744: 742: 732: 730: 726: 722: 718: 716: 715: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 676: 672: 668: 658: 656: 652: 648: 643: 640: 635: 633: 629: 624: 620: 616: 613: 602: 600: 596: 592: 590: 586: 582: 577: 563: 561: 557: 553: 543: 540: 536: 532: 527: 526:, and sugar. 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 503: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 438: 435: 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 409: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 385: 384: 376: 374: 369: 365: 363: 357: 355: 351: 347: 335: 330: 328: 323: 321: 316: 315: 313: 312: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 281: 275: 274: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 233: 230: 225: 224: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 188: 185: 180: 179: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 133: 130: 125: 124: 117: 114: 112: 109: 105: 102: 101: 100: 99:2009 pandemic 97: 96: 93: 88: 87: 78: 75: 74: 73: 70: 68: 65: 63: 60: 56: 53: 52: 51: 48: 47: 44: 39: 38: 34: 30: 29: 26: 23: 22: 19: 8954:Epidemiology 8930: 8902: 8788:DTaP-IPV/Hib 8579:Yellow fever 8492:EpiVacCorona 8355: 8249:Tuberculosis 8222:Pneumococcal 8190:Lyme disease 8018:Heterologous 7917:Immunization 7845:Strep throat 7825:Otitis media 7402:India (2006) 7124:Reassortment 7013: 6518:Saudi Arabia 6358:South Africa 6173: 6169: 6138:. 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